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Nuñez IA, Crane A, Crozier I, Worwa G, Kuhn JH. Treatment of highly virulent mammarenavirus infections-status quo and future directions. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2024; 19:537-551. [PMID: 38606475 PMCID: PMC11069405 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2024.2340494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Mammarenaviruses are negative-sense bisegmented enveloped RNA viruses that are endemic in Africa, the Americas, and Europe. Several are highly virulent, causing acute human diseases associated with high case fatality rates, and are considered to be significant with respect to public health impact or bioterrorism threat. AREAS COVERED This review summarizes the status quo of treatment development, starting with drugs that are in advanced stages of evaluation in early clinical trials, followed by promising candidate medical countermeasures emerging from bench analyses and investigational animal research. EXPERT OPINION Specific therapeutic treatments for diseases caused by mammarenaviruses remain limited to the off-label use of ribavirin and transfusion of convalescent sera. Progress in identifying novel candidate medical countermeasures against mammarenavirus infection has been slow in part because of the biosafety and biosecurity requirements. However, novel methodologies and tools have enabled increasingly efficient high-throughput molecular screens of regulatory-agency-approved small-molecule drugs and led to the identification of several compounds that could be repurposed for the treatment of infection with several mammarenaviruses. Unfortunately, most of them have not yet been evaluated in vivo. The most promising treatment under development is a monoclonal antibody cocktail that is protective against multiple lineages of the Lassa virus in nonhuman primate disease models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivette A. Nuñez
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, Division of
Clinical Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National
Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD21702, USA
| | - Anya Crane
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, Division of
Clinical Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National
Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD21702, USA
| | - Ian Crozier
- Clinical Monitoring Research Program Directorate, Frederick
National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Gabriella Worwa
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, Division of
Clinical Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National
Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD21702, USA
| | - Jens H. Kuhn
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, Division of
Clinical Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National
Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD21702, USA
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Gorzkiewicz M, Cramer J, Xu HC, Lang PA. The role of glycosylation patterns of viral glycoproteins and cell entry receptors in arenavirus infection. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 166:115196. [PMID: 37586116 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Mammarenaviruses are enveloped RNA viruses that can be associated with rodent-transmitted diseases in humans. Their virions are composed of a nucleocapsid surrounded by a lipid bilayer with glycoprotein (GP) spikes interacting with receptors on target cells. Both the GP and receptors are highly glycosylated, with glycosylation patterns being crucial for virus binding and cell entry, viral tropism, immune responses, or therapy strategies. These effects have been previously described for several different viruses. In case of arenaviruses, they remain insufficiently understood. Thus, it is important to determine the mechanisms of glycosylation of viral proteins and receptors responsible for infection, in order to fully understand the biology of arenaviruses. In this article, we have summarized and critically evaluated the available literature data on the glycosylation of mammarenavirus-associated proteins to facilitate further research in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Gorzkiewicz
- Department of Molecular Medicine II, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany; Department of General Biophysics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 141/143 Pomorska St., 90-236 Lodz, Poland.
| | - Jonathan Cramer
- Institute for Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Haifeng C Xu
- Department of Molecular Medicine II, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Philipp A Lang
- Department of Molecular Medicine II, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
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Gallo GL, López N, Loureiro ME. The Virus–Host Interplay in Junín Mammarenavirus Infection. Viruses 2022; 14:v14061134. [PMID: 35746604 PMCID: PMC9228484 DOI: 10.3390/v14061134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Junín virus (JUNV) belongs to the Arenaviridae family and is the causative agent of Argentine hemorrhagic fever (AHF), a severe human disease endemic to agricultural areas in Argentina. At this moment, there are no effective antiviral therapeutics to battle pathogenic arenaviruses. Cumulative reports from recent years have widely provided information on cellular factors playing key roles during JUNV infection. In this review, we summarize research on host molecular determinants that intervene in the different stages of the viral life cycle: viral entry, replication, assembly and budding. Alongside, we describe JUNV tight interplay with the innate immune system. We also review the development of different reverse genetics systems and their use as tools to study JUNV biology and its close teamwork with the host. Elucidating relevant interactions of the virus with the host cell machinery is highly necessary to better understand the mechanistic basis beyond virus multiplication, disease pathogenesis and viral subversion of the immune response. Altogether, this knowledge becomes essential for identifying potential targets for the rational design of novel antiviral treatments to combat JUNV as well as other pathogenic arenaviruses.
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Cao J, Dong S, Liu Y, Zhou M, Guo J, Jia X, Zhang Y, Hou Y, Tian M, Xiao G, Wang W. Screening and Identification of Lujo Virus Entry Inhibitors From an Food and Drug Administration-Approved Drugs Library. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:793519. [PMID: 34925303 PMCID: PMC8675865 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.793519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Lujo virus (LUJV) belongs to the Old World (OW) genus Mammarenavirus (family Arenaviridae). It is categorized as a biosafety level (BSL) 4 agent. Currently, there are no U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved drugs or vaccines specifically for LUJV or other pathogenic OW mammarenaviruses. Here, a high-throughput screening of an FDA-approved drug library was conducted using pseudotype viruses bearing LUJV envelope glycoprotein (GPC) to identify inhibitors of LUJV entry. Three hit compounds, trametinib, manidipine, and lercanidipine, were identified as LUJV entry inhibitors in the micromolar range. Mechanistic studies revealed that trametinib inhibited LUJV GPC-mediated membrane fusion by targeting C410 [located in the transmembrane (TM) domain], while manidipine and lercanidipine inhibited LUJV entry by acting as calcium channel blockers. Meanwhile, all three hits extended their antiviral spectra to the entry of other pathogenic mammarenaviruses. Furthermore, all three could inhibit the authentic prototype mammarenavirus, lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV), and could prevent infection at the micromolar level. This study shows that trametinib, manidipine, and lercanidipine are candidates for LUJV therapy and highlights the critical role of calcium in LUJV infection. The presented findings reinforce the notion that the key residue(s) located in the TM domain of GPC provide an entry-targeted platform for designing mammarenavirus inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junyuan Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.,College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Siqi Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.,College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Minmin Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.,College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jiao Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.,College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoying Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.,College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yueli Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.,College of Pharmacy and State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yuxia Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.,College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ming Tian
- College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
| | - Gengfu Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.,College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.,College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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Abstract
Lassa virus (LASV) belongs to the Old World Mammarenavirus genus (family Arenaviridae). At present, there are no approved drugs or vaccines specific for LASV. In this study, high-throughput screening of a botanical drug library was performed against LASV entry using a pseudotype virus bearing the LASV envelope glycoprotein complex (GPC). Two hit compounds, bergamottin and casticin, were identified as micromolar range inhibitors of LASV entry. A mechanistic study revealed that casticin inhibited LASV entry by blocking low pH-induced membrane fusion. Analysis of adaptive mutants demonstrated that the F446L mutation, located in the transmembrane domain of GP2, conferred resistance to casticin. Furthermore, casticin antiviral activity extends to the New World (NW) pathogenic mammarenaviruses, and mutation of the conserved F446 also conferred resistance to casticin in these viruses. Unlike casticin, bergamottin showed little effect on LASV GPC-mediated membrane fusion, instead inhibiting LASV entry by blocking endocytic trafficking. Notably, both compounds showed inhibitory effects on authentic lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus. Our study shows that both casticin and bergamottin are candidates for LASV therapy and that the conserved F446 in LASV GPC is important in drug resistance in mammarenaviruses.IMPORTANCE: Currently, there is no approved therapy to treat Lassa fever (LASF). Our goal was to identify potential candidate molecules for LASF therapy. Herein, we screened a botanical drug library and identified two compounds, casticin and bergamottin, that inhibited LASV entry via different mechanisms.
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Huang Q, Liu X, Brisse M, Ly H, Liang Y. Effect of Strain Variations on Lassa Virus Z Protein-Mediated Human RIG-I Inhibition. Viruses 2020; 12:E907. [PMID: 32824946 PMCID: PMC7551410 DOI: 10.3390/v12090907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammarenaviruses include several known human pathogens, such as the prototypic lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) that can cause neurological diseases and Lassa virus (LASV) that causes endemic hemorrhagic fever infection. LASV-infected patients show diverse clinical manifestations ranging from asymptomatic infection to hemorrhage, multi-organ failures and death, the mechanisms of which have not been well characterized. We have previously shown that the matrix protein Z of pathogenic arenaviruses, including LASV and LCMV, can strongly inhibit the ability of the innate immune protein RIG-I to suppress type I interferon (IFN-I) expression, which serves as a mechanism of viral immune evasion and virulence. Here, we show that Z proteins of diverse LASV isolates derived from rodents and humans have a high degree of sequence variations at their N- and C-terminal regions and produce variable degrees of inhibition of human RIG-I (hRIG-I) function in an established IFN-β promoter-driven luciferase (LUC) reporter assay. Additionally, we show that Z proteins of four known LCMV strains can also inhibit hRIG-I at variable degrees of efficiency. Collectively, our results confirm that Z proteins of pathogenic LASV and LCMV can inhibit hRIG-I and suggest that strain variations of the Z proteins can influence their efficiency to suppress host innate immunity that might contribute to viral virulence and disease heterogeneity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Yuying Liang
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-612-625-3376; Fax: +1-612-625-0204
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Sudhakar H, Bhate J, Patra AK. Patent landscape of novel technologies for combating category-A Arenavirus infections. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2020; 30:557-565. [PMID: 32274944 DOI: 10.1080/13543776.2020.1755255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Arenavirus are unique category-A pathogens that are also classified as Orphan diseases. Very few options exist currently for treating Viral Hemorrhagic Fever (VHF) caused by viruses belonging to the Arenaviridae family [1]. The current review provides detailed patent landscape and a description of selected technologies developed for combating category-A Arenavirus. Currently, Arenavirus infections are epidemic [2] but could cause widespread pandemics due to ease of dissemination and lack of immunity against these viruses. AREAS COVERED The key strings for selected Arenavirus VHF were run separately in MCPaIRS®, PatSeer, and Questel database. The search was limited to Title, Abstract and Claim fields; one member per patent family was considered for analysis. EXPERT OPINION Synthetic molecules dominate the patent landscape, while natural products have not been extensively claimed for the treatment of Arenavirus infection. The broad-spectrum activity has been highly desired for Arenavirus treatment, but few reports have experimentally tested it. With each year, a constant increase in number of patents published is seen, while the maximum number of applications was filed in 2017. The research in VHF is driven by public funds; the maximum numbers of patents were filed by publicly funded organizations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jignesh Bhate
- Molecular Connections Private Limited , Bengaluru, India
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Genzer SC, Huynh T, Coleman-Mccray JD, Harmon JR, Welch SR, Spengler JR. Hematology and Clinical Chemistry Reference Intervals for Inbred Strain 13/n Guinea Pigs ( Cavia Porcellus ). JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR LABORATORY ANIMAL SCIENCE 2019; 58:293-303. [PMID: 31010455 DOI: 10.30802/aalas-jaalas-18-000118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Inbred Strain 13/N Guinea Pigs are Frequently Used As Animal Models in Studies of Emerging and High-pathogenicity Viruses. To Date, Clinical Reference Intervals Have Not Been Established for Hematology and Clinical Chemistry Parameters in This Strain. We Obtained Whole-blood Samples from the Cranial Vena Cava of Healthy Strain 13/N Colony Animals for Inhouse Cbc and Clinical Chemistry Analyses. Analyte Values Were Investigated to Determine Subpopulation Differences According to Age and Sex. Glucose, Albumin, Alp, Lymphocyte Percentage, Hgb, and Mchc Decreased with Age, Whereas Neutrophil and Monocyte Percentages, Bun, Creatinine, Calcium, and Amylase Increased with Age. Total Protein and Wbc Counts Increased Over the First 300 D of Life Before Stabilizing. Across All Age Categories, Female Guinea Pigs Consistently Had Lower Rbc, Hct, Hgb, Alt, Alp, and Amylase Levels and Higher Mcv Values Than Males. These Trends Were Strongest in Adults (age, 151 Through 900 D). Most Parameters Stabilized by 300 D; Previous Studies Used 60 D or 120 D As Adult Age and 90 to 120 D As Sexual Maturity. We Recommend Age Group Definitions of 0 Through 150 D for Juveniles, 151 Through 900 D for Adults, and Older Than 900 D for Geriatric Adult Strain 13/N Guinea Pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah C Genzer
- Comparative Medicine Branch, Division of Scientific Resources, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia;,
| | - Thanhthao Huynh
- Infectious Diseases Pathology Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Joann D Coleman-Mccray
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Jessica R Harmon
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Stephen R Welch
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Jessica R Spengler
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
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Wang J, Yang X, Liu H, Wang L, Zhou J, Han X, Zhu Y, Yang W, Pan H, Zhang Y, Shi Z. Prevalence of Wēnzhōu virus in small mammals in Yunnan Province, China. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2019; 13:e0007049. [PMID: 30768614 PMCID: PMC6395006 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2018] [Revised: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mammarenaviruses are associated with human hemorrhagic fever diseases in Africa and America. Recently, a rodent mammarenavirus, Wēnzhōu virus (WENV) and related viruses, have been reported in China, Cambodia, and Thailand. Moreover, in Cambodia, these viruses were suspected to be associated with human disease. In China, Yunnan Province is famous for its abundant animal and plant diversity and is adjacent to several South-eastern Asia countries. Therefore, it is necessary to know whether WENV-related viruses, or other mammarenaviruses, are prevalent in this province. Methodology/Principal findings Small mammals were trapped, euthanized, and sampled. Mammarenavirus RNA was detected using a nested reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and quantified by real-time RT-PCR. A total of 1040 small mammals belonging to 13 genera and 26 species were trapped in Yunnan Province. WENV-related mammarenaviruses were detected in 41 rodent liver samples, mainly in brown rats (Rattus norvegicus) and oriental house rats (R. tanezumi).Viral nucleocapsid protein was detected in liver sections by indirect immunofluorescence assay. Full-length-genomes were amplified by RT-PCR and used for phylogenetic analysis with the MEGA package. Recombination analysis was performed using the SimPlot and Recombination Detection Program. Conclusions/Significance WENV related viruses circulated in small mammals in Yunnan Province. Whole genome sequence analysis of five selected viral strains showed that these viruses are closely related to WENVs discovered in Asia and form an independent branch in the phylogenetic tree in the WENV clade. Paying attention to investigate the influence of these viruses to public health is essential in the epidemic regions. Rodents are natural reservoirs of mammarenavirus. Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV), isolated in Asian countries during the 1990s, has a worldwide distribution and was the first mammarenavirus isolated. In 2014, a second mammarenavirus, Wēnzhōu virus (WENV), was identified in rodents in Zhejiang Province of China and later in Guangdong, Shandong, and Hainan Provinces. Most importantly, WENV or related viruses were reported in Thailand and Cambodia. In Cambodia, the isolated virus was associated with human respiratory diseases. In this study, we detected WENV or related viruses in Yunnan Province and found a high prevalence in rats of two species (Rattus norvegicus and R. tanezumi). Phylogenetic analysis of the complete L and S segments of five strains showed that these viruses form an independent phylogenetic branch in WENV clade most closely related to WENVs found in China and Cambodia. Considering the wide spread distribution of rats and altered distribution patterns due to ecological changes, we propose that these viruses may have a wider prevalence and be found in countries from South-eastern Asia to China. Given that WENV may be associated with human diseases, it is necessary to improve surveillances of these viruses in their natural reservoirs and in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinxia Wang
- Institute of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Dali University, Dali, China
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Control and Prevention, Yunnan Institute of Endemic Diseases Control and Prevention, Dali, China
| | - Xinglou Yang
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Haizhou Liu
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Li Wang
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Jihua Zhou
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Control and Prevention, Yunnan Institute of Endemic Diseases Control and Prevention, Dali, China
| | - Xi Han
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Control and Prevention, Yunnan Institute of Endemic Diseases Control and Prevention, Dali, China
| | - Yan Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Weihong Yang
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Control and Prevention, Yunnan Institute of Endemic Diseases Control and Prevention, Dali, China
| | - Hong Pan
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Control and Prevention, Yunnan Institute of Endemic Diseases Control and Prevention, Dali, China
| | - Yunzhi Zhang
- Institute of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Dali University, Dali, China
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Control and Prevention, Yunnan Institute of Endemic Diseases Control and Prevention, Dali, China
- * E-mail: (YZ); (ZS)
| | - Zhengli Shi
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- * E-mail: (YZ); (ZS)
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Clinical Characterization of Host Response to Simian Hemorrhagic Fever Virus Infection in Permissive and Refractory Hosts: A Model for Determining Mechanisms of VHF Pathogenesis. Viruses 2019; 11:v11010067. [PMID: 30650570 PMCID: PMC6356329 DOI: 10.3390/v11010067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Revised: 12/27/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Simian hemorrhagic fever virus (SHFV) causes a fulminant and typically lethal viral hemorrhagic fever (VHF) in macaques (Cercopithecinae: Macaca spp.) but causes subclinical infections in patas monkeys (Cercopithecinae: Erythrocebus patas). This difference in disease course offers a unique opportunity to compare host responses to infection by a VHF-causing virus in biologically similar susceptible and refractory animals. Patas and rhesus monkeys were inoculated side-by-side with SHFV. Unlike the severe disease observed in rhesus monkeys, patas monkeys developed a limited clinical disease characterized by changes in complete blood counts, serum chemistries, and development of lymphadenopathy. Viral RNA was measurable in circulating blood 2 days after exposure, and its duration varied by species. Infectious virus was detected in terminal tissues of both patas and rhesus monkeys. Varying degrees of overlap in changes in serum concentrations of interferon (IFN)-γ, monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1, and interleukin (IL)-6 were observed between patas and rhesus monkeys, suggesting the presence of common and species-specific cytokine responses to infection. Similarly, quantitative immunohistochemistry of livers from terminal monkeys and whole blood flow cytometry revealed varying degrees of overlap in changes in macrophages, natural killer cells, and T-cells. The unexpected degree of overlap in host response suggests that relatively small subsets of a host's response to infection may be responsible for driving hemorrhagic fever pathogenesis. Furthermore, comparative SHFV infection in patas and rhesus monkeys offers an experimental model to characterize host⁻response mechanisms associated with viral hemorrhagic fever and evaluate pan-viral hemorrhagic fever countermeasures.
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Abstract
Several arenaviruses cause hemorrhagic fever (HF) disease in humans and have a vast impact on public health in their endemic regions. In addition, evidence indicates that the worldwide-distributed arenavirus lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) is a neglected human pathogen. Current medical countermeasures to treat human pathogenic arenaviruses are very limited. Progress in arenavirus molecular genetics has made it possible to manipulate the arenavirus genome, which has contributed to significant progress in understanding arenavirus molecular and cell biology, as well as arenavirus-host interactions underlying arenavirus-induced disease in humans. Likewise, these advances in arenavirus biology might facilitate the development of novel vaccines and antiviral drugs to combat human pathogenic arenaviruses.
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Schaeffer J, Carnec X, Reynard S, Mateo M, Picard C, Pietrosemoli N, Dillies MA, Baize S. Lassa virus activates myeloid dendritic cells but suppresses their ability to stimulate T cells. PLoS Pathog 2018; 14:e1007430. [PMID: 30419076 PMCID: PMC6258464 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Revised: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Lassa virus (LASV) is responsible for a viral hemorrhagic fever in humans and the death of 3,000 to 5,000 people every year. The immune response to LASV is poorly understood, but type I interferon (IFN-I) and T-cell responses appear to be critical for the host. We studied the response of myeloid dendritic cells (mDC) to LASV, as mDCs are involved in both IFN-I production and T-cell activation. We compared the response of primary human mDCs to LASV and Mopeia virus (MOPV), which is similar to LASV, but non-pathogenic. We showed that mDCs produced substantial amounts of IFN-I in response to both LASV and MOPV. However, only MOPV-infected mDCs were able to activate T cells. More surprisingly, coculture with T cells completely inhibited the activation of LASV-infected mDCs. These differences between LASV and MOPV were mostly due to the LASV nucleoprotein, which has major immunosuppressive properties, but the glycoprotein was also involved. Overall, these results suggest that mDCs may be important for the global response to LASV and play a role in the outcome of Lassa fever. Lassa fever is a viral hemorrhagic fever and a major public health issue in West Africa. Lassa virus, the causative agent of Lassa fever, is listed by the World Health Organization as one of the emerging pathogens likely to cause severe outbreaks in the near future. Indeed, there is currently no vaccine and no treatment against Lassa virus. Determinants of Lassa virus high pathogenicity are not completely understood. However, it has been shown that rapid type I interferon response and efficient T cell response were critical to survive Lassa fever. Dendritic cells are at the crossroads of innate and adaptive immunity. Their direct response to viral infection includes type I interferon production. They can also present viral antigens, initiating the T cell responses. We decided to investigate how dendritic cells respond to Lassa virus to evaluate their importance in the global immune response. We showed that primary human myeloid dendritic cells are activated by Lassa virus infection, and produce type I interferon. However, Lassa virus-infected dendritic cells were not able to activate T cells. We also elucidated the roles of viral proteins in the modulation of dendritic cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justine Schaeffer
- Unité de Biologie des Infections Virales Emergentes, Institut Pasteur; Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (INSERM, CNRS, ENS Lyon, Université Lyon I), Lyon, France
| | - Xavier Carnec
- Unité de Biologie des Infections Virales Emergentes, Institut Pasteur; Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (INSERM, CNRS, ENS Lyon, Université Lyon I), Lyon, France
| | - Stéphanie Reynard
- Unité de Biologie des Infections Virales Emergentes, Institut Pasteur; Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (INSERM, CNRS, ENS Lyon, Université Lyon I), Lyon, France
| | - Mathieu Mateo
- Unité de Biologie des Infections Virales Emergentes, Institut Pasteur; Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (INSERM, CNRS, ENS Lyon, Université Lyon I), Lyon, France
| | - Caroline Picard
- Unité de Biologie des Infections Virales Emergentes, Institut Pasteur; Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (INSERM, CNRS, ENS Lyon, Université Lyon I), Lyon, France
| | - Natalia Pietrosemoli
- Bioinformatics and Biostatistics Hub, Centre de Bioinformatique Biostatistique et Biologie Intégrative (C3BI, USR 3756, IP CNRS), Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Marie-Agnès Dillies
- Bioinformatics and Biostatistics Hub, Centre de Bioinformatique Biostatistique et Biologie Intégrative (C3BI, USR 3756, IP CNRS), Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Sylvain Baize
- Unité de Biologie des Infections Virales Emergentes, Institut Pasteur; Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (INSERM, CNRS, ENS Lyon, Université Lyon I), Lyon, France
- * E-mail:
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13
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Screening and Identification of Lassa Virus Entry Inhibitors from an FDA-Approved Drug Library. J Virol 2018; 92:JVI.00954-18. [PMID: 29899092 PMCID: PMC6069169 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00954-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Lassa virus (LASV) belongs to the Mammarenavirus genus (family Arenaviridae) and causes severe hemorrhagic fever in humans. At present, there are no Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved drugs or vaccines specific for LASV. Here, high-throughput screening of an FDA-approved drug library was performed against LASV entry by using pseudotype virus bearing LASV envelope glycoprotein (GPC). Two hit compounds, lacidipine and phenothrin, were identified as LASV entry inhibitors in the micromolar range. A mechanistic study revealed that both compounds inhibited LASV entry by blocking low-pH-induced membrane fusion. Accordingly, lacidipine showed virucidal effects on the pseudotype virus of LASV. Adaptive mutant analyses demonstrated that replacement of T40, located in the ectodomain of the stable-signal peptide (SSP), with lysine (K) conferred LASV resistance to lacidipine. Furthermore, lacidipine showed antiviral activity against LASV, the closely related Mopeia virus (MOPV), and the New World arenavirus Guanarito virus (GTOV). Drug-resistant variants indicated that V36M in the ectodomain of the SSP mutant and V436A in the transmembrane domain of the GP2 mutant conferred GTOV resistance to lacidipine, suggesting the interface between SSP and GP2 is the target of lacidipine. This study shows that lacidipine is a candidate for LASV therapy, reinforcing the notion that the SSP-GP2 interface provides an entry-targeted platform for arenavirus inhibitor design.IMPORTANCE Currently, there is no approved therapy to treat Lassa fever; therefore, repurposing of approved drugs will accelerate the development of a therapeutic stratagem. In this study, we screened an FDA-approved library of drugs and identified two compounds, lacidipine and phenothrin, which inhibited Lassa virus entry by blocking low-pH-induced membrane fusion. Additionally, both compounds extended their inhibition against the entry of Guanarito virus, and the viral targets were identified as the SSP-GP2 interface.
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14
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Zaza AD, Herbreteau CH, Peyrefitte CN, Emonet SF. Mammarenaviruses deleted from their Z gene are replicative and produce an infectious progeny in BHK-21 cells. Virology 2018; 518:34-44. [PMID: 29453057 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2018.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Revised: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Mammarenaviruses bud out of infected cells via the recruitment of the endosomal sorting complex required for transport through late domain motifs localized into their Z protein. Here, we demonstrated that mammarenaviruses lacking this protein can be rescued and are replicative, despite a 3-log reduction in virion production, in BHK-21 cells, but not in five other cell lines. Mutations of putative late domain motifs identified into the viral nucleoprotein resulted in the almost complete abolition of infectious virion production by Z-deleted mammarenaviruses. This result strongly suggested that the nucleoprotein may compensate for the deletion of Z. These observations were primarily obtained using the Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus, and further confirmed using the Old World Lassa and New World Machupo viruses, responsible of human hemorrhagic fevers. Z-deleted viruses should prove very useful tools to investigate the biology of Mammarenaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amélie D Zaza
- Fab'entech, 24 rue Jean Baldassini, 69007 Lyon, France; Unité de virologie, Département de Biologie des Agents Transmissibles, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, 1 place général Valérie André, BP 73 91 223 Brétigny-sur-Orge cedex, France.
| | | | - Christophe N Peyrefitte
- Unité de virologie, Département de Biologie des Agents Transmissibles, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, 1 place général Valérie André, BP 73 91 223 Brétigny-sur-Orge cedex, France.
| | - Sébastien F Emonet
- Unité de virologie, Département de Biologie des Agents Transmissibles, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, 1 place général Valérie André, BP 73 91 223 Brétigny-sur-Orge cedex, France.
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15
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Tong X, Smith J, Bukreyeva N, Koma T, Manning JT, Kalkeri R, Kwong AD, Paessler S. Merimepodib, an IMPDH inhibitor, suppresses replication of Zika virus and other emerging viral pathogens. Antiviral Res 2017; 149:34-40. [PMID: 29126899 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2017.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2017] [Revised: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 11/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV), a member of the Flaviviridae family, has recently been linked to abnormal pregnancies, fetal death, microcephaly, and Guillain-Barré syndrome in humans. Merimepodib (MMPD, VX-497), a potent inhibitor of inosine-5'-monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMPDH), has shown antiviral activity against HCV and a variety of DNA and RNA viruses in vitro. In this report, we expand the antiviral spectrum of MMPD, and demonstrate that MMPD inhibits ZIKV RNA replication with an EC50 of 0.6 μM. Furthermore, MMPD reduces the virus production of ZIKV as well as several other important emerging viral pathogens such as Ebola, Lassa, Chikungunya, and Junin viruses. The inhibition can be reversed by addition of exogenous guanosine to culture media, consistent with the mechanism of action of MMPD as an IMPDH inhibitor. We also provide evidence that MMPD can be used in combination with other antivirals such as ribavirin and T-705 (favipiravir) to enhance suppression of virus production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Tong
- Trek Therapeutics, PBC, 125 Cambridge Park Drive, Suite 301, Cambridge, MA 02140, USA.
| | - Jeanon Smith
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Natalya Bukreyeva
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Takaaki Koma
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - John T Manning
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Raj Kalkeri
- Southern Research, 431 Aviation Way, Frederick, MD 21701, USA
| | - Ann D Kwong
- Trek Therapeutics, PBC, 125 Cambridge Park Drive, Suite 301, Cambridge, MA 02140, USA
| | - Slobodan Paessler
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.
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16
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Pathological vicissitudes and oxidative stress enzyme responses in mice experimentally infected with reptarenavirus (isolate UPM/MY01). Microb Pathog 2017; 104:17-27. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2017.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Revised: 12/25/2016] [Accepted: 01/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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17
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Sizikova TE, Lebedev VN, Syromyatnikova SI, Borisevich SV. [Lujo hemorrhagic fever]. Vopr Virusol 2017; 62:149-153. [PMID: 29733163 DOI: 10.18821/0507-4088-2017-62-4-149-153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Lujo hemorrhagic fever (LHF) is a viral disease accompanied with fever, headache, vomiting, diarrhea, arthralgia, myalgia and numerous signs of hemorrhagic syndrome. LHF causes a clinical syndrome remarkably similar to Lassa hemorrhagic fever. The first case of LHF occurred in Johannesburg, South Africa, in 2008. There was a secondary transmission from the index patient to four healthcare workers. Four of the five patients died. The etiologic agent of LHF is Lujo virus (LUJV) belonging to Arenavirus genus of the Arenaviridae Family. Virus Lujo is the second pathogenic arenavirus, after Lassa virus, to be recognized in Africa during the last 40 years. Data about epidemiology, clinical characteristics and diagnostics of LHF, properties of Lujo virus (according to phylogenetic analysis), and recommended precautions for preventing secondary transmission are considered in this paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- T E Sizikova
- 48th Central Scientific Research Institute, Sergiev Posad, 141306, Russian Federation
| | - V N Lebedev
- 48th Central Scientific Research Institute, Sergiev Posad, 141306, Russian Federation
| | - S I Syromyatnikova
- 48th Central Scientific Research Institute, Sergiev Posad, 141306, Russian Federation
| | - S V Borisevich
- 48th Central Scientific Research Institute, Sergiev Posad, 141306, Russian Federation
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18
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Oestereich L, Lüdtke A, Ruibal P, Pallasch E, Kerber R, Rieger T, Wurr S, Bockholt S, Pérez-Girón JV, Krasemann S, Günther S, Muñoz-Fontela C. Chimeric Mice with Competent Hematopoietic Immunity Reproduce Key Features of Severe Lassa Fever. PLoS Pathog 2016; 12:e1005656. [PMID: 27191716 PMCID: PMC4871546 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 05/02/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Lassa fever (LASF) is a highly severe viral syndrome endemic to West African countries. Despite the annual high morbidity and mortality caused by LASF, very little is known about the pathophysiology of the disease. Basic research on LASF has been precluded due to the lack of relevant small animal models that reproduce the human disease. Immunocompetent laboratory mice are resistant to infection with Lassa virus (LASV) and, to date, only immunodeficient mice, or mice expressing human HLA, have shown some degree of susceptibility to experimental infection. Here, transplantation of wild-type bone marrow cells into irradiated type I interferon receptor knockout mice (IFNAR-/-) was used to generate chimeric mice that reproduced important features of severe LASF in humans. This included high lethality, liver damage, vascular leakage and systemic virus dissemination. In addition, this model indicated that T cell-mediated immunopathology was an important component of LASF pathogenesis that was directly correlated with vascular leakage. Our strategy allows easy generation of a suitable small animal model to test new vaccines and antivirals and to dissect the basic components of LASF pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Oestereich
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Anja Lüdtke
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
- Heinrich Pette Institute, Leibniz Institute For Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Paula Ruibal
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
- Heinrich Pette Institute, Leibniz Institute For Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Elisa Pallasch
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Romy Kerber
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Toni Rieger
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Stephanie Wurr
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sabrina Bockholt
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - José V. Pérez-Girón
- Heinrich Pette Institute, Leibniz Institute For Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Susanne Krasemann
- Institute for Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Stephan Günther
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - César Muñoz-Fontela
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
- Heinrich Pette Institute, Leibniz Institute For Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany
- * E-mail:
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19
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Bioactive nucleoside analogues possessing selected five-membered azaheterocyclic bases. Eur J Med Chem 2015; 97:409-18. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2014.11.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2014] [Revised: 11/25/2014] [Accepted: 11/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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20
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Human hemorrhagic Fever causing arenaviruses: molecular mechanisms contributing to virus virulence and disease pathogenesis. Pathogens 2015; 4:283-306. [PMID: 26011826 PMCID: PMC4493475 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens4020283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2015] [Revised: 05/11/2015] [Accepted: 05/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Arenaviruses include multiple human pathogens ranging from the low-risk lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) to highly virulent hemorrhagic fever (HF) causing viruses such as Lassa (LASV), Junin (JUNV), Machupo (MACV), Lujo (LUJV), Sabia (SABV), Guanarito (GTOV), and Chapare (CHPV), for which there are limited preventative and therapeutic measures. Why some arenaviruses can cause virulent human infections while others cannot, even though they are isolated from the same rodent hosts, is an enigma. Recent studies have revealed several potential pathogenic mechanisms of arenaviruses, including factors that increase viral replication capacity and suppress host innate immunity, which leads to high viremia and generalized immune suppression as the hallmarks of severe and lethal arenaviral HF diseases. This review summarizes current knowledge of the roles of each of the four viral proteins and some known cellular factors in the pathogenesis of arenaviral HF as well as of some human primary cell-culture and animal models that lend themselves to studying arenavirus-induced HF disease pathogenesis. Knowledge gained from these studies can be applied towards the development of novel therapeutics and vaccines against these deadly human pathogens.
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21
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Bekerman E, Einav S. Infectious disease. Combating emerging viral threats. Science 2015. [PMID: 25883340 DOI: 10.1126/science:aaa3778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
Most approved antiviral therapeutics selectively inhibit proteins encoded by a single virus, thereby providing a “one drug-one bug” solution. As a result of this narrow spectrum of coverage and the high cost of drug development, therapies are currently approved for fewer than ten viruses out of the hundreds known to cause human disease. This perspective summarizes progress and challenges in the development of broad-spectrum antiviral therapies. These strategies include targeting enzymatic functions shared by multiple viruses and host cell machinery by newly discovered compounds or by repurposing approved drugs. These approaches offer new practical means for developing therapeutics against existing and emerging viral threats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Bekerman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Shirit Einav
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
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22
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Bekerman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Shirit Einav
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
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23
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Abstract
UNLABELLED There are currently no U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved vaccines or therapeutics to prevent or treat Argentine hemorrhagic fever (AHF). The causative agent of AHF is Junin virus (JUNV); a New World arenavirus classified as a National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention category A priority pathogen. The PTAP late (L) domain motif within JUNV Z protein facilitates virion egress and transmission by recruiting host Tsg101 and other ESCRT complex proteins to promote scission of the virus particle from the plasma membrane. Here, we describe a novel compound (compound 0013) that blocks the JUNV Z-Tsg101 interaction and inhibits budding of virus-like particles (VLPs) driven by ectopic expression of the Z protein and live-attenuated JUNV Candid-1 strain in cell culture. Since inhibition of the PTAP-Tsg101 interaction inhibits JUNV egress, compound 0013 serves as a prototype therapeutic that could reduce virus dissemination and disease progression in infected individuals. Moreover, since PTAP l-domain-mediated Tsg101 recruitment is utilized by other RNA virus pathogens (e.g., Ebola virus and HIV-1), PTAP inhibitors such as compound 0013 have the potential to function as potent broad-spectrum, host-oriented antiviral drugs. IMPORTANCE There are currently no FDA-approved vaccines or therapeutics to prevent or treat Argentine hemorrhagic fever (AHF). The causative agent of AHF is Junin virus (JUNV); a New World arenavirus classified as an NIAID/CDC category A priority pathogen. Here, we describe a prototype therapeutic that blocks budding of JUNV and has the potential to function as a broad-spectrum antiviral drug.
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24
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McLay L, Liang Y, Ly H. Comparative analysis of disease pathogenesis and molecular mechanisms of New World and Old World arenavirus infections. J Gen Virol 2014; 95:1-15. [PMID: 24068704 PMCID: PMC4093776 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.057000-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2013] [Accepted: 09/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Arenaviruses can cause fatal human haemorrhagic fever (HF) diseases for which vaccines and therapies are extremely limited. Both the New World (NW) and Old World (OW) groups of arenaviruses contain HF-causing pathogens. Although these two groups share many similarities, important differences with regard to pathogenicity and molecular mechanisms of virus infection exist. These closely related pathogens share many characteristics, including genome structure, viral assembly, natural host selection and the ability to interfere with innate immune signalling. However, members of the NW and OW viruses appear to use different receptors for cellular entry, as well as different mechanisms of virus internalization. General differences in disease signs and symptoms and pathological lesions in patients infected with either NW or OW arenaviruses are also noted and discussed herein. Whilst both the OW Lassa virus (LASV) and the NW Junin virus (JUNV) can cause disruption of the vascular endothelium, which is an important pathological feature of HF, the immune responses to these related pathogens seem to be quite distinct. Whereas LASV infection results in an overall generalized immune suppression, patients infected with JUNV seem to develop a cytokine storm. Additionally, the type of immune response required for recovery and clearance of the virus is different between NW and OW infections. These differences may be important to allow the viruses to evade host immune detection. Understanding these differences will aid the development of new vaccines and treatment strategies against deadly HF viral infections.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Arenaviridae Infections/immunology
- Arenaviridae Infections/pathology
- Arenaviridae Infections/virology
- Arenaviruses, New World/classification
- Arenaviruses, New World/genetics
- Arenaviruses, New World/immunology
- Arenaviruses, New World/pathogenicity
- Arenaviruses, Old World/classification
- Arenaviruses, Old World/genetics
- Arenaviruses, Old World/immunology
- Arenaviruses, Old World/pathogenicity
- Hemorrhagic Fevers, Viral/immunology
- Hemorrhagic Fevers, Viral/pathology
- Hemorrhagic Fevers, Viral/virology
- Humans
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa McLay
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, MN 55108, USA
| | - Yuying Liang
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, MN 55108, USA
| | - Hinh Ly
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, MN 55108, USA
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Koma T, Huang C, Kolokoltsova OA, Brasier AR, Paessler S. Innate immune response to arenaviral infection: a focus on the highly pathogenic New World hemorrhagic arenaviruses. J Mol Biol 2013; 425:4893-903. [PMID: 24075870 PMCID: PMC3864108 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2013.09.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2013] [Revised: 09/19/2013] [Accepted: 09/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Arenaviruses are enveloped, negative-stranded RNA viruses that belong to the family Arenaviridae. This diverse family can be further classified into OW (Old World) and NW (New World) arenaviruses based on their antigenicity, phylogeny, and geographical distribution. Many of the NW arenaviruses are highly pathogenic viruses that cause systemic human infections characterized by hemorrhagic fever and/or neurological manifestations, constituting public health problems in their endemic regions. NW arenavirus infection induces a variety of host innate immune responses, which could contribute to the viral pathogenesis and/or influence the final outcome of virus infection in vitro and in vivo. On the other hand, NW arenaviruses have also developed several strategies to counteract the host innate immune response. We will review current knowledge regarding the interplay between the host innate immune response and NW arenavirus infection in vitro and in vivo, with emphasis on viral-encoded proteins and their effect on the type I interferon response. NW arenaviruses induce a variety of host innate immune responses. The arenaviruses have several strategies to counteract host innate immune response. We review the interplay between host innate immunity and the arenavirus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takaaki Koma
- Department of Pathology and Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77550, USA
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