1
|
Mandalari G, Pennisi R, Gervasi T, Sciortino MT. Pistacia vera L. as natural source against antimicrobial and antiviral resistance. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1396514. [PMID: 39011148 PMCID: PMC11246903 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1396514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Increased global research is focused on the development of novel therapeutics to combat antimicrobial and antiviral resistance. Pistachio nuts represent a good source of protein, fiber, monounsaturated fatty acids, minerals, vitamins, and phytochemicals (carotenoids, phenolic acids, flavonoids and anthocyanins). The phytochemicals found in pistachios are structurally diverse compounds with antimicrobial and antiviral potential, demonstrated as individual compounds, extracts and complexed into nanoparticles. Synergistic effects have also been reported in combination with existing drugs. Here we report an overview of the antimicrobial and antiviral potential of pistachio nuts: studies show that Gram-positive bacterial strains, such as Staphylococcus aureus, are the most susceptible amongst bacteria, whereas antiviral effect has been reported against herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1). Amongst the known pistachio compounds, zeaxanthin has been shown to affect both HSV-1 attachment penetration of human cells and viral DNA synthesis. These data suggest that pistachio extracts and derivatives could be used for the topical treatment of S. aureus skin infections and ocular herpes infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppina Mandalari
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical, and Environmental Science, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Rosamaria Pennisi
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical, and Environmental Science, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Teresa Gervasi
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Science and Morphofunctional Imaging, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Maria Teresa Sciortino
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical, and Environmental Science, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Li Y, Li S, Shou Z, Li Y, Li A, Liu W, Zhang X, Zhou C, Xu D, Li L. Integration of network pharmacology with experimental validation to reveal the mechanism of action of Longdan Xiegan Decoction against HSV2 infection and determine its effective components. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 325:117861. [PMID: 38316223 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2024.117861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 01/13/2024] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) has made enormous strides recently in the discovery of anti-herpes simplex virus (HSV) drugs under the guidance of TCM theory. Longdan Xiegan Decoction (LXD), a formulation recorded in the Pharmacopoeia of the People's Republic of China, has proved to be effective against HSV infection. However, its effective components and action mechanism remain unclear. AIM OF THE STUDY To investigate the effective components and mechanisms of LXD in treating HSV infection based on network pharmacology and experimental validation. MATERIALS AND METHODS The anti-HSV activities of key compounds predicted by network analysis were detected by antiviral tests. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was applied to identify the main components of the LXD aqueous extract. Time-of-addition assay and infectivity inhibition reversibility assay were conducted to identify the potential antiviral mechanisms of licochalcone B (LCB). Additionally, we assessed the antiviral effect of LCB in vivo by use of body weight, viral load, histological analysis, and scoring of genital lesions in an HSV2-infected mouse model. RESULTS Our data demonstrated that some components exhibited significant anti-HSV1/2 activity in vitro, including quercetin, kaempferol, wogonin, formononetin, naringenin, baicalein, isorhamnetin, glabridin, licochalcone A, echinatin, oroxylin A, isoliquiritigenin, pinocembrin, LCB and acacetin. HPLC analysis showed that LCB was the main component of LXD aqueous extract. In vitro experiments revealed that LCB not only inactivated HSV2 particles, but also inhibited HSV2 multiplication through the inhibition of the phosphorylation of Akt and its downstream targets. In vivo experiments confirmed that LCB could significantly reduce viral titer, delay weight loss, and alleviate pathological changes in vaginal tissue in vaginal infection mouse models. CONCLUSION LCB acted as the main component of LXD, with significant anti-HSV2 infection effects both in vivo and in vitro. This study provides additional evidence of the healing efficacy of LXD against HSV infection and presents an efficient analytical method for further investigation of the mechanisms of TCM in prevention and treatment of various diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuyun Li
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China; Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine and New Pharmacy Development, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, 523808, China
| | - Siyan Li
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Guangzhou Xinhua University, Guangzhou, 510520, China; School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Zeren Shou
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Yibin Li
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Axin Li
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Wenli Liu
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Chengliang Zhou
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Daohua Xu
- Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine and New Pharmacy Development, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, 523808, China.
| | - Lin Li
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Gabbianelli R, Shahar E, de Simone G, Rucci C, Bordoni L, Feliziani G, Zhao F, Ferrati M, Maggi F, Spinozzi E, Mahajna J. Plant-Derived Epi-Nutraceuticals as Potential Broad-Spectrum Anti-Viral Agents. Nutrients 2023; 15:4719. [PMID: 38004113 PMCID: PMC10675658 DOI: 10.3390/nu15224719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 10/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the COVID-19 pandemic appears to be diminishing, the emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants represents a threat to humans due to their inherent transmissibility, immunological evasion, virulence, and invulnerability to existing therapies. The COVID-19 pandemic affected more than 500 million people and caused over 6 million deaths. Vaccines are essential, but in circumstances in which vaccination is not accessible or in individuals with compromised immune systems, drugs can provide additional protection. Targeting host signaling pathways is recommended due to their genomic stability and resistance barriers. Moreover, targeting host factors allows us to develop compounds that are effective against different viral variants as well as against newly emerging virus strains. In recent years, the globe has experienced climate change, which may contribute to the emergence and spread of infectious diseases through a variety of factors. Warmer temperatures and changing precipitation patterns can increase the geographic range of disease-carrying vectors, increasing the risk of diseases spreading to new areas. Climate change may also affect vector behavior, leading to a longer breeding season and more breeding sites for disease vectors. Climate change may also disrupt ecosystems, bringing humans closer to wildlife that transmits zoonotic diseases. All the above factors may accelerate the emergence of new viral epidemics. Plant-derived products, which have been used in traditional medicine for treating pathological conditions, offer structurally novel therapeutic compounds, including those with anti-viral activity. In addition, plant-derived bioactive substances might serve as the ideal basis for developing sustainable/efficient/cost-effective anti-viral alternatives. Interest in herbal antiviral products has increased. More than 50% of approved drugs originate from herbal sources. Plant-derived compounds offer diverse structures and bioactive molecules that are candidates for new drug development. Combining these therapies with conventional drugs could improve patient outcomes. Epigenetics modifications in the genome can affect gene expression without altering DNA sequences. Host cells can use epigenetic gene regulation as a mechanism to silence incoming viral DNA molecules, while viruses recruit cellular epitranscriptomic (covalent modifications of RNAs) modifiers to increase the translational efficiency and transcript stability of viral transcripts to enhance viral gene expression and replication. Moreover, viruses manipulate host cells' epigenetic machinery to ensure productive viral infections. Environmental factors, such as natural products, may influence epigenetic modifications. In this review, we explore the potential of plant-derived substances as epigenetic modifiers for broad-spectrum anti-viral activity, reviewing their modulation processes and anti-viral effects on DNA and RNA viruses, as well as addressing future research objectives in this rapidly emerging field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rosita Gabbianelli
- Unit of Molecular Biology and Nutrigenomics, University of Camerino, Via Madonna delle Carceri, 62032 Camerino, Italy; (R.G.); (G.d.S.); (L.B.); (G.F.); (F.Z.)
| | - Ehud Shahar
- Department of Nutrition and Natural Products, Migal—Galilee Research Institute, Kiryat Shmona 11016, Israel;
- Department of Biotechnology, Tel-Hai College, Kiryat Shmona 1220800, Israel
| | - Gaia de Simone
- Unit of Molecular Biology and Nutrigenomics, University of Camerino, Via Madonna delle Carceri, 62032 Camerino, Italy; (R.G.); (G.d.S.); (L.B.); (G.F.); (F.Z.)
| | - Chiara Rucci
- Unit of Molecular Biology and Nutrigenomics, University of Camerino, Via Madonna delle Carceri, 62032 Camerino, Italy; (R.G.); (G.d.S.); (L.B.); (G.F.); (F.Z.)
| | - Laura Bordoni
- Unit of Molecular Biology and Nutrigenomics, University of Camerino, Via Madonna delle Carceri, 62032 Camerino, Italy; (R.G.); (G.d.S.); (L.B.); (G.F.); (F.Z.)
| | - Giulia Feliziani
- Unit of Molecular Biology and Nutrigenomics, University of Camerino, Via Madonna delle Carceri, 62032 Camerino, Italy; (R.G.); (G.d.S.); (L.B.); (G.F.); (F.Z.)
| | - Fanrui Zhao
- Unit of Molecular Biology and Nutrigenomics, University of Camerino, Via Madonna delle Carceri, 62032 Camerino, Italy; (R.G.); (G.d.S.); (L.B.); (G.F.); (F.Z.)
| | - Marta Ferrati
- Chemistry Interdisciplinary Project (ChIP) Research Centre, School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Via Madonna delle Carceri, 62032 Camerino, Italy; (M.F.); (F.M.); (E.S.)
| | - Filippo Maggi
- Chemistry Interdisciplinary Project (ChIP) Research Centre, School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Via Madonna delle Carceri, 62032 Camerino, Italy; (M.F.); (F.M.); (E.S.)
| | - Eleonora Spinozzi
- Chemistry Interdisciplinary Project (ChIP) Research Centre, School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Via Madonna delle Carceri, 62032 Camerino, Italy; (M.F.); (F.M.); (E.S.)
| | - Jamal Mahajna
- Department of Nutrition and Natural Products, Migal—Galilee Research Institute, Kiryat Shmona 11016, Israel;
- Department of Biotechnology, Tel-Hai College, Kiryat Shmona 1220800, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Freitas PAV, Martín-Pérez L, Gil-Guillén I, González-Martínez C, Chiralt A. Subcritical Water Extraction for Valorisation of Almond Skin from Almond Industrial Processing. Foods 2023; 12:3759. [PMID: 37893652 PMCID: PMC10606440 DOI: 10.3390/foods12203759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Almond skin (AS) is an agro-industrial residue from almond processing that has a high potential for valorisation. In this study, subcritical water extraction (SWE) was applied at two temperatures (160 and 180 °C) to obtain phenolic-rich extracts (water-soluble fraction) and cellulose fibres (insoluble fraction) from AS. The extraction conditions affected the composition and properties of both valorised fractions. The dry extracts obtained at 180 °C were richer in phenolics (161 vs. 101 mg GAE. g-1 defatted almond skin (DAS)), with greater antioxidant potential (1.063 vs. 1.490 mg DAS.mg-1 DPPH) and showed greater antibacterial effect (lower MIC values) against L. innocua (34 vs. 90 mg·mL-1) and E. coli (48 vs. 90 mg·mL-1) than those obtained at 160 °C, despite the lower total solid yield (21 vs. 29%) obtained in the SWE process. The purification of cellulose from the SWE residues, using hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), revealed that AS is not a good source of cellulose material since the bleached fractions showed low yields (20-21%) and low cellulose purity (40-50%), even after four bleaching cycles (1 h) at pH 12 and 8% H2O2. Nevertheless, the application of a green, scalable, and toxic solvent-free SWE process was highly useful for obtaining AS bioactive extracts for different food, cosmetic, or pharmaceutical applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pedro A. V. Freitas
- Institute of Food Engineering FoodUPV, Universitat Poltècnica de València, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Pennisi R, Trischitta P, Tamburello MP, Barreca D, Mandalari G, Sciortino MT. Mechanistic Understanding of the Antiviral Properties of Pistachios and Zeaxanthin against HSV-1. Viruses 2023; 15:1651. [PMID: 37631995 PMCID: PMC10459438 DOI: 10.3390/v15081651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The search for alternative clinical treatments to fight resistance and find alternative antiviral treatments for the herpes simplex virus (HSV) is of great interest. Plants are rich sources of novel antiviral, pharmacologically active agents that provide several advantages, including reduced side effects, less resistance, low toxicity, and different mechanisms of action. In the present work, the antiviral activity of Californian natural raw (NRRE) and roasted unsalted (RURE) pistachio polyphenols-rich extracts was evaluated against HSV-1 using VERO cells. Two different extraction methods, with or without n-hexane, were used. Results showed that n-hexane-extracted NRRE and RURE exerted an antiviral effect against HSV-1, blocking virus binding on the cell surface, affecting viral DNA synthesis as well as accumulation of ICP0, UL42, and Us11 viral proteins. Additionally, the identification and quantification of phenolic compounds by RP-HPLC-DAD confirmed that extraction with n-hexane exclusively accumulated tocopherols, carotenoids, and xanthophylls. Amongst these, zeaxanthin exhibited strong antiviral activity against HSV-1 (CC50: 16.1 µM, EC50 4.08 µM, SI 3.96), affecting both the viral attachment and penetration and viral DNA synthesis. Zeaxanthin is a dietary carotenoid that accumulates in the retina as a macular pigment. The use of pistachio extracts and derivates should be encouraged for the topical treatment of ocular herpetic infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rosamaria Pennisi
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno d’Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy; (P.T.); (M.P.T.); (D.B.); (M.T.S.)
| | - Paola Trischitta
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno d’Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy; (P.T.); (M.P.T.); (D.B.); (M.T.S.)
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, Via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Maria Pia Tamburello
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno d’Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy; (P.T.); (M.P.T.); (D.B.); (M.T.S.)
| | - Davide Barreca
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno d’Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy; (P.T.); (M.P.T.); (D.B.); (M.T.S.)
| | - Giuseppina Mandalari
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno d’Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy; (P.T.); (M.P.T.); (D.B.); (M.T.S.)
| | - Maria Teresa Sciortino
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno d’Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy; (P.T.); (M.P.T.); (D.B.); (M.T.S.)
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Ingegneri M, Smeriglio A, Rando R, Gervasi T, Tamburello MP, Ginestra G, La Camera E, Pennisi R, Sciortino MT, Mandalari G, Trombetta D. Composition and Biological Properties of Blanched Skin and Blanch Water Belonging to Three Sicilian Almond Cultivars. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15061545. [PMID: 36986275 PMCID: PMC10058606 DOI: 10.3390/nu15061545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2023] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The almond industry produces, by bleaching and stripping, two by-products: blanched skin (BS) and blanch water (BW). The aim of this study was to investigate the nutritional and polyphenolic profile, as well as the antioxidant, antimicrobial, antiviral, and potential prebiotic effects of BS and BW from three different Sicilian cultivars. The total phenols and flavonoids contents were ≥1.72 and ≥0.56 g gallic acid equivalents and ≥0.52 and ≥0.18 g rutin equivalents/100 g dry extract (DE) in BS and BW, respectively. The antioxidant activity, evaluated by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl scavenging ability, trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity, ferric-reducing antioxidant power, and oxygen radical absorbance capacity, was ≥3.07 and ≥0.83 g trolox equivalent/100 g DE in BS and BW, respectively. Isorhamnetin-3-O-glucoside was the most abundant flavonoid detected in both by-products. No antimicrobial effect was recorded, whereas BS samples exerted antiviral activity against herpes simplex virus 1 (EC50 160.96 μg/mL). BS also showed high fibre (≥52.67%) and protein (≥10.99) contents and low fat (≤15.35%) and sugars (≤5.55%), making it nutritionally interesting. The present study proved that the cultivar is not a discriminating factor in determining the chemical and biological properties of BS and BW.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mariarosaria Ingegneri
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno d'Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Antonella Smeriglio
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno d'Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Rossana Rando
- Department of Biomedical, Dental, Morphological and Functional Image Sciences (BIOMORF), University of Messina, Via Giovanni Palatucci, 98168 Messina, Italy
| | - Teresa Gervasi
- Department of Biomedical, Dental, Morphological and Functional Image Sciences (BIOMORF), University of Messina, Via Giovanni Palatucci, 98168 Messina, Italy
| | - Maria Pia Tamburello
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno d'Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Giovanna Ginestra
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno d'Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Erminia La Camera
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno d'Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Rosamaria Pennisi
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno d'Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Maria Teresa Sciortino
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno d'Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Mandalari
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno d'Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Domenico Trombetta
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno d'Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Cantero-González G, Alvarenga N, Florentín-Pavía MM, Gonzalez-Maldonado P, Sotelo PH. Antiviral activity of two Acanthospermum species against herpes simplex virus 1. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 303:115958. [PMID: 36470308 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2022.115958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Acanthospermum species are used in traditional medicine for treating various pathologies, including bacterial and viral infections. In a screening study, we identified the activity of the ethanolic extracts of Acanthospermum australe and Acanthospermum hispidum against herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1). AIM OF THE STUDY In this work, we analyzed the phytochemical profile and antiviral activity of the chemical fractionation products of Acanthospermum australe and Acanthospermum hispidum. Additionally, we identified the effect of these fractions on different steps of the viral cycle. MATERIALS AND METHODS Acanthospermum samples were extracted with methanol and further partitioned with solvents of increasing polarities: hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, and butanol. Cytotoxicity and antiviral activity were analyzed for each fraction. The active fractions were tested to identify the virucidal effect and the inhibition of virus-cell binding. Further, the effect of these fractions on the replication and viral gene was quantitated by qPCR, and the expression of gD protein was evaluated by Western blot. RESULTS The chloroform and hexane fractions of Acanthospermum hispidum and Acanthospermum australe showed dose-dependent antiviral activity. The chloroform fraction inhibited the virus-cell binding and virus cycle in a post-entry mechanism by decreasing replication and the expression of early and late viral genes. The hexane fraction did not inhibit virus binding; however, it showed antiviral activity in post-entry events by inhibiting the immediate-early, early, and late genes. We identified in both species the presence of 3.6-dimetoxiapigenin, axillarin, and penduletin in the chloroform fraction and methyl-(Z,Z)-9,12-octadecadienoate and phytol in the hexane fraction. CONCLUSIONS Acanthospermum hispidum and Acanthospermum australe possess antiviral activity against HSV-1 and affect different steps of the viral cycle. These characteristics make them good candidates for developing phytotherapeutic products against HSV-1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guadalupe Cantero-González
- Biotechnology Department, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Asunción, San Lorenzo, 111421, Paraguay.
| | - Nelson Alvarenga
- Phytochemistry Department, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Asunción, San Lorenzo, 111421, Paraguay.
| | - Marcos M Florentín-Pavía
- Biotechnology Department, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Asunción, San Lorenzo, 111421, Paraguay.
| | - Pamela Gonzalez-Maldonado
- Biotechnology Department, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Asunción, San Lorenzo, 111421, Paraguay.
| | - Pablo H Sotelo
- Biotechnology Department, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Asunción, San Lorenzo, 111421, Paraguay.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Lince KC, DeMario VK, Yang GT, Tran RT, Nguyen DT, Sanderson JN, Pittman R, Sanchez RL. A Systematic Review of Second-Line Treatments in Antiviral Resistant Strains of HSV-1, HSV-2, and VZV. Cureus 2023; 15:e35958. [PMID: 37041924 PMCID: PMC10082683 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.35958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Drug-resistant variants of herpes simplex viruses (HSV) have been reported that are not effectively treated with first-line antiviral agents. The objective of this study was to evaluate available literature on the possible efficacy of second-line treatments in HSV and the use of second-line treatments in HSV strains that are resistant to first-line treatments. Following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, a final search was conducted in six databases on November 5, 2021 for all relevant literature using terms related to antiviral resistance, herpes, and HSV. Eligible manuscripts were required to report the presence of an existing or proposed second-line treatment for HSV-1, HSV-2, or varicella zoster virus (VZV); have full-text English-language access; and potentially reduce the rate of antiviral resistance. Following screening, 137 articles were included in qualitative synthesis. Of the included studies, articles that examined the relationship between viral resistance to first-line treatments and potential second-line treatments in HSV were included. The Cochrane risk-of-bias tool for randomized trials was used to assess risk of bias. Due to the heterogeneity of study designs, a meta-analysis of the studies was not performed. The dates in which accepted studies were published spanned from 2015-2021. In terms of sample characteristics, the majority (72.26%) of studies used Vero cells. When looking at the viruses on which the interventions were tested, the majority (84.67%) used HSV-1, with (34.31%) of these studies reporting testing on resistant HSV strains. Regarding the effectiveness of the proposed interventions, 91.97% were effective as potential managements for resistant strains of HSV. Of the papers reviewed, nectin in 2.19% of the reviews had efficacy as a second-line treatments in HSV, amenamevir in 2.19%, methanol extract in 2.19%, monoclonal antibodies in 1.46%, arbidol in 1.46%, siRNA swarms in 1.46%, Cucumis melo sulfated pectin in 1.46%, and components from Olea europeae in 1.46%. In addition to this griffithsin in 1.46% was effective, Morus alba L. in 1.46%, using nucleosides in 1.46%, botryosphaeran in 1.46%, monoterpenes in 1.46%, almond skin extracts in 1.46%, bortezomib in 1.46%, flavonoid compounds in 1.46%, andessential oils were effective in 1.46%, but not effective in 0.73%. The available literature reviewed consistently supports the existence and potentiality of second-line treatments for HSV strains that are resistant to first-line treatments. Immunocompromised patients have been noted to be the population most often affected by drug-resistant variants of HSV. Subsequently, we found that HSV infections in this patient population are challenging to manage clinically effectively. The goal of this systematic review is to provide additional information to patients on the potentiality of second-line treatment in HSV strains resistant to first-line treatments, especially those who are immunocompromised. All patients, whether they are immunocompromised or not, deserve to have their infections clinically managed in a manner supported by comprehensive research. This review provides necessary information about treatment options for patients with resistant HSV infections and their providers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly C Lince
- Department of Clinically Applied Science Education, University of the Incarnate Word School of Osteopathic Medicine, San Antonio, USA
| | - Virgil K DeMario
- Department of Clinically Applied Science Education, University of the Incarnate Word School of Osteopathic Medicine, San Antonio, USA
| | - George T Yang
- Department of Clinically Applied Science Education, University of the Incarnate Word School of Osteopathic Medicine, San Antonio, USA
| | - Rita T Tran
- Department of Clinically Applied Science Education, University of the Incarnate Word School of Osteopathic Medicine, San Antonio, USA
| | - Daniel T Nguyen
- Department of Clinically Applied Science Education, University of the Incarnate Word School of Osteopathic Medicine, San Antonio, USA
| | - Jacob N Sanderson
- Department of Clinically Applied Science Education, University of the Incarnate Word School of Osteopathic Medicine, San Antonio, USA
| | - Rachel Pittman
- Department of Clinically Applied Science Education, University of the Incarnate Word School of Osteopathic Medicine, San Antonio, USA
| | - Rebecca L Sanchez
- Department of Clinically Applied Science Education, University of the Incarnate Word School of Osteopathic Medicine, San Antonio, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
EL-Aguel A, Pennisi R, Smeriglio A, Kallel I, Tamburello MP, D’Arrigo M, Barreca D, Gargouri A, Trombetta D, Mandalari G, Sciortino MT. Punica granatum Peel and Leaf Extracts as Promising Strategies for HSV-1 Treatment. Viruses 2022; 14:v14122639. [PMID: 36560643 PMCID: PMC9782130 DOI: 10.3390/v14122639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Punica granatum is a rich source of bioactive compounds which exhibit various biological effects. In this study, pomegranate peel and leaf ethanolic crude extracts (PPE and PLE, respectively) were phytochemically characterized and screened for antioxidant, antimicrobial and antiviral activity. LC-PDA-ESI-MS analysis led to the identification of different compounds, including ellagitannins, flavonoids and phenolic acids. The low IC50 values, obtained by DPPH and FRAP assays, showed a noticeable antioxidant effect of PPE and PLE comparable to the reference standards. Both crude extracts and their main compounds (gallic acid, ellagic acid and punicalagin) were not toxic on Vero cells and exhibited a remarkable inhibitory effect on herpes simplex type 1 (HSV-1) viral plaques formation. Specifically, PPE inhibited HSV-1 adsorption to the cell surface more than PLE. Indeed, the viral DNA accumulation, the transcription of viral genes and the expression of viral proteins were significantly affected by PPE treatment. Amongst the compounds, punicalagin, which is abundant in PPE crude extract, inhibited HSV-1 replication, reducing viral DNA and transcripts accumulation, as well as proteins of all three phases of the viral replication cascade. In contrast, no antibacterial activity was detected. In conclusion, our findings indicate that Punica granatum peel and leaf extracts, especially punicalagin, could be a promising therapeutic candidate against HSV-1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Asma EL-Aguel
- Research Laboratory Toxicology-Environmental Microbiology and Health (LR17ES06), Faculty of Sciences of Sfax, P.O. Box 1171, Sfax 3000, Tunisia
| | - Rosamaria Pennisi
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Science, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno d’Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy
- Correspondence: (R.P.); (G.M.)
| | - Antonella Smeriglio
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Science, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno d’Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Imen Kallel
- Research Laboratory Toxicology-Environmental Microbiology and Health (LR17ES06), Faculty of Sciences of Sfax, P.O. Box 1171, Sfax 3000, Tunisia
| | - Maria Pia Tamburello
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Science, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno d’Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Manuela D’Arrigo
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Science, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno d’Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Davide Barreca
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Science, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno d’Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Ahmed Gargouri
- Research Laboratory Toxicology-Environmental Microbiology and Health (LR17ES06), Faculty of Sciences of Sfax, P.O. Box 1171, Sfax 3000, Tunisia
| | - Domenico Trombetta
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Science, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno d’Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Mandalari
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Science, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno d’Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy
- Correspondence: (R.P.); (G.M.)
| | - Maria Teresa Sciortino
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Science, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno d’Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Thomas E, Stewart LE, Darley BA, Pham AM, Esteban I, Panda SS. Plant-Based Natural Products and Extracts: Potential Source to Develop New Antiviral Drug Candidates. Molecules 2021; 26:6197. [PMID: 34684782 PMCID: PMC8537559 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26206197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral infections are among the most complex medical problems and have been a major threat to the economy and global health. Several epidemics and pandemics have occurred due to viruses, which has led to a significant increase in mortality and morbidity rates. Natural products have always been an inspiration and source for new drug development because of their various uses. Among all-natural sources, plant sources are the most dominant for the discovery of new therapeutic agents due to their chemical and structural diversity. Despite the traditional use and potential source for drug development, natural products have gained little attention from large pharmaceutical industries. Several plant extracts and isolated compounds have been extensively studied and explored for antiviral properties against different strains of viruses. In this review, we have compiled antiviral plant extracts and natural products isolated from plants reported since 2015.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Siva S. Panda
- Department of Chemistry & Physics, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA; (E.T.); (L.E.S.); (B.A.D.); (A.M.P.); (I.E.)
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Chojnacka K, Skrzypczak D, Izydorczyk G, Mikula K, Szopa D, Witek-Krowiak A. Antiviral Properties of Polyphenols from Plants. Foods 2021; 10:foods10102277. [PMID: 34681326 PMCID: PMC8534698 DOI: 10.3390/foods10102277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Polyphenols are active substances against various types of viral infections. Researchers have characterized methods of how to isolate polyphenols without losing their potential to formulate pharmaceutical products. Researchers have also described mechanisms against common viral infections (i.e., influenza, herpes, hepatitis, rotavirus, coronavirus). Particular compounds have been discussed together with the plants in the biomass in which they occur. Quercetin, gallic acid and epigallocatechin are exemplary compounds that inhibit the growth cycle of viruses. Special attention has been paid to identify plants and polyphenols that can be efficient against coronavirus infections. It has been proven that polyphenols present in the diet and in pharmaceuticals protect us from viral infections and, in case of infection, support the healing process by various mechanisms, i.e., they block the entry into the host cells, inhibit the multiplication of the virus, seal blood vessels and protect against superinfection.
Collapse
|
12
|
Edible fruit extracts and fruit juices as potential source of antiviral agents: a review. JOURNAL OF FOOD MEASUREMENT AND CHARACTERIZATION 2021. [PMCID: PMC8328999 DOI: 10.1007/s11694-021-01090-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Fruits have been widely consumed since the beginning of human evolution and are important source of a healthy being and helpful in treating various diseases as immunity boosters with the presence of a rich amount of health-promoting bioactives. Therapeutic efficacies of fruit extracts are reported to have immune-modulatory properties and influence greatly on the immune system of human body. Given the facts of the efficacy of edible fruits in improving the immunity of body as immune-stimulants, we have tried to consolidate the previously published data on edible fruits and its juices with antiviral potential. The objective of this review was to gather information on edible fruits with antiviral properties and the efforts to obtain their efficient delivery. Online bibliographical databases like PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science were used to search literature on the antiviral effect of edible fruit extracts and fruit juices. The edible fruits like almond, apple, bael, blackberry, black currants, crane berry, citrus, grapes, Japanese cherry, mango, mulberry, pistachios, pomegranate, and strawberry showed promising antiviral properties against the different pathogenic viruses. The review provided an overview of likely effects of the intake of edible fruit extracts/fruit juices to strengthen the immune cells by reducing the oxidative stress in host body system which in turn inhibits the viral attachment and replication on the host cell. Hence these fruits can also be exploited in combating COVID-19 in the current pandemic situation. To validate the present hypothesis, the proposed edible fruit extracts can be evaluated against the SARS-CoV-2 via in vitro and in vivo models to confirm the fact.
Collapse
|
13
|
Barral-Martinez M, Fraga-Corral M, Garcia-Perez P, Simal-Gandara J, Prieto MA. Almond By-Products: Valorization for Sustainability and Competitiveness of the Industry. Foods 2021; 10:foods10081793. [PMID: 34441570 PMCID: PMC8394390 DOI: 10.3390/foods10081793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The search for waste minimization and the valorization of by-products are key practices for good management and improved sustainability in the food industry. The production of almonds generates a large amount of waste, most of which is not used. Until now, almonds have been used for their high nutritional value as food, especially almond meat. The other remaining parts (skin, shell, hulls, etc.) are still little explored, even though they have been used as fuel by burning or as livestock feed. However, interest in these by-products has been increasing as they possess beneficial properties (caused mainly by polyphenols and unsaturated fatty acids) and can be used as new ingredients for the food, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical industries. Therefore, it is important to explore almond’s valorization of by-products for the development of new added-value products that would contribute to the reduction of environmental impact and an improvement in the sustainability and competitiveness of the almond industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marta Barral-Martinez
- Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Analytical and Food Chemistry Department, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Ourense Campus, University of Vigo, E-32004 Ourense, Spain; (M.B.-M.); (M.F.-C.); (P.G.-P.)
| | - Maria Fraga-Corral
- Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Analytical and Food Chemistry Department, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Ourense Campus, University of Vigo, E-32004 Ourense, Spain; (M.B.-M.); (M.F.-C.); (P.G.-P.)
- Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolonia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal
| | - Pascual Garcia-Perez
- Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Analytical and Food Chemistry Department, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Ourense Campus, University of Vigo, E-32004 Ourense, Spain; (M.B.-M.); (M.F.-C.); (P.G.-P.)
| | - Jesus Simal-Gandara
- Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Analytical and Food Chemistry Department, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Ourense Campus, University of Vigo, E-32004 Ourense, Spain; (M.B.-M.); (M.F.-C.); (P.G.-P.)
- Correspondence: (J.S.-G.); (M.A.P.)
| | - Miguel A. Prieto
- Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Analytical and Food Chemistry Department, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Ourense Campus, University of Vigo, E-32004 Ourense, Spain; (M.B.-M.); (M.F.-C.); (P.G.-P.)
- Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolonia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal
- Correspondence: (J.S.-G.); (M.A.P.)
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Phytochemical Characterization of Olea europea Leaf Extracts and Assessment of Their Anti-Microbial and Anti-HSV-1 Activity. Viruses 2021; 13:v13061085. [PMID: 34200316 PMCID: PMC8229950 DOI: 10.3390/v13061085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Owing to the richness of bioactive compounds, Olea europea leaf extracts exhibit a range of health effects. The present research evaluated the antibacterial and antiviral effect of leaf extracts obtained from Olea europea L. var. sativa (OESA) and Olea europea var. sylvestris (OESY) from Tunisia. LC-DAD-ESI-MS analysis allowed the identification of different compounds that contributed to the observed biological properties. Both OESA and OESY were active against Gram-positive bacteria (MIC values between 7.81 and 15.61 μg/mL and between 15.61 and 31.25 μg/mL against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538 for OESY and OESA, respectively). The antiviral activity against the herpes simplex type 1 (HSV-1) was assessed on Vero cells. The results of cell viability indicated that Olea europea leaf extracts were not toxic to cultured Vero cells. The half maximal cytotoxic concentration (CC50) values for OESA and OESY were 0.2 mg/mL and 0.82 mg/mL, respectively. Furthermore, both a plaque reduction assay and viral entry assay were used to demonstrate the antiviral activity. In conclusion, Olea europea leaf extracts demonstrated a bacteriostatic effect, as well as remarkable antiviral activity, which could provide an alternative treatment against resistant strains.
Collapse
|
15
|
Musarra-Pizzo M, Pennisi R, Ben-Amor I, Mandalari G, Sciortino MT. Antiviral Activity Exerted by Natural Products against Human Viruses. Viruses 2021; 13:v13050828. [PMID: 34064347 PMCID: PMC8147851 DOI: 10.3390/v13050828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral infections are responsible for several chronic and acute diseases in both humans and animals. Despite the incredible progress in human medicine, several viral diseases, such as acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, respiratory syndromes, and hepatitis, are still associated with high morbidity and mortality rates in humans. Natural products from plants or other organisms are a rich source of structurally novel chemical compounds including antivirals. Indeed, in traditional medicine, many pathological conditions have been treated using plant-derived medicines. Thus, the identification of novel alternative antiviral agents is of critical importance. In this review, we summarize novel phytochemicals with antiviral activity against human viruses and their potential application in treating or preventing viral disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Musarra-Pizzo
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale SS. Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy; (M.M.-P.); (R.P.); (I.B.-A.)
| | - Rosamaria Pennisi
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale SS. Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy; (M.M.-P.); (R.P.); (I.B.-A.)
- Shenzhen International Institute for Biomedical Research, 1301 Guanguang Rd. 3F Building 1-B, Silver Star Hi-Tech Park Longhua District, Shenzhen 518116, China
| | - Ichrak Ben-Amor
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale SS. Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy; (M.M.-P.); (R.P.); (I.B.-A.)
- Unit of Biotechnology and Pathologies, Higher Institute of Biotechnology of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax 3029, Tunisia
| | - Giuseppina Mandalari
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale SS. Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy; (M.M.-P.); (R.P.); (I.B.-A.)
- Correspondence: (G.M.); (M.T.S.); Tel.: +39-090-6767-5217 (G.M. & M.T.S.)
| | - Maria Teresa Sciortino
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale SS. Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy; (M.M.-P.); (R.P.); (I.B.-A.)
- Correspondence: (G.M.); (M.T.S.); Tel.: +39-090-6767-5217 (G.M. & M.T.S.)
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Antimicrobial, Antioxidant, and Cytotoxic Activities of Juglans regia L. Pellicle Extract. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:antibiotics10020159. [PMID: 33557378 PMCID: PMC7915249 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10020159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The difficulty to treat resistant strains-related hospital-acquired infections (HAIs) promoted the study of phytoextracts, known sources of bioactive molecules. Accordingly, in the present study, the pharmacological activities of Juglans regia (L.) pellicle extract (WPE) were investigated. The antiviral effect was tested against Herpes simplex virus type 1 and 2, Poliovirus 1, Adenovirus 2, Echovirus 9, Coxsackievirus B1 through the plaque reduction assay. The antibacterial and antifungal activities were evaluated against medically important strains, by the microdilution method. DPPH and superoxide dismutase (SOD)s-like activity assays were used to determine the antioxidant effect. Besides, the extract was screened for cytotoxicity on Caco-2, MCF-7, and HFF1 cell lines by the 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5 diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. The total phenolic and flavonoid contents were also evaluated. Interestingly, WPE inhibited Herpes simplex viruses (HSVs) replication, bacterial and fungal growth. WPE showed free radical scavenging capacity and inhibited superoxide anion formation in a dose-dependent manner. These effects could be attributed to the high content of phenols and flavonoids, which were 0.377 ± 0.01 mg GE/g and 0.292 ± 0.08 mg CE/g, respectively. Moreover, WPE was able to reduce Caco-2 cell viability, at both 48 h and 72 h. The promising results encourage further studies aimed to better elucidate the role of WPE in the prevention of human infectious diseases.
Collapse
|
17
|
Liu M, Yu Q, Xiao H, Li M, Huang Y, Zhang Q, Li P. The Inhibitory Activities and Antiviral Mechanism of Medicinal Plant Ingredient Quercetin Against Grouper Iridovirus Infection. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:586331. [PMID: 33178170 PMCID: PMC7596301 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.586331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Singapore grouper iridovirus (SGIV) causes high mortality rates in mariculture, and effective treatments against SGIV infection are urgently required. Illicium verum Hook. f. (I. verum) is a well-known medicinal plant with a variety of biological activities. The natural ingredient quercetin isolated from I. verum could effectively inhibit SGIV infection in a dose-dependent manner. The possible antiviral mechanism of quercetin was further analyzed in this study. It showed that quercetin did obvious damages to SGIV particles. Furthermore, quercetin could interfere with SGIV binding to targets on host cells (by 76.14%), disturb SGIV invading into host cells (by 56.03%), and effect SGIV replication in host cells (by 52.73%), respectively. Quercetin had the best antiviral effects during the SGIV life cycle of binding to the receptors on host cells' membranes. Overall, the results suggest that quercetin has direct and host-mediated antiviral effects against SGIV and holds great potential for developing effective drugs to control SGIV infection in aquaculture.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mingzhu Liu
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Marine Natural Products and Combinatorial Biosynthesis Chemistry, Guangxi Beibu Gulf Marine Research Center, Beibu Gulf Marine Industrial Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanning, China
| | - Qing Yu
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Marine Natural Products and Combinatorial Biosynthesis Chemistry, Guangxi Beibu Gulf Marine Research Center, Beibu Gulf Marine Industrial Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanning, China
| | - Hehe Xiao
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Marine Natural Products and Combinatorial Biosynthesis Chemistry, Guangxi Beibu Gulf Marine Research Center, Beibu Gulf Marine Industrial Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanning, China
| | - Mengmeng Li
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Marine Natural Products and Combinatorial Biosynthesis Chemistry, Guangxi Beibu Gulf Marine Research Center, Beibu Gulf Marine Industrial Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanning, China.,College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Yaming Huang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory for Polysaccharide Materials and Modifications, Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Utilization of Microbial and Botanical Resources, School of Marine Science and Biotechnology, Guangxi University for Nationalities, Nanning, China
| | - Qin Zhang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory for Polysaccharide Materials and Modifications, Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Utilization of Microbial and Botanical Resources, School of Marine Science and Biotechnology, Guangxi University for Nationalities, Nanning, China
| | - Pengfei Li
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Marine Natural Products and Combinatorial Biosynthesis Chemistry, Guangxi Beibu Gulf Marine Research Center, Beibu Gulf Marine Industrial Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanning, China.,Guangxi Key Laboratory of Beibu Gulf Marine Biodiversity Conservation, College of Marine Sciences, Beibu Gulf University, Qinzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Mohan S, Elhassan Taha MM, Makeen HA, Alhazmi HA, Al Bratty M, Sultana S, Ahsan W, Najmi A, Khalid A. Bioactive Natural Antivirals: An Updated Review of the Available Plants and Isolated Molecules. Molecules 2020; 25:E4878. [PMID: 33105694 PMCID: PMC7659943 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25214878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral infections and associated diseases are responsible for a substantial number of mortality and public health problems around the world. Each year, infectious diseases kill 3.5 million people worldwide. The current pandemic caused by COVID-19 has become the greatest health hazard to people in their lifetime. There are many antiviral drugs and vaccines available against viruses, but they have many disadvantages, too. There are numerous side effects for conventional drugs, and active mutation also creates drug resistance against various viruses. This has led scientists to search herbs as a source for the discovery of more efficient new antivirals. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), 65% of the world population is in the practice of using plants and herbs as part of treatment modality. Additionally, plants have an advantage in drug discovery based on their long-term use by humans, and a reduced toxicity and abundance of bioactive compounds can be expected as a result. In this review, we have highlighted the important viruses, their drug targets, and their replication cycle. We provide in-depth and insightful information about the most favorable plant extracts and their derived phytochemicals against viral targets. Our major conclusion is that plant extracts and their isolated pure compounds are essential sources for the current viral infections and useful for future challenges.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Antiviral Agents/chemistry
- Antiviral Agents/classification
- Antiviral Agents/isolation & purification
- Antiviral Agents/therapeutic use
- Betacoronavirus/drug effects
- Betacoronavirus/pathogenicity
- Betacoronavirus/physiology
- COVID-19
- Coronavirus Infections/drug therapy
- Coronavirus Infections/pathology
- Coronavirus Infections/virology
- Drug Discovery
- HIV/drug effects
- HIV/pathogenicity
- HIV/physiology
- HIV Infections/drug therapy
- HIV Infections/pathology
- HIV Infections/virology
- Hepacivirus/drug effects
- Hepacivirus/pathogenicity
- Hepacivirus/physiology
- Hepatitis C, Chronic/drug therapy
- Hepatitis C, Chronic/pathology
- Hepatitis C, Chronic/virology
- Herpes Simplex/drug therapy
- Herpes Simplex/pathology
- Herpes Simplex/virology
- Humans
- Influenza, Human/drug therapy
- Influenza, Human/pathology
- Influenza, Human/virology
- Orthomyxoviridae/drug effects
- Orthomyxoviridae/pathogenicity
- Orthomyxoviridae/physiology
- Pandemics
- Phytochemicals/chemistry
- Phytochemicals/classification
- Phytochemicals/isolation & purification
- Phytochemicals/therapeutic use
- Plants, Medicinal
- Pneumonia, Viral/drug therapy
- Pneumonia, Viral/pathology
- Pneumonia, Viral/virology
- SARS-CoV-2
- Simplexvirus/drug effects
- Simplexvirus/pathogenicity
- Simplexvirus/physiology
- Virus Internalization/drug effects
- Virus Replication/drug effects
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Syam Mohan
- Substance Abuse and Toxicology Research Centre, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia; (M.M.E.T.); (H.A.A.); (A.K.)
| | - Manal Mohamed Elhassan Taha
- Substance Abuse and Toxicology Research Centre, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia; (M.M.E.T.); (H.A.A.); (A.K.)
| | - Hafiz A. Makeen
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Hassan A. Alhazmi
- Substance Abuse and Toxicology Research Centre, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia; (M.M.E.T.); (H.A.A.); (A.K.)
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia; (M.A.B.); (W.A.); (A.N.)
| | - Mohammed Al Bratty
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia; (M.A.B.); (W.A.); (A.N.)
| | - Shahnaz Sultana
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Waquar Ahsan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia; (M.A.B.); (W.A.); (A.N.)
| | - Asim Najmi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia; (M.A.B.); (W.A.); (A.N.)
| | - Asaad Khalid
- Substance Abuse and Toxicology Research Centre, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia; (M.M.E.T.); (H.A.A.); (A.K.)
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Levy E, Delvin E, Marcil V, Spahis S. Can phytotherapy with polyphenols serve as a powerful approach for the prevention and therapy tool of novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)? Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2020; 319:E689-E708. [PMID: 32755302 PMCID: PMC7518070 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00298.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Much more serious than the previous severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) coronavirus (CoV) outbreaks, the novel SARS-CoV-2 infection has spread speedily, affecting 213 countries and causing ∼17,300,000 cases and ∼672,000 (∼+1,500/day) deaths globally (as of July 31, 2020). The potentially fatal coronavirus disease (COVID-19), caused by air droplets and airborne as the main transmission modes, clearly induces a spectrum of respiratory clinical manifestations, but it also affects the immune, gastrointestinal, hematological, nervous, and renal systems. The dramatic scale of disorders and complications arises from the inadequacy of current treatments and absence of a vaccine and specific anti-COVID-19 drugs to suppress viral replication, inflammation, and additional pathogenic conditions. This highlights the importance of understanding the SARS-CoV-2 mechanisms of actions and the urgent need of prospecting for new or alternative treatment options. The main objective of the present review is to discuss the challenging issue relative to the clinical utility of plants-derived polyphenols in fighting viral infections. Not only is the strong capacity of polyphenols highlighted in magnifying health benefits, but the underlying mechanisms are also stressed. Finally, emphasis is placed on the potential ability of polyphenols to combat SARS-CoV-2 infection via the regulation of its molecular targets of human cellular binding and replication, as well as through the resulting host inflammation, oxidative stress, and signaling pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emile Levy
- Research Centre, Sainte-Justine University Health Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Nutrition, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Edgard Delvin
- Research Centre, Sainte-Justine University Health Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Valérie Marcil
- Research Centre, Sainte-Justine University Health Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Nutrition, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Schohraya Spahis
- Research Centre, Sainte-Justine University Health Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Nutrition, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Bhuiyan FR, Howlader S, Raihan T, Hasan M. Plants Metabolites: Possibility of Natural Therapeutics Against the COVID-19 Pandemic. Front Med (Lausanne) 2020; 7:444. [PMID: 32850918 PMCID: PMC7427128 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2020.00444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
COVID-19, a disease induced by SARS-CoV-2 (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2), has been the cause of a worldwide pandemic. Though extensive research works have been reported in recent days on the development of effective therapeutics against this global health crisis, there is still no approved therapy against SARS-CoV-2. In the present study, plant-synthesized secondary metabolites (PSMs) have been prioritized to make a review focusing on the efficacy of plant-originated therapeutics for the treatment of COVID-19. Plant metabolites are a source of countless medicinal compounds, while the diversity of multidimensional chemical structures has made them superior to treat serious diseases. Some have already been reported as promising alternative medicines and lead compounds for drug repurposing and discovery. The versatility of secondary metabolites may provide novel antibiotics to tackle MDR (Multi-Drug Resistant) microbes too. This review attempted to find out plant metabolites that have the therapeutic potential to treat a wide range of viral pathogens. The study includes the search of remedies belonging to plant families, susceptible viral candidates, antiviral assays, and the mode of therapeutic action; this attempt resulted in the collection of an enormous number of natural therapeutics that might be suggested for the treatment of COVID-19. About 219 plants from 83 families were found to have antiviral activity. Among them, 149 plants from 71 families were screened for the identification of the major plant secondary metabolites (PSMs) that might be effective for this pandemic. Our investigation revealed that the proposed plant metabolites can serve as potential anti- SARS-CoV-2 lead molecules for further optimization and drug development processes to combat COVID-19 and future pandemics caused by viruses. This review will stimulate further analysis by the scientific community and boost antiviral plant-based research followed by novel drug designing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Farhana Rumzum Bhuiyan
- Department of Botany, University of Chittagong, Chittagong, Bangladesh
- Laboratory of Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, Department of Botany, University of Chittagong, Chittagong, Bangladesh
| | - Sabbir Howlader
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Chittagong, Chittagong, Bangladesh
| | - Topu Raihan
- Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet, Bangladesh
| | - Mahmudul Hasan
- Department of Pharmaceuticals and Industrial Biotechnology, Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet, Bangladesh
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Checconi P, De Angelis M, Marcocci ME, Fraternale A, Magnani M, Palamara AT, Nencioni L. Redox-Modulating Agents in the Treatment of Viral Infections. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E4084. [PMID: 32521619 PMCID: PMC7312898 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21114084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses use cell machinery to replicate their genome and produce viral proteins. For this reason, several intracellular factors, including the redox state, might directly or indirectly affect the progression and outcome of viral infection. In physiological conditions, the redox balance between oxidant and antioxidant species is maintained by enzymatic and non-enzymatic systems, and it finely regulates several cell functions. Different viruses break this equilibrium and induce an oxidative stress that in turn facilitates specific steps of the virus lifecycle and activates an inflammatory response. In this context, many studies highlighted the importance of redox-sensitive pathways as novel cell-based targets for therapies aimed at blocking both viral replication and virus-induced inflammation. In the review, we discuss the most recent findings in this field. In particular, we describe the effects of natural or synthetic redox-modulating molecules in inhibiting DNA or RNA virus replication as well as inflammatory pathways. The importance of the antioxidant transcription factor Nrf2 is also discussed. Most of the data reported here are on influenza virus infection. We believe that this approach could be usefully applied to fight other acute respiratory viral infections characterized by a strong inflammatory response, like COVID-19.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paola Checconi
- IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Department of Human Sciences and Promotion of the Quality of Life, San Raffaele Roma Open University, 00166 Rome, Italy; (P.C.); (A.T.P.)
| | - Marta De Angelis
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Laboratory Affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (M.D.A.); (M.E.M.)
| | - Maria Elena Marcocci
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Laboratory Affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (M.D.A.); (M.E.M.)
| | - Alessandra Fraternale
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, 61029 Urbino (PU), Italy; (A.F.); (M.M.)
| | - Mauro Magnani
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, 61029 Urbino (PU), Italy; (A.F.); (M.M.)
| | - Anna Teresa Palamara
- IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Department of Human Sciences and Promotion of the Quality of Life, San Raffaele Roma Open University, 00166 Rome, Italy; (P.C.); (A.T.P.)
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Laboratory Affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (M.D.A.); (M.E.M.)
| | - Lucia Nencioni
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Laboratory Affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (M.D.A.); (M.E.M.)
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Barreca D, Mandalari G, Calderaro A, Smeriglio A, Trombetta D, Felice MR, Gattuso G. Citrus Flavones: An Update on Sources, Biological Functions, and Health Promoting Properties. PLANTS 2020; 9:plants9030288. [PMID: 32110931 PMCID: PMC7154817 DOI: 10.3390/plants9030288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Citrus spp. are among the most widespread plants cultivated worldwide and every year millions of tons of fruit, juices, or processed compounds are produced and consumed, representing one of the main sources of nutrients in human diet. Among these, the flavonoids play a key role in providing a wide range of health beneficial effects. Apigenin, diosmetin, luteolin, acacetin, chrysoeriol, and their respective glycosides, that occur in concentrations up to 60 mg/L, are the most common flavones found in Citrus fruits and juices. The unique characteristics of their basic skeleton and the nature and position of the substituents have attracted and stimulated vigorous investigations as a consequence of an enormous biological potential, that manifests itself as (among other properties) antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, antimicrobial, and anticancer activities. This review analyzes the biochemical, pharmacological, and biological properties of Citrus flavones, emphasizing their occurrence in Citrus spp. fruits and juices, on their bioavailability, and their ability to modulate signal cascades and key metabolic enzymes both in vitro and in vivo. Electronic databases including PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and SciFinder were used to investigate recent published articles on Citrus spp. in terms of components and bioactivity potentials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Davide Barreca
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale F. Stagno d’Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy; (G.M.); (A.S.); (D.T.); (M.R.F.); (G.G.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0906765187; Fax: +39-0906765186
| | - Giuseppina Mandalari
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale F. Stagno d’Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy; (G.M.); (A.S.); (D.T.); (M.R.F.); (G.G.)
| | - Antonella Calderaro
- Department of Agricultural Science, Università degli Studi Mediterranea, Feo di Vito, IT-89124 Reggio Calabria, Italy;
| | - Antonella Smeriglio
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale F. Stagno d’Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy; (G.M.); (A.S.); (D.T.); (M.R.F.); (G.G.)
| | - Domenico Trombetta
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale F. Stagno d’Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy; (G.M.); (A.S.); (D.T.); (M.R.F.); (G.G.)
| | - Maria Rosa Felice
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale F. Stagno d’Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy; (G.M.); (A.S.); (D.T.); (M.R.F.); (G.G.)
| | - Giuseppe Gattuso
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale F. Stagno d’Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy; (G.M.); (A.S.); (D.T.); (M.R.F.); (G.G.)
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Musarra-Pizzo M, Pennisi R, Ben-Amor I, Smeriglio A, Mandalari G, Sciortino MT. In Vitro Anti-HSV-1 Activity of Polyphenol-Rich Extracts and Pure Polyphenol Compounds Derived from Pistachios Kernels ( Pistacia vera L.). PLANTS 2020; 9:plants9020267. [PMID: 32085514 PMCID: PMC7076519 DOI: 10.3390/plants9020267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Revised: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Natural compounds are a prominent source of novel antiviral drugs. Several reports have previously shown the antimicrobial activity of pistachio polyphenol extracts. Therefore, the aim of our research was to investigate the activity of polyphenol-rich extracts of natural shelled (NPRE) pistachios kernels (Pistacia vera L.) on herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) replication. The Vero cell line was used to assess the cytotoxicity and antiviral activity. The cell viability was calculated by detection of cellular ATP after treatment with various concentrations of NPRE. For antiviral studies, five nontoxic-concentrations (0.1, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8 mg/mL) were tested. Our study demonstrated that treatment with NPRE (0.4, 0.6, 0.8 mg/mL) reduced the expression of the viral proteins ICP8 (infected cell polypeptide 8), UL42 (unique long UL42 DNA polymerase processivity factor), and US11 (unique short US11 protein), and resulted in a decrease of viral DNA synthesis. The 50% cytotoxic concentration (CC50), 50% inhibitory concentration (EC50), and the selectivity index (SI) values for NPRE were 1.2 mg/mL, 0.4mg/mL, and 3, respectively. Furthermore, we assessed the anti-herpetic effect of a mix of pure polyphenol compounds (NS MIX) present in NPRE. In conclusion, our findings indicate that natural shelled pistachio kernels have remarkable inhibitory activity against HSV-1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Musarra-Pizzo
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale SS. Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy; (M.M.-P.); (R.P.); (I.B.-A.); (A.S.); (G.M.)
| | - Rosamaria Pennisi
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale SS. Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy; (M.M.-P.); (R.P.); (I.B.-A.); (A.S.); (G.M.)
- Shenzhen International Institute for Biomedical Research, 140 Jinye Ave. Building A10, Dapeng New District, Shenzhen 518116, China
| | - Ichrak Ben-Amor
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale SS. Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy; (M.M.-P.); (R.P.); (I.B.-A.); (A.S.); (G.M.)
- Unit of Biotechnology and Pathologies, Higher Institute of Biotechnology of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax 3029, Tunisia
| | - Antonella Smeriglio
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale SS. Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy; (M.M.-P.); (R.P.); (I.B.-A.); (A.S.); (G.M.)
| | - Giuseppina Mandalari
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale SS. Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy; (M.M.-P.); (R.P.); (I.B.-A.); (A.S.); (G.M.)
| | - Maria Teresa Sciortino
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale SS. Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy; (M.M.-P.); (R.P.); (I.B.-A.); (A.S.); (G.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-090-676-5217
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Yin Y, Yu S, Sun Y, Qin T, Chen S, Ding C, Peng D, Liu X. Glycosylation deletion of hemagglutinin head in the H5 subtype avian influenza virus enhances its virulence in mammals by inducing endoplasmic reticulum stress. Transbound Emerg Dis 2020; 67:1492-1506. [PMID: 31944613 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Revised: 12/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Hemagglutinin (HA) glycosylation of avian influenza virus (AIV) effects differently depending on the variation of glycosylation position and numbers. The natural mutation on the glycosylation sites of the AIV HA head occurs frequently. Our previous study shows that deletion of 158 or 169 glycosylation site on the HA head of the H5 subtype AIV strain rS-144-/158+/169+ increases the viral virulence in mammals; however, the mechanism remains unknown. In this study, several AIVs with different deletions at HA head glycosylation sites 144, 158 or 169 were tested for their biological characteristics to clarify the possible mechanism. We found that rS-144-/158-/169+ and rS-144-/158+/169- viruses induced higher levels of inflammatory cytokines than rS-144-/158+/169+ did in the infected cells, but the TCID50 , EID50 and MDT of the viruses showed no difference. Moreover, we found that rS-144-/158-/169+ and rS-144-/158+/169- viruses induced higher levels of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in the cells. Inhibition of inositol-requiring enzyme 1α (IRE1α) phosphorylation reduced the inflammation induced by AIV infection. Furthermore, we found that rS-144-/158-/169+ virus activated the c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), X-box binding protein 1 (XBP1), and nuclear factor-κB pathways by activating IRE1α phosphorylation under ER stress, whereas the rS-144-/158+/169- virus activated only the JNK pathway by altering IRE1α phosphorylation. In vivo analysis of Kira6 intervention further confirmed that ER stress played a key role in higher virulence for HA head 158 or 169 site de-glycosylation AIV. Our findings reveal that deletion of additional HA head glycosylation sites 158 or 169 enhanced the AIV virulence via activating of strong ER stress and inflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuncong Yin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Research Centre of Engineering and Technology for Prevention and Control of Poultry Disease, Yangzhou, China
| | - Shengqing Yu
- Department of Avian Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai, China
| | - Yingjie Sun
- Department of Avian Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai, China
| | - Tao Qin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Research Centre of Engineering and Technology for Prevention and Control of Poultry Disease, Yangzhou, China
| | - Sujuan Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Research Centre of Engineering and Technology for Prevention and Control of Poultry Disease, Yangzhou, China
| | - Chan Ding
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China.,Department of Avian Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai, China
| | - Daxin Peng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Research Centre of Engineering and Technology for Prevention and Control of Poultry Disease, Yangzhou, China.,The International Joint Laboratory for Cooperation in Agriculture and Agricultural Product Safety, Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xiufan Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Research Centre of Engineering and Technology for Prevention and Control of Poultry Disease, Yangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Denaro M, Smeriglio A, Barreca D, De Francesco C, Occhiuto C, Milano G, Trombetta D. Antiviral activity of plants and their isolated bioactive compounds: An update. Phytother Res 2019; 34:742-768. [DOI: 10.1002/ptr.6575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2019] [Revised: 10/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marcella Denaro
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental SciencesUniversity of Messina Messina Italy
| | - Antonella Smeriglio
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental SciencesUniversity of Messina Messina Italy
| | - Davide Barreca
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental SciencesUniversity of Messina Messina Italy
| | - Clara De Francesco
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental SciencesUniversity of Messina Messina Italy
| | - Cristina Occhiuto
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental SciencesUniversity of Messina Messina Italy
| | - Giada Milano
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental SciencesUniversity of Messina Messina Italy
| | - Domenico Trombetta
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental SciencesUniversity of Messina Messina Italy
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Musarra-Pizzo M, Ginestra G, Smeriglio A, Pennisi R, Sciortino MT, Mandalari G. The Antimicrobial and Antiviral Activity of Polyphenols from Almond ( Prunus dulcis L.) Skin. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11102355. [PMID: 31623329 PMCID: PMC6836111 DOI: 10.3390/nu11102355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Revised: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to their antimicrobial and antiviral activity potential in vitro, polyphenols are gaining a lot of attention from the pharmaceutical and healthcare industries. A novel antiviral and antimicrobial approach could be based on the use of polyphenols obtained from natural sources. Here, we tested the antibacterial and antiviral effect of a mix of polyphenols present in natural almond skin (NS MIX). The antimicrobial potential was evaluated against the standard American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) and clinical strains of Staphylococcus aureus, including methicillin-resistant (MRSA) strains, by minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC). Herpes simplex virus type I was used for the antiviral assessment of NS MIX by plaque assay. Furthermore, we evaluated the expression of viral cascade antigens. NS MIX exhibited antimicrobial (MIC values of 0.31–1.25 mg/ml) and antiviral activity (decrease in the viral titer ** p < 0.01, and viral DNA accumulation * p < 0.05) against Staphylococcus aureus and HSV-1, respectively. Amongst the isolated compounds, the aglycones epicatechin and catechin showed the greatest activity against S. aureus ATCC 6538P (MIC values of 0.078–0.15 and 0.15 mg/ml, respectively), but were not active against all the other strains. These results could be used to develop novel products for topical use.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Musarra-Pizzo
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Science, University of Messina, Viale SS. Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy.
| | - Giovanna Ginestra
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Science, University of Messina, Viale SS. Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy.
| | - Antonella Smeriglio
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Science, University of Messina, Viale SS. Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy.
| | - Rosamaria Pennisi
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Science, University of Messina, Viale SS. Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy.
- Shenzhen International Institute for Biomedical Research, 140 Jinye Ave. Building A10, Dapeng New District, Shenzhen 518116, Guangdong, China.
| | - Maria Teresa Sciortino
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Science, University of Messina, Viale SS. Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy.
| | - Giuseppina Mandalari
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Science, University of Messina, Viale SS. Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Pachota M, Kłysik-Trzciańska K, Synowiec A, Yukioka S, Yusa SI, Zając M, Zawilinska B, Dzieciątkowski T, Szczubialka K, Pyrc K, Nowakowska M. Highly Effective and Safe Polymeric Inhibitors of Herpes Simplex Virus in Vitro and in Vivo. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:26745-26752. [PMID: 31287654 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b10302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
A series of poly(ethylene glycol)-block-poly(3-(methacryloylamino)propyl trimethylammonium chloride) (PEG-b-PMAPTAC) water-soluble block copolymers consisting of PEG and PMPTAC were obtained by reversible addition-fragmentation chain-transfer (RAFT) polymerization and demonstrated to function as highly effective herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) inhibitors as shown by in vitro tests (Vero E6 cells) and in vivo experiments (mouse model). Half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values were determined by quantitative polymerase chain reaction to be 0.36 ± 0.08 μg/mL for the most effective polymer PEG45-b-PMAPTAC52 and 0.84 ± 1.24 μg/mL for the less effective one, PEG45-b-PMAPTAC74. The study performed on the mouse model showed that the polymers protect mice from lethal infection. The polymers are not toxic to the primary human skin fibroblast cells up to the concentration of 100 μg/mL and to the Vero E6 cells up to 500 μg/mL. No systemic or topical toxicity was observed in vivo, even with mice treated with concentrated formulation (100 mg/mL). The mechanistic studies indicated that polymers interacted with the cell and blocked the formation of the entry/fusion complex. Physicochemical and biological properties of PEGx-b-PMAPTACy make them promising drug candidates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Shotaro Yukioka
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering , University of Hyogo , Himeji 671-2280 , Hyogo Japan
| | - Shin-Ichi Yusa
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering , University of Hyogo , Himeji 671-2280 , Hyogo Japan
| | | | - Barbara Zawilinska
- Department of Virology, Chair of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine , Jagiellonian University Medical College , Krakow 31-121 , Poland
| | - Tomasz Dzieciątkowski
- Chair and Department of Medical Microbiology , Warsaw Medical University , Warsaw 02-004 , Poland
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Mandalari G, Bisignano C, Smeriglio A, Denaro M, Musarra-Pizzo M, Pennisi R, Mancuso F, Ferro S, Trombetta D, Monforte AM, Sciortino MT, De Luca L. Simulated human digestion of N1-aryl-2-arylthioacetamidobenzimidazoles and their activity against Herpes-simplex virus 1 in vitro. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0216384. [PMID: 31048874 PMCID: PMC6497310 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0216384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 04/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug performance in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) plays a crucial role in determining release and absorption. In the present work, we assessed the in vitro digestion of two synthetic N1-aryl-2-arylthioacetamidobenzimidazoles (NAABs), NAAB-496 and NAAB-503, using bio-relevant models of the human stomach and small intestine. The activity of NAAB-496 and NAAB-503 against herpes simplex virus (HSV-1) replication was also investigated. NAAB-496 was resistant to pepsin in the gastric environment, with a virtual 100% recovery, which decreased to 43.2% in the small intestine. NAAB-503 was sensitive to pepsin, with 65.7% degradation after 120 min gastric phase. 1H Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) post in vitro digestion highlighted an alteration of NAAB-496 after the gastric phase, whereas NAAB-503 appeared comparable to the original spectral data. Both NAAB-496 and NAAB-503 revealed some antiviral activity anti-HSV-1. The 50% effective concentration (EC50) of the compounds was 0.058 mg/mL for NAAB-496 and 0.066 for NAAB-503. Future studies will evaluate the behavior of NAAB-496 within pharmaceutical formulations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppina Mandalari
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Science, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
- * E-mail:
| | - Carlo Bisignano
- Department of Biomedical, Dental, Morphological and Functional Images Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Antonella Smeriglio
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Science, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Marcella Denaro
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Science, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Maria Musarra-Pizzo
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Science, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Rosamaria Pennisi
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Science, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Francesca Mancuso
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Science, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Stefania Ferro
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Science, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Domenico Trombetta
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Science, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Monforte
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Science, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Maria Teresa Sciortino
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Science, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Laura De Luca
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Science, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Chen CYO, Milbury PE, Blumberg JB. Polyphenols in Almond Skins after Blanching Modulate Plasma Biomarkers of Oxidative Stress in Healthy Humans. Antioxidants (Basel) 2019; 8:antiox8040095. [PMID: 30974789 PMCID: PMC6523744 DOI: 10.3390/antiox8040095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2019] [Revised: 04/06/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Almond skins are a waste byproduct of blanched almond production. Polyphenols extracted from almond skins possess antioxidant activities in vitro and in vivo. Thus, we examined the pharmacokinetic profile of almond skin polyphenols (ASP) and their effect on measures of oxidative stress. In a randomized crossover trial, seven adults consumed two acute ASP doses (225 mg (low, L) or 450 mg (high, H) total phenols) in skim milk or milk alone. Plasma flavonoids, glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione (GSH), oxidized GSH (GSSG), and resistance of low- density lipoprotein (LDL) to oxidation were measured over 10 h. The H dose increased catechin and naringenin in plasma, with maximum concentrations of 44.3 and 19.3 ng/mL, respectively. The GSH/GSSG ratio at 3 h after the H doses was 212% of the baseline value, as compared to 82% after milk (p = 0.003). Both ASP doses upregulated GPx activity by 26-35% from the baseline at 15, 30, 45, and 120 min after consumption. The in vitro addition of α-tocopherol extended the lag time of LDL oxidation at 3 h after L and H consumption by 144.7% and 165.2% of that at 0 h compared to no change after milk (p ≤ 0.05). In conclusion, ASP are bioavailable and modulate GSH status, GPx activity, and the resistance of LDL to oxidation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C-Y Oliver Chen
- Antioxidants Research Laboratory, Jean Mayer U.S. Department of Agriculture Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111, USA.
- Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111, USA.
| | - Paul E Milbury
- Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111, USA.
| | - Jeffrey B Blumberg
- Antioxidants Research Laboratory, Jean Mayer U.S. Department of Agriculture Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111, USA.
- Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Improving Encapsulation of Hydrophilic Chloroquine Diphosphate into Biodegradable Nanoparticles: A Promising Approach against Herpes Virus Simplex-1 Infection. Pharmaceutics 2018; 10:pharmaceutics10040255. [PMID: 30513856 PMCID: PMC6320969 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics10040255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Revised: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Chloroquine diphosphate (CQ) is a hydrophilic drug with low entrapment efficiency in hydrophobic nanoparticles (NP). Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) is an enveloped double-stranded DNA virus worldwide known as a common human pathogen. This study aims to develop chloroquine-loaded poly(lactic acid) (PLA) nanoparticles (CQ-NP) to improve the chloroquine anti- HSV-1 efficacy. CQ-NP were successfully prepared using a modified emulsification-solvent evaporation method. Physicochemical properties of the NP were monitored using dynamic light scattering, atomic force microscopy, drug loading efficiency, and drug release studies. Spherical nanoparticles were produced with modal diameter of <300 nm, zeta potential of −20 mv and encapsulation efficiency of 64.1%. In vitro assays of CQ-NP performed in Vero E6 cells, using the MTT-assay, revealed different cytotoxicity levels. Blank nanoparticles (B-NP) were biocompatible. Finally, the antiviral activity tested by the plaque reduction assay revealed greater efficacy for CQ-NP compared to CQ at concentrations equal to or lower than 20 µg mL−1 (p < 0.001). On the other hand, the B-NP had no antiviral activity. The CQ-NP has shown feasible properties and great potential to improve the antiviral activity of drugs.
Collapse
|
31
|
Comparison of Phenols Content and Antioxidant Activity of Fruits from Different Maturity Stages of Ribes stenocarpum Maxim. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23123148. [PMID: 30513641 PMCID: PMC6321012 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23123148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Revised: 11/24/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Differences in the content of nine phenols and the antioxidant capacity of Ribes stenocarpum Maxim (RSM) fruits at different stages of maturity were investigated, and the extraction process of polyphenols from RSM was also optimized using Box-Behnken design method. Results showed that the content of the nine phenols varied considerably at different ripening stages; catechin, chlorogenic acid, coumaric acid, and ferulic acid were abundant in immature fruits but decreased with fruit ripening, whereas the levels of rosemary acid and querctin acid were low in immature fruits and increased with time, reaching the highest value after the fruit was completely mature. The phenols extracted from RSM fruits possessed good antioxidant activities for effective and rapid scavenging of DPPH and ABTS free radicals, as well as intracellular ROS. Analysis of the phenols content at different maturity stages indicated that the unripe fruits had significantly higher polyphenols content than mature fruits. Consequently, unripe fruits possessed higher antioxidant activities. According to the overall results of the extraction process optimization, the selected optimal conditions for extracting polyphenols from RSM were as follows: extraction time, 95 min; solvent concentration, 60%; ratio of sample to solvent, 1:25.
Collapse
|
32
|
La Camera E, Bisignano C, Crisafi G, Smeriglio A, Denaro M, Trombetta D, Mandalari G. Biochemical Characterization of Clinical Strains of Staphylococcus spp. and Their Sensitivity to Polyphenols-Rich Extracts from Pistachio ( Pistacia vera L.). Pathogens 2018; 7:pathogens7040082. [PMID: 30360375 PMCID: PMC6313331 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens7040082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Revised: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
We characterized a number of clinical strains of Staphylococcus spp. and investigated their sensitivity against polyphenols-rich extracts from natural raw and roasted pistachios (NPRE and RPRE, respectively). Out of 31 clinical isolates of Staphylococcus spp., 23 were coagulase-positive and identified as S. aureus, of which 21 were MRSA. Polyphenols-rich extracts from natural pistachios and roasted pistachios were prepared: the total phenols content, expressed as gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/100 g fresh weight (FW), was higher in natural pistachios (359.04 ± 8.124 mg) than roasted pistachios (225.18 ± 5.055 mg). The higher total phenols content in natural pistachios also correlated to the higher free-radical scavenging activity found by DPPH assay: NPRE and RPRE showed IC50 values of 0.85 (C.L. 0.725⁻0.976 mg mL-1) and 1.15 (C.L. 0.920⁻1.275 mg mL-1), respectively. Both NPRE and RPRE were active against S. aureus 6538P and Staph. spp. clinical isolates, with RPRE being the most active (MIC values ranging between 31.25 and 2000 μg mL-1). The antimicrobial potential of pistachios could be used to identify novel treatments for S. aureus skin infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erminia La Camera
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Science, University of Messina, Viale SS. Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy.
| | - Carlo Bisignano
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Odontoiatriche e delle Immagini Morfologiche e Funzionali, University of Messina, Via Consolare Valeria, 98125 Messina, Italy.
| | - Giuseppe Crisafi
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Science, University of Messina, Viale SS. Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy.
| | - Antonella Smeriglio
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Science, University of Messina, Viale SS. Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy.
| | - Marcella Denaro
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Science, University of Messina, Viale SS. Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy.
| | - Domenico Trombetta
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Science, University of Messina, Viale SS. Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy.
| | - Giuseppina Mandalari
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Science, University of Messina, Viale SS. Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Li W, Wang XH, Luo Z, Liu LF, Yan C, Yan CY, Chen GD, Gao H, Duan WJ, Kurihara H, Li YF, He RR. Traditional Chinese Medicine as a Potential Source for HSV-1 Therapy by Acting on Virus or the Susceptibility of Host. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19103266. [PMID: 30347851 PMCID: PMC6213986 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19103266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Revised: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) is the most common virus, with an estimated infection rate of 60–95% among the adult population. Once infected, HSV-1 can remain latent in the host for a lifetime and be reactivated in patients with a compromised immune system. Reactivation of latent HSV-1 can also be achieved by other stimuli. Though acyclovir (ACV) is a classic drug for HSV-1 infection, ACV-resistant strains have been found in immune-compromised patients and drug toxicity has also been commonly reported. Therefore, there is an urge to search for new anti-HSV-1 agents. Natural products with potential anti-HSV-1 activity have the advantages of minimal side effects, reduced toxicity, and they exert their effect by various mechanisms. This paper will not only provide a reference for the safe dose of these agents if they are to be used in humans, referring to the interrelated data obtained from in vitro experiments, but also introduce the main pharmacodynamic mechanisms of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) against HSV-1. Taken together, TCM functions as a potential source for HSV-1 therapy by direct (blocking viral attachment/absorption/penetration/replication) or indirect (reducing the susceptibility to HSV-1 or regulating autophagy) antiviral activities. The potential of these active components in the development of anti-HSV-1 drugs will also be described.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wen Li
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Chinese Medicine & Disease Susceptibility, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
| | - Xiao-Hua Wang
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Chinese Medicine & Disease Susceptibility, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
| | - Zhuo Luo
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Chinese Medicine & Disease Susceptibility, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
| | - Li-Fang Liu
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Chinese Medicine & Disease Susceptibility, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
| | - Chang Yan
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Chinese Medicine & Disease Susceptibility, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
| | - Chang-Yu Yan
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Chinese Medicine & Disease Susceptibility, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
| | - Guo-Dong Chen
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Chinese Medicine & Disease Susceptibility, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
| | - Hao Gao
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Chinese Medicine & Disease Susceptibility, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
| | - Wen-Jun Duan
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Chinese Medicine & Disease Susceptibility, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
| | - Hiroshi Kurihara
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Chinese Medicine & Disease Susceptibility, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
| | - Yi-Fang Li
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Chinese Medicine & Disease Susceptibility, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
| | - Rong-Rong He
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Chinese Medicine & Disease Susceptibility, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Ibáñez FJ, Farías MA, Gonzalez-Troncoso MP, Corrales N, Duarte LF, Retamal-Díaz A, González PA. Experimental Dissection of the Lytic Replication Cycles of Herpes Simplex Viruses in vitro. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2406. [PMID: 30386309 PMCID: PMC6198116 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex viruses type 1 and type 2 (HSV-1 and HSV-2) produce lifelong infections and are highly prevalent in the human population. Both viruses elicit numerous clinical manifestations and produce mild-to-severe diseases that affect the skin, eyes, and brain, among others. Despite the existence of numerous antivirals against HSV, such as acyclovir and acyclovir-related analogs, virus variants that are resistant to these compounds can be isolated from immunosuppressed individuals. For such isolates, second-line drugs can be used, yet they frequently produce adverse side effects. Furthermore, topical antivirals for treating cutaneous HSV infections usually display poor to moderate efficacy. Hence, better or novel anti-HSV antivirals are needed and details on their mechanisms of action would be insightful for improving their efficacy and identifying specific molecular targets. Here, we review and dissect the lytic replication cycles of herpes simplex viruses, discussing key steps involved in cell infection and the processes that yield new virions. Additionally, we review and discuss rapid, easy-to-perform and simple experimental approaches for studying key steps involved in HSV replication to facilitate the identification of the mechanisms of action of anti-HSV compounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francisco J Ibáñez
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Mónica A Farías
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Maria P Gonzalez-Troncoso
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Nicolás Corrales
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Luisa F Duarte
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Angello Retamal-Díaz
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Pablo A González
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Prgomet I, Gonçalves B, Domínguez-Perles R, Pascual-Seva N, Barros AIRNA. Valorization Challenges to Almond Residues: Phytochemical Composition and Functional Application. Molecules 2017; 22:E1774. [PMID: 29053616 PMCID: PMC6151789 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22101774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Almond is characterized by its high nutritional value; although information reported so far mainly concerns edible kernel. Even though the nutritional and commercial relevance of the almond is restricted to almond meat; to date; increasing attention has been paid to other parts of this fruit (skin; shell; and hull); considered by-products that are scarcely characterized and exploited regarding their properties as valuable sources of bioactive compounds (mainly represented by phenolic acids and flavonoids). This lack of proper valorization procedures entails the continuation of the application of traditional procedures to almond residues that nowadays are mainly addressed to livestock feed and energy production. In this sense; data available on the physicochemical and phytochemical composition of almond meat and its related residues suggest promising applications; and allow one to envisage new uses as functional ingredients towards value-added foods and feeds; as well as a source of bioactive phytochemicals to be included in cosmetic formulations. This objective has prompted investigators working in the field to evaluate their functional properties and biological activity. This approach has provided interesting information concerning the capacity of polyphenolic extracts of almond by-products to prevent degenerative diseases linked to oxidative stress and inflammation in human tissues and cells; in the frame of diverse pathophysiological situations. Hence; this review deals with gathering data available in the scientific literature on the phytochemical composition and bioactivity of almond by-products as well as on their bioactivity so as to promote their functional application.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Iva Prgomet
- Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences, CITAB, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, UTAD, Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal.
| | - Berta Gonçalves
- Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences, CITAB, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, UTAD, Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal.
| | - Raúl Domínguez-Perles
- Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences, CITAB, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, UTAD, Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal.
| | - Núria Pascual-Seva
- Department of Plant Production, Universitat Politècnica de València, 46022 València, Spain.
| | - Ana I R N A Barros
- Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences, CITAB, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, UTAD, Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal.
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Pachota M, Klysik K, Synowiec A, Ciejka J, Szczubiałka K, Pyrć K, Nowakowska M. Inhibition of Herpes Simplex Viruses by Cationic Dextran Derivatives. J Med Chem 2017; 60:8620-8630. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b01189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Pachota
- Microbiology
Department, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Krakow, Poland
- Malopolska
Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7A, 30-387 Krakow, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Klysik
- Faculty
of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387 Krakow, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Synowiec
- Microbiology
Department, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Krakow, Poland
| | - Justyna Ciejka
- Malopolska
Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7A, 30-387 Krakow, Poland
- Faculty
of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387 Krakow, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Szczubiałka
- Faculty
of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387 Krakow, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Pyrć
- Microbiology
Department, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Krakow, Poland
- Malopolska
Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7A, 30-387 Krakow, Poland
| | - Maria Nowakowska
- Faculty
of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387 Krakow, Poland
| |
Collapse
|