1
|
Lu X, Wang X, Liu X, Liu X. The multifaceted interactions between Newcastle disease virus proteins and host proteins: a systematic review. Virulence 2024; 15:2299182. [PMID: 38193514 PMCID: PMC10793697 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2023.2299182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Newcastle disease virus (NDV) typically induces severe illness in poultry and results in significant economic losses for the worldwide poultry sector. NDV, an RNA virus with a single-stranded negative-sense genome, is susceptible to mutation and immune evasion during viral transmission, thus imposing enormous challenges to avian health and poultry production. NDV is composed of six structural proteins and two nonstructural proteins that exert pivotal roles in viral infection and antiviral responses by interacting with host proteins. Nowadays, there is a particular focus on the mechanisms of virus-host protein interactions in NDV research, yet a comprehensive overview of such research is still lacking. Herein, we briefly summarize the mechanisms regarding the effects of virus-host protein interaction on viral infection, pathogenesis, and host immune responses. This review can not only enhance the present comprehension of the mechanism underlying NDV and host interplay, but also furnish a point of reference for the advancement of antiviral measures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolong Lu
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaoquan Wang
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiufan Liu
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaowen Liu
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Liu Y, Pan H, Wang H, Yuan Y, Cao F, Song W, Wang Z. Mutations in the NDV fusion protein HR4 region decreased fusogenic activity due to failed protein expression. Microb Pathog 2024; 192:106713. [PMID: 38810765 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2024.106713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Revised: 04/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
Newcastle disease virus (NDV) is the pathogen of a zoonosis that is primarily transmitted by poultry and has severe infectivity and a high fatality rate. Many studies have focused on the role of the NDV fusion (F) protein in the cell-cell membrane fusion process. However, little attention has been given to the heptad repeat region, HR4, which is located in the NDV F2 subunit. Here, site-directed mutants were constructed to study the function of the NDV F protein HR4 region and identify the key amino acids in this region. Nine conserved amino acids were substituted with alanine or the corresponding amino acid of other aligned paramyxoviruses. The desired mutants were examined for changes in fusogenic activity through three kinds of membrane fusion assays and expression and proteolysis through IFA, FACS and WB. The results showed that when conserved amino acids (L81, Y84, L88, L91, L92, P94, L95 and I99) were replaced with alanine, the fusogenic activity of the F protein was abolished, possibly because of failed protein expression not only on the cell surface but also inside cells. These data indicated that the conserved amino acids above in NDV F HR4 are critical for normal protein synthesis and expression, possibly for the stability of the F protein monomer, formation of trimer and conformational changes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yaqing Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266000, China; Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250014, China
| | - Huazheng Pan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266000, China
| | - Hongwei Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266000, China
| | - Yuan Yuan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266000, China
| | - Fangfang Cao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266000, China
| | - Wei Song
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266000, China
| | - Zhiyu Wang
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250014, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Shi B, Yang G, Xiao Y, Qian K, Shao H, Xu M, Qin A. Long-Term Protection against Virulent Newcastle Disease Virus (NDV) in Chickens Immunized with a Single Dose of Recombinant Turkey Herpesvirus Expressing NDV F Protein. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:604. [PMID: 38932333 PMCID: PMC11209589 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12060604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2024] [Revised: 05/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Newcastle disease (ND) is a significant infectious disease in poultry, causing substantial economic losses in developing countries. To control ND, chickens must be vaccinated multiple times a year. In order to develop an improved vaccine that provides long-term protection, the F gene from genotype VII NDV was inserted into the herpesvirus of turkey (HVT) vaccine virus using CRISPR/Cas9-mediated NHEJ repair and Cre/LoxP technology. The immunogenicity and protective efficacy of the resulting recombinant vaccines were evaluated through antibody assays and virus challenge experiments. Two recombinant vaccines, rHVT-005/006-F and rHVT-US2-F, were generated, both exhibiting growth rates comparable with those of HVT in vitro and consistently expressing the F protein. One-day-old specific pathogen-free (SPF) chickens immunized with 2000 PFU/bird of either rHVT-005/006-F or rHVT-US2-F developed robust humoral immunity and were completely protected against challenge with the NDV F48E8 strain at 4 weeks post-vaccination (wpv). Furthermore, a single dose of these vaccines provided sustained protection for at least 52 wpv. Our study identifies rHVT-005/006-F and rHVT-US2-F as promising ND vaccine candidates, offering long-term protection with a single administration. Moreover, HVT-005/006 demonstrates promise for accommodating additional foreign genes, facilitating the construction of multiplex vaccines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bin Shi
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Avian Preventive Medicine, Yangzhou University, No.12 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Guifu Yang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Avian Preventive Medicine, Yangzhou University, No.12 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Yue Xiao
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Avian Preventive Medicine, Yangzhou University, No.12 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Kun Qian
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Avian Preventive Medicine, Yangzhou University, No.12 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, No.12 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Hongxia Shao
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Avian Preventive Medicine, Yangzhou University, No.12 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, No.12 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Moru Xu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Avian Preventive Medicine, Yangzhou University, No.12 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, No.12 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Aijian Qin
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Avian Preventive Medicine, Yangzhou University, No.12 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, No.12 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou 225009, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
El Najjar F, Castillo SR, Moncman CL, Wu CY, Isla E, Velez Ortega AC, Frolenkov GI, Cifuentes-Munoz N, Dutch RE. Imaging analysis reveals budding of filamentous human metapneumovirus virions and direct transfer of inclusion bodies through intercellular extensions. mBio 2023; 14:e0158923. [PMID: 37681946 PMCID: PMC10653870 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01589-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Human metapneumovirus is an important respiratory pathogen that causes significant morbidity and mortality, particularly in the very young, the elderly, and the immunosuppressed. However, the molecular details of how this virus spreads to new target cells are unclear. This work provides important new information on the formation of filamentous structures that are consistent with virus particles and adds critical new insight into the structure of extensions between cells that form during infection. In addition, it demonstrates for the first time the movement of viral replication centers through these intercellular extensions, representing a new mode of direct cell-to-cell spread that may be applicable to other viral systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Farah El Najjar
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Santiago Restrepo Castillo
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Carole L. Moncman
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Cheng-Yu Wu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Eduardo Isla
- Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Gregory I. Frolenkov
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Nicolas Cifuentes-Munoz
- Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Rebecca Ellis Dutch
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Duprex WP, Dutch RE. Paramyxoviruses: Pathogenesis, Vaccines, Antivirals, and Prototypes for Pandemic Preparedness. J Infect Dis 2023; 228:S390-S397. [PMID: 37849400 PMCID: PMC11009463 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiad123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The Paramyxoviridae family includes established human pathogens such as measles virus, mumps virus, and the human parainfluenza viruses; highly lethal zoonotic pathogens such as Nipah virus; and a number of recently identified agents, such as Sosuga virus, which remain poorly understood. The high human-to-human transmission rate of paramyxoviruses such as measles virus, high case fatality rate associated with other family members such as Nipah virus, and the existence of poorly characterized zoonotic pathogens raise concern that known and unknown paramyxoviruses have significant pandemic potential. In this review, the general life cycle, taxonomic relationships, and viral pathogenesis are described for paramyxoviruses that cause both systemic and respiratory system-restricted infections. Next, key gaps in critical areas are presented, following detailed conversations with subject matter experts and based on the current literature. Finally, we present an assessment of potential prototype pathogen candidates that could be used as models to study this important virus family, including assessment of the strengths and weaknesses of each potential prototype.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- W Paul Duprex
- Center for Vaccine Research
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Rebecca Ellis Dutch
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Duan Z, Zhang Q, Liu M, Hu Z. Multifunctionality of matrix protein in the replication and pathogenesis of Newcastle disease virus: A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 249:126089. [PMID: 37532184 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.126089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
As an important structural protein in virion morphogenesis, the matrix (M) protein of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) is demonstrated to be a nuclear-cytoplasmic trafficking protein and plays essential roles in viral assembly and budding. In recent years, increasing lines of evidence have indicated that the M protein has obvious influence on the pathotypes of NDV, and the interaction of M protein with cellular proteins is also closely associated with the replication and pathogenicity of NDV. Although substantial progress has been made in the past 40 years towards understanding the structure and function of NDV M protein, the available information is scattered. Therefore, this review article summarizes and updates the research progress on the structural feature, virulence and pathotype correlation, and nucleocytoplasmic transport mechanism of NDV M protein, as well as the functions of M protein and cellular protein interactions in M's intracellular localization, viral RNA synthesis and transcription, viral protein synthesis, viral immune evasion, and viral budding and release, which will provide an in-depth understanding of the biological functions of M protein in the replication and pathogenesis of NDV, and also contribute to the development of effective antiviral strategies aiming at blocking the early or late steps of NDV lifecycles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqiang Duan
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction in The Plateau Mountainous Region, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China; College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China.
| | - Qianyong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction in The Plateau Mountainous Region, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China; College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Menglan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction in The Plateau Mountainous Region, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China; College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Zenglei Hu
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Teng Q, Tang L, Huang Y, Yang R, He Y, Zhang G, Zhao Y. Mutagenesis of the di-leucine motif in the cytoplasmic tail of newcastle disease virus fusion protein modulates the viral fusion ability and pathogenesis. Virol J 2023; 20:25. [PMID: 36759854 PMCID: PMC9909845 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-023-01985-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Newcastle disease virus (NDV) is a highly infectious viral disease, which can affect chickens and many other kinds of birds. The main virulence factor of NDV, the fusion (F) protein, is located on the viral envelope and plays a major role in the virus' ability to penetrate cells and cause host cell fusion during infection. Multiple highly conserved tyrosine and di-leucine (LL) motifs in the cytoplasmic tail (CT) of the virus may contribute to F protein functionality in the viral life cycle. METHODS To examine the contribution of the LL motif in the biosynthesis, transport, and function of the F protein, we constructed and rescued a NDV mutant strain, rSG10*-F/L537A, with an L537A mutation using a reverse genetic system. Subsequently, we compared the differences in the syncytium formation ability, pathogenicity, and replication levels of wild-type rSG10* and the mutated strain. RESULTS Compared with rSG10*, rSG10*-F/L537A had attenuated syncytial formation and pathogenicity, caused by a viral budding defect. Further studies showed that the LL-motif mutation did not affect the replication, transcription, or translation of the virus genome but affected the expression of the F protein at the cell surface. CONCLUSIONS We concluded that the LL motif in the NDV F CT affected the regulation of F protein expression at the cell surface, thus modulating the viral fusion ability and pathogenic phenotype.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qingyuan Teng
- grid.22935.3f0000 0004 0530 8290Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Lihua Tang
- grid.22935.3f0000 0004 0530 8290Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Yahui Huang
- grid.22935.3f0000 0004 0530 8290Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Ruihua Yang
- grid.22935.3f0000 0004 0530 8290Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Yizhuo He
- grid.22935.3f0000 0004 0530 8290Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Guozhong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193, China.
| | - Ye Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193, China.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Bruno L, Nappo MA, Ferrari L, Di Lecce R, Guarnieri C, Cantoni AM, Corradi A. Nipah Virus Disease: Epidemiological, Clinical, Diagnostic and Legislative Aspects of This Unpredictable Emerging Zoonosis. Animals (Basel) 2022; 13:ani13010159. [PMID: 36611767 PMCID: PMC9817766 DOI: 10.3390/ani13010159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Nipah virus (NiV) infection is a viral disease caused by a Henipavirus, belonging to the Paramyxoviridae family, responsible for a zoonosis. The course of the disease can be very serious and lead to death. NiV natural hosts are fruit bats (also known as megabats) belonging to the Pteropodidae family, especially those of the Pteropus genus. Natural infection in domestic animals has been described in farming pigs, horses, domestic and feral dogs and cats. Natural NiV transmission is possible intra-species (pig-to-pig, human-to-human) and inter-species (flying bat-to-human, pig-to-human, horse-to-human). The infection can be spread by humans or animals in different ways. It is peculiar how the viral transmission modes among different hosts also change depending on the geographical area for different reasons, including different breeding methods, eating habits and the recently identified genetic traits/molecular features of main virus proteins related to virulence. Outbreaks have been described in Malaysia, Singapore, Bangladesh, India and the Philippines with, in some cases, severe respiratory and neurological disease and high mortality in both humans and pigs. Diagnosis can be made using different methods including serological, molecular, virological and immunohistochemical methods. The cornerstones for control of the disease are biosecurity (via the correct management of reservoir and intermediate/amplifying hosts) and potential vaccines which are still under development. However, the evaluation of the potential influence of climate and anthropogenic changes on the NiV reservoir bats and their habitat as well as on disease spread and inter-specific infections is of great importance. Bats, as natural reservoirs of the virus, are responsible for the viral spread and, therefore, for the outbreaks of the disease in humans and animals. Due to the worldwide distribution of bats, potential new reports and spillovers are not to be dismissed in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Bruno
- Department of Prevention, Azienda Sanitaria Locale (A.S.L.) Napoli 3 Sud, 80053 Castellammare di Stabia, Italy
- Correspondence: (L.B.); (L.F.)
| | - Maria Anna Nappo
- Department of Prevention, Azienda Sanitaria Locale (A.S.L.) Napoli 3 Sud, 80053 Castellammare di Stabia, Italy
| | - Luca Ferrari
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy
- Correspondence: (L.B.); (L.F.)
| | - Rosanna Di Lecce
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - Chiara Guarnieri
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Cantoni
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - Attilio Corradi
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Liu Y, Katoh H, Sekizuka T, Bae C, Wakata A, Kato F, Sakata M, Yamaji T, Wang Z, Takeda M. SNARE protein USE1 is involved in the glycosylation and the expression of mumps virus fusion protein and important for viral propagation. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010949. [PMID: 36480520 PMCID: PMC9731409 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mumps virus (MuV) is the etiological agent of mumps, a disease characterized by painful swelling of the parotid glands and often accompanied by severe complications. To understand the molecular mechanism of MuV infection, a functional analysis of the involved host factors is required. However, little is known about the host factors involved in MuV infection, especially those involved in the late stage of infection. Here, we identified 638 host proteins that have close proximity to MuV glycoproteins, which are a major component of the viral particles, by proximity labeling and examined comprehensive protein-protein interaction networks of the host proteins. From siRNA screening and immunoprecipitation results, we found that a SNARE subfamily protein, USE1, bound specifically to the MuV fusion (F) protein and was important for MuV propagation. In addition, USE1 plays a role in complete N-linked glycosylation and expression of the MuV F protein.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yaqing Liu
- Department of Virology III, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashimurayama, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Hiroshi Katoh
- Department of Virology III, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashimurayama, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Tsuyoshi Sekizuka
- Pathogen Genomics Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Chaewon Bae
- Department of Virology III, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashimurayama, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Aika Wakata
- Department of Virology III, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashimurayama, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Fumihiro Kato
- Department of Virology III, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashimurayama, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masafumi Sakata
- Department of Virology III, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashimurayama, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Yamaji
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Zhiyu Wang
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Makoto Takeda
- Department of Virology III, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashimurayama, Tokyo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Gazal S, Sharma N, Gazal S, Tikoo M, Shikha D, Badroo GA, Rashid M, Lee SJ. Nipah and Hendra Viruses: Deadly Zoonotic Paramyxoviruses with the Potential to Cause the Next Pandemic. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11121419. [PMID: 36558753 PMCID: PMC9784551 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11121419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Nipah and Hendra viruses are deadly zoonotic paramyxoviruses with a case fatality rate of upto 75%. The viruses belong to the genus henipavirus in the family Paramyxoviridae, a family of negative-sense single-stranded RNA viruses. The natural reservoirs of NiV and HeV are bats (flying foxes) in which the virus infection is asymptomatic. The intermediate hosts for NiV and HeV are swine and equine, respectively. In humans, NiV infections result in severe and often fatal respiratory and neurological manifestations. The Nipah virus was first identified in Malaysia and Singapore following an outbreak of encephalitis in pig farmers and subsequent outbreaks have been reported in Bangladesh and India almost every year. Due to its extreme pathogenicity, pandemic potential, and lack of established antiviral therapeutics and vaccines, research on henipaviruses is highly warranted so as to develop antivirals or vaccines that could aid in the prevention and control of future outbreaks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sabahat Gazal
- Division of Veterinary Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Jammu, R.S. Pura, Jammu 181102, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Neelesh Sharma
- Division of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Jammu, R.S. Pura, Jammu 181102, Jammu and Kashmir, India
- Correspondence: (N.S.); (S.-J.L.)
| | - Sundus Gazal
- Division of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary Sciences, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Science University, Ludhiana 141004, Punjab, India
| | - Mehak Tikoo
- Division of Veterinary Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Jammu, R.S. Pura, Jammu 181102, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Deep Shikha
- Division of Veterinary Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Jammu, R.S. Pura, Jammu 181102, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Gulzar Ahmed Badroo
- Division of Veterinary Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Jammu, R.S. Pura, Jammu 181102, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Mohd Rashid
- Division of Veterinary Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Jammu, R.S. Pura, Jammu 181102, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Sung-Jin Lee
- Department of Applied Animal Science, College of Animal Life Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
- Correspondence: (N.S.); (S.-J.L.)
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Gao N, Raduka A, Rezaee F. Respiratory syncytial virus disrupts the airway epithelial barrier by decreasing cortactin and destabilizing F-actin. J Cell Sci 2022; 135:jcs259871. [PMID: 35848790 PMCID: PMC9481929 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.259871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection is the leading cause of acute lower respiratory tract infection in young children worldwide. Our group recently revealed that RSV infection disrupts the airway epithelial barrier in vitro and in vivo. However, the underlying molecular pathways were still elusive. Here, we report the critical roles of the filamentous actin (F-actin) network and actin-binding protein cortactin in RSV infection. We found that RSV infection causes F-actin depolymerization in 16HBE cells, and that stabilizing the F-actin network in infected cells reverses the epithelial barrier disruption. RSV infection also leads to significantly decreased cortactin in vitro and in vivo. Cortactin-knockout 16HBE cells presented barrier dysfunction, whereas overexpression of cortactin protected the epithelial barrier against RSV. The activity of Rap1 (which has Rap1A and Rap1B forms), one downstream target of cortactin, declined after RSV infection as well as in cortactin-knockout cells. Moreover, activating Rap1 attenuated RSV-induced epithelial barrier disruption. Our study proposes a key mechanism in which RSV disrupts the airway epithelial barrier via attenuating cortactin expression and destabilizing the F-actin network. The identified pathways will provide new targets for therapeutic intervention toward RSV-related disease. This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nannan Gao
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
| | - Andjela Raduka
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
| | - Fariba Rezaee
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
- Center for Pediatric Pulmonary Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Children's, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Norris MJ, Husby ML, Kiosses WB, Yin J, Saxena R, Rennick LJ, Heiner A, Harkins SS, Pokhrel R, Schendel SL, Hastie KM, Landeras-Bueno S, Salie ZL, Lee B, Chapagain PP, Maisner A, Duprex WP, Stahelin RV, Saphire EO. Measles and Nipah virus assembly: Specific lipid binding drives matrix polymerization. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabn1440. [PMID: 35857835 PMCID: PMC9299542 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abn1440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Measles virus, Nipah virus, and multiple other paramyxoviruses cause disease outbreaks in humans and animals worldwide. The paramyxovirus matrix (M) protein mediates virion assembly and budding from host cell membranes. M is thus a key target for antivirals, but few high-resolution structures of paramyxovirus M are available, and we lack the clear understanding of how viral M proteins interact with membrane lipids to mediate viral assembly and egress that is needed to guide antiviral design. Here, we reveal that M proteins associate with phosphatidylserine and phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate [PI(4,5)P2] at the plasma membrane. Using x-ray crystallography, electron microscopy, and molecular dynamics, we demonstrate that PI(4,5)P2 binding induces conformational and electrostatic changes in the M protein surface that trigger membrane deformation, matrix layer polymerization, and virion assembly.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael J. Norris
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Monica L. Husby
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue Institute of Inflammation, Immunology and Infectious Disease, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - William B. Kiosses
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Jieyun Yin
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Roopashi Saxena
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue Institute of Inflammation, Immunology and Infectious Disease, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Linda J. Rennick
- Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Anja Heiner
- Institute of Virology, Philipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Stephanie S. Harkins
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Rudramani Pokhrel
- Department of Physics, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA
| | - Sharon L. Schendel
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Kathryn M. Hastie
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Sara Landeras-Bueno
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Zhe Li Salie
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Benhur Lee
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Prem P. Chapagain
- Department of Physics, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA
- Biomolecular Sciences Institute, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA
| | - Andrea Maisner
- Institute of Virology, Philipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - W. Paul Duprex
- Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Robert V. Stahelin
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue Institute of Inflammation, Immunology and Infectious Disease, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Erica Ollmann Saphire
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Qin S, Huang X, Qu S. Baicalin Induces a Potent Innate Immune Response to Inhibit Respiratory Syncytial Virus Replication via Regulating Viral Non-Structural 1 and Matrix RNA. Front Immunol 2022; 13:907047. [PMID: 35812414 PMCID: PMC9259847 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.907047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection is the most frequent cause of hospitalization in pediatric patients. Current systemic treatment and vaccines are not curative and re-infection is often associated with a more drastic incidence of the disease. Baicalin is a flavonoid isolated from Scutellaria baicalensis with potent anti-viral characteristics, namely against RSV. However, its precise mechanism of action remains unclear. Here, using in vitro methods and an in vivo murine model of RSV infection, we showed that baicalin inhibits RSV replication induces translational upregulation of type I interferons (IFNs), IFN-α and IFN-β, and reverses epithelial thickening in lung tissues. Moreover, baicalin inhibits transcription of the RSV non-structural proteins NS1 and NS2. Molecular docking and surface plasmon resonance-based affinity analysis showed that baicalin also binds to the α3 helix of the NS1 protein with an affinity constant of 1.119 × 10−5 M. Polysome profiling showed that baicalin inhibits translation of the RSV matrix protein (M) RNA. Baicalin mediates increased release of the ribosomal protein L13a from the large ribosomal subunit, where the extra ribosomal subunit L13a inhibits M RNA translation. These results comprehensively establish the multiple mechanisms by which baicalin induces a potent innate immune response against RSV infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Qin
- Department of Neurology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Mental Health of the Ministry of Education, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xianzhang Huang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Shaogang Qu, ; Xianzhang Huang,
| | - Shaogang Qu
- Department of Neurology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Mental Health of the Ministry of Education, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Shaogang Qu, ; Xianzhang Huang,
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Yu X, Luo Y, Wang J, Shu B, Jiang W, Liu S, Li Y, Li J, Hou G, Peng C, Wang S, Yuan L, Yu J, Liu H, Wang Z. A molecular, epidemiological and pathogenicity analysis of pigeon paramyxovirus type 1 viruses isolated from live bird markets in China in 2014-2021. Virus Res 2022; 318:198846. [PMID: 35691423 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2022.198846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
To expand our understanding of the epidemiology of pigeon paramyxovirus type 1 (PPMV-1) in China, risk-based active surveillance was undertaken with pigeon swabs collected from live bird markets in 2014-2021. Seventy-six PPMV-1 strains were isolated from 12 provinces (60%) of the 20 provinces surveyed, and the positive rates of PPMV-1 varied from 0.50% to 3.19% annually. The complete genomic sequences of 18 representative viruses were analyzed, revealing a genome of 15,192 nucleotides, with the gene order 3'-NP-P-M-F-HN-L-5'. All isolates contained the 112RRQKRF117 cleavage site in the fusion (F) protein, a characteristic generally associated with virulent Newcastle disease viruses (NDVs), and the intracerebral pathogenicity index values (1.05-1.41) of four isolates indicated their virulence. A challenge experiment also demonstrated that all four isolates are pathogenic to pigeons, with morbidity rates of 60-100% and mortality rates of 0-30%. A further analysis of the functional domains of the F and HN proteins revealed several mutations in the fusion peptide, signal peptide, neutralizing epitopes, heptad repeat region, and transmembrane domains, and the substitution of cysteine residue 25 (C25Y) and substitutions in the HRb region (V287I) of the F protein and the transmembrane domain (V45A) of the HN protein may play important roles in PPMV-1 virulence. In a phylogenetic analysis based on the complete sequences of the F gene, all eighteen isolates all clustered into sub-genotype VI.2.1.1.2.2 (VIb) in class II, and shared high nucleotide sequence identity, indicating that the PPMV-1 strains in sub-genotype VI.2.1.1.2.2 are the predominant PPMV-1 viruses in pigeons in China and that the variations in these viruses have been relatively stable over the past 8 years. This study identifies the genetic and pathogenicity characteristics of the PPMV-1 strains prevalent in China and extends our understanding of the prevalence of this virus in China.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohui Yu
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao 266032, China.
| | - Yaoyao Luo
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao 266032, China
| | - Jingjing Wang
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao 266032, China
| | - Bo Shu
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao 266032, China; College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330000, China
| | - Wenming Jiang
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao 266032, China
| | - Shuo Liu
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao 266032, China
| | - Yang Li
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao 266032, China
| | - Jinping Li
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao 266032, China
| | - Guangyu Hou
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao 266032, China
| | - Cheng Peng
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao 266032, China
| | - Suchun Wang
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao 266032, China
| | - Liping Yuan
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao 266032, China
| | - Jianmin Yu
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao 266032, China
| | - Hualei Liu
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao 266032, China.
| | - Zhiliang Wang
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao 266032, China.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
A System Based on Novel Parainfluenza Virus PIV5-L for Efficient Gene Delivery of B-Lymphoma Cells. J Virol 2022; 96:e0025722. [PMID: 35373581 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00257-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Aggressive B-cell lymphoma is one of the most common types of blood malignancy. Robust delivery of genes of interest into target cells, long-term gene expression, and minimal risk of secondary effects are highly desirable for translational medicine including gene therapy and studies on gene function. However, efficient gene delivery into viral or nonviral B-lymphoma cells remains a challenge. Here, we report a strategy for inducing foreign gene expression in B-lymphoma cells by using a vector based on the novel parainfluenza virus PIV5-L (a strain isolated from B cells) that enabled us to study and control the function of a gene product within B-lymphoma cells. Using enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP) as a reporter, we successfully rescued PIV5-L and established a one-step system to generate PIV5-L virus-like particles (L-VLPs) with efficient delivery into a broad spectrum of susceptible B-lymphoma cell lines, including Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)- or Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV)-transformed B-lymphoblastoid cells. Similar to lentiviral vector, the L-VLP highly expressed exogenous genes and remained stable for long periods without obvious negative effects on cell viability. Taken together, these data demonstrate that the PIV5-L-based system provides a potential new strategy for the delivery of desirable genes and the treatment of cancer. IMPORTANCE B-cell lymphoma is a common aggressive neoplastic disorder of lymphocytes. Delivery of genes of interest into B cells, particularly virus-mediated B-lymphoma cells, is still a challenge. In this study, we report that a system (L-VLP) based on the parainfluenza virus PIV5-L strain isolated from B cells had highly expressed exogenous genes and remained stable without obvious cell toxicity, which provides a potential new strategy for gene delivery and treatment of B-cell cancer.
Collapse
|
16
|
Zhu W, Huang Y, Yu X, Chen H, Li D, Zhou L, Huang Q, Liu L, Yang J, Lu S. Discovery and Evolutionary Analysis of a Novel Bat-Borne Paramyxovirus. Viruses 2022; 14:v14020288. [PMID: 35215881 PMCID: PMC8879077 DOI: 10.3390/v14020288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Paramyxoviruses are a group of RNA viruses, such as mumps virus, measles virus, Nipah virus, Hendra virus, Newcastle disease virus, and parainfluenza virus, usually transmitted by airborne droplets that are predominantly responsible for acute respiratory diseases. In this paper, we identified a novel paramyxovirus belonging to genus Jeilongvirus infecting 4/112 (3.6%) bats from two trapping sites of Hainan Province of China. In these animals, the viral RNA was detected exclusively in kidney tissues. This is the first full-length Jeilongvirus genome (18,095 nucleotides) from bats of genus Hipposideros, which exhibits a canonical genome organization and encodes SH and TM proteins. Results, based on phylogenic analysis and genetic distances, indicate that the novel paramyxovirus formed an independent lineage belonging to genus Jeilongvirus, representing, thus, a novel species. In addition, the virus-host macro-evolutionary analysis revealed that host-switching was not only a common co-phylogenetic event, but also a potential mechanism by which rats are infected by bat-origin Jeilongvirus through cross-species virus transmission, indicating a bat origin of the genus Jeilongvirus. Overall, our study broadens the viral diversity, geographical distribution, host range, and evolution of genus Jeilongvirus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wentao Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China; (W.Z.); (Y.H.); (Q.H.); (L.L.)
| | - Yuyuan Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China; (W.Z.); (Y.H.); (Q.H.); (L.L.)
| | - Xiaojie Yu
- Hainan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Haikou 570203, China; (X.Y.); (H.C.); (D.L.); (L.Z.)
| | - Haiyun Chen
- Hainan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Haikou 570203, China; (X.Y.); (H.C.); (D.L.); (L.Z.)
| | - Dandan Li
- Hainan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Haikou 570203, China; (X.Y.); (H.C.); (D.L.); (L.Z.)
| | - Libo Zhou
- Hainan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Haikou 570203, China; (X.Y.); (H.C.); (D.L.); (L.Z.)
| | - Qianni Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China; (W.Z.); (Y.H.); (Q.H.); (L.L.)
| | - Liyun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China; (W.Z.); (Y.H.); (Q.H.); (L.L.)
| | - Jing Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China; (W.Z.); (Y.H.); (Q.H.); (L.L.)
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, China
- Research Units of Discovery of Unknown Bacteria and Function, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China
- Correspondence: (J.Y.); (S.L.)
| | - Shan Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China; (W.Z.); (Y.H.); (Q.H.); (L.L.)
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, China
- Research Units of Discovery of Unknown Bacteria and Function, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China
- Correspondence: (J.Y.); (S.L.)
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Insights into Paramyxovirus Nucleocapsids from Diverse Assemblies. Viruses 2021; 13:v13122479. [PMID: 34960748 PMCID: PMC8705878 DOI: 10.3390/v13122479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
All paramyxoviruses, which include the mumps virus, measles virus, Nipah virus, Newcastle disease virus, and Sendai virus, have non-segmented single-stranded negative-sense RNA genomes. These RNA genomes are enwrapped throughout the viral life cycle by nucleoproteins, forming helical nucleocapsids. In addition to these helical structures, recombinant paramyxovirus nucleocapsids may occur in other assembly forms such as rings, clam-shaped structures, and double-headed nucleocapsids; the latter two are composed of two single-stranded helices packed in a back-to-back pattern. In all of these assemblies, the neighboring nucleoprotein protomers adopt the same domain-swapping mode via the N-terminal arm, C-terminal arm, and recently disclosed N-hole. An intrinsically disordered region in the C-terminal domain of the nucleoproteins, called the N-tail, plays an unexpected role in regulating the transition among the different assembly forms that occurs with other viral proteins, especially phosphoprotein. These structures, together with the helical nucleocapsids, significantly enrich the structural diversity of the paramyxovirus nucleocapsids and help explain the functions of these diverse assemblies, including RNA genome protection, transcription, and replication, as well as encapsulation.
Collapse
|
18
|
Hidaka C, Soda K, Ito T, Ito H. Contribution of mutation I142M in fusion protein and Q44R in matrix protein of Newcastle disease virus to virulence in ducks. J Vet Med Sci 2021; 84:121-128. [PMID: 34853197 PMCID: PMC8810335 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.21-0527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Although verogenic Newcastle disease viruses (NDVs) generally cause subclinical infection in waterfowls such as ducks, NDVs with high virulence in waterfowl have been sporadically reported.
We previously reported that the NDV d5a20b strain, which is obtained by serial passaging of the velogenic 9a5b strain in domestic ducks, showed increased virulence in ducks (Hidaka
et al., 2021). The d5a20b strain had 11 amino acid substitutions in its P/V, M, F, HN, and L proteins as compared to 9a5b. In the present study, we generated a series of
recombinant (r) NDVs with these amino acid substitutions to identify the molecular basis of virulence of NDV in ducks, and evaluated their influences on virulence and in
vitro viral properties. Each of the single amino acid substitutions in either the F protein I142M or the M protein Q44R contributed to the enhancement of intracerebral and
intranasal pathogenicity in domestic ducks. The cell-cell fusion activity of the virus with F I142M was five times higher than that of the parental r9a5b. The virus with M Q44R rapidly
replicated in duck embryo fibroblasts. Additionally, the rM+F+HN strain, which has the same amino acid sequences as d5a20b in M, F, and HN proteins, showed the highest level of virulence and
replication efficiency among the generated recombinant viruses, nearly comparable to rd5a20b. These results suggest that multiple factors are involved in the high growth ability of NDV in
duck cells, leading to increased virulence in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chiharu Hidaka
- Joint Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University.,The United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Yamaguchi University
| | - Kosuke Soda
- Joint Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University.,The United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Yamaguchi University.,Avian Zoonosis Research Center, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University
| | - Toshihiro Ito
- Joint Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University.,The United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Yamaguchi University.,Avian Zoonosis Research Center, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University
| | - Hiroshi Ito
- Joint Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University.,The United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Yamaguchi University.,Avian Zoonosis Research Center, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Ubiquitination on Lysine 247 of Newcastle Disease Virus Matrix Protein Enhances Viral Replication and Virulence by Driving Nuclear-Cytoplasmic Trafficking. J Virol 2021; 96:e0162921. [PMID: 34705566 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01629-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The Newcastle disease virus (NDV) matrix (M) protein is the pivotal element for viral assembly, budding and proliferation. It traffics through the cellular nucleus but performs its primary function in the cytoplasm. To investigate the biological importance of M's nuclear-cytoplasmic trafficking and the mechanism involved, the regulatory motif nuclear export signal (NES) and nuclear localization signal (NLS) were deeply analyzed. Here, two types of combined NLS and NES signals were identified within NDV-M. The Herts/33-type M was found to mediate efficient nuclear export and stable virus-like particle (VLP) release, while the LaSota-type M was mostly retained in the nuclei and showed retarded VLP production. Two critical residues, 247 and 263, within the motif were identified and associated with nuclear export efficiency. We identified, for the first time, residue 247 as an important monoubiquitination site, the modification of which regulates the nuclear-cytoplasmic trafficking of NDV-M. Subsequently, mutant LaSota strains were rescued via reverse genetics, which contained either single or double amino acid substitutions that were similar to the M of Herts/33. The rescued rLaSota strains rLaSota-R247K, -S263R, and -DM (double mutation) showed about twofold higher HA titers and 10-fold higher EID50 titers than wild-type (wt) rLaSota. Further, the MDT and ICPI values of those recombinant viruses were slightly higher than that of wt rLaSota probably due to their higher proliferation rates. Our findings contribute to a better understanding of the molecular mechanism of the replication and pathogenicity of NDV, and even those of all other paramyxoviruses. It is beneficial for the development of vaccines and therapies for paramyxoviruses. Importance Newcastle disease virus (NDV) is a pathogen that is lethal to birds and causes heavy losses in the poultry industry worldwide. The World Organization for Animal Health (OIE) ranked ND as the third most significant poultry disease and the eighth most important wildlife disease in the World Livestock Disease Atlas in 2011. The matrix (M) protein of NDV is very important for viral assembly and maturation. It is interesting that M proteins enter the cellular nucleus before performing their primary function in the cytoplasm. We found that NDV-M has a combined nuclear import and export signal. The ubiquitin modification of a lysine residue within this signal is critical for quick, efficient nuclear export and subsequent viral production. Our findings shed new light on viral replication and opens up new possibilities for therapeutics against NDV and other paramyxoviruses; furthermore, we demonstrate a novel approach to improving paramyxovirus vaccines.
Collapse
|
20
|
Abstract
Viruses have evolved precise mechanisms for using the cellular physiological pathways for their perpetuation. These virus-driven biochemical events must be separated in space and time from those of the host cell. In recent years, granular structures, known for over a century for rabies virus, were shown to host viral gene function and were named using terms such as viroplasms, replication sites, inclusion bodies, or viral factories (VFs). More recently, these VFs were shown to be liquid-like, sharing properties with membrane-less organelles driven by liquid–liquid phase separation (LLPS) in a process widely referred to as biomolecular condensation. Some of the best described examples of these structures come from negative stranded RNA viruses, where micrometer size VFs are formed toward the end of the infectious cycle. We here discuss some basic principles of LLPS in connection with several examples of VFs and propose a view, which integrates viral replication mechanisms with the biochemistry underlying liquid-like organelles. In this view, viral protein and RNA components gradually accumulate up to a critical point during infection where phase separation is triggered. This yields an increase in transcription that leads in turn to increased translation and a consequent growth of initially formed condensates. According to chemical principles behind phase separation, an increase in the concentration of components increases the size of the condensate. A positive feedback cycle would thus generate in which crucial components, in particular nucleoproteins and viral polymerases, reach their highest levels required for genome replication. Progress in understanding viral biomolecular condensation leads to exploration of novel therapeutics. Furthermore, it provides insights into the fundamentals of phase separation in the regulation of cellular gene function given that virus replication and transcription, in particular those requiring host polymerases, are governed by the same biochemical principles.
Collapse
|
21
|
IFITM proteins that restrict the early stages of respiratory virus infection do not influence late-stage replication. J Virol 2021; 95:e0083721. [PMID: 34319159 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00837-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Interferon-induced transmembrane (IFITM) proteins inhibit a broad range of enveloped viruses by blocking entry into host cells. We used an inducible overexpression system to investigate if IFITM1, IFITM2 and IFITM3 could modulate early and/or late stages of influenza A virus (IAV) or parainfluenza virus (PIV)-3 infection in human A549 airway epithelial cells. IAV and PIV-3 represent respiratory viruses which utilise distinct cellular entry pathways. We verify entry by endocytosis for IAV, whereas PIV-3 infection was consistent with fusion at the plasma membrane. Following induction prior to infection, all three IFITM proteins restricted the percentage of IAV-infected cells at 8 hours post-infection. In contrast, prior induction of IFITM1 and IFITM2 did not inhibit PIV-3 infection, although a modest reduction was observed with IFITM3. siRNA-mediated knockdown of endogenous IFITM1, IFITM2 and IFITM3 expression, in the presence or absence of pre-treatment with type I interferon, resulted in increased IAV, but not PIV-3, infection. This suggests that while all three IFITMs display antiviral activity against IAV, they do not restrict the early stages of PIV-3 infection. IAV and PIV-3 infection culminates in viral egress through budding at the plasma membrane. Inducible expression of IFITM1, IFITM2 or IFITM3 immediately after infection did not impact titres of infectious virus released from IAV or PIV-3 infected cells. Our findings show that IFITM proteins differentially restrict the early stages of infection of two respiratory viruses with distinct cellular entry pathways, but do not influence the late stages of replication for either virus. IMPORTANCE Interferon-induced transmembrane (IFITM) proteins restrict the initial stages of infection for several respiratory viruses, however their potential to modulate the later stages of virus replication has not been explored. In this study we highlight the utility of an inducible overexpression system to assess the impact of IFITM proteins on either early or late stage replication of two respiratory viruses. We demonstrate antiviral activity by IFITM1, IFITM2 and IFITM3 against influenza A virus (IAV) but not parainfluenza virus (PIV)-3 during the early stages of cellular infection. Furthermore, IFITM induction following IAV or PIV-3 infection does not restrict the late stages of replication of either virus. Our findings show that IFITM proteins can differentially restrict the early stages of infection of two viruses with distinct cellular entry pathways, yet do not influence the late stages of replication for either virus.
Collapse
|
22
|
Ker DS, Jenkins HT, Greive SJ, Antson AA. CryoEM structure of the Nipah virus nucleocapsid assembly. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009740. [PMID: 34270629 PMCID: PMC8318291 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Nipah and its close relative Hendra are highly pathogenic zoonotic viruses, storing their ssRNA genome in a helical nucleocapsid assembly formed by the N protein, a major viral immunogen. Here, we report the first cryoEM structure for a Henipavirus RNA-bound nucleocapsid assembly, at 3.5 Å resolution. The helical assembly is stabilised by previously undefined N- and C-terminal segments, contributing to subunit-subunit interactions. RNA is wrapped around the nucleocapsid protein assembly with a periodicity of six nucleotides per protomer, in the “3-bases-in, 3-bases-out” conformation, with protein plasticity enabling non-sequence specific interactions. The structure reveals commonalities in RNA binding pockets and in the conformation of bound RNA, not only with members of the Paramyxoviridae family, but also with the evolutionarily distant Filoviridae Ebola virus. Significant structural differences with other Paramyxoviridae members are also observed, particularly in the position and length of the exposed α-helix, residues 123–139, which may serve as a valuable epitope for surveillance and diagnostics. Nipah virus is a highly pathogenic RNA virus which, along with the closely related Hendra virus, emerged relatively recently. Due to ~40% mortality rate and evidence of animal-to-human as well as human-to-human transmission, development of antivirals against the Nipah and henipaviral disease is particularly urgent. In common with other single-stranded RNA viruses, including Ebola and coronaviruses, the nucleocapsid assembly of the Nipah virus safeguards the viral genome, protecting it from degradation and facilitating its encapsidation and storage inside the virion. Here, we used cryo-electron microscopy to determine accurate three-dimensional structure for several different assemblies of the Nipah virus nucleocapsid protein, in particular a detailed structure for the complex of this protein with RNA. This structural information is important for understanding detailed molecular interactions driving and stabilizing the nucleocapsid assembly formation that are of fundamental importance for understanding similar processes in a large group of ssRNA viruses. Apart from highlighting structural similarities and differences with nucleocapsid proteins of other viruses of the Paramyxoviridae family, these data will inform the development of new antiviral approaches for the henipaviruses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- De-Sheng Ker
- York Structural Biology Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | - Huw T. Jenkins
- York Structural Biology Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | - Sandra J. Greive
- York Structural Biology Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | - Alfred A. Antson
- York Structural Biology Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of York, York, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Lee SH, No JS, Kim K, Budhathoki S, Park K, Lee GY, Cho S, Kim BH, Cho S, Kim J, Lee J, Cho SH, Kim HC, Klein TA, Uhm CS, Kim WK, Song JW. Novel Paju Apodemus paramyxovirus 1 and 2, harbored by Apodemus agrarius in the Republic of Korea. Virology 2021; 562:40-49. [PMID: 34256243 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2021.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Paramyxoviruses harbored by multiple natural reservoirs pose a potential threat to public health. Jeilongvirus has been proposed as a novel paramyxovirus genus found in rodents, bats, and cats. Paramyxovirus RNA was detected in 108/824 (13.1%) Apodemus agrarius captured at 14 trapping sites in the Republic of Korea. We first present two genetically distinct novel paramyxoviruses, Paju Apodemus paramyxovirus 1 (PAPV-1) and 2 (PAPV-2). The disparity between PAPV-1 (19,716 nucleotides) and -2 (17,475 nucleotides) revealed the presence of the SH gene and length of the G gene in the genome organization. The phylogeny of PAPV-1 and -2 belonged to distinct genetic lineages of Jeilongvirus, respectively, even though these viruses were originated from A. agrarius. PAPV-1 infected human epithelial and endothelial cells, facilitating the induction of type I/III interferons, interferon-stimulated genes, and pro-inflammatory cytokines. Therefore, this study provides insights into the molecular epidemiology, genetic diversity, and virus-host interactions of novel rodent-borne paramyxoviruses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Ho Lee
- Department of Microbiology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Sun No
- Department of Microbiology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kijin Kim
- Department of Microbiology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Shailesh Budhathoki
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyungmin Park
- Department of Microbiology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; BK21 Graduate Program, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Geum-Young Lee
- Department of Microbiology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seungchan Cho
- Department of Microbiology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | - Jongwoo Kim
- Department of Microbiology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jingyeong Lee
- Department of Microbiology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Hye Cho
- Department of Biomedical Science, College of Natural Sciences, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Heung-Chul Kim
- Force Health Protection and Preventive Medicine, Medical Department Activity-Korea/65th, Medical Brigade, Unit 15281, APO AP, 96271-5281, USA
| | - Terry A Klein
- Force Health Protection and Preventive Medicine, Medical Department Activity-Korea/65th, Medical Brigade, Unit 15281, APO AP, 96271-5281, USA
| | - Chang-Sub Uhm
- Department of Anatomy, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Keun Kim
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea; Institute of Medical Science, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jin-Won Song
- Department of Microbiology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; BK21 Graduate Program, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Newcastle Disease Virus Entry into Chicken Macrophages via a pH-Dependent, Dynamin and Caveola-Mediated Endocytic Pathway That Requires Rab5. J Virol 2021; 95:e0228820. [PMID: 33762417 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02288-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The cellular entry pathways and the mechanisms of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) entry into cells are poorly characterized. In this study, we demonstrated that chicken interferon-induced transmembrane protein 1 (chIFITM1), which is located in the early endosomes, could limit the replication of NDV in chicken macrophage cell line HD11, suggesting the endocytic entry of NDV into chicken macrophages. Then, we presented a systematic study about the entry mechanism of NDV into chicken macrophages. First, we demonstrated that a low-pH condition and dynamin were required during NDV entry. However, NDV entry into chicken macrophages was independent of clathrin-mediated endocytosis. We also found that NDV entry was dependent on membrane cholesterol. The NDV entry and replication were significantly reduced by nystatin and phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate treatment, overexpression of dominant-negative (DN) caveolin-1, or knockdown of caveolin-1, suggesting that NDV entry depends on caveola-mediated endocytosis. However, macropinocytosis did not play a role in NDV entry into chicken macrophages. In addition, we found that Rab5, rather than Rab7, was involved in the entry and traffic of NDV. The colocalization of NDV with Rab5 and early endosome suggested that NDV virion was transported to early endosomes in a Rab5-dependent manner after internalization. Of particular note, the caveola-mediated endocytosis was also utilized by NDV to enter primary chicken macrophages. Moreover, NDV entered different cell types using different pathways. Collectively, our findings demonstrate for the first time that NDV virion enters chicken macrophages via a pH-dependent, dynamin and caveola-mediated endocytosis pathway and that Rab5 is involved in the traffic and location of NDV. IMPORTANCE Although the pathogenesis of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) has been extensively studied, the detailed mechanism of NDV entry into host cells is largely unknown. Macrophages are the first-line defenders of host defense against infection of pathogens. Chicken macrophages are considered one of the main types of target cells during NDV infection. Here, we comprehensively investigated the entry mechanism of NDV in chicken macrophages. This is the first report to demonstrate that NDV enters chicken macrophages via a pH-dependent, dynamin and caveola-mediated endocytosis pathway that requires Rab5. The result is important for our understanding of the entry of NDV in chicken macrophages, which will further advance the knowledge of NDV pathogenesis and provide useful clues for the development of novel preventive or therapeutic strategies against NDV infection. In addition, this information will contribute to our further understanding of pathogenesis with regard to other members of the Avulavirus genus in the Paramyxoviridae family.
Collapse
|
25
|
Dolnik O, Gerresheim GK, Biedenkopf N. New Perspectives on the Biogenesis of Viral Inclusion Bodies in Negative-Sense RNA Virus Infections. Cells 2021; 10:cells10061460. [PMID: 34200781 PMCID: PMC8230417 DOI: 10.3390/cells10061460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 06/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Infections by negative strand RNA viruses (NSVs) induce the formation of viral inclusion bodies (IBs) in the host cell that segregate viral as well as cellular proteins to enable efficient viral replication. The induction of those membrane-less viral compartments leads inevitably to structural remodeling of the cellular architecture. Recent studies suggested that viral IBs have properties of biomolecular condensates (or liquid organelles), as have previously been shown for other membrane-less cellular compartments like stress granules or P-bodies. Biomolecular condensates are highly dynamic structures formed by liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS). Key drivers for LLPS in cells are multivalent protein:protein and protein:RNA interactions leading to specialized areas in the cell that recruit molecules with similar properties, while other non-similar molecules are excluded. These typical features of cellular biomolecular condensates are also a common characteristic in the biogenesis of viral inclusion bodies. Viral IBs are predominantly induced by the expression of the viral nucleoprotein (N, NP) and phosphoprotein (P); both are characterized by a special protein architecture containing multiple disordered regions and RNA-binding domains that contribute to different protein functions. P keeps N soluble after expression to allow a concerted binding of N to the viral RNA. This results in the encapsidation of the viral genome by N, while P acts additionally as a cofactor for the viral polymerase, enabling viral transcription and replication. Here, we will review the formation and function of those viral inclusion bodies upon infection with NSVs with respect to their nature as biomolecular condensates.
Collapse
|
26
|
Amino- and carboxyl-terminal ends of the bovine parainfluenza virus type 3 matrix protein are important for virion and virus-like particle release. Virology 2021; 561:17-27. [PMID: 34130198 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2021.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Paramyxovirus matrix (M) proteins are key drivers of virus particle assembly and budding at the plasma membrane. To identify regions important for the M protein function, we generated a series of deletion mutants of the bovine parainfluenza virus type 3 (BPIV3) M protein. We found that M proteins lacking 10 amino acids in the amino-terminal end (ΔN10) or 4 amino acids in the carboxyl-terminal end (ΔC4) did not support M-deficient BPIV3 virion release and M protein-induced virus-like particle (VLP) release. Both ΔN10 and ΔC4 retained M protein-M protein and M protein-nucleocapsid (N) protein interactions. However, neither was transported to the plasma membrane. Our results indicate that both amino- and carboxyl-terminal ends of the BPIV3 M protein are essential for M protein transport to the plasma membrane, where it facilitates virion and VLP release.
Collapse
|
27
|
Oligomerization and Cell Egress Controlled by Two Microdomains of Canine Distemper Virus Matrix Protein. mSphere 2021; 6:6/2/e01024-20. [PMID: 33853875 PMCID: PMC8546710 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.01024-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The multimeric matrix (M) protein of clinically relevant paramyxoviruses orchestrates assembly and budding activity of viral particles at the plasma membrane (PM). We identified within the canine distemper virus (CDV) M protein two microdomains, potentially assuming α-helix structures, which are essential for membrane budding activity. Remarkably, while two rationally designed microdomain M mutants (E89R, microdomain 1 and L239D, microdomain 2) preserved proper folding, dimerization, interaction with the nucleocapsid protein, localization at and deformation of the PM, the virus-like particle formation, as well as production of infectious virions (as monitored using a membrane budding-complementation system), were, in sharp contrast, strongly impaired. Of major importance, raster image correlation spectroscopy (RICS) revealed that both microdomains contributed to finely tune M protein mobility specifically at the PM. Collectively, our data highlighted the cornerstone membrane budding-priming activity of two spatially discrete M microdomains, potentially by coordinating the assembly of productive higher oligomers at the PM. IMPORTANCE Despite the availability of efficient vaccines, morbilliviruses (e.g., canine distemper virus [CDV] and measles virus [MeV]) still cause major health impairments. Although antivirals may support vaccination campaigns, approved inhibitors are to date still lacking. Targeting late stages of the viral life cycle (i.e., the cell exit system) represents a viable option to potentially counteract morbilliviral infections. The matrix (M) protein of morbillivirus is a major contributor to membrane budding activity and is assumed to assemble into dimers that further associate to form higher oligomers. Here, we rationally engineered M protein variants with modifications in two microdomains that potentially locate at dimer-dimer interfaces. Our results spotlight the cornerstone impact of both microdomains in membrane budding activity and further suggest a role of finely tuned high-order oligomer formation in regulating late stages of cell exit. Collectively, our findings highlight two microdomains in the morbilliviral M protein as novel attractive targets for drug design.
Collapse
|
28
|
Optimal Expression of the Envelope Glycoprotein of Orthobornaviruses Determines the Production of Mature Virus Particles. J Virol 2021; 95:JVI.02221-20. [PMID: 33268525 PMCID: PMC8092845 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02221-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
An RNA virus-based episomal vector (REVec) whose backbone is Borna disease virus 1 (BoDV-1) can provide long-term gene expression in transduced cells. To improve the transduction efficiency of REVec, we evaluated the role of the viral envelope glycoprotein (G) of the genus Orthobornavirus, including that of BoDV-1, in the production of infectious particles. By using G-pseudotype assay in which the lack of G in G-deficient REVec (ΔG-REVec) was compensated for expression of G, we found that excess expression of BoDV-1-G does not affect particle production itself but results in uncleaved and aberrant mature G expression in the cells, leading to the production of REVec particles with low transduction titers. We revealed that the expression of uncleaved G in the cells inhibits the incorporation of mature G and vgRNA into the particles. This feature of G was conserved among mammalian and avian orthobornaviruses; however, the cleavage efficacy of canary bornavirus 1 (CnBV-1)-G was exceptionally not impaired by its excess expression, which led to the production of the pseudotype ΔG-REVec with the highest titer. Chimeric G proteins between CnBV-1 and -2 revealed that the signal peptide of CnBV-1-G was responsible for the cleavage efficacy through the interaction with intracellular furin. We showed that CnBV-1 G leads to the development of pseudotyped REVec with high transduction efficiency and a high-titer recombinant REVec. Our study demonstrated that the restricted expression of orthobornavirus G contributes to the regulation of infectious particle production, the mechanism of which can improve the transduction efficiency of REVec.IMPORTANCE Most viruses causing persistent infection produce few infectious particles from the infected cells. Borna disease virus 1, a member of the genus Orthobornavirus, is an RNA virus that persistently infects the nucleus and has been applied to vectors for long-term gene expression. In this study, we showed that, common among orthobornaviruses, excessive G expression does not affect particle production itself but reduces the production of infectious particles with mature G and genomic RNA. This result suggested that limited G expression contributes to suppressing abnormal viral particle production. On the other hand, we found that canary bornavirus 1 has an exceptional G maturation mechanism and produces a high-titer virus. Our study will contribute to not only understanding the mechanism of infectious particle production but also improving the vector system of orthobornaviruses.
Collapse
|
29
|
Abstract
Enveloped viruses exit producer cells and acquire their external lipid envelopes by budding through limiting cellular membranes. Most viruses encode multifunctional structural proteins that coordinate the processes of virion assembly, membrane envelopment, budding, and maturation. In many cases, the cellular ESCRT pathway is recruited to facilitate the membrane fission step of budding, but alternative strategies are also employed. Recently, many viruses previously considered to be non-enveloped have been shown to exit cells non-lytically within vesicles, adding further complexity to the intricacies of virus budding and egress.
Collapse
|
30
|
Weckworth JK, Davis BW, Roelke-Parker ME, Wilkes RP, Packer C, Eblate E, Schwartz MK, Mills LS. Identifying Candidate Genetic Markers of CDV Cross-Species Pathogenicity in African Lions. Pathogens 2020; 9:E872. [PMID: 33114123 PMCID: PMC7690837 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9110872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Canine distemper virus (CDV) is a multi-host pathogen with variable clinical outcomes of infection across and within species. We used whole-genome sequencing (WGS) to search for viral markers correlated with clinical distemper in African lions. To identify candidate markers, we first documented single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) differentiating CDV strains associated with different clinical outcomes in lions in East Africa. We then conducted evolutionary analyses on WGS from all global CDV lineages to identify loci subject to selection. SNPs that both differentiated East African strains and were under selection were mapped to a phylogenetic tree representing global CDV diversity to assess if candidate markers correlated with documented outbreaks of clinical distemper in lions (n = 3). Of 54 SNPs differentiating East African strains, ten were under positive or episodic diversifying selection and 20 occurred in the clinical strain despite strong purifying selection at those loci. Candidate markers were in functional domains of the RNP complex (n = 19), the matrix protein (n = 4), on CDV glycoproteins (n = 5), and on the V protein (n = 1). We found mutations at two loci in common between sequences from three CDV outbreaks of clinical distemper in African lions; one in the signaling lymphocytic activation molecule receptor (SLAM)-binding region of the hemagglutinin protein and another in the catalytic center of phosphodiester bond formation on the large polymerase protein. These results suggest convergent evolution at these sites may have a functional role in clinical distemper outbreaks in African lions and uncover potential novel barriers to pathogenicity in this species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julie K. Weckworth
- Wildlife Biology Program, Department of Ecosystem and Conservation Sciences, W. A. Franke College of Forestry and Conservation, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA;
- United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Genomics Center for Wildlife and Fish Conservation, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Missoula, MT 59801, USA
| | - Brian W. Davis
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University College of Veterinary Medicine, College Station, TX 77843, USA;
| | - Melody E. Roelke-Parker
- Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, USA;
| | - Rebecca P. Wilkes
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Purdue University College of Veterinary Medicine, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA;
| | - Craig Packer
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA;
| | - Ernest Eblate
- Tanzania Wildlife Research Institute, Arusha, Tanzania;
| | - Michael K. Schwartz
- Wildlife Biology Program, Department of Ecosystem and Conservation Sciences, W. A. Franke College of Forestry and Conservation, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA;
- United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Genomics Center for Wildlife and Fish Conservation, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Missoula, MT 59801, USA
| | - L. Scott Mills
- Fisheries, Wildlife, and Conservation Biology Program, Department of Forestry and Environmental Resources, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA;
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Sun J, Han Z, Zhao R, Ai H, Chen L, Li L, Liu S. Protection of chicks from Newcastle disease by combined vaccination with a plasmid DNA and the pre-fusion protein of the virulent genotype VII of Newcastle disease virus. Vaccine 2020; 38:7337-7349. [PMID: 32981778 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.09.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
In this study, four codon optimized plasmids (designated as pCAG-optiF-1, 2, -3, and -4) containing modified F genes from the epidemic and virulent NDV genotype VII strain isolated in China that is expected to express the pre-fusion conformation of the F protein were constructed. The expression of these F variants in chicken-derived cells was detected by an indirect immunofluorescence assay and western blot analysis. Two soluble F variants (roptiF-1 and 2) potentially with the pre-fusion conformation were expressed and purified from suspended cells. Vaccination with each of the plasmids as a DNA vaccine conferred partial clinical protection to chicks against NDV. Comparatively, the plasmid pCAG-optiF-2 encoded a soluble protein with a mutant cleavage site and the potential pre-fusion conformation provided better protection than the other plasmids. Further investigation of the combined vaccinations with the plasmid DNA pCAG-optiF-2 prime + protein roptiF-2 boost vaccination strategy elicited more robust immunity, as confirmed by the detection of antibodies against NDV using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and virus neutralization assay, as compared to those vaccinated with only the plasmid pCAG-optiF-2 or protein roptiF-2. More importantly, the DNA prime + protein boost vaccination provided more efficacious protection against virulent NDV challenge, as evidenced by the complete clinical protection, reduced viral shedding, and limited virus replication in tissues of the challenge chicks. These results indicated that the pre-fusion conformation of the F protein could be considered as the target immunogen for the development of novel NDV vaccines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Junfeng Sun
- Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, The State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, People's Republic of China
| | - Zongxi Han
- Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, The State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, People's Republic of China
| | - Ran Zhao
- Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, The State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Ai
- Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, The State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, People's Republic of China
| | - Linna Chen
- Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, The State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, People's Republic of China
| | - Le Li
- Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, The State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, People's Republic of China
| | - Shengwang Liu
- Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, The State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Genoyer E, Kulej K, Hung CT, Thibault PA, Azarm K, Takimoto T, Garcia BA, Lee B, Lakdawala S, Weitzman MD, López CB. The Viral Polymerase Complex Mediates the Interaction of Viral Ribonucleoprotein Complexes with Recycling Endosomes during Sendai Virus Assembly. mBio 2020; 11:e02028-20. [PMID: 32843550 PMCID: PMC7448285 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02028-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Paramyxoviruses are negative-sense single-stranded RNA viruses that comprise many important human and animal pathogens, including human parainfluenza viruses. These viruses bud from the plasma membrane of infected cells after the viral ribonucleoprotein complex (vRNP) is transported from the cytoplasm to the cell membrane via Rab11a-marked recycling endosomes. The viral proteins that are critical for mediating this important initial step in viral assembly are unknown. Here, we used the model paramyxovirus, murine parainfluenza virus 1, or Sendai virus (SeV), to investigate the roles of viral proteins in Rab11a-driven virion assembly. We previously reported that infection with SeV containing high levels of copy-back defective viral genomes (DVGs) (DVG-high SeV) generates heterogenous populations of cells. Cells enriched in full-length (FL) virus produce viral particles containing standard or defective viral genomes, while cells enriched in DVGs do not, despite high levels of defective viral genome replication. Here, we took advantage of this heterogenous cell phenotype to identify proteins that mediate interaction of vRNPs with Rab11a. We examined the roles of matrix protein and nucleoprotein and determined that their presence is not sufficient to drive interaction of vRNPs with recycling endosomes. Using a combination of mass spectrometry and comparative analyses of protein abundance and localization in DVG-high and FL-virus-high (FL-high) cells, we identified viral polymerase complex component protein L and, specifically, its cofactor C as interactors with Rab11a. We found that accumulation of L and C proteins within the cell is the defining feature that differentiates cells that proceed to viral egress from cells containing viruses that remain in replication phases.IMPORTANCE Paramyxoviruses are members of a family of viruses that include a number of pathogens imposing significant burdens on human health. In particular, human parainfluenza viruses are an important cause of pneumonia and bronchiolitis in children for which there are no vaccines or directly acting antivirals. These cytoplasmic replicating viruses bud from the plasma membrane and co-opt cellular endosomal recycling pathways to traffic viral ribonucleoprotein complexes from the cytoplasm to the membrane of infected cells. The viral proteins required for viral engagement with the recycling endosome pathway are still not known. Here, we used the model paramyxovirus Sendai virus, or murine parainfluenza virus 1, to investigate the role of viral proteins in this initial step of viral assembly. We found that the viral polymerase components large protein L and accessory protein C are necessary for engagement with recycling endosomes. These findings are important in identifying viral proteins as potential targets for development of antivirals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuelle Genoyer
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Katarzyna Kulej
- Division of Protective Immunity and Division of Cancer Pathobiology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Chuan Tien Hung
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Patricia A Thibault
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Kristopher Azarm
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Toru Takimoto
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Benjamin A Garcia
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Epigenetics Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Benhur Lee
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Seema Lakdawala
- Department of Microbiology & Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Matthew D Weitzman
- Division of Protective Immunity and Division of Cancer Pathobiology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Epigenetics Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Carolina B López
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Genomic and Pathogenic Characteristics of Virulent Newcastle Disease Virus Isolated from Chicken in Live Bird Markets and Backyard Flocks in Kenya. Int J Microbiol 2020; 2020:4705768. [PMID: 32908524 PMCID: PMC7450340 DOI: 10.1155/2020/4705768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Newcastle disease (ND) causes significant economic losses in the poultry industry in developing countries. In Kenya, despite rampant annual ND outbreaks, implementation of control strategies is hampered by a lack of adequate knowledge on the circulating and outbreak causing-NDV strains. This study reports the first complete genome sequences of NDV from backyard chicken in Kenya. The results showed that all three isolates are virulent, as assessed by the mean death time (MDT) and intracerebral pathogenicity index (ICPI) in specific antibody negative (SAN) embryonated eggs and 10-day-old chickens, respectively. Also, the polybasic amino acid sequence at the fusion-protein cleavage site had the motif 112RRQKRFV118. Histopathological findings in four-week-old SPF chicken challenged with the NDV isolates KE001, KE0811, and KE0698 showed multiple organ involvement at five days after infection with severe effects seen in lymphoid tissues and blood vessels. Analysis of genome sequences obtained from the three isolates showed that they were 15192 base pair (bp) in length and had genomic features consistent with other NDV strains, the functional sites within the coding sequence being highly conserved in the sequence of the three isolates. Amino acid residues and substitutions in the structural proteins of the three isolates were similar to the newly isolated Tanzanian NDV strain (Mbeya/MT15). A similarity matrix showed a high similarity of the isolates to NDV strains of class II genotype V (89–90%) and subgenotype Vd (95–97%). Phylogenetic analysis confirmed that the three isolates are closely related to NDV genotype V strains but form a distinct cluster together with NDV strains from the East African countries of Uganda and Tanzania to form the newly characterized subgenotype Vd. Our study provides the first description of the genomic and pathological characteristics of NDV of subgenotype Vd and lays a baseline in understanding the evolutionary dynamics of NDV and, in particular, Genotype V. This information will be useful in the development of specific markers for detection of viruses of genotype V and generation of genotype matched vaccines.
Collapse
|
34
|
Feline Morbillivirus, a New Paramyxovirus Possibly Associated with Feline Kidney Disease. Viruses 2020; 12:v12050501. [PMID: 32370044 PMCID: PMC7290405 DOI: 10.3390/v12050501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2020] [Revised: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Feline morbillivirus (FeMV) was first isolated in stray cats in Hong Kong in 2012. Since its discovery, the virus has been reported in domestic cats worldwide, including in Hong Kong, Japan, Italy, US, Brazil, Turkey, UK, Germany, and Malaysia. FeMV is classified in the Morbillivirus genus within the Paramyxoviridae family. FeMV research has focused primarily on determining the host range, symptoms, and characteristics of persistent infections in vitro. Importantly, there is a potential association between FeMV infection and feline kidney diseases, such as tubulointerstitial nephritis (TIN) and chronic kidney diseases (CKD), which are known to significantly affect feline health and survival. However, the tropism and viral entry mechanism(s) of FeMV remain unknown. In this review, we summarize the FeMV studies up to date, including the discoveries of various FeMV strains, basic virology, pathogenicity, and disease signs.
Collapse
|
35
|
Elusah J, Bulimo WD, Opanda SM, Symekher SL, Wamunyokoli F. Genetic diversity and evolutionary analysis of human respirovirus type 3 strains isolated in Kenya using complete hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) gene. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0229355. [PMID: 32155160 PMCID: PMC7064169 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0229355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Human respirovirus type 3 (HRV3) is a leading etiology of lower respiratory tract infections in young children and ranks only second to the human respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV). Despite the public health importance of HRV3, there is limited information about the genetic characteristics and diversity of these viruses in Kenya. To begin to address this gap, we analyzed 35 complete hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) sequences of HRV3 strains isolated in Kenya between 2010 and 2013. Viral RNA was extracted from the isolates, and the entire HN gene amplified by RT-PCR followed by nucleotide sequencing. Phylogenetic analyses of the sequences revealed that all the Kenyan isolates grouped into genetic Cluster C; sub-clusters C1a, C2, and C3a. The majority (54%) of isolates belonged to sub-cluster C3a, followed by C2 (43%) and C1a (2.9%). Sequence analysis revealed high identities between the Kenyan isolates and the HRV3 prototype strain both at the amino acid (96.5-97.9%) and nucleotide (94.3-95.6%) levels. No amino acid variations affecting the catalytic/active sites of the HN glycoprotein were observed among the Kenyan isolates. Selection pressure analyses showed that the HN glycoprotein was evolving under positive selection. Evolutionary analyses revealed that the mean TMRCA for the HN sequence dataset was 1942 (95% HPD: 1928-1957), while the mean evolutionary rate was 4.65x10-4 nucleotide substitutions/site/year (95% HPD: 2.99x10-4 to 6.35x10-4). Overall, our results demonstrate the co-circulation of strains of cluster C HRV3 variants in Kenya during the study period. This is the first study to describe the genetic and molecular evolutionary aspects of HRV3 in Kenya using the complete HN gene.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juliet Elusah
- Department of Biochemistry, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Juja, Kenya
| | - Wallace Dimbuson Bulimo
- Department of Emerging infections, US Army Medical Directorate–Africa, Nairobi, Kenya
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
- * E-mail:
| | | | | | - Fred Wamunyokoli
- Department of Biochemistry, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Juja, Kenya
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Branttie JM, Dutch RE. Parainfluenza virus 5 fusion protein maintains pre-fusion stability but not fusogenic activity following mutation of a transmembrane leucine/isoleucine domain. J Gen Virol 2020; 101:467-472. [PMID: 32100701 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The paramyxoviruses Hendra virus (HeV) and parainfluenza virus 5 (PIV5) require the fusion (F) protein to efficiently infect cells. For fusion to occur, F undergoes dramatic, essentially irreversible conformational changes to merge the viral and cell membranes into a continuous bilayer. Recently, a transmembrane (TM) domain leucine/isoleucine (L/I) zipper was shown to be critical in maintaining the expression, stability and pre-fusion conformation of HeV F, allowing for fine-tuned timing of membrane fusion. To analyse the effect of the TM domain L/I zipper in another paramyxovirus, we created alanine mutations to the TM domain of PIV5 F, a paramyxovirus model system. Our data show that while the PIV5 F TM L/I zipper does not significantly affect total expression and only modestly affects surface expression and pre-fusion stability, it is critical for fusogenic activity. These results suggest that the roles of TM L/I zipper motifs differ among members of the family Paramyxoviridae.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jean Mawuena Branttie
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, College of Medicine University of Kentucky Biomedical Biological Sciences Research Bldg, 741 South Limestone Street, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Rebecca Ellis Dutch
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, College of Medicine University of Kentucky Biomedical Biological Sciences Research Bldg, 741 South Limestone Street, Lexington, KY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Misin A, Antonello RM, Di Bella S, Campisciano G, Zanotta N, Giacobbe DR, Comar M, Luzzati R. Measles: An Overview of a Re-Emerging Disease in Children and Immunocompromised Patients. Microorganisms 2020; 8:E276. [PMID: 32085446 PMCID: PMC7074809 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8020276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Revised: 02/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the availability of a safe and effective vaccine, in 2018, around 350,000 measles cases were reported worldwide, which resulted in an estimate of 142,300 deaths from measles. Additionally, in 2017, global measles cases spiked, causing the death of 110,000 people, mostly children under the age of 5 years and immunocompromised adults. The increase in measles incidence is caused by the ongoing reduction of vaccination coverage. This event has triggered public and scientific interest. For this reason, we reviewed the pathophysiology of measles infection, focusing on mechanisms by which the virus spreads systemically through the host organism. By reaching the lymphocytes from the airways through a "trojan horse" strategy, measles induces an immunosuppression status. H and F glycoproteins, both expressed in the envelope, ensure attachment of the virus to host cells and spreading from one cell to another by binding to several receptors, as described in detail. The severity of the disease depends both on the age and underlying conditions of patients as well as the social and health context in which epidemics spread, and is often burdened by sequelae and complications that may occur several years after infection. Particular attention was paid to special groups that are more susceptible to severe or atypical measles. An overview of microbiology, symptoms, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment completes and enriches the review.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Misin
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Giuliano Isontina (ASU GI), Via G.L. Gatteri 25/1, 34125 Trieste, Italy; (S.D.B.); (R.L.)
| | - Roberta Maria Antonello
- Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Trieste, Strada di Fiume 447, 34149 Trieste, Italy;
| | - Stefano Di Bella
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Giuliano Isontina (ASU GI), Via G.L. Gatteri 25/1, 34125 Trieste, Italy; (S.D.B.); (R.L.)
| | - Giuseppina Campisciano
- SSD of Advanced Microbiology Diagnosis and Translational Research, Institute for Maternal and Child Health—IRCCS “Burlo Garofolo”, Via dell’Istria 65/1, 34137 Trieste, Italy; (G.C.); (N.Z.); (M.C.)
| | - Nunzia Zanotta
- SSD of Advanced Microbiology Diagnosis and Translational Research, Institute for Maternal and Child Health—IRCCS “Burlo Garofolo”, Via dell’Istria 65/1, 34137 Trieste, Italy; (G.C.); (N.Z.); (M.C.)
| | - Daniele Roberto Giacobbe
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Ospedale Policlinico San Martino—IRCCS, L.go R. Benzi 10, 16132 Genoa, Italy;
- Department of Health Sciences (DISSAL), University of Genoa, Via A. Pastore 1, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Manola Comar
- SSD of Advanced Microbiology Diagnosis and Translational Research, Institute for Maternal and Child Health—IRCCS “Burlo Garofolo”, Via dell’Istria 65/1, 34137 Trieste, Italy; (G.C.); (N.Z.); (M.C.)
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Trieste, Piazzale Europa 1, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Roberto Luzzati
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Giuliano Isontina (ASU GI), Via G.L. Gatteri 25/1, 34125 Trieste, Italy; (S.D.B.); (R.L.)
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Pryce R, Azarm K, Rissanen I, Harlos K, Bowden TA, Lee B. A key region of molecular specificity orchestrates unique ephrin-B1 utilization by Cedar virus. Life Sci Alliance 2020; 3:e201900578. [PMID: 31862858 PMCID: PMC6925387 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.201900578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Revised: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The emergent zoonotic henipaviruses, Hendra, and Nipah are responsible for frequent and fatal disease outbreaks in domestic animals and humans. Specificity of henipavirus attachment glycoproteins (G) for highly species-conserved ephrin ligands underpins their broad host range and is associated with systemic and neurological disease pathologies. Here, we demonstrate that Cedar virus (CedV)-a related henipavirus that is ostensibly nonpathogenic-possesses an idiosyncratic entry receptor repertoire that includes the common henipaviral receptor, ephrin-B2, but, distinct from pathogenic henipaviruses, does not include ephrin-B3. Uniquely among known henipaviruses, CedV can use ephrin-B1 for cellular entry. Structural analyses of CedV-G reveal a key region of molecular specificity that directs ephrin-B1 utilization, while preserving a universal mode of ephrin-B2 recognition. The structural and functional insights presented uncover diversity within the known henipavirus receptor repertoire and suggest that only modest structural changes may be required to modulate receptor specificities within this group of lethal human pathogens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rhys Pryce
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Ilona Rissanen
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, UK
- Helsinki Institute for Life Science, University of Helsinki, Biocenter 3, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Karl Harlos
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, UK
| | - Thomas A Bowden
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, UK
| | - Benhur Lee
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Global Virus Network Center of Excellence, Center for Virology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Kelly JT, Human S, Alderman J, Jobe F, Logan L, Rix T, Gonçalves-Carneiro D, Leung C, Thakur N, Birch J, Bailey D. BST2/Tetherin Overexpression Modulates Morbillivirus Glycoprotein Production to Inhibit Cell-Cell Fusion. Viruses 2019; 11:v11080692. [PMID: 31366072 PMCID: PMC6723339 DOI: 10.3390/v11080692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Revised: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The measles virus (MeV), a member of the genus Morbillivirus, is an established pathogen of humans. A key feature of morbilliviruses is their ability to spread by virus-cell and cell-cell fusion. The latter process, which leads to syncytia formation in vitro and in vivo, is driven by the viral fusion (F) and haemagglutinin (H) glycoproteins. In this study, we demonstrate that MeV glycoproteins are sensitive to inhibition by bone marrow stromal antigen 2 (BST2/Tetherin/CD317) proteins. BST2 overexpression causes a large reduction in MeV syncytia expansion. Using quantitative cell-cell fusion assays, immunolabeling, and biochemistry we further demonstrate that ectopically expressed BST2 directly inhibits MeV cell-cell fusion. This restriction is mediated by the targeting of the MeV H glycoprotein, but not other MeV proteins. Using truncation mutants, we further establish that the C-terminal glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchor of BST2 is required for the restriction of MeV replication in vitro and cell-cell fusion. By extending our study to the ruminant morbillivirus peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV) and its natural host, sheep, we also confirm this is a broad and cross-species specific phenotype.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James T Kelly
- Viral Glycoproteins Group, The Pirbright Institute, Ash Rd, Guildford, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK
| | - Stacey Human
- Viral Glycoproteins Group, The Pirbright Institute, Ash Rd, Guildford, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK
| | - Joseph Alderman
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, The University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Fatoumatta Jobe
- Viral Glycoproteins Group, The Pirbright Institute, Ash Rd, Guildford, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK
| | - Leanne Logan
- Viral Glycoproteins Group, The Pirbright Institute, Ash Rd, Guildford, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK
| | - Thomas Rix
- Viral Glycoproteins Group, The Pirbright Institute, Ash Rd, Guildford, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK
| | | | - Corwin Leung
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, The University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Nazia Thakur
- Viral Glycoproteins Group, The Pirbright Institute, Ash Rd, Guildford, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, The University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Jamie Birch
- Viral Glycoproteins Group, The Pirbright Institute, Ash Rd, Guildford, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK
| | - Dalan Bailey
- Viral Glycoproteins Group, The Pirbright Institute, Ash Rd, Guildford, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK.
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, The University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Duan Z, Deng S, Ji X, Zhao J, Yuan C, Gao H. Nuclear localization of Newcastle disease virus matrix protein promotes virus replication by affecting viral RNA synthesis and transcription and inhibiting host cell transcription. Vet Res 2019; 50:22. [PMID: 30894203 PMCID: PMC6425612 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-019-0640-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Nuclear localization of paramyxovirus proteins is crucial for virus life cycle, including the regulation of viral replication and the evasion of host immunity. We previously showed that a recombinant Newcastle disease virus (NDV) with nuclear localization signal mutation in the matrix (M) protein results in a pathotype change and attenuates viral pathogenicity in chickens. However, little is known about the nuclear localization functions of NDV M protein. In this study, the potential functions of the M protein in the nucleus were investigated. We first demonstrate that nuclear localization of the M protein could not only promote the cytopathogenicity of NDV but also increase viral RNA synthesis and transcription efficiency in DF-1 cells. Using microarray analysis, we found that nuclear localization of the M protein might inhibit host cell transcription, represented by numerous up-regulating genes associated with transcriptional repressor activity and down-regulating genes associated with transcriptional activator activity. The role of representative up-regulated gene prospero homeobox 1 (PROX1) and down-regulated gene aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) in the replication of NDV was then evaluated. The results show that siRNA-mediated knockdown of PROX1 or AHR significantly reduced or increased the viral RNA synthesis and viral replication, respectively, demonstrating the important roles of the expression changes of these genes in NDV replication. Together, our findings demonstrate for the first time that nuclear localization of NDV M protein promotes virus replication by affecting viral RNA synthesis and transcription and inhibiting host cell transcription, improving our understanding of the molecular mechanism of NDV replication and pathogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqiang Duan
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction in The Plateau Mountainous Region, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China. .,College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China.
| | - Shanshan Deng
- College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Xinqin Ji
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction in The Plateau Mountainous Region, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China.,College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Jiafu Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction in The Plateau Mountainous Region, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China.,College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Chao Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction in The Plateau Mountainous Region, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China.,College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Hongbo Gao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction in The Plateau Mountainous Region, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China.,College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Rendon-Marin S, da Fontoura Budaszewski R, Canal CW, Ruiz-Saenz J. Tropism and molecular pathogenesis of canine distemper virus. Virol J 2019; 16:30. [PMID: 30845967 PMCID: PMC6407191 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-019-1136-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Canine distemper virus (CDV), currently termed Canine morbillivirus, is an extremely contagious disease that affects dogs. It is identified as a multiple cell tropism pathogen, and its host range includes a vast array of species. As a member of Mononegavirales, CDV has a negative, single-stranded RNA genome, which encodes eight proteins. Main body Regarding the molecular pathogenesis, the hemagglutinin protein (H) plays a crucial role both in the antigenic recognition and the viral interaction with SLAM and nectin-4, the host cells’ receptors. These cellular receptors have been studied widely as CDV receptors in vitro in different cellular models. The SLAM receptor is located in lymphoid cells; therefore, the infection of these cells by CDV leads to immunosuppression, the severity of which can lead to variability in the clinical disease with the potential of secondary bacterial infection, up to and including the development of neurological signs in its later stage. Conclusion Improving the understanding of the CDV molecules implicated in the determination of infection, especially the H protein, can help to enhance the biochemical comprehension of the difference between a wide range of CDV variants, their tropism, and different steps in viral infection. The regions of interaction between the viral proteins and the identified host cell receptors have been elucidated to facilitate this understanding. Hence, this review describes the significant molecular and cellular characteristics of CDV that contribute to viral pathogenesis. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12985-019-1136-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Santiago Rendon-Marin
- Grupo de Investigación en Ciencias Animales - GRICA, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia, Bucaramanga, Colombia
| | - Renata da Fontoura Budaszewski
- Laboratório de Virologia, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Cláudio Wageck Canal
- Laboratório de Virologia, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Julian Ruiz-Saenz
- Grupo de Investigación en Ciencias Animales - GRICA, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia, Bucaramanga, Colombia.
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
To assemble or not to assemble: The changing rules of pneumovirus transmission. Virus Res 2019; 265:68-73. [PMID: 30844414 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2019.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Pneumoviruses represent a major public health burden across the world. Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and human metapneumovirus (HMPV), two of the most recognizable pediatric infectious agents, belong to this family. These viruses are enveloped with a non-segmented negative-sense RNA genome, and their replication occurs in specialized cytosolic organelles named inclusion bodies (IB). The critical role of IBs in replication of pneumoviruses has begun to be elucidated, and our current understanding suggests they are highly dynamic structures. From IBs, newly synthesized nucleocapsids are transported to assembly sites, potentially via the actin cytoskeleton, to be incorporated into nascent virions. Released virions, which generally contain one genome, can then diffuse in the extracellular environment to target new cells and reinitiate the process of infection. This is a challenging business for virions, which must face several risks including the extracellular immune responses. In addition, several recent studies suggest that successful infection may be achieved more rapidly by multiple, rather than single, genomic copies being deposited into a target cell. Interestingly, recent data indicate that pneumoviruses have several mechanisms that permit their transmission en bloc, i.e. transmission of multiple genomes at the same time. These mechanisms include the well-studied syncytia formation as well as the newly described formation of long actin-based intercellular extensions. These not only permit en bloc viral transmission, but also bypass assembly of complete virions. In this review we describe several aspects of en bloc viral transmission and how these mechanisms are reshaping our understanding of pneumovirus replication, assembly and spread.
Collapse
|
43
|
Sjögren's Syndrome: Concerted Triggering of Sicca Conditions. J Immunol Res 2019; 2019:2075803. [PMID: 30723748 PMCID: PMC6339734 DOI: 10.1155/2019/2075803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Revised: 09/22/2018] [Accepted: 09/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim The aim of this study was to evaluate the expression of persistence of mumps virus and some cells that interact with viral infection in the focus of the autoimmune epithelitis and peripheral blood of Sjögren's syndrome patients in comparison to patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and nonautoimmune sicca syndrome (nSS). Materials and Methods 126 patients (119 women and 7 men) were grouped into four groups: (1) patients with primary Sjögren's syndrome (pSS), (2) patients with secondary Sjögren's syndrome due to rheumatoid arthritis (sSS), (3) patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and (4) patients with nonautoimmune sicca syndrome (nSS). Immunohistochemical analysis of immune response to the suggested silent persistence of mumps virus in the minor labial salivary gland biopsies and flow cytometric analysis of blood cells was done. Results Immunohistochemical signs of mumps virus persistence were found in the minor salivary glands of all study groups. Also, a significantly different immune response to virus infection (protein IFI16, interferons gamma and beta, dendritic cells, and receptor for natural killers) was revealed in the minor salivary glands of the study groups. Cytometric analysis of the blood cells revealed a dropping amount of circulating natural killers and dendritic cells in patients with SS. Significant correlations between immunohistochemical staining and serological findings were revealed. Conclusions Abundant immunohistochemical signs of mumps virus protein in the salivary glands and depletion of circulating immune cells make a background for thought of presumable mumps or/and other virus participation in epithelial damage causing sicca syndrome in predisposed patients.
Collapse
|
44
|
Dhar PK, Dutta A, Das A, Jalal MS, Barua H, Biswas PK. Validation of real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction to detect virus titer and thermostability of Newcastle disease live virus vaccine. Vet World 2018; 11:1597-1603. [PMID: 30587895 PMCID: PMC6303490 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2018.1597-1603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim Newcastle disease is one of the most common diseases affecting poultry in Bangladesh. The disease can cause up to 100% mortality but is preventable if birds are timely and properly vaccinated with a vaccine of standard virus titer. Different live vaccines are commercially available in the country - most, if not all, are produced using lentogenic strains of the virus with variable virulence. One of the disadvantages of these vaccines is that they are not stable at high environmental temperature, and therefore, a proper cold chain must be maintained during transportation and storage. Information on how long these vaccine viruses can withstand environmental temperature, which is near the vicinity of 37°C in the summer season in Bangladesh, is scanty. The aim of this research was to measure the effect of temperature on virus titer of live ND virus vaccines and to develop a real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR) standard curve to indirectly determine hemagglutination (HA) titer of virus by this highly sensitive method. Materials and Methods In this study, thermostability of five commercial live vaccines containing LaSota, F, Clone 30, and B1 type LaSota strains was observed for up to 35 days keeping them at 37°C. From the most thermostability yielding sample, two rRT-PCR standard curves were developed: (1) By plotting the cycle threshold (CT) values as obtained from 10-fold serial dilutions up to 10-3 against their corresponding log (to the base 10) dilutions and (2) by plotting the CT values obtained from serial HA dilutions up to 2-4 against their corresponding HA titer dilutions. The PCR efficiencies based on which the graphs were fitted were also evaluated. Results The vaccine from the LaSota strain withstood 37°C for 35 days with a gradual declination of HA titer over time, and this vaccine also had the highest initial HA titer, which was 211. The vaccine made from F strain was inactivated quickly, and it had the lowest HA titer at the beginning of the study. The first standard curve developed can be used to assess the level of virus titer in a diluted sample compared with the titer in the original undiluted vaccine preparation by plotting the CT value obtained from the dilution by rRT-PCR. The second standard curve can be used to calculate the HA titer of a vaccine dilution by plotting the CT value as obtained from the dilution by rRT-PCR. Conclusion The regression equations for the first and second graphs were y=-3.535x+14.365 and y=-1.081x+13.703, respectively, suggesting that, for every 3.53 cycles, the PCR product would have increased 10 times and 2 times for every 1.08 cycles, respectively, indicating nearly (but not exactly) 100% PCR efficiency.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pangkaj Kumar Dhar
- Department of Microbiology and Veterinary Public Health, Chittagong Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Khulshi, Chittagong-4225, Bangladesh
| | - Avijit Dutta
- Department of Microbiology and Veterinary Public Health, Chittagong Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Khulshi, Chittagong-4225, Bangladesh
| | - Avijit Das
- Department of Microbiology and Veterinary Public Health, Chittagong Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Khulshi, Chittagong-4225, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Shah Jalal
- Department of Microbiology and Veterinary Public Health, Chittagong Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Khulshi, Chittagong-4225, Bangladesh
| | - Himel Barua
- Department of Microbiology and Veterinary Public Health, Chittagong Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Khulshi, Chittagong-4225, Bangladesh
| | - Paritosh Kumar Biswas
- Department of Microbiology and Veterinary Public Health, Chittagong Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Khulshi, Chittagong-4225, Bangladesh
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Sviben D, Forcic D, Halassy B, Allmaier G, Marchetti-Deschmann M, Brgles M. Mass spectrometry-based investigation of measles and mumps virus proteome. Virol J 2018; 15:160. [PMID: 30326905 PMCID: PMC6192076 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-018-1073-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Measles (MEV) and mumps virus (MUV) are enveloped, non-segmented, negative single stranded RNA viruses of the family Paramyxoviridae, and are the cause of measles and mumps, respectively, both preventable by vaccination. Aside from proteins coded by the viral genome, viruses are considered to contain host cell proteins (HCPs). The presence of extracellular vesicles (ECVs), which are often co-purified with viruses due to their similarity in size, density and composition, also contributes to HCPs detected in virus preparations, and this has often been neglected. The aim was to identify which virus-coded proteins are present in MEV and MUV virions, and to try to detect which HCPs, if any, are incorporated inside the virions or adsorbed on their outer surface, and which are more likely to be a contamination from co-purified ECVs. Methods MUV, MEV and ECVs were purified by ultracentrifugation, hydrophobic interaction chromatography and immunoaffinity chromatography, proteins in the samples were resolved by SDS-PAGE and subjected to identification by MALDI-TOF/TOF-MS. A comparative analysis of HCPs present in all samples was carried out. Results By proteomics approach, it was verified that almost all virus-coded proteins are present in MEV and MUV particles. Protein C in MEV which was until now considered to be non-structural viral protein, was found to be present inside the MeV virions. Results on the presence of HCPs in differently purified virus preparations imply that actin, annexins, cyclophilin A, moesin and integrin β1 are part of the virions. Conclusions All HCPs detected in the viruses are present in ECVs as well, indicating their possible function in vesicle formation, or that most of them are only present in ECVs. Only five HCPs were constantly present in purified virus preparations, regardless of the purification method used, implying they are likely the integral part of the virions. The approach described here is helpful for further investigation of HCPs in other virus preparations. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12985-018-1073-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dora Sviben
- Centre for Research and Knowledge Transfer in Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Rockefellerova 10, HR-10 000, Zagreb, Croatia. .,Centre of Excellence for Viral Immunology and Vaccines, CERVirVac, Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Dubravko Forcic
- Centre for Research and Knowledge Transfer in Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Rockefellerova 10, HR-10 000, Zagreb, Croatia.,Centre of Excellence for Viral Immunology and Vaccines, CERVirVac, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Beata Halassy
- Centre for Research and Knowledge Transfer in Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Rockefellerova 10, HR-10 000, Zagreb, Croatia.,Centre of Excellence for Viral Immunology and Vaccines, CERVirVac, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Günter Allmaier
- Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, TU Wien, Getreidemarkt 9, AT-1060, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Marija Brgles
- Centre for Research and Knowledge Transfer in Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Rockefellerova 10, HR-10 000, Zagreb, Croatia.,Centre of Excellence for Viral Immunology and Vaccines, CERVirVac, Zagreb, Croatia
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Shahriari S, Wei KJ, Ghildyal R. Respiratory Syncytial Virus Matrix (M) Protein Interacts with Actin In Vitro and in Cell Culture. Viruses 2018; 10:v10100535. [PMID: 30274351 PMCID: PMC6213044 DOI: 10.3390/v10100535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Revised: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The virus–host protein interactions that underlie respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) assembly are still not completely defined, despite almost 60 years of research. RSV buds from the apical surface of infected cells, once virion components have been transported to the budding sites. Association of RSV matrix (M) protein with the actin cytoskeleton may play a role in facilitating this transport. We have investigated the interaction of M with actin in vitro and cell culture. Purified wildtype RSV M protein was found to bind directly to polymerized actin in vitro. Vero cells were transfected to express full-length M (1–256) as a green fluorescent protein-(GFP) tagged protein, followed by treatment with the microfilament destabilizer, cytochalasin D. Destabilization of the microfilament network resulted in mislocalization of full-length M, from mostly cytoplasmic to diffused across both cytoplasm and nucleus, suggesting that M interacts with microfilaments in this system. Importantly, treatment of RSV-infected cells with cytochalasin D results in lower infectious virus titers, as well as mislocalization of M to the nucleus. Finally, using deletion mutants of M in a transfected cell system, we show that both the N- and C-terminus of the protein are required for the interaction. Together, our data suggest a possible role for M–actin interaction in transporting virion components in the infected cell.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shadi Shahriari
- Centre for Research in Therapeutic Solutions, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Canberra, Canberra ACT 2617, Australia.
| | - Ke-Jun Wei
- Centre for Research in Therapeutic Solutions, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Canberra, Canberra ACT 2617, Australia.
| | - Reena Ghildyal
- Centre for Research in Therapeutic Solutions, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Canberra, Canberra ACT 2617, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
The Morphology and Assembly of Respiratory Syncytial Virus Revealed by Cryo-Electron Tomography. Viruses 2018; 10:v10080446. [PMID: 30127286 PMCID: PMC6116276 DOI: 10.3390/v10080446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Revised: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the leading cause of lower respiratory tract disease in young children. With repeat infections throughout life, it can also cause substantial disease in the elderly and in adults with compromised cardiac, pulmonary and immune systems. RSV is a pleomorphic enveloped RNA virus in the Pneumoviridae family. Recently, the three-dimensional (3D) structure of purified RSV particles has been elucidated, revealing three distinct morphological categories: spherical, asymmetric, and filamentous. However, the native 3D structure of RSV particles associated with or released from infected cells has yet to be investigated. In this study, we have established an optimized system for studying RSV structure by imaging RSV-infected cells on transmission electron microscopy (TEM) grids by cryo-electron tomography (cryo-ET). Our results demonstrate that RSV is filamentous across several virus strains and cell lines by cryo-ET, cryo-immuno EM, and thin section TEM techniques. The viral filament length varies from 0.5 to 12 μm and the average filament diameter is approximately 130 nm. Taking advantage of the whole cell tomography technique, we have resolved various stages of RSV assembly. Collectively, our results can facilitate the understanding of viral morphogenesis in RSV and other pleomorphic enveloped viruses.
Collapse
|
48
|
Liu Q, Chen L, Aguilar HC, Chou KC. A stochastic assembly model for Nipah virus revealed by super-resolution microscopy. Nat Commun 2018; 9:3050. [PMID: 30076303 PMCID: PMC6076310 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-05480-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding virus assembly mechanisms is important for developing therapeutic interventions. Nipah virus (NiV) is of interest because of its high mortality rate and efficient human-human transmissions. The current model for most enveloped viruses suggests that matrix proteins (M) recruit attachment glycoproteins (G) and fusion glycoproteins (F) to the assembly site at the plasma membrane. Here we report an assembly model that differs in many aspects from the current one. Examining NiV proteins on the cell plasma membrane using super-resolution microscopy reveals that clusters of F and G are randomly distributed on the plasma membrane regardless of the presence or absence of M. Our data suggests a model in which the M molecules assemble at the plasma membrane to form virus-like particles (VLPs), while the incorporation of F and G into the nascent VLPs is stochastic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qian Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Lei Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Hector C Aguilar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Keng C Chou
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z1, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Ke Z, Strauss JD, Hampton CM, Brindley MA, Dillard RS, Leon F, Lamb KM, Plemper RK, Wright ER. Promotion of virus assembly and organization by the measles virus matrix protein. Nat Commun 2018; 9:1736. [PMID: 29712906 PMCID: PMC5928126 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-04058-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Measles virus (MeV) remains a major human pathogen, but there are presently no licensed antivirals to treat MeV or other paramyxoviruses. Here, we use cryo-electron tomography (cryo-ET) to elucidate the principles governing paramyxovirus assembly in MeV-infected human cells. The three-dimensional (3D) arrangement of the MeV structural proteins including the surface glycoproteins (F and H), matrix protein (M), and the ribonucleoprotein complex (RNP) are characterized at stages of virus assembly and budding, and in released virus particles. The M protein is observed as an organized two-dimensional (2D) paracrystalline array associated with the membrane. A two-layered F–M lattice is revealed suggesting that interactions between F and M may coordinate processes essential for MeV assembly. The RNP complex remains associated with and in close proximity to the M lattice. In this model, the M lattice facilitates the well-ordered incorporation and concentration of the surface glycoproteins and the RNP at sites of virus assembly. Virus assembly is technically challenging to study. Here the authors use cryo-electron tomography of measles virus-infected human cells to determine native-state virus structure and they locate well-ordered M lattices that organize viral glycoproteins, RNP, and drive assembly.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zunlong Ke
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.,School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Joshua D Strauss
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Cheri M Hampton
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Melinda A Brindley
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Department of Population Health and Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA.,Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, 30303, USA
| | - Rebecca S Dillard
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Fredrick Leon
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Kristen M Lamb
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Richard K Plemper
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, 30303, USA.
| | - Elizabeth R Wright
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA. .,Robert P. Apkarian Integrated Electron Microscopy Core, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Slovic A, Kosutic-Gulija T, Santak M, Ivancic-Jelecki J, Jagusic M, Ljubin-Sternak S, Mlinarić-Galinović G, Vilibić-Čavlek T, Tabain I, Forcic D. Genetic Variability and Sequence Relatedness of Matrix Protein in Viruses of the Families Paramyxoviridae and Pneumoviridae. Intervirology 2018; 60:181-189. [PMID: 29510403 DOI: 10.1159/000487049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The families Paramyxoviridae and Pneumoviridae comprise a broad spectrum of viral pathogens that affect human health. The matrix (M) protein of these viruses has a central role in their life cycle. In line with this, molecular characteristics of the M proteins from variable viruses that circulated in Croatia were investigated. METHODS Sequences of the M proteins of human parainfluenza virus (HPIV) 1-3 within the family Paramyxoviridae, human metapneumovirus (HMPV), and human respiratory syncytial virus from the family Pneumoviridae were obtained and analyzed. RESULTS M proteins were very diverse among HPIVs, but highly conserved within each virus. More variability was seen in nucleotide sequences of M proteins from the Pneumoviridae family. An insertion of 8 nucleotides in the 3' untranslated region in 1 HMPV M gene sequence was discovered (HR347-12). As there are no samples with such an insertion in the database, this insertion is of interest and requires further research. CONCLUSION While we have confirmed that M proteins were conserved among individual viruses, any changes that are observed should be given attention and further researched. Of special interest is inclusion of HPIV2 M proteins in this analysis, as these proteins have not been studied to the same extent as other paramyxoviruses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anamarija Slovic
- Centre for Research and Knowledge Transfer in Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia.,Center of Excellence for Viral Immunology and Vaccines, CERVirVac, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Tanja Kosutic-Gulija
- Centre for Research and Knowledge Transfer in Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia.,Center of Excellence for Viral Immunology and Vaccines, CERVirVac, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Maja Santak
- Centre for Research and Knowledge Transfer in Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia.,Center of Excellence for Viral Immunology and Vaccines, CERVirVac, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Jelena Ivancic-Jelecki
- Centre for Research and Knowledge Transfer in Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia.,Center of Excellence for Viral Immunology and Vaccines, CERVirVac, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Maja Jagusic
- Centre for Research and Knowledge Transfer in Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia.,Center of Excellence for Viral Immunology and Vaccines, CERVirVac, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Sunčanica Ljubin-Sternak
- Teaching Institute of Public Health "Dr. Andrija Štampar", Zagreb, Croatia.,School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | | | - Tatjana Vilibić-Čavlek
- School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia.,Croatian National Institute of Public Health, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Irena Tabain
- Croatian National Institute of Public Health, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Dubravko Forcic
- Centre for Research and Knowledge Transfer in Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia.,Center of Excellence for Viral Immunology and Vaccines, CERVirVac, Zagreb, Croatia
| |
Collapse
|