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Kaur R, Singh S, Joshi N. Pervasive Endosymbiont Arsenophonus Plays a Key Role in the Transmission of Cotton Leaf Curl Virus Vectored by Asia II-1 Genetic Group of Bemisia tabaci. ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2022; 51:564-577. [PMID: 35485184 DOI: 10.1093/ee/nvac024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Insects often coevolved with their mutualistic partners such as gut endosymbionts, which play a key in the physiology of host. Studies on such interactions between Bemisia tabaci and its primary and secondary endosymbionts have gained importance due to their indispensable roles in the biology of this insect. Present study reports the predominance of two secondary endosymbionts, Arsenophonus and Cardinium in the Asia II-1 genetic group of whitefly and elucidates their role in the transmission of its vectored Cotton leaf curl virus. Selective elimination of endosymbionts was optimized using serial concentration of ampicillin, chloramphenicol, kanamycin, tetracycline, and rifampicin administered to viruliferous whiteflies through sucrose diet. Primary endosymbiont, Portiera was unresponsive to all the antibiotics, however, rifampicin and tetracycline at 90 μg/ml selectively eliminated Arsenophonus from the whitefly. Elimination of Arsenophonus resulted in significant decrease in virus titer from viruliferous whitefly, further the CLCuV transmission efficiency of these whiteflies was significantly reduced compared to the control flies. Secondary endosymbiont, Cardinium could not be eliminated completely even with higher concentrations of antibiotics. Based on the findings, Arsenophonus plays a key role in the retention and transmission of CLCuV in the Asia II-1 genetic group of B. tabaci, while the role of Cardinium could not be established due to its unresponsiveness to antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramandeep Kaur
- Regional Research Station, Punjab Agricultural University, Faridkot, Punjab, India
| | - Satnam Singh
- Regional Research Station, Punjab Agricultural University, Faridkot, Punjab, India
| | - Neelam Joshi
- Department of Entomology, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
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2
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Wu W, Shan HW, Li JM, Zhang CX, Chen JP, Mao Q. Roles of Bacterial Symbionts in Transmission of Plant Virus by Hemipteran Vectors. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:805352. [PMID: 35154053 PMCID: PMC8829006 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.805352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The majority of plant viruses are transmitted by hemipteran insects. Bacterial symbionts in hemipteran hosts have a significant impact on the host life, physiology and ecology. Recently, the involvement of bacterial symbionts in hemipteran vector-virus and vector-plant interactions has been documented. Thus, the exploitation and manipulation of bacterial symbionts have great potential for plant viral disease control. Herein, we review the studies performed on the impact of symbiotic bacteria on plant virus transmission, including insect-bacterial symbiont associations, the role of these bacterial symbionts in viral acquisition, stability and release during viral circulation in insect bodies, and in viral vertical transmission. Besides, we prospect further studies aimed to understand tripartite interactions of the virus-symbiotic microorganisms-insect vector.
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Potato leafroll virus reduces Buchnera aphidocola titer and alters vector transcriptome responses. Sci Rep 2021; 11:23931. [PMID: 34907187 PMCID: PMC8671517 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-02673-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses in the Luteoviridae family, such as Potato leafroll virus (PLRV), are transmitted by aphids in a circulative and nonpropagative mode. This means the virions enter the aphid body through the gut when they feed from infected plants and then the virions circulate through the hemolymph to enter the salivary glands before being released into the saliva. Although these viruses do not replicate in their insect vectors, previous studies have demonstrated viruliferous aphid behavior is altered and the obligate symbiont of aphids, Buchnera aphidocola, may be involved in transmission. Here we provide the transcriptome of green peach aphids (Myzus persicae) carrying PLRV and virus-free control aphids using Illumina sequencing. Over 150 million paired-end reads were obtained through Illumina sequencing, with an average of 19 million reads per library. The comparative analysis identified 134 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between the M. persicae transcriptomes, including 64 and 70 genes that were up- and down-regulated in aphids carrying PLRV, respectively. Using functional classification in the GO databases, 80 of the DEGs were assigned to 391 functional subcategories at category level 2. The most highly up-regulated genes in aphids carrying PLRV were cytochrome p450s, genes related to cuticle production, and genes related to development, while genes related to heat shock proteins, histones, and histone modification were the most down-regulated. PLRV aphids had reduced Buchnera titer and lower abundance of several Buchnera transcripts related to stress responses and metabolism. These results suggest carrying PLRV may reduce both aphid and Buchnera genes in response to stress. This work provides valuable basis for further investigation into the complicated mechanisms of circulative and nonpropagative transmission.
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Milenovic M, Ghanim M, Hoffmann L, Rapisarda C. Whitefly endosymbionts: IPM opportunity or tilting at windmills? JOURNAL OF PEST SCIENCE 2021; 95:543-566. [PMID: 34744550 PMCID: PMC8562023 DOI: 10.1007/s10340-021-01451-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/16/2021] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Whiteflies are sap-sucking insects responsible for high economic losses. They colonize hundreds of plant species and cause direct feeding damage and indirect damage through transmission of devastating viruses. Modern agriculture has seen a history of invasive whitefly species and populations that expand to novel regions, bringing along fierce viruses. Control efforts are hindered by fast virus transmission, insecticide-resistant populations, and a wide host range which permits large natural reservoirs for whiteflies. Augmentative biocontrol by parasitoids while effective in suppressing high population densities in greenhouses falls short when it comes to preventing virus transmission and is ineffective in the open field. A potential source of much needed novel control strategies lays within a diverse community of whitefly endosymbionts. The idea to exploit endosymbionts for whitefly control is as old as identification of these bacteria, yet it still has not come to fruition. We review where our knowledge stands on the aspects of whitefly endosymbiont evolution, biology, metabolism, multitrophic interactions, and population dynamics. We show how these insights are bringing us closer to the goal of better integrated pest management strategies. Combining most up to date understanding of whitefly-endosymbiont interactions and recent technological advances, we discuss possibilities of disrupting and manipulating whitefly endosymbionts, as well as using them for pest control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milan Milenovic
- Environmental Research and Innovation Department (ERIN), Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), 41, Rue du Brill, L-4422 Belvaux, Luxembourg
- Dipartimento di Agricoltura, Università degli Studi di Catania, Alimentazione e Ambiente (Di3A), via Santa Sofia 100, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Murad Ghanim
- Department of Entomology, Volcani Center, ARO, HaMaccabim Road 68, PO Box 15159, 7528809 Rishon Le Tsiyon, Israel
| | - Lucien Hoffmann
- Environmental Research and Innovation Department (ERIN), Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), 41, Rue du Brill, L-4422 Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Carmelo Rapisarda
- Dipartimento di Agricoltura, Università degli Studi di Catania, Alimentazione e Ambiente (Di3A), via Santa Sofia 100, 95123 Catania, Italy
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5
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Factors Determining Transmission of Persistent Viruses by Bemisia tabaci and Emergence of New Virus-Vector Relationships. Viruses 2021; 13:v13091808. [PMID: 34578388 PMCID: PMC8472762 DOI: 10.3390/v13091808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Many plant viruses depend on insect vectors for their transmission and dissemination. The whitefly Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) is one of the most important virus vectors, transmitting more than four hundred virus species, the majority belonging to begomoviruses (Geminiviridae), with their ssDNA genomes. Begomoviruses are transmitted by B. tabaci in a persistent, circulative manner, during which the virus breaches barriers in the digestive, hemolymph, and salivary systems, and interacts with insect proteins along the transmission pathway. These interactions and the tissue tropism in the vector body determine the efficiency and specificity of the transmission. This review describes the mechanisms involved in circulative begomovirus transmission by B. tabaci, focusing on the most studied virus in this regard, namely the tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) and its closely related isolates. Additionally, the review aims at drawing attention to the recent knowhow of unorthodox virus—B. tabaci interactions. The recent knowledge of whitefly-mediated transmission of two recombinant poleroviruses (Luteoviridae), a virus group with an ssRNA genome and known to be strictly transmitted with aphids, is discussed with its broader context in the emergence of new whitefly-driven virus diseases.
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Naga KC, Siddappa S, Kumar R, Tiwari RK, Subhash S, Verma G, Buckseth T, Bairwa A, Sharma S, Katare S, Srivastava RM, Bansode GM, Sarkar A, Patel JK. A new record of Asia II 5 genetic group of Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) in the major potato growing areas of India and its relationship with tomato leaf curl New Delhi virus infecting potato. 3 Biotech 2021; 11:421. [PMID: 34603921 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-021-02966-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius), is responsible for significant yield losses in many crops, including potato, by sucking the phloem sap and transmitting a number of plant viruses. B. tabaci is a complex of cryptic species which is commonly designated as genetic groups. The B. tabaci genetic groups differ biologically with respect to host plant preference, insecticidal resistance, reproduction capacity, and ability to transmit begomoviruses. Therefore, understanding genetic variation among populations is important for establishing crop-specific distribution profile and management. We sequenced the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I (mtCOI) gene of B. tabaci collected from major potato growing areas of India. BLAST analysis of the 24 mtCOI sequences with reference Gene Bank sequences revealed four B. tabaci genetic groups prevailing in this region. mtCOI analysis exhibited the presence of Asia II 1, Asia II 5, Asia 1, and MEAM1 B. tabaci genetic groups. Our study highlighted that a new genetic group Asia II 5 has been detected in Indo-Gangetic Plains. Further virus-vector relationship study of ToLCNDV with Asia II 5 B. tabaci revealed that females are efficient vector of this virus as compared to males. This behavior of females might be due to their ability to acquire more virus titer than males. This study will help in better understanding of whitefly genetic group mediated virus diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kailash C Naga
- ICAR-Central Potato Research Institute, Shimla, Himachal Pradesh 171001 India
| | - Sundaresha Siddappa
- ICAR-Central Potato Research Institute, Shimla, Himachal Pradesh 171001 India
| | - Ravinder Kumar
- ICAR-Central Potato Research Institute, Shimla, Himachal Pradesh 171001 India
| | - Rahul K Tiwari
- ICAR-Central Potato Research Institute, Shimla, Himachal Pradesh 171001 India
| | - S Subhash
- ICAR-Central Potato Research Institute, Regional Station, Modipuram, Uttar Pradesh 250110 India
| | - Gaurav Verma
- ICAR-Central Potato Research Institute, Shimla, Himachal Pradesh 171001 India
| | - Tanuja Buckseth
- ICAR-Central Potato Research Institute, Shimla, Himachal Pradesh 171001 India
| | - Aarti Bairwa
- ICAR-Central Potato Research Institute, Shimla, Himachal Pradesh 171001 India
| | - Sanjeev Sharma
- ICAR-Central Potato Research Institute, Shimla, Himachal Pradesh 171001 India
| | - Subhash Katare
- Central Potato Research Station, Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh 474 020 India
| | - R M Srivastava
- GB Pant University of Agriculture & Technology, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand 263 145 India
| | - G M Bansode
- Regional Fruit Research Station, National Agricultural Research Project, Pune, Maharashtra 411 007 India
| | - Anirban Sarkar
- BC Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Kalyani, West Bengal 741 235 India
| | - J K Patel
- Potato Research Station, Sardar Krushinagar Dantiwada Agricultural University, Deesa, Gujarat 385 535 India
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7
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Das A, Roy A, Mandal A, Mondal HA, Hess D, Kundu P, Das S. Inhibition of Bemisia tabaci vectored, GroEL mediated transmission of tomato leaf curl New Delhi virus by garlic leaf lectin (Allium sativum leaf agglutinin). Virus Res 2021; 300:198443. [PMID: 33940005 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2021.198443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
GroEL or symbionin synthesized by the endosymbionts of whitefly (Bemisia tabaci)/ aphids play a cardinal role in the persistent, circulative transmission of plant viruses by binding to viral coat protein/ read-through protein. Allium sativum leaf agglutinin (ASAL), a Galanthus nivalis agglutinin (GNA)- related mannose-binding lectin from garlic leaf has been reported as a potent controlling agent against hemipteran insects including whitefly and aphids. GroEL related chaperonin- symbionin was previously identified as a receptor of ASAL by the present group in the brush border membrane vesicle (BBMV) of mustard aphid. In the present study similar GroEL receptor of ASAL has been identified through LC-MS/MS in the BBMV of B. tabaci which serves as a vector for several plant viruses including tomato leaf curl New Delhi virus (ToLCNDV). Ligand blot analysis of ASAL-fed B. tabaci showed that when GroEL is pre-occupied by ASAL, it completely blocks its further binding to ToLCNDV coat protein (ToLCNDV-CP). Prior feeding of ASAL hindered the co-localization of ToLCNDV-CP and GroEL in the midgut of B. tabaci. Immunoprecipitation followed by western blot with ASAL-fed B. tabaci yielded similar result. Moreover, ASAL feeding inhibited viral transmission by B. tabaci. Together, these results confirmed that the interaction of ASAL with GroEL interferes with the binding of ToLCNDV-CP and inhibits further B. tabaci mediated viral transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayan Das
- Division of Plant Biology, Bose Institute, P1/12, C. I. T Scheme VIIM, Kolkata, 700054, West Bengal, India; Department of Life Sciences, Presidency University, 86/1 College Street, Kolkata, 700073, India(1).
| | - Amit Roy
- Division of Plant Biology, Bose Institute, P1/12, C. I. T Scheme VIIM, Kolkata, 700054, West Bengal, India; Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Excellent Team for Mitigation (ETM), Kamýcká 129, CZ - 165 00 Praha 6 - Suchdol, Czech Republic(1).
| | - Arunava Mandal
- Division of Plant Biology, Bose Institute, P1/12, C. I. T Scheme VIIM, Kolkata, 700054, West Bengal, India; Department of Genetics, University of Calcutta, Tarknath Palit Siksha Prangan, UCSTA, 35, Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata, 700019, India(1).
| | - Hossian Ali Mondal
- Division of Plant Biology, Bose Institute, P1/12, C. I. T Scheme VIIM, Kolkata, 700054, West Bengal, India; School of Crop Improvement, College of Post Graduate Studies in Agricultural Sciences, Umiam, Meghalaya, 793103, India(1).
| | - Daniel Hess
- The Protein Analysis Facility, Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research Maulbeerstr. 66, 4058, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Pallob Kundu
- Division of Plant Biology, Bose Institute, P1/12, C. I. T Scheme VIIM, Kolkata, 700054, West Bengal, India.
| | - Sampa Das
- Division of Plant Biology, Bose Institute, P1/12, C. I. T Scheme VIIM, Kolkata, 700054, West Bengal, India.
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8
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Zhang L, Wu N, Ren Y, Wang X. Insights Into Insect Vector Transmission and Epidemiology of Plant-Infecting Fijiviruses. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:628262. [PMID: 33717017 PMCID: PMC7943461 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.628262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses in genus Fijivirus (family Reoviridae) have caused serious damage to rice, maize and sugarcane in American, Asian, European and Oceanian countries, where seven plant-infecting and two insect-specific viruses have been reported. Because the planthopper vectors are the only means of virus spread in nature, their migration and efficient transmission of these viruses among different crops or gramineous weeds in a persistent propagative manner are obligatory for virus epidemics. Understanding the mechanisms of virus transmission by these insect vectors is thus key for managing the spread of virus. This review describes current understandings of main fijiviruses and their insect vectors, transmission characteristics, effects of viruses on the behavior and physiology of vector insects, molecular transmission mechanisms. The relationships among transmission, virus epidemics and management are also discussed. To better understand fijivirus-plant disease system, research needs to focus on the complex interactions among the virus, insect vector, insect microbes, and plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Nan Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yingdang Ren
- Institute of Plant Protection, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xifeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
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9
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Mubarik MS, Khan SH, Ahmad A, Raza A, Khan Z, Sajjad M, Sammour RHA, Mustafa AEZM, Al-Ghamdi AA, Alajmi AH, Alshamasi FKI, Elshikh MS. Controlling Geminiviruses before Transmission: Prospects. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 9:E1556. [PMID: 33198339 PMCID: PMC7697176 DOI: 10.3390/plants9111556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 11/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Whitefly (Bemisia tabaci)-transmitted Geminiviruses cause serious diseases of crop plants in tropical and sub-tropical regions. Plants, animals, and their microbial symbionts have evolved complex ways to interact with each other that impact their life cycles. Blocking virus transmission by altering the biology of vector species, such as the whitefly, can be a potential approach to manage these devastating diseases. Virus transmission by insect vectors to plant hosts often involves bacterial endosymbionts. Molecular chaperonins of bacterial endosymbionts bind with virus particles and have a key role in the transmission of Geminiviruses. Hence, devising new approaches to obstruct virus transmission by manipulating bacterial endosymbionts before infection opens new avenues for viral disease control. The exploitation of bacterial endosymbiont within the insect vector would disrupt interactions among viruses, insects, and their bacterial endosymbionts. The study of this cooperating web could potentially decrease virus transmission and possibly represent an effective solution to control viral diseases in crop plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Salman Mubarik
- Centre for Agricultural Biochemistry and Biotechnology (CABB), University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38040, Pakistan;
| | - Sultan Habibullah Khan
- Centre for Agricultural Biochemistry and Biotechnology (CABB), University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38040, Pakistan;
- Center of Advanced Studies in Agriculture and Food Security (CAS-AFS), University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38040, Pakistan;
| | - Aftab Ahmad
- Center of Advanced Studies in Agriculture and Food Security (CAS-AFS), University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38040, Pakistan;
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38040, Pakistan
| | - Ali Raza
- Key Lab of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Wuhan 430062, China;
| | - Zulqurnain Khan
- Institute of Plant Breeding and Biotechnology (IPBB), MNS University of Agriculture, Multan 66000, Pakistan;
| | - Muhammad Sajjad
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad (CUI), Park Road, Islamabad 45550, Pakistan;
| | - Reda Helmy Ahmed Sammour
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 22452, Riyadh 11495, Saudi Arabia; (R.H.A.S.); (A.A.A.-G.); (A.H.A.); (F.K.I.A.); (M.S.E.)
| | - Abd El-Zaher M.A. Mustafa
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 22452, Riyadh 11495, Saudi Arabia; (R.H.A.S.); (A.A.A.-G.); (A.H.A.); (F.K.I.A.); (M.S.E.)
- Botany Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta 31511, Egypt
| | - Abdullah Ahmed Al-Ghamdi
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 22452, Riyadh 11495, Saudi Arabia; (R.H.A.S.); (A.A.A.-G.); (A.H.A.); (F.K.I.A.); (M.S.E.)
| | - Amal H. Alajmi
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 22452, Riyadh 11495, Saudi Arabia; (R.H.A.S.); (A.A.A.-G.); (A.H.A.); (F.K.I.A.); (M.S.E.)
| | - Fatin K. I. Alshamasi
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 22452, Riyadh 11495, Saudi Arabia; (R.H.A.S.); (A.A.A.-G.); (A.H.A.); (F.K.I.A.); (M.S.E.)
| | - Mohamed Soliman Elshikh
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 22452, Riyadh 11495, Saudi Arabia; (R.H.A.S.); (A.A.A.-G.); (A.H.A.); (F.K.I.A.); (M.S.E.)
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10
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Gaafar YZA, Ziebell H. Aphid transmission of nanoviruses. ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 104:e21668. [PMID: 32212397 DOI: 10.1002/arch.21668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The genus Nanovirus consists of plant viruses that predominantly infect legumes leading to devastating crop losses. Nanoviruses are transmitted by various aphid species. The transmission occurs in a circulative nonpropagative manner. It was long suspected that a virus-encoded helper factor would be needed for successful transmission by aphids. Recently, a helper factor was identified as the nanovirus-encoded nuclear shuttle protein (NSP). The mode of action of NSP is currently unknown in contrast to helper factors from other plant viruses that, for example, facilitate binding of virus particles to receptors within the aphids' stylets. In this review, we are summarizing the current knowledge about nanovirus-aphid vector interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yahya Z A Gaafar
- Institute for Epidemiology and Pathogen Diagnostics, Julius Kuehn Institute, Braunschweig, Lower Saxony, Germany
| | - Heiko Ziebell
- Institute for Epidemiology and Pathogen Diagnostics, Julius Kuehn Institute, Braunschweig, Lower Saxony, Germany
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11
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Wang H, Wu N, Liu Y, Kundu JK, Liu W, Wang X. Higher Bacterial Diversity of Gut Microbiota in Different Natural Populations of Leafhopper Vector Does Not Influence WDV Transmission. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1144. [PMID: 31191481 PMCID: PMC6548887 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The bacterial communities in the gut of an insect have important ecological and functional effects on the insect. However, the community composition and diversity of the gut microbiota in insects that vector plant viruses are poorly understood. As an important insect vector, Psammotettix alienus transmits various viruses including wheat dwarf virus (WDV). Here, we used the combination of leafhopper and WDV as model to survey the influence of gut microbiota on virus transmission characteristic of insect vector and vice versa. We have characterized 22 phyla and 249 genera of all gut bacterial communities in the leafhopper populations collected from six geographic regions in China. Community composition and diversity varied across different geographic populations. However, WDV transmission efficiencies of these six field populations were all greater than 80% with no significant difference. Interestingly, the transmission efficiency of WDV by laboratory reared insects with decreased gut bacterial diversity was similar to that of field populations. Furthermore, we found that the composition of the leafhopper gut bacteria was dynamic and could reversibly respond to WDV acquisition. Higher bacterial diversity and abundance of gut microbiota in different leafhopper populations did not influence their WDV transmission efficiency, while the acquisition of WDV changes gut microbiota by a dynamic and reversible manner. This report provides insight into the complex relationship between the gut microbiota, insect vector and virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Nan Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jiban Kumar Kundu
- Division of Crop Protection and Plant Health, Crop Research Institute, Prague, Czechia
| | - Wenwen Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xifeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
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12
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Huo Y, Yu Y, Chen L, Li Q, Zhang M, Song Z, Chen X, Fang R, Zhang L. Insect tissue-specific vitellogenin facilitates transmission of plant virus. PLoS Pathog 2018; 14:e1006909. [PMID: 29474489 PMCID: PMC5849359 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Revised: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Insect vitellogenin (Vg) has been considered to be synthesized in the fat body. Here, we found that abundant Vg protein is synthesized in Laodelphax striatellus hemocytes as well. We also determined that only the hemocyte-produced Vg binds to Rice stripe virus (RSV) in vivo. Examination of the subunit composition of L. striatellus Vg (LsVg) revealed that LsVg was processed differently after its expression in different tissues. The LsVg subunit able to bind to RSV exist stably only in hemocytes, while fat body-produced LsVg lacks the RSV-interacting subunit. Nymph and male L. striatellus individuals also synthesize Vg but only in hemocytes, and the proteins co-localize with RSV. We observed that knockdown of LsVg transcripts by RNA interference decreased the RSV titer in the hemolymph, and thus interfered with systemic virus infection. Our results reveal the sex-independent expression and tissue-specific processing of LsVg and also unprecedentedly connect the function of this protein in mediating virus transmission to its particular molecular forms existing in tissues previously known as non-Vg producing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Huo
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- National Plant Gene Research Center, Beijing, China
| | - Yuanling Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- National Plant Gene Research Center, Beijing, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Liying Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- National Plant Gene Research Center, Beijing, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qiong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- National Plant Gene Research Center, Beijing, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Mengting Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- National Plant Gene Research Center, Beijing, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhiyu Song
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- National Plant Gene Research Center, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoying Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- National Plant Gene Research Center, Beijing, China
| | - Rongxiang Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- National Plant Gene Research Center, Beijing, China
| | - Lili Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- National Plant Gene Research Center, Beijing, China
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13
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Yang X, Wang B, Luan J, Xie Y, Liu S, Zhou X. Molecular variation of tomato yellow leaf curl virus in the insect vector Bemisia tabaci. Sci Rep 2017; 7:16427. [PMID: 29180745 PMCID: PMC5703973 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-16330-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Insect vectors play significant roles in geminivirus spread and evolution in nature. To date little is known about the population dynamics of begomoviruses in their insect vector Bemisia tabaci. In this study we analyzed the genetic variation of tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) in its host plant, Solanum lycopersicum, in its transmission vector B. tabaci raised on TYLCV-infected S. lycopersicum plants, and in B. tabaci after being transferred from S. lycopersicum to Gossypium hirsutum. We found that the levels of variability of TYLCV remained stable in S. lycopersicum plants, but increased significantly in both invasive and indigenous species of B. tabaci. We also presented evidence that the elevated mutation frequencies in TYLCV populations from vector whiteflies were caused mainly by mutations that occurred at several distinct sites within the TYLCV genome. Simultaneous introduction of mutations in the hot spots did not affect the ability of TYLCV to be transmitted by B. tabaci, but reduced its pathogenicity in both S. lycopersicum and Nicotiana benthamiana. Our findings provide new information on population variability of TYLCV in its insect vector, extending the knowledge of the influence of insect vector on plant virus population dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuling Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Bi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Junbo Luan
- Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Yan Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Shusheng Liu
- Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Xueping Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
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14
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Hasegawa DK, Chen W, Zheng Y, Kaur N, Wintermantel WM, Simmons AM, Fei Z, Ling KS. Comparative transcriptome analysis reveals networks of genes activated in the whitefly, Bemisia tabaci when fed on tomato plants infected with Tomato yellow leaf curl virus. Virology 2017; 513:52-64. [PMID: 29035786 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2017.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Revised: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/07/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The whitefly Bemisia tabaci can transmit hundreds of viruses to numerous agricultural crops in the world. Five genera of viruses, including Begomovirus and Crinivirus, are transmitted by B. tabaci. There is little knowledge about the genes involved in virus acquisition and transmission by whiteflies. Using a comparative transcriptomics approach, we evaluated the gene expression profiles of whiteflies (B. tabaci MEAM1) after feeding on tomato infected by a begomovirus, Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV), in comparison to a recent study, in which whiteflies were fed on tomato infected by the crinivirus, Tomato chlorosis virus (ToCV). The data revealed similar temporal trends in gene expression, but large differences in the number of whitefly genes when fed on TYLCV or ToCV-infected tomato. Transcription factors, cathepsins, receptors, and a hemocyanin gene, which is implicated in mediating antiviral immune responses in other insects and possibly virus transmission, were some of the genes identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel K Hasegawa
- USDA-ARS, US Vegetable Laboratory, Charleston, South Carolina, USA; Boyce Thompson Institute, Ithaca, New York, USA.
| | - Wenbo Chen
- Boyce Thompson Institute, Ithaca, New York, USA.
| | - Yi Zheng
- Boyce Thompson Institute, Ithaca, New York, USA.
| | - Navneet Kaur
- USDA-ARS, Crop Improvement and Protection Research, Salinas, California, USA.
| | | | - Alvin M Simmons
- USDA-ARS, US Vegetable Laboratory, Charleston, South Carolina, USA.
| | - Zhangjun Fei
- Boyce Thompson Institute, Ithaca, New York, USA; USDA-ARS, Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, Ithaca, New York, USA.
| | - Kai-Shu Ling
- USDA-ARS, US Vegetable Laboratory, Charleston, South Carolina, USA.
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15
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Rahman MU, Khan AQ, Rahmat Z, Iqbal MA, Zafar Y. Genetics and Genomics of Cotton Leaf Curl Disease, Its Viral Causal Agents and Whitefly Vector: A Way Forward to Sustain Cotton Fiber Security. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:1157. [PMID: 28725230 PMCID: PMC5495822 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2017] [Accepted: 06/15/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Cotton leaf curl disease (CLCuD) after its first epidemic in 1912 in Nigeria, has spread to different cotton growing countries including United States, Pakistan, India, and China. The disease is of viral origin-transmitted by the whitefly Bemisia tabaci, which is difficult to control because of the prevalence of multiple virulent viral strains or related species. The problem is further complicated as the CLCuD causing virus complex has a higher recombination rate. The availability of alternate host crops like tomato, okra, etc., and practicing mixed type farming system have further exaggerated the situation by adding synergy to the evolution of new viral strains and vectors. Efforts to control this disease using host plant resistance remained successful using two gene based-resistance that was broken by the evolution of new resistance breaking strain called Burewala virus. Development of transgenic cotton using both pathogen and non-pathogenic derived approaches are in progress. In future, screening for new forms of host resistance, use of DNA markers for the rapid incorporation of resistance into adapted cultivars overlaid with transgenics and using genome editing by CRISPR/Cas system would be instrumental in adding multiple layers of defense to control the disease-thus cotton fiber production will be sustained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehboob-ur- Rahman
- National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic EngineeringFaisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Ali Q. Khan
- National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic EngineeringFaisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Zainab Rahmat
- National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic EngineeringFaisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad A. Iqbal
- National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic EngineeringFaisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Yusuf Zafar
- Pakistan Agricultural Research CouncilIslamabad, Pakistan
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16
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Becker N, Rimbaud L, Chiroleu F, Reynaud B, Thébaud G, Lett JM. Rapid accumulation and low degradation: key parameters of Tomato yellow leaf curl virus persistence in its insect vector Bemisia tabaci. Sci Rep 2015; 5:17696. [PMID: 26625871 PMCID: PMC4667217 DOI: 10.1038/srep17696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Of worldwide economic importance, Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV, Begomovirus) is responsible for one of the most devastating plant diseases in warm and temperate regions. The DNA begomoviruses (Geminiviridae) are transmitted by the whitefly species complex Bemisia tabaci. Although geminiviruses have long been described as circulative non-propagative viruses, observations such as long persistence of TYLCV in B. tabaci raised the question of their possible replication in the vector. We monitored two major TYLCV strains, Mild (Mld) and Israel (IL), in the invasive B. tabaci Middle East-Asia Minor 1 cryptic species, during and after the viral acquisition, within two timeframes (0-144 hours or 0-20 days). TYLCV DNA was quantified using real-time PCR, and the complementary DNA strand of TYLCV involved in viral replication was specifically quantified using anchored real-time PCR. The DNA of both TYLCV strains accumulated exponentially during acquisition but remained stable after viral acquisition had stopped. Neither replication nor vertical transmission were observed. In conclusion, our quantification of the viral loads and complementary strands of both Mld and IL strains of TYLCV in B. tabaci point to an efficient accumulation and preservation mechanism, rather than to a dynamic equilibrium between replication and degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Becker
- Institut de Systématique, Évolution, Biodiversité ISYEB - UMR 7205 - CNRS, MNHN, UPMC, EPHE. Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Sorbonne Universités, 57 rue Cuvier, CP 50, F-75005, Paris, France
- CIRAD, UMR PVBMT, Pôle de Protection des Plantes, 7 chemin de l’Irat, F-97410 Saint Pierre, Ile de La Réunion, France
| | - Loup Rimbaud
- CIRAD, UMR PVBMT, Pôle de Protection des Plantes, 7 chemin de l’Irat, F-97410 Saint Pierre, Ile de La Réunion, France
- Montpellier SupAgro, UMR 385 BGPI, F-34398 Montpellier, France
| | - Frédéric Chiroleu
- CIRAD, UMR PVBMT, Pôle de Protection des Plantes, 7 chemin de l’Irat, F-97410 Saint Pierre, Ile de La Réunion, France
| | - Bernard Reynaud
- CIRAD, UMR PVBMT, Pôle de Protection des Plantes, 7 chemin de l’Irat, F-97410 Saint Pierre, Ile de La Réunion, France
| | | | - Jean-Michel Lett
- CIRAD, UMR PVBMT, Pôle de Protection des Plantes, 7 chemin de l’Irat, F-97410 Saint Pierre, Ile de La Réunion, France
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17
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Chen W, Hasegawa DK, Arumuganathan K, Simmons AM, Wintermantel WM, Fei Z, Ling KS. Estimation of the Whitefly Bemisia tabaci Genome Size Based on k-mer and Flow Cytometric Analyses. INSECTS 2015; 6:704-15. [PMID: 26463411 PMCID: PMC4598660 DOI: 10.3390/insects6030704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2015] [Revised: 07/11/2015] [Accepted: 07/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Whiteflies of the Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) cryptic species complex are among the most important agricultural insect pests in the world. These phloem-feeding insects can colonize over 1000 species of plants worldwide and inflict severe economic losses to crops, mainly through the transmission of pathogenic viruses. Surprisingly, there is very little genomic information about whiteflies. As a starting point to genome sequencing, we report a new estimation of the genome size of the B. tabaci B biotype or Middle East-Asia Minor 1 (MEAM1) population. Using an isogenic whitefly colony with over 6500 haploid male individuals for genomic DNA, three paired-end genomic libraries with insert sizes of ~300 bp, 500 bp and 1 Kb were constructed and sequenced on an Illumina HiSeq 2500 system. A total of ~50 billion base pairs of sequences were obtained from each library. K-mer analysis using these sequences revealed that the genome size of the whitefly was ~682.3 Mb. In addition, the flow cytometric analysis estimated the haploid genome size of the whitefly to be ~690 Mb. Considering the congruency between both estimation methods, we predict the haploid genome size of B. tabaci MEAM1 to be ~680–690 Mb. Our data provide a baseline for ongoing efforts to assemble and annotate the B. tabaci genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenbo Chen
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
| | - Daniel K Hasegawa
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
- USDA-Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Vegetable Laboratory, Charleston, SC 29414, USA.
| | | | - Alvin M Simmons
- USDA-Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Vegetable Laboratory, Charleston, SC 29414, USA.
| | | | - Zhangjun Fei
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
- USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
| | - Kai-Shu Ling
- USDA-Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Vegetable Laboratory, Charleston, SC 29414, USA.
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18
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Gray S, Cilia M, Ghanim M. Circulative, "nonpropagative" virus transmission: an orchestra of virus-, insect-, and plant-derived instruments. Adv Virus Res 2014; 89:141-99. [PMID: 24751196 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-800172-1.00004-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Species of plant viruses within the Luteoviridae, Geminiviridae, and Nanoviridae are transmitted by phloem-feeding insects in a circulative, nonpropagative manner. The precise route of virus movement through the vector can differ across and within virus families, but these viruses all share many biological, biochemical, and ecological features. All share temporal and spatial constraints with respect to transmission efficiency. The viruses also induce physiological changes in their plant hosts resulting in behavioral changes in the insects that optimize the transmission of virus to new hosts. Virus proteins interact with insect, endosymbiont, and plant proteins to orchestrate, directly and indirectly, virus movement in insects and plants to facilitate transmission. Knowledge of these complex interactions allows for the development of new tools to reduce or prevent transmission, to quickly identify important vector populations, and to improve the management of these economically important viruses affecting agricultural and natural plant populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stewart Gray
- Biological Integrated Pest Management Research Unit, USDA, ARS, Ithaca, New York, USA; Department of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA.
| | - Michelle Cilia
- Biological Integrated Pest Management Research Unit, USDA, ARS, Ithaca, New York, USA; Department of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA; Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Murad Ghanim
- Department of Entomology, Volcani Center, Bet Dagan, Israel
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19
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Kollenberg M, Winter S, Götz M. Quantification and localization of Watermelon chlorotic stunt virus and Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (Geminiviridae) in populations of Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera, Aleyrodidae) with differential virus transmission characteristics. PLoS One 2014; 9:e111968. [PMID: 25365330 PMCID: PMC4218829 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0111968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2014] [Accepted: 10/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) is one of the economically most damaging insects to crops in tropical and subtropical regions. Severe damage is caused by feeding and more seriously by transmitting viruses. Those of the genus begomovirus (Geminiviridae) cause the most significant crop diseases and are transmitted by B. tabaci in a persistent circulative mode, a process which is largely unknown. To analyze the translocation and to identify critical determinants for transmission, two populations of B. tabaci MEAM1 were compared for transmitting Watermelon chlorotic stunt virus (WmCSV) and Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV). Insect populations were chosen because of their high and respectively low virus transmission efficiency to compare uptake and translocation of virus through insects. Both populations harbored Rickettsia, Hamiltonella and Wolbachia in comparable ratios indicating that endosymbionts might not contribute to the different transmission rates. Quantification by qPCR revealed that WmCSV uptake and virus concentrations in midguts and primary salivary glands were generally higher than TYLCV due to higher virus contents of the source plants. Both viruses accumulated higher in insects from the efficiently compared to the poorly transmitting population. In the latter, virus translocation into the hemolymph was delayed and virus passage was impeded with limited numbers of viruses translocated. FISH analysis confirmed these results with similar virus distribution found in excised organs of both populations. No virus accumulation was found in the midgut lumen of the poor transmitter because of a restrained virus translocation. Results suggest that the poorly transmitting population comprised insects that lacked transmission competence. Those were selected to develop a population that lacks virus transmission. Investigations with insects lacking transmission showed that virus concentrations in midguts were reduced and only negligible virus amounts were found at the primary salivary glands indicating for a missing or modified receptor responsible for virus attachment or translocation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Kollenberg
- Plant Virus Department, Leibniz Institute DSMZ-German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Stephan Winter
- Plant Virus Department, Leibniz Institute DSMZ-German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Monika Götz
- Plant Virus Department, Leibniz Institute DSMZ-German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures, Braunschweig, Germany
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20
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Wu K, Liu W, Mar T, Liu Y, Wu Y, Wang X. Sequencing and validation of reference genes to analyze endogenous gene expression and quantify yellow dwarf viruses using RT-qPCR in viruliferous Rhopalosiphum padi. PLoS One 2014; 9:e97038. [PMID: 24810421 PMCID: PMC4014588 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0097038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2014] [Accepted: 04/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The bird cherry-oat aphid (Rhopalosiphum padi), an important pest of cereal crops, not only directly sucks sap from plants, but also transmits a number of plant viruses, collectively the yellow dwarf viruses (YDVs). For quantifying changes in gene expression in vector aphids, reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) is a touchstone method, but the selection and validation of housekeeping genes (HKGs) as reference genes to normalize the expression level of endogenous genes of the vector and for exogenous genes of the virus in the aphids is critical to obtaining valid results. Such an assessment has not been done, however, for R. padi and YDVs. Here, we tested three algorithms (GeNorm, NormFinder and BestKeeper) to assess the suitability of candidate reference genes (EF-1α, ACT1, GAPDH, 18S rRNA) in 6 combinations of YDV and vector aphid morph. EF-1α and ACT1 together or in combination with GAPDH or with GAPDH and 18S rRNA could confidently be used to normalize virus titre and expression levels of endogenous genes in winged or wingless R. padi infected with Barley yellow dwarf virus isolates (BYDV)-PAV and BYDV-GAV. The use of only one reference gene, whether the most stably expressed (EF-1α) or the least stably expressed (18S rRNA), was not adequate for obtaining valid relative expression data from the RT-qPCR. Because of discrepancies among values for changes in relative expression obtained using 3 regions of the same gene, different regions of an endogenous aphid gene, including each terminus and the middle, should be analyzed at the same time with RT-qPCR. Our results highlight the necessity of choosing the best reference genes to obtain valid experimental data and provide several HKGs for relative quantification of virus titre in YDV-viruliferous aphids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keke Wu
- College of Plant Protection, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wenwen Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Thithi Mar
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yunfeng Wu
- College of Plant Protection, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
- * E-mail: (XW); (YW)
| | - Xifeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (XW); (YW)
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