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Jones R, Robinson AT, Beach LB, Lindsey ML, Kirabo A, Hinton A, Erlandson KM, Jenkins ND. Exercise to Prevent Accelerated Vascular Aging in People Living With HIV. Circ Res 2024; 134:1607-1635. [PMID: 38781293 PMCID: PMC11126195 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.124.323975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Given advances in antiretroviral therapy, the mortality rate for HIV infection has dropped considerably over recent decades. However, people living with HIV (PLWH) experience longer life spans coupled with persistent immune activation despite viral suppression and potential toxicity from long-term antiretroviral therapy use. Consequently, PLWH face a cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk more than twice that of the general population, making it the leading cause of death among this group. Here, we briefly review the epidemiology of CVD in PLWH highlighting disparities at the intersections of sex and gender, age, race/ethnicity, and the contributions of social determinants of health and psychosocial stress to increased CVD risk among individuals with marginalized identities. We then overview the pathophysiology of HIV and discuss the primary factors implicated as contributors to CVD risk among PLWH on antiretroviral therapy. Subsequently, we highlight the functional evidence of premature vascular dysfunction as an early pathophysiological determinant of CVD risk among PLWH, discuss several mechanisms underlying premature vascular dysfunction in PLWH, and synthesize current research on the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying accelerated vascular aging in PLWH, focusing on immune activation, chronic inflammation, and oxidative stress. We consider understudied aspects such as HIV-related changes to the gut microbiome and psychosocial stress, which may serve as mechanisms through which exercise can abrogate accelerated vascular aging. Emphasizing the significance of exercise, we review various modalities and their impacts on vascular health, proposing a holistic approach to managing CVD risks in PLWH. The discussion extends to critical future study areas related to vascular aging, CVD, and the efficacy of exercise interventions, with a call for more inclusive research that considers the diversity of the PLWH population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymond Jones
- Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | | | - Lauren B. Beach
- Department of Medical Social Sciences, Northwestern, Chicago, IL
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern, Chicago, IL
| | - Merry L. Lindsey
- School of Graduate Studies, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN
- Research Service, Nashville VA Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Annet Kirabo
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
- Vanderbilt Center for Immunobiology, Nashville, TN
- Vanderbilt Institute for Infection, Immunology and Inflammation, Nashville, TN
- Vanderbilt Institute for Global Health, Nashville, TN
| | - Antentor Hinton
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
| | | | - Nathaniel D.M. Jenkins
- Department of Health and Human Physiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
- Abboud Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
- Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
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2
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Gessese T, Asrie F, Mulatie Z. Human Immunodeficiency Virus Related Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma. Blood Lymphat Cancer 2023; 13:13-24. [PMID: 37275434 PMCID: PMC10237187 DOI: 10.2147/blctt.s407086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus infection is related with an increased risk of hematological malignancy principally, non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Most non-Hodgkin lymphomas are acquired immunodeficiency syndrome defining and constitute greater than 50% of all acquired immunodeficiency syndrome defining cancers. The main pathogenesis mechanisms are immunodeficiency, chronic antigenic stimulation, and the ability to infect cancer cells causing direct carcinogenesis. Human immunodeficiency virus related non-Hodgkin lymphomas are heterogeneous in immunophenotyping and molecular features; and choice of drug treatments is similar with sporadic types. The main objective is to assess the epidemiology, pathogenesis, and morphology of human immunodeficiency virus related non-Hodgkin lymphoma. The searching strategy was done by searching relevant original and review articles from www.biosemanticjane/org, Google scholar, Google, and PubMed sites using keywords like; Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, Human immunodeficiency virus, and non-Hodgkin lymphoma. In conclusion, human immunodeficiency virus infected people continue to have elevated risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Diffuse large B-cell lymphomas are the most common and severe subtype. The pathogenesis of this type of lymphoma is associated with chromosomal abnormalities that deregulate the expression of various oncogenes by different viral particles and cytokines. However, the role of these viral particles and cytokines on pathogenesis is not clearly stated, so further study could be required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tesfaye Gessese
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia
| | - Fikir Asrie
- Department of Hematology and Immunohematology, School of Biomedical and Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Zewudu Mulatie
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia
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3
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Blagov AV, Sukhorukov VN, Guo S, Zhang D, Popov MA, Orekhov AN. Impaired Mitochondrial Function in T-Lymphocytes as a Result of Exposure to HIV and ART. Cells 2023; 12:cells12071072. [PMID: 37048145 PMCID: PMC10093108 DOI: 10.3390/cells12071072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction is a described phenomenon for a number of chronic and infectious diseases. At the same time, the question remains open: is this condition a consequence or a cause of the progression of the disease? In this review, we consider the role of the development of mitochondrial dysfunction in the progression of HIV (human immunodeficiency viruses) infection and the onset of AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome), as well as the direct impact of HIV on mitochondria. In addition, we will touch upon such an important issue as the effect of ART (Antiretroviral Therapy) drugs on mitochondria, since ART is currently the only effective way to curb the progression of HIV in infected patients, and because the identification of potential side effects can help to more consciously approach the development of new drugs in the treatment of HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander V. Blagov
- Laboratory of Angiopathology, Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, 8 Baltiiskaya Street, Moscow 125315, Russia
| | - Vasily N. Sukhorukov
- Laboratory of Angiopathology, Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, 8 Baltiiskaya Street, Moscow 125315, Russia
| | - Shuzhen Guo
- Diabetes Research Center, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Dongwei Zhang
- Diabetes Research Center, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Mikhail A. Popov
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Moscow Regional Research and Clinical Institute (MONIKI), 61/2, Shchepkin Street, Moscow 129110, Russia
| | - Alexander N. Orekhov
- Laboratory of Angiopathology, Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, 8 Baltiiskaya Street, Moscow 125315, Russia
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4
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Zhang J, Han J, Li H, Li Z, Zou P, Li J, Zhao T, Che J, Yang Y, Yang M, Wang Y, Gong W, Li Z, Li L, Gao C, Xiao H. Lymphocyte Membrane- and 12p1-Dual-Functionalized Nanoparticles for Free HIV-1 Trapping and Precise siRNA Delivery into HIV-1-Infected Cells. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2300282. [PMID: 36755201 PMCID: PMC10074117 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202300282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Despite the success of small interfering RNA (siRNA) in clinical settings and its potential value in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) therapy, the rapid clearance and absence of precise delivery to target cells still hinder the therapeutic effect of siRNA. Herein, a new system, which can escape immune recognition, has HIV-1 neutralizing capacity, and the ability to deliver siRNA specifically into HIV-1-infected cells, is constructed by functionalizing siRNA delivery lipid nanoparticles with the lymphocyte membrane and 12p1. The constructed system is shown to escape uptake by the mononuclear phagocyte system. The constructed system exhibits strong binding ability with gp120, thus displaying distinguished neutralizing breadth and potency. The constructed system neutralizes all tested HIV-1 pseudotyped viruses with a geometric mean 80% inhibitory concentration (IC80) of 29.75 µg mL-1 and inhibits X4-tropic HIV-1 with an IC80 of 64.20 µg mL-1 , and R5-tropic HIV-1 with an IC80 of 16.39 µg mL-1 . The new system also specifically delivers siRNA into the cytoplasm of HIV-1-infected cells and exhibits evident gene silencing of tat and rev. Therefore, this new system can neutralize HIV-1 and deliver siRNA selectively into HIV-1-infected cells and may be a promising therapeutic candidate for the precise therapy of HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinbang Zhang
- State key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical CountermeasureDepartment of PharmaceuticsBeijing Institute of Pharmacology and ToxicologyBeijing100039China
- Pharmaceutical CollegeHenan UniversityKaifeng475001China
| | - Jingwan Han
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and BiosecurityBeijing Institute of Microbiology and EpidemiologyBeijing100071China
| | - Hui Li
- State key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical CountermeasureDepartment of PharmaceuticsBeijing Institute of Pharmacology and ToxicologyBeijing100039China
- Pharmaceutical CollegeHenan UniversityKaifeng475001China
| | - Zhengyang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and BiosecurityBeijing Institute of Microbiology and EpidemiologyBeijing100071China
- School of Public Health and Health ManagementGannan Medical UniversityGanzhou341000China
| | - Pengfei Zou
- State key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical CountermeasureDepartment of PharmaceuticsBeijing Institute of Pharmacology and ToxicologyBeijing100039China
| | - Jiaxin Li
- State key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical CountermeasureDepartment of PharmaceuticsBeijing Institute of Pharmacology and ToxicologyBeijing100039China
- Pharmaceutical CollegeHenan UniversityKaifeng475001China
| | - Te Zhao
- State key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical CountermeasureDepartment of PharmaceuticsBeijing Institute of Pharmacology and ToxicologyBeijing100039China
| | - Junwei Che
- State key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical CountermeasureDepartment of PharmaceuticsBeijing Institute of Pharmacology and ToxicologyBeijing100039China
| | - Yang Yang
- State key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical CountermeasureDepartment of PharmaceuticsBeijing Institute of Pharmacology and ToxicologyBeijing100039China
| | - Meiyan Yang
- State key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical CountermeasureDepartment of PharmaceuticsBeijing Institute of Pharmacology and ToxicologyBeijing100039China
| | - Yuli Wang
- State key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical CountermeasureDepartment of PharmaceuticsBeijing Institute of Pharmacology and ToxicologyBeijing100039China
| | - Wei Gong
- State key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical CountermeasureDepartment of PharmaceuticsBeijing Institute of Pharmacology and ToxicologyBeijing100039China
| | - Zhiping Li
- State key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical CountermeasureDepartment of PharmaceuticsBeijing Institute of Pharmacology and ToxicologyBeijing100039China
| | - Lin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and BiosecurityBeijing Institute of Microbiology and EpidemiologyBeijing100071China
| | - Chunsheng Gao
- State key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical CountermeasureDepartment of PharmaceuticsBeijing Institute of Pharmacology and ToxicologyBeijing100039China
- Pharmaceutical CollegeHenan UniversityKaifeng475001China
| | - Haihua Xiao
- Institute of ChemistryChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100190China
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5
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Pan T, Cao G, Tang E, Zhao Y, Penaloza-MacMaster P, Fang Y, Huang J. A single-cell atlas reveals shared and distinct immune responses and metabolic profiles in SARS-CoV-2 and HIV-1 infections. Front Genet 2023; 14:1105673. [PMID: 36992700 PMCID: PMC10040851 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2023.1105673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Within the inflammatory immune response to viral infection, the distribution and cell type-specific profiles of immune cell populations and the immune-mediated viral clearance pathways vary according to the specific virus. Uncovering the immunological similarities and differences between viral infections is critical to understanding disease progression and developing effective vaccines and therapies. Insight into COVID-19 disease progression has been bolstered by the integration of single-cell (sc)RNA-seq data from COVID-19 patients with data from related viruses to compare immune responses. Expanding this concept, we propose that a high-resolution, systematic comparison between immune cells from SARS-CoV-2 infection and an inflammatory infectious disease with a different pathophysiology will provide a more comprehensive picture of the viral clearance pathways that underscore immunological and clinical differences between infections. Methods: Using a novel consensus single-cell annotation method, we integrate previously published scRNA-seq data from 111,566 single PBMCs from 7 COVID-19, 10 HIV-1+, and 3 healthy patients into a unified cellular atlas. We compare in detail the phenotypic features and regulatory pathways in the major immune cell clusters. Results: While immune cells in both COVID-19 and HIV-1+ cohorts show shared inflammation and disrupted mitochondrial function, COVID-19 patients exhibit stronger humoral immunity, broader IFN-I signaling, elevated Rho GTPase and mTOR pathway activity, and downregulated mitophagy. Discussion: Our results indicate that differential IFN-I signaling regulates the distinct immune responses in the two diseases, revealing insight into fundamental disease biology and potential therapeutic candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tony Pan
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Guoshuai Cao
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Erting Tang
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Yu Zhao
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | | | - Yun Fang
- Biological Sciences Division, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Jun Huang
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
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6
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Chen Q, Zhao Y, Zhang Y, Zhang J, Lu W, Chang CH, Jiang S. HIV associated cell death: Peptide-induced apoptosis restricts viral transmission. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1096759. [PMID: 36911666 PMCID: PMC9992636 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1096759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is still a global pandemic and despite the successful use of anti-retroviral therapy, a well-established cure remains to be identified. Viral modulation of cell death has a significant role in HIV pathogenesis. Here we sought to understand the major mechanisms of HIV-induced death of lymphocytes and the effects on viral transmission. Flow cytometry analysis of lymphocytes from five latent HIV-infected patients, and HIV IIIB-infected MT2 cells demonstrated both necrosis and apoptosis to be the major mechanisms of cell death in CD4+ and CD4-/CD8- lymphocytes. Significantly, pro-apoptotic tumor necrosis factor (TNF) peptide (P13) was found to inhibit HIV-related cell death and reduced viral transmission. Whereas pro-necrotic TNF peptide (P16) had little effect on HIV-related cell death and viral transmission. Understanding mechanisms by which cell death can be manipulated may provide additional drug targets to reduce the loss of CD4+ cells and the formation of a viral reservoir in HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiongyu Chen
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.,The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME, United States
| | | | | | - Jianbo Zhang
- The Dermatology & STD Department, The No. 2 People's Hospital of Dali City, Yunnan, China
| | - Wenshu Lu
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.,R&D Department, Oxford Vacmedix (Changzhou) Ltd, Changzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | | | - Shisong Jiang
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.,R&D Department, Oxford Vacmedix (Changzhou) Ltd, Changzhou, Jiangsu, China
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7
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Bhuyan S, Pal B, Pathak L, Saikia PJ, Mitra S, Gayan S, Mokhtari RB, Li H, Ramana CV, Baishya D, Das B. Targeting hypoxia-induced tumor stemness by activating pathogen-induced stem cell niche defense. Front Immunol 2022; 13:933329. [PMID: 36248858 PMCID: PMC9559576 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.933329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor hypoxia and oxidative stress reprograms cancer stem cells (CSCs) to a highly aggressive and inflammatory phenotypic state of tumor stemness. Previously, we characterized tumor stemness phenotype in the ATP Binding Cassette Subfamily G Member 2 (ABCG2)–positive migratory side population (SPm) fraction of CSCs exposed to extreme hypoxia followed by reoxygenation. Here, we report that post-hypoxia/reoxygenation SPm+/ABCG2+ CSCs exerts defense against pathogen invasion that involves bystander apoptosis of non-infected CSCs. In an in vitro assay of cancer cell infection by Bacillus Calmette Guerin (BCG) or mutant Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) strain 18b (Mtb-m18b), the pathogens preferentially replicated intracellular to SPm+/ABCG2+ CSCs of seven cell lines of diverse cancer types including SCC-25 oral squamous cancer cell line. The conditioned media (CM) of infected CSCs exhibited direct anti-microbial activity against Mtb and BCG, suggesting niche defense against pathogen. Importantly, the CM of infected CSCs exhibited marked in vitro bystander apoptosis toward non-infected CSCs. Moreover, the CM-treated xenograft bearing mice showed 10- to 15-fold reduction (p < 0.001; n = 7) in the number of CSCs residing in the hypoxic niches. Our in vitro studies indicated that BCG-infected SPm+/ABCG2+ equivalent EPCAM+/ABCG2+ CSCs of SCC-25 cells underwent pyroptosis and released a high mobility group box protein 1 (HMGB1)/p53 death signal into the tumor microenvironment (TME). The death signal can induce a Toll-like receptor 2/4–mediated bystander apoptosis in non-infected CSCs by activating p53/MDM2 oscillation and subsequent activation of capase-3–dependent intrinsic apoptosis. Notably, SPm+/ABCG2+ but not SP cells undergoing bystander apoptosis amplified the death signal by further release of HMGB1/p53 complex into the TME. These results suggest that post-hypoxia SPm+/ABCG2+ CSCs serve a functional role as a tumor stemness defense (TSD) phenotype to protect TME against bacterial invasion. Importantly, the CM of TSD phenotype undergoing bystander apoptosis may have therapeutic uses against CSCs residing in the hypoxic niche.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seema Bhuyan
- Department of Cancer and Stem Cell Biology, KaviKrishna Laboratory, Research Park, Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati, India
- Department of Bioengineering and Technology, Gauhati University, Guwahati, India
| | - Bidisha Pal
- Department of Cancer and Stem Cell Biology, KaviKrishna Laboratory, Research Park, Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati, India
- Department of Stem Cell and Infectious Diseases, KaviKrishna Laboratory, Research Park, Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati, India
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, MA, United States
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, Thoreau Laboratory for Global Health, M2D2, University of Massachusetts, Lowell, MA, United States
| | - Lekhika Pathak
- Department of Cancer and Stem Cell Biology, KaviKrishna Laboratory, Research Park, Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati, India
- Department of Stem Cell and Infectious Diseases, KaviKrishna Laboratory, Research Park, Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati, India
| | - Partha Jyoti Saikia
- Department of Cancer and Stem Cell Biology, KaviKrishna Laboratory, Research Park, Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati, India
| | - Shirsajit Mitra
- Department of Cancer and Stem Cell Biology, KaviKrishna Laboratory, Research Park, Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati, India
| | - Sukanya Gayan
- Department of Cancer and Stem Cell Biology, KaviKrishna Laboratory, Research Park, Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati, India
| | - Reza Bayat Mokhtari
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, MA, United States
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, Thoreau Laboratory for Global Health, M2D2, University of Massachusetts, Lowell, MA, United States
| | - Hong Li
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, MA, United States
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, Thoreau Laboratory for Global Health, M2D2, University of Massachusetts, Lowell, MA, United States
| | - Chilakamarti V. Ramana
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, Thoreau Laboratory for Global Health, M2D2, University of Massachusetts, Lowell, MA, United States
| | - Debabrat Baishya
- Department of Bioengineering and Technology, Gauhati University, Guwahati, India
| | - Bikul Das
- Department of Cancer and Stem Cell Biology, KaviKrishna Laboratory, Research Park, Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati, India
- Department of Stem Cell and Infectious Diseases, KaviKrishna Laboratory, Research Park, Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati, India
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, MA, United States
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, Thoreau Laboratory for Global Health, M2D2, University of Massachusetts, Lowell, MA, United States
- *Correspondence: Bikul Das,
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8
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Wallace HL, Russell RS. Promiscuous Inflammasomes: The False Dichotomy of RNA/DNA Virus-Induced Inflammasome Activation and Pyroptosis. Viruses 2022; 14:2113. [PMID: 36298668 PMCID: PMC9609106 DOI: 10.3390/v14102113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/18/2022] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
It is well-known that viruses activate various inflammasomes, which can initiate the programmed cell death pathway known as pyroptosis, subsequently leading to cell lysis and release of inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and IL-18. This pathway can be triggered by various sensors, including, but not limited to, NLRP3, AIM2, IFI16, RIG-I, and NLRC4. Many viruses are known either to activate or inhibit inflammasomes as a part of the innate immune response or as a mechanism of pathogenesis. Early research in the field of virus-induced pyroptosis suggested a dichotomy, with RNA viruses activating the NLRP3 inflammasome and DNA viruses activating the AIM2 inflammasome. More recent research has shown that this dichotomy may not be as distinct as once thought. It seems many viruses activate multiple inflammasome sensors. Here, we detail which viruses fit the dichotomy as well as many that appear to defy this clearly false dichotomy. It seems likely that most, if not all, viruses activate multiple inflammasome sensors, and future research should focus on expanding our understanding of inflammasome activation in a variety of tissue types as well as virus activation of multiple inflammasomes, challenging biases that stemmed from early literature in this field. Here, we review primarily research performed on human viruses but also include details regarding animal viruses whenever possible.
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9
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Luo X, Frouard J, Zhang G, Neidleman J, Xie G, Sheedy E, Roan NR, Greene WC. Subsets of Tissue CD4 T Cells Display Different Susceptibilities to HIV Infection and Death: Analysis by CyTOF and Single Cell RNA-seq. Front Immunol 2022; 13:883420. [PMID: 35784348 PMCID: PMC9245423 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.883420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
CD4 T lymphocytes belong to diverse cellular subsets whose sensitivity or resistance to HIV-associated killing remains to be defined. Working with lymphoid cells from human tonsils, we characterized the HIV-associated depletion of various CD4 T cell subsets using mass cytometry and single-cell RNA-seq. CD4 T cell subsets preferentially killed by HIV are phenotypically distinct from those resistant to HIV-associated cell death, in a manner not fully accounted for by their susceptibility to productive infection. Preferentially-killed subsets express CXCR5 and CXCR4 while preferentially-infected subsets exhibit an activated and exhausted effector memory cell phenotype. Single-cell RNA-seq analysis reveals that the subsets of preferentially-killed cells express genes favoring abortive infection and pyroptosis. These studies emphasize a complex interplay between HIV and distinct tissue-based CD4 T cell subsets, and the important contribution of abortive infection and inflammatory programmed cell death to the overall depletion of CD4 T cells that accompanies untreated HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Luo
- Gladstone Institute of Virology, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Julie Frouard
- Gladstone Institute of Virology, San Francisco, CA, United States,Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Gang Zhang
- Gladstone Institute of Virology, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Jason Neidleman
- Gladstone Institute of Virology, San Francisco, CA, United States,Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Guorui Xie
- Gladstone Institute of Virology, San Francisco, CA, United States,Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Emma Sheedy
- Gladstone Institute of Virology, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Nadia R. Roan
- Gladstone Institute of Virology, San Francisco, CA, United States,Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Warner C. Greene
- Gladstone Institute of Virology, San Francisco, CA, United States,Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States,Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States,*Correspondence: Warner C. Greene,
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10
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Identification of HIV Rapid Mutations Using Differences in Nucleotide Distribution over Time. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13020170. [PMID: 35205215 PMCID: PMC8872422 DOI: 10.3390/genes13020170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2021] [Revised: 01/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutation is the driving force of species evolution, which may change the genetic information of organisms and obtain selective competitive advantages to adapt to environmental changes. It may change the structure or function of translated proteins, and cause abnormal cell operation, a variety of diseases and even cancer. Therefore, it is particularly important to identify gene regions with high mutations. Mutations will cause changes in nucleotide distribution, which can be characterized by natural vectors globally. Based on natural vectors, we propose a mathematical formula for measuring the difference in nucleotide distribution over time to investigate the mutations of human immunodeficiency virus. The studied dataset is from public databases and includes gene sequences from twenty HIV-infected patients. The results show that the mutation rate of the nine major genes or gene segment regions in the genome exhibits discrepancy during the infected period, and the Env gene has the fastest mutation rate. We deduce that the peak of virus mutation has a close temporal relationship with viral divergence and diversity. The mutation study of HIV is of great significance to clinical diagnosis and drug design.
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11
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Pan T, Cao G, Tang E, Zhao Y, Penaloza-MacMaster P, Fang Y, Huang J. A single-cell atlas reveals shared and distinct immune responses and metabolism during SARS-CoV-2 and HIV-1 infections. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2022:2022.01.10.475725. [PMID: 35043114 PMCID: PMC8764725 DOI: 10.1101/2022.01.10.475725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED SARS-CoV-2 and HIV-1 are RNA viruses that have killed millions of people worldwide. Understanding the similarities and differences between these two infections is critical for understanding disease progression and for developing effective vaccines and therapies, particularly for 38 million HIV-1 + individuals who are vulnerable to SARS-CoV-2 co-infection. Here, we utilized single-cell transcriptomics to perform a systematic comparison of 94,442 PBMCs from 7 COVID-19 and 9 HIV-1 + patients in an integrated immune atlas, in which 27 different cell types were identified using an accurate consensus single-cell annotation method. While immune cells in both cohorts show shared inflammation and disrupted mitochondrial function, COVID-19 patients exhibit stronger humoral immunity, broader IFN-I signaling, elevated Rho GTPase and mTOR pathway activities, and downregulated mitophagy. Our results elucidate transcriptional signatures associated with COVID-19 and HIV-1 that may reveal insights into fundamental disease biology and potential therapeutic targets to treat these viral infections. HIGHLIGHTS COVID-19 and HIV-1 + patients show disease-specific inflammatory immune signatures COVID-19 patients show more productive humoral responses than HIV-1 + patients SARS-CoV-2 elicits more enriched IFN-I signaling relative to HIV-IDivergent, impaired metabolic programs distinguish SARS-CoV-2 and HIV-1 infections.
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12
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Zhang Z, Zhang L, Shen Y. Identification of immune features of HIV-infected patients with antiretroviral therapy through bioinformatics analysis. Virology 2021; 566:69-74. [PMID: 34875552 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2021.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is a disease arising from human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Antiretroviral therapy (ART) is a main therapeutic regimen for inhibiting HIV proliferation and viability. Identification of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in HIV-infected patients with and without ART could provide theoretical evidence for deep research into the efficacy of ART and corresponding mechanism. METHODS In this study, mRNA microarray data (GSE108296) of HIV-infected patients who received and didn't receive ART were downloaded from Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. DEGs were obtained through differential analysis with R package limma. Then, protein-protein interaction (PPI) analysis was performed to identify hub genes and functional modules. Besides, immune-related DEGs were screened, followed by GO annotation and KEGG pathway enrichment analysis. Moreover, various immune cells and immune functions in samples were analyzed by ESTIMATE, ssGSEA and CIBERSORT, based on which the immune function of HIV-infected patients who received and didn't receive ART was evaluated. RESULTS A total of 109 DEGs were obtained from differential analysis. Among them, 19 immune-related DEGs were identified and subjected to GO and KEGG enrichment analyses. Furthermore, PPI network analysis was undertaken on the 109 DEGs. 10 hub genes and 3 functional modules were further screened. It was shown that these genes and functional modules were correlated with immune functions and relevant signaling pathways. ESTIMATE, ssGSEA and CIBERSORT results displayed that HIV-infected patients with ART presented a relatively high immune level. CONCLUSION According to bioinformatics analysis, we reasonably posited that HIV-infected patients who received ART had an increased immune level relative to patients who didn't receive ART.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhan Zhang
- Department of Infectious Disease (Hepatology), Affiliated Hospital of Shaoxing University, Shaoxing Municipal Hospital, Shaoxing City, Zhejiang Province, 312000, China.
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Infectious Disease (Hepatology), Affiliated Hospital of Shaoxing University, Shaoxing Municipal Hospital, Shaoxing City, Zhejiang Province, 312000, China
| | - Yulan Shen
- Department of Hemodialysis Center, Affiliated Hospital of Shaoxing University, Shaoxing Municipal Hospital, Shaoxing City, Zhejiang Province, 312000, China
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13
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Caballero RE, Dong SXM, Gajanayaka N, Ali H, Cassol E, Cameron WD, Korneluk R, Tremblay MJ, Angel JB, Kumar A. Role of RIPK1 in SMAC mimetics-induced apoptosis in primary human HIV-infected macrophages. Sci Rep 2021; 11:22901. [PMID: 34824340 PMCID: PMC8617210 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-02146-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages serve as viral reservoirs due to their resistance to apoptosis and HIV-cytopathic effects. We have previously shown that inhibitor of apoptosis proteins (IAPs) confer resistance to HIV-Vpr-induced apoptosis in normal macrophages. Herein, we show that second mitochondrial activator of caspases (SMAC) mimetics (SM) induce apoptosis of monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs) infected in vitro with a R5-tropic laboratory strain expressing heat stable antigen, chronically infected U1 cells, and ex-vivo derived MDMs from HIV-infected individuals. To understand the mechanism governing SM-induced cell death, we show that SM-induced cell death of primary HIV-infected macrophages was independent of the acquisition of M1 phenotype following HIV infection of macrophages. Instead, SM-induced cell death was found to be mediated by IAPs as downregulation of IAPs by siRNAs induced cell death of HIV-infected macrophages. Moreover, HIV infection caused receptor interacting protein kinase-1 (RIPK1) degradation which in concert with IAP1/2 downregulation following SM treatment may result in apoptosis of macrophages. Altogether, our results show that SM selectively induce apoptosis in primary human macrophages infected in vitro with HIV possibly through RIPK1. Moreover, modulation of the IAP pathways may be a potential strategy for selective killing of HIV-infected macrophages in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramon Edwin Caballero
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada. .,Division of Virology, Apoptosis Research Centre, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, 401 Smyth Road, Research Building 2, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8L1, Canada.
| | - Simon Xin Min Dong
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Niranjala Gajanayaka
- Division of Virology, Apoptosis Research Centre, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, 401 Smyth Road, Research Building 2, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8L1, Canada
| | - Hamza Ali
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Division of Virology, Apoptosis Research Centre, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, 401 Smyth Road, Research Building 2, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8L1, Canada
| | - Edana Cassol
- Department of Health Sciences, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - William D Cameron
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Division of Infectious Diseases, The Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Robert Korneluk
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Division of Virology, Apoptosis Research Centre, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, 401 Smyth Road, Research Building 2, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8L1, Canada
| | - Michel J Tremblay
- Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada
| | - Jonathan B Angel
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Division of Infectious Diseases, The Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Ashok Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada. .,Division of Virology, Apoptosis Research Centre, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, 401 Smyth Road, Research Building 2, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8L1, Canada. .,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
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14
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Guo Z, Zhao Y, Zhang Z, Li Y. Interleukin-10-Mediated Lymphopenia Caused by Acute Infection with Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus in Mice. Viruses 2021; 13:v13122358. [PMID: 34960627 PMCID: PMC8708299 DOI: 10.3390/v13122358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 11/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is characterized by a pronounced lymphopenia that is associated with immune suppression. However, the mechanisms leading to lymphopenia remain unclear. In this study, the number of total CD4+, CD8+ T cells, B cells, and NK cells in the peripheral blood were dramatically reduced in C57BL/6 mice infected with foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) serotype O, and it was noted that mice with severe clinical symptoms had expressively lower lymphocyte counts than mice with mild or without clinical symptoms, indicating that lymphopenia was associated with disease severity. A further analysis revealed that lymphocyte apoptosis and trafficking occurred after FMDV infection. In addition, coinhibitory molecules were upregulated in the expression of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells from FMDV-infected mice, including CTLA-4, LAG-3, 2B4, and TIGIT. Interestingly, the elevated IL-10 in the serum was correlated with the appearance of lymphopenia during FMDV infection but not IL-6, IL-2, IL-17, IL-18, IL-1β, TNF-α, IFN-α/β, TGF-β, and CXCL1. Knocking out IL-10 (IL-10-/-) mice or blocking IL-10/IL-10R signaling in vivo was able to prevent lymphopenia via downregulating apoptosis, trafficking, and the coinhibitory expression of lymphocytes in the peripheral blood, which contribute to enhance the survival of mice infected with FMDV. Our findings support that blocking IL-10/IL-10R signaling may represent a novel therapeutic approach for FMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zijing Guo
- State Key Laboratory on Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730030, China; (Z.G.); (Y.Z.)
- College of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory on Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730030, China; (Z.G.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Zhidong Zhang
- College of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, China
- Correspondence: (Z.Z.); (Y.L.); Tel.: +86-028-85528276 (Y.L.)
| | - Yanmin Li
- College of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, China
- Correspondence: (Z.Z.); (Y.L.); Tel.: +86-028-85528276 (Y.L.)
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15
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Marek's disease virus prolongs survival of primary chicken B-cells by inducing a senescence-like phenotype. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1010006. [PMID: 34673841 PMCID: PMC8562793 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Marek’s disease virus (MDV) is an alphaherpesvirus that causes immunosuppression and deadly lymphoma in chickens. Lymphoid organs play a central role in MDV infection in animals. B-cells in the bursa of Fabricius facilitate high levels of MDV replication and contribute to dissemination at early stages of infection. Several studies investigated host responses in bursal tissue of MDV-infected chickens; however, the cellular responses specifically in bursal B-cells has never been investigated. We took advantage of our recently established in vitro infection system to decipher the cellular responses of bursal B-cells to infection with a very virulent MDV strain. Here, we demonstrate that MDV infection extends the survival of bursal B-cells in culture. Microarray analyses revealed that most cytokine/cytokine-receptor-, cell cycle- and apoptosis-associated genes are significantly down-regulated in these cells. Further functional assays validated these strong effects of MDV infections on cell cycle progression and thus, B-cell proliferation. In addition, we confirmed that MDV infections protect B-cells from apoptosis and trigger an accumulation of the autophagy marker Lc3-II. Taken together, our data indicate that MDV-infected bursal B-cells show hallmarks of a senescence-like phenotype, leading to a prolonged B-cell survival. This study provides an in-depth analysis of bursal B-cell responses to MDV infection and important insights into how the virus extends the survival of these cells. Upon MDV entry via the respiratory tract, B-cells are among the first cells to be infected in the lung and allow an efficient amplification of the virus. B-cells ensure the transmission of the virus to activated T-cells in which it replicates and ultimately transforms CD4-positive T-cells. Although playing a pivotal role in the MDV life cycle, the response of B-cells to MDV is currently not fully understood. Here, by using an in vitro infection model of primary bursal B-cells, we show that MDV infection leads to a prolonged B-cell survival resulting from decreased cell proliferation, protection from apoptosis and activation of autophagy. Our study provides new insights into the B-cell response to MDV infection, demonstrating that MDV triggers a senescence-like phenotype in B-cells that could potentiate their role in MDV pathogenesis.
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16
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Guo Z, Zhang Z, Prajapati M, Li Y. Lymphopenia Caused by Virus Infections and the Mechanisms Beyond. Viruses 2021; 13:v13091876. [PMID: 34578457 PMCID: PMC8473169 DOI: 10.3390/v13091876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Viral infections can give rise to a systemic decrease in the total number of lymphocytes in the blood, referred to as lymphopenia. Lymphopenia may affect the host adaptive immune responses and impact the clinical course of acute viral infections. Detailed knowledge on how viruses induce lymphopenia would provide valuable information into the pathogenesis of viral infections and potential therapeutic targeting. In this review, the current progress of viruses-induced lymphopenia is summarized and the potential mechanisms and factors involved are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zijing Guo
- State Key Laboratory on Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730030, China;
- College of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, China; (Z.Z.); (M.P.)
| | - Zhidong Zhang
- College of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, China; (Z.Z.); (M.P.)
| | - Meera Prajapati
- College of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, China; (Z.Z.); (M.P.)
- National Animal Health Research Centre, Nepal Agricultural Research Council, Lalitpur 44700, Nepal
| | - Yanmin Li
- College of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, China; (Z.Z.); (M.P.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +28-85528276
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17
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Gobran ST, Ancuta P, Shoukry NH. A Tale of Two Viruses: Immunological Insights Into HCV/HIV Coinfection. Front Immunol 2021; 12:726419. [PMID: 34456931 PMCID: PMC8387722 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.726419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Nearly 2.3 million individuals worldwide are coinfected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV). Odds of HCV infection are six times higher in people living with HIV (PLWH) compared to their HIV-negative counterparts, with the highest prevalence among people who inject drugs (PWID) and men who have sex with men (MSM). HIV coinfection has a detrimental impact on the natural history of HCV, including higher rates of HCV persistence following acute infection, higher viral loads, and accelerated progression of liver fibrosis and development of end-stage liver disease compared to HCV monoinfection. Similarly, it has been reported that HCV coinfection impacts HIV disease progression in PLWH receiving anti-retroviral therapies (ART) where HCV coinfection negatively affects the homeostasis of CD4+ T cell counts and facilitates HIV replication and viral reservoir persistence. While ART does not cure HIV, direct acting antivirals (DAA) can now achieve HCV cure in nearly 95% of coinfected individuals. However, little is known about how HCV cure and the subsequent resolution of liver inflammation influence systemic immune activation, immune reconstitution and the latent HIV reservoir. In this review, we will summarize the current knowledge regarding the pathogenesis of HIV/HCV coinfection, the effects of HCV coinfection on HIV disease progression in the context of ART, the impact of HIV on HCV-associated liver morbidity, and the consequences of DAA-mediated HCV cure on immune reconstitution and HIV reservoir persistence in coinfected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samaa T Gobran
- Centre de Recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, QC, Canada.,Département de microbiologie, infectiologie et immunologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada.,Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Petronela Ancuta
- Centre de Recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, QC, Canada.,Département de microbiologie, infectiologie et immunologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Naglaa H Shoukry
- Centre de Recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, QC, Canada.,Département de médecine, Faculté de médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
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18
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Dong SXM, Vizeacoumar FS, Bhanumathy KK, Alli N, Gonzalez-Lopez C, Gajanayaka N, Caballero R, Ali H, Freywald A, Cassol E, Angel JB, Vizeacoumar FJ, Kumar A. Identification of novel genes involved in apoptosis of HIV-infected macrophages using unbiased genome-wide screening. BMC Infect Dis 2021; 21:655. [PMID: 34233649 PMCID: PMC8261936 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-021-06346-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Macrophages, besides resting latently infected CD4+ T cells, constitute the predominant stable, major non-T cell HIV reservoirs. Therefore, it is essential to eliminate both latently infected CD4+ T cells and tissue macrophages to completely eradicate HIV in patients. Until now, most of the research focus is directed towards eliminating latently infected CD4+ T cells. However, few approaches have been directed at killing of HIV-infected macrophages either in vitro or in vivo. HIV infection dysregulates the expression of many host genes essential for the survival of infected cells. We postulated that exploiting this alteration may yield novel targets for the selective killing of infected macrophages. Methods We applied a pooled shRNA-based genome-wide approach by employing a lentivirus-based library of shRNAs to screen novel gene targets whose inhibition should selectively induce apoptosis in HIV-infected macrophages. Primary human MDMs were infected with HIV-eGFP and HIV-HSA viruses. Infected MDMs were transfected with siRNAs specific for the promising genes followed by analysis of apoptosis by flow cytometry using labelled Annexin-V in HIV-infected, HIV-exposed but uninfected bystander MDMs and uninfected MDMs. The results were analyzed using student’s t-test from at least four independent experiments. Results We validated 28 top hits in two independent HIV infection models. This culminated in the identification of four target genes, Cox7a2, Znf484, Cstf2t, and Cdk2, whose loss-of-function induced apoptosis preferentially in HIV-infected macrophages. Silencing these single genes killed significantly higher number of HIV-HSA-infected MDMs compared to the HIV-HSA-exposed, uninfected bystander macrophages, indicating the specificity in the killing of HIV-infected macrophages. The mechanism governing Cox7a2-mediated apoptosis of HIV-infected macrophages revealed that targeting respiratory chain complex II and IV genes also selectively induced apoptosis of HIV-infected macrophages possibly through enhanced ROS production. Conclusions We have identified above-mentioned novel genes and specifically the respiratory chain complex II and IV genes whose silencing may cause selective elimination of HIV-infected macrophages and eventually the HIV-macrophage reservoirs. The results highlight the potential of the identified genes as targets for eliminating HIV-infected macrophages in physiological environment as part of an HIV cure strategy. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12879-021-06346-7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon X M Dong
- Apoptosis Research Center, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Frederick S Vizeacoumar
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Kalpana K Bhanumathy
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Nezeka Alli
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | | | - Niranjala Gajanayaka
- Apoptosis Research Center, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Ramon Caballero
- Apoptosis Research Center, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Hamza Ali
- Apoptosis Research Center, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Andrew Freywald
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Edana Cassol
- Department of Health Sciences, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Jonathan B Angel
- Department of Medicine, the Ottawa Health Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Franco J Vizeacoumar
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada. .,Cancer Research, Saskatchewan Cancer Agency, 107 Wiggins Road, Saskatoon, SK, Canada.
| | - Ashok Kumar
- Apoptosis Research Center, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada. .,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada. .,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
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19
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Shrivastava N, Husain A, Rashid M, Alsabeelah NF, Karim S, Siddiqui NA. Recent Advances Towards Treatment of HIV: Synthesis and SAR Studies. Mini Rev Med Chem 2021; 21:471-499. [PMID: 30864523 DOI: 10.2174/1389557519666190312170158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Revised: 03/03/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, authors want to encourage the research exertions through structureactivity relationship for the identification of effective molecules for the treatment of Human immunodeficiency virus because nowadays AIDS is considered as one of the main causes of death in human beings. A diversity of biological resources has been searched and developed for the treatment of HIV but unfortunately, until now, no medicine is found to be fully effective and safe for the cure of patients. Human immunodeficiency virus is a type of lentivirus which causes the infection of HIV and once it enters the human body, it stays for a longer period of time triggering immunodeficiency syndrome. For searching and developing new potent and effective anti-HIV molecules, medicinal chemists have engaged in countless targets with the structure-activity relationship (SAR) of molecules and on this basis, many antiretroviral therapies have been developed to cure HIV infection. Most of these new searched molecules have been found to be clinically active against various types of AIDS patient and auxiliary research in this area may lead to better treatment in the near future. This article encompasses and highlights the recent advancement of innumerable inhibitors laterally through synthetic, semi-synthetic and structure-activity relationship approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neelima Shrivastava
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard (Hamdard University), New Delhi 110062, India
| | - Asif Husain
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard (Hamdard University), New Delhi 110062, India
| | - Mohammad Rashid
- College of Pharmacy and Dentistry, Buraydah Colleges, Buraydah, Al-Qassim 31717, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nimer Fehaid Alsabeelah
- College of Pharmacy and Dentistry, Buraydah Colleges, Buraydah, Al-Qassim 31717, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shahid Karim
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, King Abdul Aziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nasir Ali Siddiqui
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
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20
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Xu S, Yuan H, Li L, Bai F, Yang K, Zhao L. Identification potential epigenetic biomarkers of a human immunodeficiency virus/tuberculosis co-infection based on weighted gene co-expression network analysis. Microbiol Immunol 2021; 65:422-431. [PMID: 34125446 DOI: 10.1111/1348-0421.12926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the most common opportunistic infections and a leading cause of death in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). However, conventional diagnostic tools have several limitations. The aim of this study was to screen key DNA methylated cytosine-phosphate-guanine dinucleotide (CpG) islands (CGIs) to identify potential diagnosis biomarkers in HIV mono-infected patients and HIV/TB co-infected patients based on a network analysis. The GSE50835 DNA methylation microarray data were downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. Differentially methylated CpG islands analysis, weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA), and least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) logistic regression were performed in 19 HIV mono-infected patients and 20 HIV/TB co-infected patients. In total, 1950 differentially methylated CpG islands were identified, and weighted co-methylation network construction and module preservation revealed one network module that can distinguish the HIV/TB co-infected patients from the HIV mono-infected patients. Based on the LASSO logistic regression, an eight-methylated CpG island diagnosis model was established that can accurately distinguish HIV/TB co-infected patients from HIV mono-infected patients with a sensitivity of 87.2%, a specificity of 88.7%, and an area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve (AUC) of 0.948. Alteration in the eight-DNA methylated CpG sites might be involved in the pathology of an HIV/TB co-infection and could be used as potential diagnosis biomarkers in HIV/TB co-infected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaohua Xu
- Drug Clinical Trial Center, Gansu Wuwei Tumor Hospital, Wuwei, Gansu, China
| | - Huicheng Yuan
- Drug Clinical Trial Center, Gansu Wuwei Tumor Hospital, Wuwei, Gansu, China
| | - Ling Li
- Drug Clinical Trial Center, Gansu Wuwei Tumor Hospital, Wuwei, Gansu, China
| | - Feng Bai
- Drug Clinical Trial Center, Gansu Wuwei Tumor Hospital, Wuwei, Gansu, China
| | - Kai Yang
- Drug Clinical Trial Center, Gansu Wuwei Tumor Hospital, Wuwei, Gansu, China
| | - Liangcun Zhao
- Drug Clinical Trial Center, Gansu Wuwei Tumor Hospital, Wuwei, Gansu, China
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21
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Romero-Cordero S, Noguera-Julian A, Cardellach F, Fortuny C, Morén C. Mitochondrial changes associated with viral infectious diseases in the paediatric population. Rev Med Virol 2021; 31:e2232. [PMID: 33792105 PMCID: PMC9286481 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Infectious diseases occur worldwide with great frequency in both adults and children, causing 350,000 deaths in 2017, according to the latest World Health Organization reports. Both infections and their treatments trigger mitochondrial interactions at multiple levels: (i) incorporation of damaged or mutated proteins into the complexes of the electron transport chain; (ii) impact on mitochondrial genome (depletion, deletions and point mutations) and mitochondrial dynamics (fusion and fission); (iii) membrane potential impairment; (iv) apoptotic regulation; and (v) generation of reactive oxygen species, among others. Such alterations may result in serious adverse clinical events with considerable impact on the quality of life of the children and could even cause death. Herein, we use a systematic review to explore the association between mitochondrial alterations in paediatric infections including human immunodeficiency virus, cytomegalovirus, herpes viruses, various forms of hepatitis, adenovirus, T-cell lymphotropic virus and influenza. We analyse how these paediatric viral infectious processes may cause mitochondrial deterioration in this especially vulnerable population, with consideration for the principal aspects of research and diagnosis leading to improved disease understanding, management and surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Romero-Cordero
- Faculty of Medicine, Pompeu Fabra University, Barcelona, Spain.,Faculty of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Antoni Noguera-Julian
- Malalties Infeccioses i Resposta Inflamatòria Sistèmica en Pediatria, Unitat d´Infeccions, Servei de Pediatria, Institut de Recerca Pediàtrica Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain.,Departament de Pediatria, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública, CIBERESP (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain.,Red de Investigación Translacional en Infectología Pediátrica, RITIP, Madrid, Spain
| | - Francesc Cardellach
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Muscle Research and Mitochondrial Function Laboratory, Cellex-IDIBAPS, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,CIBER de Enfermedades Raras, CIBERER (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain.,Internal Medicine Department, Hospital Clínic of Barcelona (HCB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Clàudia Fortuny
- Malalties Infeccioses i Resposta Inflamatòria Sistèmica en Pediatria, Unitat d´Infeccions, Servei de Pediatria, Institut de Recerca Pediàtrica Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain.,Departament de Pediatria, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública, CIBERESP (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain.,Red de Investigación Translacional en Infectología Pediátrica, RITIP, Madrid, Spain
| | - Constanza Morén
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Muscle Research and Mitochondrial Function Laboratory, Cellex-IDIBAPS, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,CIBER de Enfermedades Raras, CIBERER (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain.,Internal Medicine Department, Hospital Clínic of Barcelona (HCB), Barcelona, Spain
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22
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Yadavar-Nikravesh MS, Milani A, Vahabpour R, Khoobi M, Bakhshandeh H, Bolhassani A. In vitro Anti-HIV-1 Activity of the Recombinant HIV-1 TAT Protein Along With Tenofovir Drug. Curr HIV Res 2021; 19:138-146. [PMID: 33045968 DOI: 10.2174/1570162x18666201012152600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND HIV-1 TAT protein is essential for the regulation of viral genome transcription. The first exon of TAT protein has a fundamental role in the stimulation of the extrinsic and intrinsic apoptosis pathways, but its anti-HIV activity is not clear yet. METHODS In the current study, we firstly cloned the first exon of the TAT coding sequence in the pET-24a expression vector and then protein expression was done in the Rosetta expression host. Next, the expressed TAT protein was purified by Ni-NTA column under native conditions. After that, the protein yield was determined by Bradford kit and NanoDrop spectrophotometry. Finally, the cytotoxicity effect and anti-Scr-HIV-1 activity of the recombinant TAT protein alone and along with Tenofovir drug were assessed by MTT and ELISA, respectively. RESULTS The recombinant TAT protein was successfully generated in E. coli, as confirmed by 13.5% SDS-PAGE and western blotting. The protein yield was ~150-200 μg/ml. In addition, the recombinant TAT protein at a certain dose with low toxicity could suppress Scr-HIV replication in the infected HeLa cells (~30%) that was comparable with a low toxic dose of Tenofovir drug (~40%). It was interesting that the recombinant TAT protein could enhance anti-HIV potency of Tenofovir drug up to 66%. CONCLUSION Generally, a combination of TAT protein and Tenofovir drug could significantly inhibit HIV-1 replication. It will be required to determine their mechanism of action in the next studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alireza Milani
- Department of Hepatitis, AIDS and Blood Borne Diseases, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Rouhollah Vahabpour
- Department of Medical Lab Technology, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences; Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Khoobi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biomaterials and Medical Biomaterials Research Center (MBRC), Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Haleh Bakhshandeh
- Nanobiotechnology Department, New Technologies Research Group, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Azam Bolhassani
- Department of Hepatitis, AIDS and Blood Borne Diseases, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
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23
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Mehmetoglu-Gurbuz T, Yeh R, Garg H, Joshi A. Combination gene therapy for HIV using a conditional suicidal gene with CCR5 knockout. Virol J 2021; 18:31. [PMID: 33516234 PMCID: PMC7847599 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-021-01501-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gene therapy approaches using hematopoietic stem cells to generate an HIV resistant immune system have been shown to be successful. The deletion of HIV co-receptor CCR5 remains a viable strategy although co-receptor switching to CXCR4 remains a major pitfall. To overcome this, we designed a dual gene therapy strategy that incorporates a conditional suicide gene and CCR5 knockout (KO) to overcome the limitations of CCR5 KO alone. METHODS A two-vector system was designed that included an integrating lentiviral vector that expresses a HIV Tat dependent Thymidine Kinase mutant SR39 (TK-SR39) and GFP reporter gene. The second non-integrating lentiviral (NIL) vector expresses a CCR5gRNA-CRISPR/Cas9 cassette and HIV Tat protein. RESULTS Transduction of cells sequentially with the integrating followed by the NIL vector allows for insertion of the conditional suicide gene, KO of CCR5 and transient expression of GFP to enrich the modified cells. We used this strategy to modify TZM cells and generate a cell line that was resistant to CCR5 tropic viruses while permitting infection of CXCR4 tropic viruses which could be controlled via treatment with Ganciclovir. CONCLUSIONS Our study demonstrates proof of principle that a combination gene therapy for HIV is a viable strategy and can overcome the limitation of editing CCR5 gene alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tugba Mehmetoglu-Gurbuz
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Center of Emphasis in Infectious Diseases, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 5001 El Paso Dr, El Paso, TX, 79905, USA
| | - Rose Yeh
- Paul L Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, TX, USA
| | - Himanshu Garg
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Center of Emphasis in Infectious Diseases, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 5001 El Paso Dr, El Paso, TX, 79905, USA
| | - Anjali Joshi
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Center of Emphasis in Infectious Diseases, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 5001 El Paso Dr, El Paso, TX, 79905, USA.
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24
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Darren Tan CW, Forsthuber A, Ehmoser EK. Functional proteoliposome-like structure derived from simultaneous evisceration and enucleation of T-lymphoblastoid A3R5.7 cells: A top-down story. Exp Cell Res 2021; 400:112487. [PMID: 33476652 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2021.112487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Structurally-reduced cells and cell-derived structures are powerful tools for membrane studies. Using this approach, we probed whether a cell, without its nucleus and cytoplasm, is still capable of undergoing CD4-mediated membrane fusion. For this, we needed a cell-derived structure, akin to a giant liposome functionalised with CD4 and chemokine receptors. We present a method for the simultaneous removal of cytoplasmic and nuclear material from cells presenting CD4, CCR5, and CXCR4, using Colcemid treatment followed by hypotonic cytolysis, and then enriched using preparative flow cytometry. We show that the resultant cell membrane remains intact, retains presentation of CD4, CCR5, and CXCR4, and is still capable of CD4-mediated membrane fusion with a target cell. Finally, we detail how this protocol was developed, as well as how such samples should be handled for storage and assays. We envision the use of such systems for host-pathogen interaction studies, and the development of targeted delivery vehicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cherng-Wen Darren Tan
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Department of Nanobiotechnology, Institute for Synthetic Bioarchitectures, Muthgasse 11, 1190, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Andreas Forsthuber
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Department of Nanobiotechnology, Institute for Synthetic Bioarchitectures, Muthgasse 11, 1190, Vienna, Austria
| | - Eva-Kathrin Ehmoser
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Department of Nanobiotechnology, Institute for Synthetic Bioarchitectures, Muthgasse 11, 1190, Vienna, Austria
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25
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Schank M, Zhao J, Moorman JP, Yao ZQ. The Impact of HIV- and ART-Induced Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Cellular Senescence and Aging. Cells 2021; 10:cells10010174. [PMID: 33467074 PMCID: PMC7830696 DOI: 10.3390/cells10010174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
According to the WHO, 38 million individuals were living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), 25.4 million of which were using antiretroviral therapy (ART) at the end of 2019. Despite ART-mediated suppression of viral replication, ART is not a cure and is associated with viral persistence, residual inflammation, and metabolic disturbances. Indeed, due to the presence of viral reservoirs, lifelong ART therapy is required to control viremia and prevent disease progression into acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). Successful ART treatment allows people living with HIV (PLHIV) to achieve a similar life expectancy to uninfected individuals. However, recent studies have illustrated the presence of increased comorbidities, such as accelerated, premature immune aging, in ART-controlled PLHIV compared to uninfected individuals. Studies suggest that both HIV-infection and ART-treatment lead to mitochondrial dysfunction, ultimately resulting in cellular exhaustion, senescence, and apoptosis. Since mitochondria are essential cellular organelles for energy homeostasis and cellular metabolism, their compromise leads to decreased oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS), ATP synthesis, gluconeogenesis, and beta-oxidation, abnormal cell homeostasis, increased oxidative stress, depolarization of the mitochondrial membrane potential, and upregulation of mitochondrial DNA mutations and cellular apoptosis. The progressive mitochondrial damage induced by HIV-infection and ART-treatment likely contributes to accelerated aging, senescence, and cellular dysfunction in PLHIV. This review discusses the connections between mitochondrial compromise and cellular dysfunction associated with HIV- and ART-induced toxicities, providing new insights into how HIV and current ART directly impact mitochondrial functions and contribute to cellular senescence and aging in PLHIV. Identifying this nexus and potential mechanisms may be beneficial in developing improved therapeutics for treating PLHIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madison Schank
- Center of Excellence in Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA; (M.S.); (J.Z.); (J.P.M.)
- Division of Infectious, Inflammatory and Immunologic Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA
| | - Juan Zhao
- Center of Excellence in Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA; (M.S.); (J.Z.); (J.P.M.)
- Division of Infectious, Inflammatory and Immunologic Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA
| | - Jonathan P. Moorman
- Center of Excellence in Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA; (M.S.); (J.Z.); (J.P.M.)
- Division of Infectious, Inflammatory and Immunologic Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA
- Hepatitis (HCV/HBV/HIV) Program, James H. Quillen VA Medical Center, Department of Veterans Affairs, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA
| | - Zhi Q. Yao
- Center of Excellence in Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA; (M.S.); (J.Z.); (J.P.M.)
- Division of Infectious, Inflammatory and Immunologic Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA
- Hepatitis (HCV/HBV/HIV) Program, James H. Quillen VA Medical Center, Department of Veterans Affairs, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +423-439-8063; Fax: +423-439-7010
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26
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Mensah EA, Sarfo B, Bonney EY, Parbie PK, Ocloo A. Symptoms of Toxicity and Plasma Cytochrome c Levels in Human Immunodeficiency Virus-infected Patients Receiving Anti-retroviral Therapy in Ghana: A Cross-sectional Study. Infect Disord Drug Targets 2020; 20:88-97. [PMID: 30387403 DOI: 10.2174/1871526518666181102112010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Revised: 10/20/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Side effects and toxicity have posed a threat to the positive contribution of Antiretroviral Therapy (ART) in the management of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS). Symptoms of mitochondrial toxicity including myopathy, pancreatitis, hyperlipidaemia and lactic acidosis are found among HIVinfected patients on ART. To date, there is not a reliable biomarker for monitoring ART-related mitochondrial toxicity. Plasma level of Cytochrome c (Cyt-c) has been proposed as a potential biomarker for ART-related toxicity due to its strong association with apoptosis. OBJECTIVE The present study assessed toxicity and level of plasma Cyt-c among HIV-infected patients receiving ART in Ghana. METHODS A total of eighty (80) HIV patients were recruited into the study. Demographic data were obtained from personal interview and medical records. Plasma samples were screened for toxicity from sixty (60) participants due to limited resources, and plasma Cyt-c levels were determined using ELISA. Data were analyzed using Stata version 13. RESULTS Out of the 60 participants, 11 (18.3%) were found with symptoms of myopathy, 12 (20%) with pancreatitis, 21 (35%) with hyperlipidaemia and 36 (60%) with at least one of the symptoms. The concentration of plasma Cyt-c was higher (0.122 ng/ml) in patients with toxicity than in those without toxicity (0.05 ng/ml), though the difference was not statistically significant (p = 0.148). There was a weak correlation between plasma Cyt-c level and duration of ART (Spearman rho = 0.02, p = 0.89). CONCLUSION This study, therefore, demonstrated a high prevalence of ART-related toxicity and high levels of Cyt-c in HIV-infected patients in support of the argument that plasma Cyt-c levels are potential biomarkers for determining ART-related toxicity in HIV patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric A Mensah
- Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology, School of Biological Sciences, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
| | - Bismark Sarfo
- Department of Epidemiology and Disease Control, School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
| | - Evelyn Y Bonney
- Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
| | - Prince K Parbie
- Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
| | - Augustine Ocloo
- Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology, School of Biological Sciences, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
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27
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Panwar U, Chandra I, Selvaraj C, Singh SK. Current Computational Approaches for the Development of Anti-HIV Inhibitors: An Overview. Curr Pharm Des 2020; 25:3390-3405. [PMID: 31538884 DOI: 10.2174/1381612825666190911160244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Today, HIV-1 infection has become an extensive problem to public health and a greater challenge to all working researchers throughout the world. Since the beginning of HIV-1 virus, several antiviral therapeutic agents have been developed at various stages to combat HIV-1 infection. But, many of antiviral drugs are on the platform of drug resistance and toxicology issues, needs an urgent constructive investigation for the development of productive and protective therapeutics to make an improvement of individual life suffering with viral infection. As developing a novel agent is very costly, challenging and time taking route in the recent times. METHODS The review summarized about the modern approaches of computational aided drug discovery to developing a novel inhibitor within a short period of time and less cost. RESULTS The outcome suggests on the premise of reported information that the computational drug discovery is a powerful technology to design a defensive and fruitful therapeutic agents to combat HIV-1 infection and recover the lifespan of suffering one. CONCLUSION Based on survey of the reported information, we concluded that the current computational approaches is highly supportive in the progress of drug discovery and controlling the viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umesh Panwar
- Computer Aided Drug Design and Molecular Modeling Lab, Department of Bioinformatics, Alagappa University, Karaikudi-630 004, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Ishwar Chandra
- Computer Aided Drug Design and Molecular Modeling Lab, Department of Bioinformatics, Alagappa University, Karaikudi-630 004, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Chandrabose Selvaraj
- CEITEC - Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Kamenice, Czech Republic
| | - Sanjeev K Singh
- Computer Aided Drug Design and Molecular Modeling Lab, Department of Bioinformatics, Alagappa University, Karaikudi-630 004, Tamil Nadu, India
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28
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Chandrasekar AP, Cummins NW, Badley AD. The Role of the BCL-2 Family of Proteins in HIV-1 Pathogenesis and Persistence. Clin Microbiol Rev 2019; 33:e00107-19. [PMID: 31666279 PMCID: PMC6822993 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00107-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Advances in HIV-1 therapy have transformed the once fatal infection into a manageable, chronic condition, yet the search for a widely applicable approach to cure remains elusive. The ineffectiveness of antiretroviral therapy (ART) in reducing the size of the HIV-1 latent reservoir has prompted investigation into the mechanisms of HIV-1 latency and immune escape. One of the major regulators of apoptosis, the BCL-2 protein, alongside its homologous family members, is a major target of HIV-1-induced change. Recent studies have now demonstrated the association of this protein with cells that support proviral forms in the setting of latency and have helped identify BCL-2 as a novel and promising therapeutic target for HIV-1 therapy directed at possible cure. This review aims to systematically review the interactions of HIV-1 with BCL-2 and its homologs and to examine the possibility of using BCL-2 inhibitors in the study and elimination of the latent reservoir.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nathan W Cummins
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Andrew D Badley
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
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29
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Ganta KK, Chaubey B. Mitochondrial dysfunctions in HIV infection and antiviral drug treatment. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2019; 15:1043-1052. [PMID: 31715109 DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2019.1692814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: With the introduction of highly active anti-retroviral therapy (HAART), treatment of HIV infection has improved radically, shifting the concept of HIV disease from a highly mortal epidemic to a chronic illness which needs systematic management. However, HAART does not target the integrated proviral DNA. Hence, prolonged use of antiviral drugs is needed for sustaining life. As a consequence, severe side effects emerge. Several parameters involve in causing these adverse effects. Mitochondrial dysfunctions were pointed as common factor among them. It is, therefore, necessary to critically examine mitochondrial dysfunction in order to understand the side effects.Areas covered: There are many events involved in causing drug-induced side-effects; in this review, we only highlight mitochondrial dysfunctions as one of the events. We present up-to-date findings on mitochondrial dysfunction caused by HIV infection and antiviral drug treatment. Both in vivo and in vitro studies on mitochondrial dysfunction like change in morphology, membrane depolarization, mitophagy, mitochondrial DNA depletion, and intrinsic apoptosis have been discussed.Expert opinion: Mitochondrial dysfunction is associated with severe complications that often lead to discontinuation or change in treatment regimen. Prior knowledge of side effects of antiviral drugs would help in better management and future research should focus to avoid mitochondrial targeting of antiviral drugs while maintaining their antiviral properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishna Kumar Ganta
- Functional Genomics Lab, Centre for Advanced Study, Department of Botany, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, India
| | - Binay Chaubey
- Functional Genomics Lab, Centre for Advanced Study, Department of Botany, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, India
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30
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Differential Pathogenicity of SHIV KB9 and 89.6 Env Correlates with Bystander Apoptosis Induction in CD4+ T cells. Viruses 2019; 11:v11100911. [PMID: 31581579 PMCID: PMC6832477 DOI: 10.3390/v11100911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
SHIV variants KB9 and 89.6 show differential pathogenesis in primate models with KB9 causing rapid CD4 decline while 89.6 failing to induce disease. We attempted to determine whether the differential pathogenicity of KB9 versus 89.6 was a result of differential bystander apoptosis inducing potential (AIP) of the Env glycoproteins from these viruses. We find that the KB9 Env was highly potent at inducing bystander apoptosis in CD4+ target cells compared to 89.6 Env. Cell death induction by KB9 showed classical signs of apoptosis including mitochondrial depolarization, caspase activation and PARP cleavage. Inhibiting Env mediated fusion by T20 peptide inhibited KB9 mediated bystander apoptosis. KB9 and 89.6 differed in terms of co-receptor usage with 89.6 preferring CXCR4 while KB9 using both CXCR4 and CCR5 with equal efficiency. Our study suggests that higher bystander AIP of KB9 Env compared to 89.6 may be the basis for the differential pathogenesis of these viruses.
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31
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Exosomes containing HIV protein Nef reorganize lipid rafts potentiating inflammatory response in bystander cells. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1007907. [PMID: 31344124 PMCID: PMC6657916 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
HIV infection has a profound effect on “bystander” cells causing metabolic co-morbidities. This may be mediated by exosomes secreted by HIV-infected cells and containing viral factors. Here we show that exosomes containing HIV-1 protein Nef (exNef) are rapidly taken up by macrophages releasing Nef into the cell interior. This caused down-regulation of ABCA1, reduction of cholesterol efflux and sharp elevation of the abundance of lipid rafts through reduced activation of small GTPase Cdc42 and decreased actin polymerization. Changes in rafts led to re-localization of TLR4 and TREM-1 to rafts, phosphorylation of ERK1/2, activation of NLRP3 inflammasome, and increased secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines. The effects of exNef on lipid rafts and on inflammation were reversed by overexpression of a constitutively active mutant of Cdc42. Similar effects were observed in macrophages treated with exosomes produced by HIV-infected cells or isolated from plasma of HIV-infected subjects, but not with exosomes from cells and subjects infected with ΔNef-HIV or uninfected subjects. Mice injected with exNef exhibited monocytosis, reduced ABCA1 in macrophages, increased raft abundance in monocytes and augmented inflammation. Thus, Nef-containing exosomes potentiated pro-inflammatory response by inducing changes in cholesterol metabolism and reorganizing lipid rafts. These mechanisms may contribute to HIV-associated metabolic co-morbidities. HIV infects only a limited repertoire of cells expressing HIV receptors. Nevertheless, co-morbidities of HIV infection, such as atherosclerosis, dementia, renal impairment, myocardial pathology, abnormal haematopoiesis and others, involve dysfunction of cells that can not be infected by HIV. These co-morbidities persist even after successful application of antiretroviral therapy, when no virus is found in the blood. Many co-morbidities of HIV have a common element in their pathogenesis, impairment of cholesterol metabolism. In this study we show that HIV protein Nef released from infected cells in extracellular vesicles is taken up by un-infected (‘bystander’) cells impairing cholesterol metabolism in these cells. This impairment causes formation of excessive lipid rafts, re-localization of the inflammatory receptors into rafts, and triggers inflammation. These mechanisms may contribute to HIV-associated metabolic co-morbidities. Our work demonstrates how a single viral factor released from infected cells into circulation may cause a pleiotropy of pathogenic responses.
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Davies K, Afrough B, Mankouri J, Hewson R, Edwards TA, Barr JN. Tula orthohantavirus nucleocapsid protein is cleaved in infected cells and may sequester activated caspase-3 during persistent infection to suppress apoptosis. J Gen Virol 2019; 100:1208-1221. [PMID: 31268416 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The family Hantaviridae mostly comprises rodent-borne segmented negative-sense RNA viruses, many of which are capable of causing devastating disease in humans. In contrast, hantavirus infection of rodent hosts results in a persistent and inapparent infection through their ability to evade immune detection and inhibit apoptosis. In this study, we used Tula hantavirus (TULV) to investigate the interplay between viral and host apoptotic responses during early, peak and persistent phases of virus infection in cell culture. Examination of early-phase TULV infection revealed that infected cells were refractory to apoptosis, as evidenced by the complete lack of cleaved caspase-3 (casp-3C) staining, whereas in non-infected bystander cells casp-3C was highly abundant. Interestingly, at later time points, casp-3C was abundant in infected cells, but the cells remained viable and able to continue shedding infectious virus, and together these observations were suggestive of a TULV-associated apoptotic block. To investigate this block, we viewed TULV-infected cells using laser scanning confocal and wide-field deconvolution microscopy, which revealed that TULV nucleocapsid protein (NP) colocalized with, and sequestered, casp-3C within cytoplasmic ultrastructures. Consistent with casp-3C colocalization, we showed for the first time that TULV NP was cleaved in cells and that TULV NP and casp-3C could be co-immunoprecipitated, suggesting that this interaction was stable and thus unlikely to be solely confined to NP binding as a substrate to the casp-3C active site. To account for these findings, we propose a novel mechanism by which TULV NP inhibits apoptosis by spatially sequestering casp-3C from its downstream apoptotic targets within the cytosol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Davies
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Babak Afrough
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury, SP4 0JG, UK
| | - Jamel Mankouri
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK.,Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Roger Hewson
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury, SP4 0JG, UK
| | - Thomas A Edwards
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK.,Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - John N Barr
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK.,Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
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33
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Tingstedt JL, Hove-Skovsgaard M, Gaardbo J, Ullum H, Nielsen SD, Gelpi M. The impact of concurrent HIV and type II diabetes on immune maturation, immune regulation and immune activation. APMIS 2019; 127:529-537. [PMID: 31017317 DOI: 10.1111/apm.12956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Chronic immune activation and inflammation are constant findings in people living with HIV (PLWH) and contribute to the risk of non-AIDS-related morbidities, including cardiovascular diseases (CVD). Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is also characterized by immune activation and inflammation. We aimed to investigate the impact of concurrent HIV infection and T2D on T-cell subsets. The study included PLWH with T2D (HIV+T2D+, N = 25) and without T2D (HIV+T2D-, N = 25) and HIV-negative controls with T2D (HIV-T2D+, N = 22) and without T2D (HIV-T2D-, N = 28). All PLWH in the study were receiving combination antiretroviral therapy. We examined T-cell homeostasis by determining T-cell subsets (immune maturation, immune regulation and immune activation) using flow cytometry. HIV+T2D- had lower proportion of Tc17 cells and higher proportion of apoptotic cells than HIV-T2D-. When comparing HIV+T2D+ and HIV+T2D- a lower proportion of CD4+ recent thymic emigrants (RTE) was found (p = 0.028). Furthermore, HIV+T2D+ had a higher proportion of non-suppressive CD4+ Tregs compared to HIV+T2D- (p = 0.010). In conclusion, even in the setting of treated HIV infection, distinct immunological alterations are found. In PLWH with concomitant T2D, most alterations in T-cell subsets were related to HIV and only few differences were found between PLWH with and without diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeanette Linnea Tingstedt
- Viro-Immunology Research Unit, Department of Infectious Diseases, Rigshospitalet, University Hospital of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Virus Research and Development Laboratory, Department of Microbiological Diagnostics and Virology, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Malene Hove-Skovsgaard
- Viro-Immunology Research Unit, Department of Infectious Diseases, Rigshospitalet, University Hospital of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Julie Gaardbo
- Viro-Immunology Research Unit, Department of Infectious Diseases, Rigshospitalet, University Hospital of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Henrik Ullum
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Rigshospitalet, University Hospital of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Susanne Dam Nielsen
- Viro-Immunology Research Unit, Department of Infectious Diseases, Rigshospitalet, University Hospital of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Marco Gelpi
- Viro-Immunology Research Unit, Department of Infectious Diseases, Rigshospitalet, University Hospital of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Joshi A, Punke EB, Mehmetoglu-Gurbuz T, Peralta DP, Garg H. TLR9 polymorphism correlates with immune activation, CD4 decline and plasma IP10 levels in HIV patients. BMC Infect Dis 2019; 19:56. [PMID: 30651082 PMCID: PMC6335820 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-019-3697-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The mechanism behind HIV mediated immune activation remains debated, although the role of virus replication in this process is increasingly evident. Toll like Receptor 9 (TLR9) has been implicated in HIV mediated immune activation via sensing of viral CpG DNA. Polymorphisms in the TLR9 gene and promoter region including TLR9 1635A/G and 1486C/T have been found to be associated with multiple infectious diseases and cancers. Methods In the current study, we looked at the correlation of TLR9 polymorphisms 1635A/G and 1486C/T with key hallmarks of HIV disease in a cohort of 50 HIV infected patients. We analyzed CD4 counts, T cell immune activation characterized by upregulation of CD38 and HLA-DR and upregulation of plasma biomarkers of inflammation like LPS, sCD14, IL-6 and IP10 in the HIV patient cohort and compared it to healthy controls. Results We found that TLR9 1635AA genotype was associated with lower CD4 counts and significantly higher immune activation in both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. Analysis of HIV associated plasma biomarkers including LPS, sCD14, IL-6 and IP10 revealed a strong correlation between IP10 and immune activation. Interestingly, IP10 levels were also found to be higher in HIV patients with the 1635AA genotype. Furthermore, the TLR9 1486C/T polymorphism that is in linkage disequilibrium with 1635A/G was weakly associated with lower CD4 counts, higher CD8 immune activation and higher IP10 levels. Conclusions As TLR9 stimulation is known to induce IP10 production by dendritic cells, our findings provide new insights into HIV mediated immune activation and CD4 loss. TLR9 stimulation by viral CpG DNA may be important to HIV immunopathogenesis and the TLR9 polymorphisms 1635A/G and 1486C/T may be associated with disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjali Joshi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Center of Emphasis in Infectious Diseases, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 5001 El Paso Dr, El Paso, TX, 79905, USA
| | - Erin B Punke
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Center of Emphasis in Infectious Diseases, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 5001 El Paso Dr, El Paso, TX, 79905, USA
| | - Tugba Mehmetoglu-Gurbuz
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Center of Emphasis in Infectious Diseases, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 5001 El Paso Dr, El Paso, TX, 79905, USA
| | - Diego P Peralta
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, TX, 79905, USA
| | - Himanshu Garg
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Center of Emphasis in Infectious Diseases, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 5001 El Paso Dr, El Paso, TX, 79905, USA.
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35
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Chen M, Liu X, Hu B, Fan Z, Song Y, Wei H, Qiu R, Xu W, Zhu W, Wang F. Rabbit Hemorrhagic Disease Virus Non-structural Protein 6 Induces Apoptosis in Rabbit Kidney Cells. Front Microbiol 2019; 9:3308. [PMID: 30687286 PMCID: PMC6333657 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.03308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Rabbit hemorrhagic disease (RHD) is a highly contagious disease caused by rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus (RHDV). Previous research has shown that RHDV induces apoptosis in numerous cell types, although the molecular mechanisms underlying the apoptosis induced by RHDV are not well understood. One possible factor is non-structural protein 6 (NSP6), a 3C-like protease that plays an important role in processing viral polyprotein precursors into mature non-structural proteins. To fully establish a role for NSP6, the present study examined the effects of ectopic expression of the protein in rabbit (RK13) and human (HeLa and HepG2) cells. We found that NSP6 suppressed cell viability and promoted apoptosis in all three cell types in a dose-dependent manner. We also identified increased caspase-3, -8, and -9 activities in RK13 cell, and an increased Bax to Bcl2 mRNA ratio. Mechanistically, the ability of NSP6 to induce apoptosis was impaired by mutation of the catalytic His27 residue. Our study has shown that RHDV NSP6 can induce apoptosis in host cells and is likely an important contributor to RHDV-induced apoptosis and pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengmeng Chen
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, National Center for Engineering Research of Veterinary Bio-products, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Xing Liu
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, National Center for Engineering Research of Veterinary Bio-products, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Bo Hu
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, National Center for Engineering Research of Veterinary Bio-products, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhiyu Fan
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, National Center for Engineering Research of Veterinary Bio-products, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Yanhua Song
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, National Center for Engineering Research of Veterinary Bio-products, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Houjun Wei
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, National Center for Engineering Research of Veterinary Bio-products, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Rulong Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, National Center for Engineering Research of Veterinary Bio-products, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Weizhong Xu
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, National Center for Engineering Research of Veterinary Bio-products, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Weifeng Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, National Center for Engineering Research of Veterinary Bio-products, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Fang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, National Center for Engineering Research of Veterinary Bio-products, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
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Chen Y, Huang A, Ao W, Wang Z, Yuan J, Song Q, Wei D, Ye H. Proteomic analysis of serum proteins from HIV/AIDS patients with Talaromyces marneffei infection by TMT labeling-based quantitative proteomics. Clin Proteomics 2018; 15:40. [PMID: 30598657 PMCID: PMC6302400 DOI: 10.1186/s12014-018-9219-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Talaromyces marneffei (TM) is an emerging pathogenic fungus that can cause a fatal systemic mycosis in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Although global awareness regarding HIV/TM coinfection is increasing little is known about the mechanism that mediates the rapid progression to HIV/AIDS disease in coinfected individuals. The aim of this study was to analyze the serum proteome of HIV/TM coinfected patients and to identify the associated protein biomarkers for TM in patients with HIV/AIDS. METHODS We systematically used multiplexed isobaric tandem mass tag labeling combined with liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) to screen for differentially expressed proteins in the serum samples from HIV/TM-coinfected patients. RESULTS Of a total data set that included 1099 identified proteins, approximately 86% of the identified proteins were quantified. Among them, 123 proteins were at least 1.5-fold up-or downregulated in the serum between HIV/TM-coinfected and HIV-mono-infected patients. Furthermore, our results indicate that two selected proteins (IL1RL1 and THBS1) are potential biomarkers for distinguishing HIV/TM-coinfected patients. CONCLUSIONS This is the first report to provide a global proteomic profile of serum samples from HIV/TM-coinfected patients. Our data provide insights into the proteins that are involved as host response factors during infection. These data shed new light on the molecular mechanisms that are dysregulated and contribute to the pathogenesis of HIV/TM coinfection. IL1RL1 and THBS1 are promising diagnostic markers for HIV/TM-coinfected patients although further large-scale studies are needed. Thus, quantitative proteomic analysis revealed molecular differences between the HIV/TM-coinfected and HIV-mono-infected individuals, and might provide fundamental information for further detailed investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yahong Chen
- Mengchao Hepatobiliary Hospital of Fujian Medical University, 312 Xihong Road, Fuzhou, 350025 Fujian Province People’s Republic of China
- Fuzhou Infectious Disease Hospital, Fujian Medical University, 312 Xihong Road, Fuzhou, 350025 Fujian Province People’s Republic of China
| | - Aiqiong Huang
- Mengchao Hepatobiliary Hospital of Fujian Medical University, 312 Xihong Road, Fuzhou, 350025 Fujian Province People’s Republic of China
- Fuzhou Infectious Disease Hospital, Fujian Medical University, 312 Xihong Road, Fuzhou, 350025 Fujian Province People’s Republic of China
| | - Wen Ao
- Mengchao Hepatobiliary Hospital of Fujian Medical University, 312 Xihong Road, Fuzhou, 350025 Fujian Province People’s Republic of China
- Fuzhou Infectious Disease Hospital, Fujian Medical University, 312 Xihong Road, Fuzhou, 350025 Fujian Province People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhengwu Wang
- Mengchao Hepatobiliary Hospital of Fujian Medical University, 312 Xihong Road, Fuzhou, 350025 Fujian Province People’s Republic of China
- Fuzhou Infectious Disease Hospital, Fujian Medical University, 312 Xihong Road, Fuzhou, 350025 Fujian Province People’s Republic of China
| | - Jinjin Yuan
- Mengchao Hepatobiliary Hospital of Fujian Medical University, 312 Xihong Road, Fuzhou, 350025 Fujian Province People’s Republic of China
- Fuzhou Infectious Disease Hospital, Fujian Medical University, 312 Xihong Road, Fuzhou, 350025 Fujian Province People’s Republic of China
| | - Qing Song
- Shanxi Institute of Flexible Electronics, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 127 West Youyi Road, Xi’an, 710072 People’s Republic of China
| | - Dahai Wei
- Mengchao Hepatobiliary Hospital of Fujian Medical University, 312 Xihong Road, Fuzhou, 350025 Fujian Province People’s Republic of China
- Fuzhou Infectious Disease Hospital, Fujian Medical University, 312 Xihong Road, Fuzhou, 350025 Fujian Province People’s Republic of China
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, 1882 Zhonghuan Road, Jiaxing, 314001 People’s Republic of China
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 280 South Chongqing Road, Shanghai, 200025 People’s Republic of China
| | - Hanhui Ye
- Mengchao Hepatobiliary Hospital of Fujian Medical University, 312 Xihong Road, Fuzhou, 350025 Fujian Province People’s Republic of China
- Fuzhou Infectious Disease Hospital, Fujian Medical University, 312 Xihong Road, Fuzhou, 350025 Fujian Province People’s Republic of China
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Sahani SK. A delayed HIV infection model with apoptosis and viral loss. JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL DYNAMICS 2018; 12:1012-1034. [PMID: 30462570 DOI: 10.1080/17513758.2018.1547427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, a delayed human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) model with apoptosis of cells has been studied. Both immunological and intracellular delay have been incorporated to make the model more relevant. Firstly, the model has been investigated using local stability analysis. Next, the global stability analysis of steady states has been performed. The stability switch criteria taking the delay as the bifurcating parameter, leading to Hopf bifurcation has been studied. The transition of the system from order to chaos has been explored, and the analytical results have been verified by numerical simulations. The results thus can be used to describe the extensive dynamics exhibited by the model introduced in this article. The effects of apoptosis on viral load has been studied in the model numerically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saroj Kumar Sahani
- a Faculty of Mathematics & Computer Science , South Asian University , New Delhi , India
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38
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Lata S, Mishra R, Banerjea AC. Proteasomal Degradation Machinery: Favorite Target of HIV-1 Proteins. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2738. [PMID: 30524389 PMCID: PMC6262318 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteasomal degradation pathways play a central role in regulating a variety of protein functions by controlling not only their turnover but also the physiological behavior of the cell. This makes it an attractive target for the pathogens, especially viruses which rely on the host cellular machinery for their propagation and pathogenesis. Viruses have evolutionarily developed various strategies to manipulate the host proteasomal machinery thereby creating a cellular environment favorable for their own survival and replication. Human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) is one of the most dreadful viruses which has rapidly spread throughout the world and caused high mortality due to its high evolution rate. Here, we review the various mechanisms adopted by HIV-1 to exploit the cellular proteasomal machinery in order to escape the host restriction factors and components of host immune system for supporting its own multiplication, and successfully created an infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sneh Lata
- Virology Lab II, National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, India
| | - Ritu Mishra
- Virology Lab II, National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, India
| | - Akhil C Banerjea
- Virology Lab II, National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, India
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39
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Wei X, Zhang G, Ran D, Krishnan N, Fang RH, Gao W, Spector SA, Zhang L. T-Cell-Mimicking Nanoparticles Can Neutralize HIV Infectivity. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2018; 30:e1802233. [PMID: 30252965 PMCID: PMC6334303 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201802233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2018] [Revised: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
To improve human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) treatment and prevention, therapeutic strategies that can provide effective and broad-spectrum neutralization against viral infection are highly desirable. Inspired by recent advances of cell-membrane coating technology, herein, plasma membranes of CD4+ T cells are collected and coated onto polymeric cores. The resulting T-cell-membrane-coated nanoparticles (denoted as "TNPs") inherit T cell surface antigens critical for HIV binding, such as CD4 receptor and CCR5 or CXCR4 coreceptors. The TNPs act as decoys for viral attack and neutralize HIV by diverting the viruses away from their intended host targets. This decoy strategy, which simulates host cell functions for viral neutralization rather than directly suppressing viral replication machinery, has the potential to overcome HIV genetic diversity while not eliciting high selective pressure. In this study, it is demonstrated that TNPs selectively bind with gp120, a key envelope glycoprotein of HIV, and inhibit gp120-induced killing of bystander CD4+ T cells. Furthermore, when added to HIV viruses, TNPs effectively neutralize the viral infection of peripheral mononuclear blood cells and human-monocyte-derived macrophages in a dose-dependent manner. Overall, by leveraging natural T cell functions, TNPs show great potential as a new therapeutic agent against HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Wei
- Department of NanoEngineering and Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Gang Zhang
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Danni Ran
- Department of NanoEngineering and Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Nishta Krishnan
- Department of NanoEngineering and Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Ronnie H Fang
- Department of NanoEngineering and Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Weiwei Gao
- Department of NanoEngineering and Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Stephen A Spector
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Liangfang Zhang
- Department of NanoEngineering and Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
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40
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Wei X, Zhang G, Ran D, Krishnan N, Fang RH, Gao W, Spector SA, Zhang L. T-Cell-Mimicking Nanoparticles Can Neutralize HIV Infectivity. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2018. [PMID: 30252965 DOI: 10.1002/adma.v30.4510.1002/adma.201802233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
To improve human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) treatment and prevention, therapeutic strategies that can provide effective and broad-spectrum neutralization against viral infection are highly desirable. Inspired by recent advances of cell-membrane coating technology, herein, plasma membranes of CD4+ T cells are collected and coated onto polymeric cores. The resulting T-cell-membrane-coated nanoparticles (denoted as "TNPs") inherit T cell surface antigens critical for HIV binding, such as CD4 receptor and CCR5 or CXCR4 coreceptors. The TNPs act as decoys for viral attack and neutralize HIV by diverting the viruses away from their intended host targets. This decoy strategy, which simulates host cell functions for viral neutralization rather than directly suppressing viral replication machinery, has the potential to overcome HIV genetic diversity while not eliciting high selective pressure. In this study, it is demonstrated that TNPs selectively bind with gp120, a key envelope glycoprotein of HIV, and inhibit gp120-induced killing of bystander CD4+ T cells. Furthermore, when added to HIV viruses, TNPs effectively neutralize the viral infection of peripheral mononuclear blood cells and human-monocyte-derived macrophages in a dose-dependent manner. Overall, by leveraging natural T cell functions, TNPs show great potential as a new therapeutic agent against HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Wei
- Department of NanoEngineering and Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Gang Zhang
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Danni Ran
- Department of NanoEngineering and Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Nishta Krishnan
- Department of NanoEngineering and Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Ronnie H Fang
- Department of NanoEngineering and Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Weiwei Gao
- Department of NanoEngineering and Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Stephen A Spector
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Liangfang Zhang
- Department of NanoEngineering and Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
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Abdoli A, Alirezaei M, Mehrbod P, Forouzanfar F. Autophagy: The multi-purpose bridge in viral infections and host cells. Rev Med Virol 2018; 28:e1973. [PMID: 29709097 PMCID: PMC7169200 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.1973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Revised: 02/03/2018] [Accepted: 02/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy signaling pathway is involved in cellular homeostasis, developmental processes, cellular stress responses, and immune pathways. The aim of this review is to summarize the relationship between autophagy and viruses. It is not possible to be fully comprehensive, or to provide a complete "overview of all viruses". In this review, we will focus on the interaction of autophagy and viruses and survey how human viruses exploit multiple steps in the autophagy pathway to help viral propagation and escape immune response. We discuss the role that macroautophagy plays in cells infected with hepatitis C virus, hepatitis B virus, rotavirus gastroenteritis, immune cells infected with human immunodeficiency virus, and viral respiratory tract infections both influenza virus and coronavirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asghar Abdoli
- Department of Hepatitis and AIDSPasteur Institute of IranTehranIran
| | - Mehrdad Alirezaei
- Department of Immunology and Microbial ScienceThe Scripps Research InstituteLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
| | - Parvaneh Mehrbod
- Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses Dept.Pasteur Institute of IranTehranIran
| | - Faezeh Forouzanfar
- University of Strasbourg, EA7292, DHPIInstitute of Parasitology and Tropical Pathology StrasbourgFrance
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42
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Subverting the mechanisms of cell death: flavivirus manipulation of host cell responses to infection. Biochem Soc Trans 2018; 46:609-617. [DOI: 10.1042/bst20170399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Revised: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Viruses exploit host metabolic and defence machinery for their own replication. The flaviviruses, which include Dengue (DENV), Yellow Fever (YFV), Japanese Encephalitis (JEV), West Nile (WNV) and Zika (ZIKV) viruses, infect a broad range of hosts, cells and tissues. Flaviviruses are largely transmitted by mosquito bites and humans are usually incidental, dead-end hosts, with the notable exceptions of YFV, DENV and ZIKV. Infection by flaviviruses elicits cellular responses including cell death via necrosis, pyroptosis (involving inflammation) or apoptosis (which avoids inflammation). Flaviviruses exploit these mechanisms and subvert them to prolong viral replication. The different effects induced by DENV, WNV, JEV and ZIKV are reviewed. Host cell surface proteoglycans (PGs) bearing glycosaminoglycan (GAG) polysaccharides — heparan/chondroitin sulfate (HS/CS) — are involved in initial flavivirus attachment and during the expression of non-structural viral proteins play a role in disease aetiology. Recent work has shown that ZIKV-infected cells are protected from cell death by exogenous heparin (a GAG structurally similar to host cell surface HS), raising the possibility of further subtle involvement of HS PGs in flavivirus disease processes. The aim of this review is to synthesize information regarding DENV, WNV, JEV and ZIKV from two areas that are usually treated separately: the response of host cells to infection by flaviviruses and the involvement of cell surface GAGs in response to those infections.
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Kirti YK. Prevalence of Oral Candidiasis in Indian HIV Sero-Positive Patients with CD4 + Cell Count Correlation. Indian J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2018; 71:124-127. [PMID: 30906728 DOI: 10.1007/s12070-018-1342-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/30/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate the prevalence of oral candidiasis in human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome patients in India. A descriptive cross-sectional study. To compare the occurrence of candidiasis with the levels of CD4+ (cluster of differentiation) cell counts. A total of 100 patients infected with HIV were included. Oral lesions were observed, only patients with oral candidiasis were studied and classified. Standard methods were used for collection of oral specimens, culturing and identifying Candida species. Potential correlations between the presence and severity of oral lesions and CD4+ cells counts were analysed. Candidiasis was detected in 20% of the patients with an mean CD4+ count being 188. All the patients were on highly active antiretroviral therapy except one. There was pseudomembranous candidiasis in 9, erythematous type in 3, angular chelitis in 2, chronic hyperplastic in 4, and median rhomboid glossitis in 2. Candidiasis is an indicator of low CD4+ cell count but may be seen at different levels of the disease. In HIV sero-positive patients it is an indicator of falling CD4+ cell count generally below 200, indicating onset of AIDS. Many a times the patient does not have specific complaints but, it is picked up only on examination. Hence oral cavity examination should be a must in seropositive patients at every clinical follow up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y K Kirti
- Department of ENT, Gandhi Medical College & Hamidia Hospital, Bhopal, MP 42001 India
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Rallón N, García M, García-Samaniego J, Cabello A, Álvarez B, Restrepo C, Nistal S, Górgolas M, Benito JM. Expression of PD-1 and Tim-3 markers of T-cell exhaustion is associated with CD4 dynamics during the course of untreated and treated HIV infection. PLoS One 2018. [PMID: 29518102 PMCID: PMC5843247 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0193829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction T-cell exhaustion has been involved in the pathogenesis of HIV infection. We have longitudinally analyzed PD1 and Tim3 surrogate markers of T-cells exhaustion, in parallel with other markers of HIV progression, and its potential association with CD4 changes in treated and untreated infection. Patients and methods 96 HIV patients, 49 of them followed in the absence of cART (cART-naïve group) and 47 after initiation of cART (cART group) were included and followed for a median of 43 [IQR: 31–60] months. PD1 and Tim3 expression, CD8 T-cells activation, recent thymic emigrants, activation/apoptosis and turnover of CD4 cells were assessed at baseline and during follow up. Univariate and multivariate associations with CD4 evolution were explored. Results Parameters significantly associated with CD4 depletion in cART-naïve group were: baseline level (p = 0.02) and variation (p = 0.002) of PD1 and Tim3 co-expression on CD8, and variation of CD95 expression on CD4 (p = 0.007). Parameters significantly associated with CD4 restoration in cART group were: baseline level of CD38+HLADR- subset of CD8 (p = 0.01), variation of PD1 expression on CD8 (p = 0.036), variation of Tim3 expression on CD4 (p = 0.039) and variation of CD95 expression on CD4 (p = 0.035). Conclusions Our results suggest that PD1 and Tim3 markers of exhaustion have a pivotal role in CD4 dynamics in HIV patients and its down-regulation would be a desirable effect of immunotherapies aimed to restore CD4 T-cell pool during progression of HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norma Rallón
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria-Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (IIS-FJD, UAM), Madrid, Spain
- Hospital Universitario Rey Juan Carlos, Móstoles, Spain
- * E-mail:
| | - Marcial García
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria-Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (IIS-FJD, UAM), Madrid, Spain
- Hospital Universitario Rey Juan Carlos, Móstoles, Spain
| | | | - Alfonso Cabello
- Hospital Universitario Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid, Spain
| | - Beatriz Álvarez
- Hospital Universitario Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid, Spain
| | - Clara Restrepo
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria-Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (IIS-FJD, UAM), Madrid, Spain
- Hospital Universitario Rey Juan Carlos, Móstoles, Spain
| | - Sara Nistal
- Hospital Universitario Rey Juan Carlos, Móstoles, Spain
| | - Miguel Górgolas
- Hospital Universitario Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid, Spain
| | - José M. Benito
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria-Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (IIS-FJD, UAM), Madrid, Spain
- Hospital Universitario Rey Juan Carlos, Móstoles, Spain
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45
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Joshi A, Cox EK, Sedano MJ, Punke EB, Lee RT, Maurer-Stroh S, Kaur P, Ng OT, Garg H. HIV-1 subtype CRF01_AE and B differ in utilization of low levels of CCR5, Maraviroc susceptibility and potential N-glycosylation sites. Virology 2017; 512:222-233. [PMID: 29020646 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2017.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Revised: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 09/30/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
HIV subtypes not only predominate in different geographical regions but also differ in key phenotypic characteristics. To determine if genotypic and/or phenotypic differences in the Envelope (Env) glycoprotein can explain subtype related differences, we cloned 37 full length Envs from Subtype B and AE HIV infected individuals from Singapore. Our data demonstrates that CRF01_AE Envs have lower Potential N Glycosylation Sites and higher risk of ×4 development. Phenotypically, CRF01_AE were less infectious than subtype B Envs in cells expressing low levels of CCR5. Moreover, the Maraviroc IC50 was higher for subtype B Envs and correlated with infectivity in low CCR5 expressing cells as well as PNGS. Specifically, the glycosylation site N301 in the V3 loop was seen less frequently in AE subtype and CXCR4 topic viruses. CRF01_AE differs from B subtype in terms of CCR5 usage and Maraviroc susceptibility which may have implications for HIV pathogenesis and virus evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjali Joshi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, TX, USA.
| | - Emily K Cox
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, TX, USA
| | - Melina J Sedano
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, TX, USA
| | - Erin B Punke
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, TX, USA
| | - Raphael Tc Lee
- Bioinformatics Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore
| | - Sebastian Maurer-Stroh
- Bioinformatics Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore; Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Palvinder Kaur
- Department of Infectious Disease, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore
| | - Oon Tek Ng
- Department of Infectious Disease, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore
| | - Himanshu Garg
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, TX, USA.
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46
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Retroviral envelope proteins: Involvement in neuropathogenesis. J Neurol Sci 2017; 380:151-163. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2017.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2017] [Revised: 06/23/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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47
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Garg H, Joshi A. Host and Viral Factors in HIV-Mediated Bystander Apoptosis. Viruses 2017; 9:v9080237. [PMID: 28829402 PMCID: PMC5579491 DOI: 10.3390/v9080237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Revised: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections lead to a progressive loss of CD4 T cells primarily via the process of apoptosis. With a limited number of infected cells and vastly disproportionate apoptosis in HIV infected patients, it is believed that apoptosis of uninfected bystander cells plays a significant role in this process. Disease progression in HIV infected individuals is highly variable suggesting that both host and viral factors may influence HIV mediated apoptosis. Amongst the viral factors, the role of Envelope (Env) glycoprotein in bystander apoptosis is well documented. Recent evidence on the variability in apoptosis induction by primary patient derived Envs underscores the role of Env glycoprotein in HIV disease. Amongst the host factors, the role of C-C Chemokine Receptor type 5 (CCR5), a coreceptor for HIV Env, is also becoming increasingly evident. Polymorphisms in the CCR5 gene and promoter affect CCR5 cell surface expression and correlate with both apoptosis and CD4 loss. Finally, chronic immune activation in HIV infections induces multiple defects in the immune system and has recently been shown to accelerate HIV Env mediated CD4 apoptosis. Consequently, those factors that affect CCR5 expression and/or immune activation in turn indirectly regulate HIV mediated apoptosis making this phenomenon both complex and multifactorial. This review explores the complex role of various host and viral factors in determining HIV mediated bystander apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Himanshu Garg
- Center of Emphasis in Infectious Diseases, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 5001 El Paso Dr., El Paso, TX 79905, USA.
| | - Anjali Joshi
- Center of Emphasis in Infectious Diseases, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 5001 El Paso Dr., El Paso, TX 79905, USA.
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48
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Ho CY, Ames HM, Tipton A, Vezina G, Liu JS, Scafidi J, Torii M, Rodriguez FJ, du Plessis A, DeBiasi RL. Differential neuronal susceptibility and apoptosis in congenital Zika virus infection. Ann Neurol 2017; 82:121-127. [PMID: 28556287 DOI: 10.1002/ana.24968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2017] [Revised: 05/20/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
To characterize the mechanism of Zika virus (ZIKV)-associated microcephaly, we performed immunolabeling on brain tissue from a 20-week fetus with intrauterine ZIKV infection. Although ZIKV demonstrated a wide range of neuronal and non-neuronal tropism, the infection rate was highest in intermediate progenitor cells and immature neurons. Apoptosis was observed in both infected and uninfected bystander cortical neurons, suggesting a role for paracrine factors in induction of neuronal apoptosis. Our results highlight differential neuronal susceptibility and neuronal apoptosis as potential mechanisms in the development of ZIKV-associated microcephaly, and may provide insights into the design and best timing of future therapy. Ann Neurol 2017;82:121-127.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Ying Ho
- Department of Pathology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD.,Division of Pathology, Children's National Health System, Washington, DC
| | - Heather M Ames
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD
| | - Ashley Tipton
- Division of Pathology, Children's National Health System, Washington, DC
| | - Gilbert Vezina
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Imaging, Children's National Health System, Washington, DC
| | - Judy S Liu
- Center for Neuroscience Research, Children's National Health System, Washington, DC
| | - Joseph Scafidi
- Center for Neuroscience Research, Children's National Health System, Washington, DC
| | - Masaaki Torii
- Center for Neuroscience Research, Children's National Health System, Washington, DC.,Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, DC.,Pharmacology and Physiology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, DC
| | - Fausto J Rodriguez
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD
| | - Adre du Plessis
- Fetal Medicine Institute, Children's National Health System, Washington, DC
| | - Roberta L DeBiasi
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, DC.,Fetal Medicine Institute, Children's National Health System, Washington, DC.,Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Children's National Health System, Washington, DC.,Microbiology, Immunology, and Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, DC
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Gupta MK, Kaminski R, Mullen B, Gordon J, Burdo TH, Cheung JY, Feldman AM, Madesh M, Khalili K. HIV-1 Nef-induced cardiotoxicity through dysregulation of autophagy. Sci Rep 2017; 7:8572. [PMID: 28819214 PMCID: PMC5561171 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-08736-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease is a leading cause of co-morbidity in HIV-1 positive patients, even those in whom plasma virus levels are well-controlled. The pathogenic mechanism of HIV-1-associated cardiomyopathy is unknown, but has been presumed to be mediated indirectly, owing to the absence of productive HIV-1 replication in cardiomyocytes. We sought to investigate the effect of the HIV-1 auxiliary protein, Nef, which is suspected of extracellular release by infected CD4+ T cells on protein quality control and autophagy in cardiomyocytes. After detection of Nef in the serum of HIV-1 positive patients and the accumulation of this protein in human and primate heart tissue from HIV-1/SIV-infected cells we employed cell and molecular biology approaches to investigate the effect of Nef on cardiomyocyte-homeostasis by concentrating on protein quality control (PQC) pathway and autophagy. We found that HIV-1 Nef-mediated inhibition of autophagy flux leads to cytotoxicity and death of cardiomyocytes. Nef compromises autophagy at the maturation stage of autophagosomes by interacting with Beclin 1/Rab7 and dysregulating TFEB localization and cellular lysosome content. These effects were reversed by rapamycin treatment. Our results indicate that HIV-1 Nef-mediated inhibition of cellular PQC is one possible mechanism involved in the development of HIV-associated cardiomyopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manish K Gupta
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Neurovirology and Comprehensive NeuroAIDS Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Rafal Kaminski
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Neurovirology and Comprehensive NeuroAIDS Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Brian Mullen
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Neurovirology and Comprehensive NeuroAIDS Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jennifer Gordon
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Neurovirology and Comprehensive NeuroAIDS Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Tricia H Burdo
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Neurovirology and Comprehensive NeuroAIDS Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Joseph Y Cheung
- Department of Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Center for Translational Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Arthur M Feldman
- Department of Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Cardiovascular Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Muniswamy Madesh
- Center for Translational Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Medical Genetics and Molecular Biochemistry, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Kamel Khalili
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Neurovirology and Comprehensive NeuroAIDS Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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Abstract
The emergence of HIV in the United States has had important implications in the surgical setting. This blood-borne pathogen poses risks to both the surgeon and the patient undergoing an orthopaedic procedure. Although there has been research regarding the likelihood of orthopaedic surgeons contracting HIV during a surgical procedure, the correlation of HIV with postoperative prognosis has not been extensively examined. Because HIV-positive patients may be immunodeficient, they are at increased risk for certain postoperative complications, especially infection. Orthopaedic surgeons should have a thorough understanding of the effects of this disease on patients to optimize preoperative decision making, intraoperative care, and postoperative recovery.
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