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Dutta P, Pal D, Roy A, Mandal RK, Panda CK. Role of MLH1 and MSH2 deficiency in the development of tumorigenesis and chemo-tolerance of cervical Carcinoma: Clinical implications. Gene 2023; 888:147746. [PMID: 37657688 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2023.147746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/03/2023]
Abstract
Cervical cancer (CACX) is one of the top causes of cancer death in women globally. The involvement of several cellular pathways in carcinogenesis is still poorly understood. Here, we focused to evaluate the contributory role of Mismatch Repair (MMR) pathway genes-MLH1 and MSH2 in CACX and their association with chemo-tolerance of the disease. For this purpose, molecular profiles (expression/promoter methylation/deletion) of the genes were analysed in both normal cervical epithelium and tumour tissue, also validated in in-silico dataset as well. Later on, prognostic importance of the genes was identified through analysis of their methylation/expression status in plasma DNA of circulating tumour cells (CTCs) and cisplatin-tolerant CACX cell lines respectively. It was found that the expression profile of MLH1 and MSH2 genes was considerably reduced from undifferentiated basal-parabasal layers of normal cervical epithelium towards progression of the disease. Further analysis showed that frequent deletion [34-48%] and promoter methylation events [28-46%] of the genes were the plausible reasons for their reduced expression during tumorigenesis. Incidentally, the prevalence of MLH1 [32%] and MSH2 [27%] promoter methylation found in CTCs of plasma of the clinically advanced CACX patients implicated their prognostic importance of the disease. In addition, the patients having high alterations of those genes resulted in poor patient outcomes even after the therapy. In in-depth analysis of this result in cisplatin-tolerant CACX cell lines, we discovered that increased promoter methylation frequency of those genes at higher concentrations of cisplatin and gradual accumulation of the cells in the G2/M phase of the cell cycle were the rational causes for their reduced expression and MMR deficiency in the system. Hence, it is possible to conclude that the gradual down-regulation of MLH1 and MSH2 proteins may be a key event for MMR pathway inactivation in CACX. This might also be associated with chemo-tolerance and overall poor survival among the patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Dutta
- Department of Oncogene Regulation, Chittaranjan National Cancer Institute, 37, S.P. Mukherjee Road, Kolkata 700026, West Bengal, India
| | - Debolina Pal
- Department of Oncogene Regulation, Chittaranjan National Cancer Institute, 37, S.P. Mukherjee Road, Kolkata 700026, West Bengal, India
| | - Anup Roy
- Department of Pathology, Nil Ratan Sircar Medical College and Hospital, Kolkata 700014, India
| | - Ranajit Kumar Mandal
- Department of Gynaecologic Oncology, Chittaranjan National Cancer Institute, 37, S.P. Mukherjee Road, Kolkata 700026, West Bengal, India
| | - Chinmay Kumar Panda
- Department of Oncogene Regulation, Chittaranjan National Cancer Institute, 37, S.P. Mukherjee Road, Kolkata 700026, West Bengal, India.
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Zohud O, Lone IM, Nashef A, Iraqi FA. Towards system genetics analysis of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma using the mouse model, cellular platform, and clinical human data. Animal Model Exp Med 2023; 6:537-558. [PMID: 38129938 PMCID: PMC10757216 DOI: 10.1002/ame2.12367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Head and neck squamous cell cancer (HNSCC) is a leading global malignancy. Every year, More than 830 000 people are diagnosed with HNSCC globally, with more than 430 000 fatalities. HNSCC is a deadly diverse malignancy with many tumor locations and biological characteristics. It originates from the squamous epithelium of the oral cavity, oropharynx, nasopharynx, larynx, and hypopharynx. The most frequently impacted regions are the tongue and larynx. Previous investigations have demonstrated the critical role of host genetic susceptibility in the progression of HNSCC. Despite the advances in our knowledge, the improved survival rate of HNSCC patients over the last 40 years has been limited. Failure to identify the molecular origins of development of HNSCC and the genetic basis of the disease and its biological heterogeneity impedes the development of new therapeutic methods. These results indicate a need to identify more genetic factors underlying this complex disease, which can be better used in early detection and prevention strategies. The lack of reliable animal models to investigate the underlying molecular processes is one of the most significant barriers to understanding HNSCC tumors. In this report, we explore and discuss potential research prospects utilizing the Collaborative Cross mouse model and crossing it to mice carrying single or double knockout genes (e.g. Smad4 and P53 genes) to identify genetic factors affecting the development of this complex disease using genome-wide association studies, epigenetics, microRNA, long noncoding RNA, lncRNA, histone modifications, methylation, phosphorylation, and proteomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osayd Zohud
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Sackler Faculty of MedicineTel‐Aviv UniversityTel AvivIsrael
| | - Iqbal M. Lone
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Sackler Faculty of MedicineTel‐Aviv UniversityTel AvivIsrael
| | - Aysar Nashef
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial SurgeryBaruch Padeh Medical CenterPoriyaIsrael
- Azrieli Faculty of MedicineBar‐Ilan UniversityRamat GanIsrael
| | - Fuad A. Iraqi
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Sackler Faculty of MedicineTel‐Aviv UniversityTel AvivIsrael
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Rimini M, Franco P, Bertolini F, Berardino DB, Giulia ZM, Stefano V, Andrikou K, Arcadipane F, Napolitano M, Buno LV, Alessandra GM, Olivero F, Ferreri F, Ricardi U, Cascinu S, Casadei-Gardini A. The Prognostic Role of Baseline Eosinophils in HPV-Related Cancers: a Multi-institutional Analysis of Anal SCC and OPC Patients Treated with Radical CT-RT. J Gastrointest Cancer 2023; 54:662-671. [PMID: 35915202 PMCID: PMC9342937 DOI: 10.1007/s12029-022-00850-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Anal squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and oropharyngeal cancer (OPC) are rare tumors associated with HPV infection. Bioumoral predictors of response to chemoradiation (CT-RT) are lacking in these settings. With the aim to find new biomarkers, we investigated the role of eosinophils in both HPV-positive anal SCC and HPV-related oropharyngeal cancer (OPC). METHODS We retrieved clinical and laboratory data of patients with HPV-positive anal SCC treated with CT-RT in 5 institutions, and patients with locally advanced OPC SCC treated with CT-RT in 2 institutions. We examined the association between baseline eosinophil count (the best cutoff has been evaluated by ROC curve analysis: 100 × 10^9/L) and disease-free survival (DFS). Unadjusted and adjusted hazard ratios by baseline characteristics were calculated using the Cox proportional hazards model. RESULTS Three hundred four patients with HPV-positive anal SCCs and 168 patients with OPCs (122 HPV-positive, 46 HPV-negative diseases) were analyzed. In anal SCC, low eosinophil count (< 100 × 10^9/L) correlates to a better DFS (HR = 0.59; p = 0.0392); likewise, in HPV-positive OPC, low eosinophil count correlates to a better DFS (HR = 0.50; p = 0.0428). In HPV-negative OPC, low eosinophil count confers worse DFS compared to high eosinophil count (HR = 3.53; p = 0.0098). After adjustment for age and sex, eosinophils were confirmed to be independent prognostic factors for DFS (HR = 4.55; p = 0.0139). CONCLUSION Eosinophil count could be used as a prognostic factor in anal HPV-positive SCC. The worse prognosis showed in HPV-positive patients with high eosinophil count is likely to derive from an unfavorable interaction between the HPV-induced immunomodulation and eosinophils, which may hamper the curative effect of RT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margherita Rimini
- Oncologic Department, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute Hospital, 20019, Milan, Italy
| | - Pierfrancesco Franco
- Department of Oncology - Radiation Oncology, University of Turin School of Medicine, Via Genova 3, 10126, Turin, Italy.
| | - Federica Bertolini
- Department of Oncology and Hematology, Division of Oncology, University Hospital Modena, Modena, Italy
| | - De Bari Berardino
- Radiation Oncology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Besançon, 25000, Besançon cedex, France
- Radiation Oncology, Réseau Hospitalier Neuchâtelois, CH-2300, La Chaux-de-Fonds, Switzerland
| | - Zampino Maria Giulia
- Division of Radiation Oncology, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Vegge Stefano
- Radiation Oncology Department, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Kalliopi Andrikou
- Oncologic Department, Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura Dei Tumori, IRCCS, Meldola (Forlì), Italy
| | - Francesca Arcadipane
- Department of Oncology - Radiation Oncology, University of Turin School of Medicine, Via Genova 3, 10126, Turin, Italy
| | - Martina Napolitano
- Department of Oncology and Hematology, Division of Oncology, University Hospital Modena, Modena, Italy
| | - Lavajo Vieira Buno
- Radiation Oncology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Besançon, 25000, Besançon cedex, France
| | | | - Francesco Olivero
- Department of Oncology - Radiation Oncology, University of Turin School of Medicine, Via Genova 3, 10126, Turin, Italy
| | - Filippo Ferreri
- Department of Oncology - Radiation Oncology, University of Turin School of Medicine, Via Genova 3, 10126, Turin, Italy
| | - Umberto Ricardi
- Department of Oncology - Radiation Oncology, University of Turin School of Medicine, Via Genova 3, 10126, Turin, Italy
| | - Stefano Cascinu
- Oncologic Department, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute Hospital, 20019, Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Casadei-Gardini
- Oncologic Department, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute Hospital, 20019, Milan, Italy
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Boon SS, Lee YC, Yip KL, Luk HY, Xiao C, Yim MK, Chen Z, Chan PKS. Interaction between Human Papillomavirus-Encoded E6 Protein and AurB Induces Cell Immortalization and Proliferation-A Potential Target of Intervention. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15092465. [PMID: 37173932 PMCID: PMC10177266 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15092465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The human papillomavirus E6 and E7 oncoproteins interact with a different subset of host proteins, leading to dysregulation of the apoptotic, cell cycle, and signaling pathways. In this study, we identified, for the first time, that Aurora kinase B (AurB) is a bona fide interacting partner of E6. We systematically characterized the AurB-E6 complex formation and its consequences in carcinogenesis using a series of in vitro and cell-based assays. We also assessed the efficacy of Aurora kinase inhibitors in halting HPV-mediated carcinogenesis using in vitro and in vivo models. We showed that AurB activity was elevated in HPV-positive cells, and this correlated positively with the E6 protein level. E6 interacted directly with AurB in the nucleus or mitotic cells. A previously unidentified region of E6, located upstream of C-terminal E6-PBM, was important for AurB-E6 complex formation. AurB-E6 complex led to reduced AurB kinase activity. However, the AurB-E6 complex increased the hTERT protein level and its telomerase activity. On the other hand, AurB inhibition led to the inhibition of telomerase activity, cell proliferation, and tumor formation, even though this may occur in an HPV-independent manner. In summary, this study dissected the molecular mechanism of how E6 recruits AurB to induce cell immortalization and proliferation, leading to the eventual cancer development. Our findings revealed that the treatment of AZD1152 exerted a non-specific anti-tumor effect. Hence, a continuous effort to seek a specific and selective inhibitor that can halt HPV-mediated carcinogenesis should be warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siaw Shi Boon
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yin Ching Lee
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Ka Lai Yip
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Ho Yin Luk
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Chuanyun Xiao
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Man Kin Yim
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Zigui Chen
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Paul Kay Sheung Chan
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, China
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Hu C, Bugbee T, Palinski R, Akinyemi IA, McIntosh MT, MacCarthy T, Bhaduri-McIntosh S, Wallace N. Beta human papillomavirus 8E6 promotes alternative end joining. eLife 2023; 12:e81923. [PMID: 36692284 PMCID: PMC9897725 DOI: 10.7554/elife.81923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Double strand breaks (DSBs) are one of the most lethal DNA lesions in cells. The E6 protein of beta-human papillomavirus (HPV8 E6) impairs two critical DSB repair pathways: homologous recombination (HR) and non-homologous end joining (NHEJ). However, HPV8 E6 only delays DSB repair. How DSBs are repaired in cells with HPV8 E6 remains to be studied. We hypothesize that HPV8 E6 promotes a less commonly used DSB repair pathway, alternative end joining (Alt-EJ). Using CAS9-based Alt-EJ reporters, we show that HPV8 E6 promotes Alt-EJ. Further, using small molecule inhibitors, CRISPR/CAS9 gene knockout, and HPV8 E6 mutant, we find that HPV8 E6 promotes Alt-EJ by binding p300, an acetyltransferase that facilitates DSB repair by HR and NHEJ. At least some of this repair occurs through a subset of Alt-EJ known as polymerase theta dependent end joining. Finally, whole genome sequencing analysis showed HPV8 E6 caused an increased frequency of deletions bearing the microhomology signatures of Alt-EJ. This study fills the knowledge gap of how DSB is repaired in cells with HPV8 E6 and the mutagenic consequences of HPV8 E6 mediated p300 destabilization. Broadly, this study supports the hypothesis that beta-HPV promotes cancer formation by increasing genomic instability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changkun Hu
- Basic Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research CenterSeattleUnited States
- Division of Biology, Kansas State UniversityManhattanUnited States
| | - Taylor Bugbee
- Division of Biology, Kansas State UniversityManhattanUnited States
| | - Rachel Palinski
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Kansas State UniversityManhattanUnited States
| | - Ibukun A Akinyemi
- Child Health Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, University of FloridaGainesvilleUnited States
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of FloridaGainesvilleUnited States
| | - Michael T McIntosh
- Child Health Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, University of FloridaGainesvilleUnited States
| | - Thomas MacCarthy
- Laufer Center for Physical and Quantitative Biology, Stony Brook UniversityStony BrookUnited States
| | - Sumita Bhaduri-McIntosh
- Child Health Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, University of FloridaGainesvilleUnited States
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of FloridaGainesvilleUnited States
| | - Nicholas Wallace
- Division of Biology, Kansas State UniversityManhattanUnited States
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Transcription Properties of Beta-HPV8 and HPV38 Genomes in Human Keratinocytes. J Virol 2022; 96:e0149822. [PMID: 36394329 PMCID: PMC9749460 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01498-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Persistent infections with high-risk human papillomaviruses (HR-HPV) from the genus alpha are established risk factors for the development of anogenital and oropharyngeal cancers. In contrast, HPV from the genus beta have been implicated in the development of cutaneous squamous cell cancer (cSCC) in epidermodysplasia verruciformis (EV) patients and organ transplant recipients. Keratinocytes are the in vivo target cells for HPV, but keratinocyte models to investigate the replication and oncogenic activities of beta-HPV genomes have not been established. A recent study revealed, that beta-HPV49 immortalizes normal human keratinocytes (NHK) only, when the viral E8^E2 repressor (E8-) is inactivated (T. M. Rehm, E. Straub, T. Iftner, and F. Stubenrauch, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 119:e2118930119, 2022, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2118930119). We now demonstrate that beta-HPV8 and HPV38 wild-type or E8- genomes are unable to immortalize NHK. Nevertheless, HPV8 and HPV38 express E6 and E7 oncogenes and other transcripts in transfected NHK. Inactivation of the conserved E1 and E2 replication genes reduces viral transcription, whereas E8- genomes display enhanced viral transcription, suggesting that beta-HPV genomes replicate in NHK. Furthermore, growth of HPV8- or HPV38-transfected NHK in organotypic cultures, which are routinely used to analyze the productive replication cycle of HR-HPV, induces transcripts encoding the L1 capsid gene, suggesting that the productive cycle is initiated. In addition, transcription patterns in HPV8 organotypic cultures and in an HPV8-positive lesion from an EV patient show similarities. Taken together, these data indicate that NHK are a suitable system to analyze beta-HPV8 and HPV38 replication. IMPORTANCE High-risk HPV, from the genus alpha, can cause anogenital or oropharyngeal malignancies. The oncogenic properties of high-risk HPV are important for their differentiation-dependent replication in human keratinocytes, the natural target cell for HPV. HPV from the genus beta have been implicated in the development of cutaneous squamous cell cancer in epidermodysplasia verruciformis (EV) patients and organ transplant recipients. Currently, the replication cycle of beta-HPV has not been studied in human keratinocytes. We now provide evidence that beta-HPV8 and 38 are transcriptionally active in human keratinocytes. Inactivation of the viral E8^E2 repressor protein greatly increases genome replication and transcription of the E6 and E7 oncogenes, but surprisingly, this does not result in immortalization of keratinocytes. Differentiation of HPV8- or HPV38-transfected keratinocytes in organotypic cultures induces transcripts encoding the L1 capsid gene, suggesting that productive replication is initiated. This indicates that human keratinocytes are suited as a model to investigate beta-HPV replication.
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Arman W, Munger K. Mechanistic Contributions of lncRNAs to Cellular Signaling Pathways Crucial to the Lifecycle of Human Papillomaviruses. Viruses 2022; 14:2439. [PMID: 36366537 PMCID: PMC9697900 DOI: 10.3390/v14112439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Papillomaviruses are ubiquitous epitheliotropic viruses with double-stranded circular DNA genomes of approximately 8000 base pairs. The viral life cycle is somewhat unusual in that these viruses can establish persistent infections in the mitotically active basal epithelial cells that they initially infect. High-level viral genome replication ("genome amplification"), the expression of capsid proteins, and the formation of infectious progeny are restricted to terminally differentiated cells where genomes are synthesized at replication factories at sites of double-strand DNA breaks. To establish persistent infections, papillomaviruses need to retain the basal cell identity of the initially infected cells and restrain and delay their epithelial differentiation program. To enable high-level viral genome replication, papillomaviruses also need to hold the inherently growth-arrested terminally differentiated cells in a replication-competent state. To provide ample sites for viral genome synthesis, they target the DNA damage and repair machinery. Studies focusing on delineating cellular factors that are targeted by papillomaviruses may aid the development of antivirals. Whilst most of the current research efforts focus on protein targets, the majority of the human transcriptome consists of noncoding RNAs. This review focuses on one specific class of noncoding RNAs, long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs), and summarizes work on lncRNAs that may regulate the cellular processes that are subverted by papillomavirus to enable persistent infections and progeny synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Warda Arman
- Department of Developmental, Molecular and Chemical Biology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA
- Molecular Microbiology Program, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Karl Munger
- Department of Developmental, Molecular and Chemical Biology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA
- Molecular Microbiology Program, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA
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The Drivers, Mechanisms, and Consequences of Genome Instability in HPV-Driven Cancers. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14194623. [PMID: 36230545 PMCID: PMC9564061 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14194623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 09/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Cells infected with high-risk human papillomaviruses (HPV) can accumulate DNA damage and eventually transform into HPV-driven cancers. Genome instability, or the progressive accumulation of DNA alterations (e.g., mutations), in HPV-infected cells is directly induced by the HPV genes and indirectly promoted by HPV infection through the consequences of chronic infection maintenance, increased cell growth, and accumulation of damaging mutations in genes that themselves affect genome instability. While the HPV genome typically exists as a separate entity within cells, genome instability increases the chances of HPV integrating within the host (human) genome, which is common in HPV-induced cancers. The DNA regions surrounding HPV integrations are unstable and can undergo complex alterations that affect both human and HPV genes. This review discusses HPV-dependent and -independent drivers and mechanisms of genome instability in HPV-driven cancers, both globally and around sites of HPV integration, and describes the changes induced in the tumour genome. Abstract Human papillomavirus (HPV) is the causative driver of cervical cancer and a contributing risk factor of head and neck cancer and several anogenital cancers. HPV’s ability to induce genome instability contributes to its oncogenicity. HPV genes can induce genome instability in several ways, including modulating the cell cycle to favour proliferation, interacting with DNA damage repair pathways to bring high-fidelity repair pathways to viral episomes and away from the host genome, inducing DNA-damaging oxidative stress, and altering the length of telomeres. In addition, the presence of a chronic viral infection can lead to immune responses that also cause genome instability of the infected tissue. The HPV genome can become integrated into the host genome during HPV-induced tumorigenesis. Viral integration requires double-stranded breaks on the DNA; therefore, regions around the integration event are prone to structural alterations and themselves are targets of genome instability. In this review, we present the mechanisms by which HPV-dependent and -independent genome instability is initiated and maintained in HPV-driven cancers, both across the genome and at regions of HPV integration.
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Wu M, Zhang X, Kang Y, Zhu Y, Su Z, Liu J, Zhang W, Chen H, Li H. The First Human Vulvar Intraepithelial Neoplasia Cell Line with Naturally Infected Episomal HPV18 Genome. Viruses 2022; 14:v14092054. [PMID: 36146860 PMCID: PMC9502076 DOI: 10.3390/v14092054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Persistent infection with high-risk HPV leads to cervical cancers and other anogenital cancers and head and neck carcinomas in both men and women. There is no effective drug fortreating HPV infection and HPV-associated carcinomas, largely due to a lack of models of natural HPV infection and the complexity of the HPV life cycle. There are no available cell lines from vulvar, anal, or penile lesions and cancers in the field. In this study, we established the first human cell line from vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia (VIN) with naturally infected HPV18 by conditional reprogramming (CR) method. Our data demonstrated that VIN cells possessed different biological characteristics and diploid karyotypes from HPV18-positive cancer cells (HeLa). Then, we determined that VIN cells contained episomal HPV18 using approaches including the ratio of HPV E2copy/E7copy, rolling cycle amplification, and sequencing. The VIN cells expressed squamous epithelium-specific markers that are different from HeLa cells, a cervical adenocarcinoma cell line. When cultured under 3D air-liquid interface (ALI) system, we observed the expression of both early and late differentiation markers involucrin and filaggrin. Most importantly, we were able to detect the expression of viral late gene L1 in the cornified layer of ALI 3D culture derived from VIN cells, suggesting quite different HPV genomic status from cancer cells. We also observed progeny viral particles under transmission electron microscopy (TEM) in ALI 3D cultures, confirming the episomal HPV18 genome and active viral life cycle in the new cell line. To our knowledge, this is the first human VIN cell line with naturally infected HPV18 genome and provides a valuable model for HPV biology studies, HPV-associated cancer initiation and progression, and drug-screening platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Medical Virology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University Taikang Medical School, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Xiu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Medical Virology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University Taikang Medical School, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Yiyi Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Medical Virology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University Taikang Medical School, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Yaqi Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Medical Virology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University Taikang Medical School, Wuhan 430071, China
- Clinical Laboratory, Hubei Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Zhaoyu Su
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Medical Virology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University Taikang Medical School, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Jun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Medical Virology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University Taikang Medical School, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Hong Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
- Correspondence: (H.C.); (H.L.)
| | - Hui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Medical Virology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University Taikang Medical School, Wuhan 430071, China
- Correspondence: (H.C.); (H.L.)
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10
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Løvestad AH, Repesa A, Costanzi JM, Lagström S, Christiansen IK, Rounge TB, Ambur OH. Differences in integration frequencies and APOBEC3 profiles of five high-risk HPV types adheres to phylogeny. Tumour Virus Res 2022; 14:200247. [PMID: 36100161 PMCID: PMC9485212 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvr.2022.200247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Persistent infection with Human Papillomavirus (HPV) is responsible for almost all cases of cervical cancers, and HPV16 and HPV18 associated with the majority of these. These types differ in the proportion of viral minor nucleotide variants (MNVs) caused by APOBEC3 mutagenesis as well as integration frequencies. Whether these traits extend to other types remains uncertain. This study aimed to investigate and compare genomic variability and chromosomal integration in the two phylogenetically distinct Alpha-7 and Alpha-9 clades of carcinogenic HPV types. The TaME-seq protocol was employed to sequence cervical cell samples positive for HPV31, HPV33 or HPV45 and combine these with data from a previous study on HPV16 and HPV18. APOBEC3 mutation signatures were found in Alpha-9 (HPV16/31/33) but not in Alpha-7 (HPV18/45). HPV45 had significantly more MNVs compared to the other types. Alpha-7 had higher integration frequency compared to Alpha-9. An increase in integration frequency with increased diagnostic severity was found for Alpha-7. The results highlight important differences and broaden our understanding of the molecular mechanisms behind cervical cancer induced by high-risk HPV types from the Alpha-7 and Alpha-9 clades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Hesselberg Løvestad
- Department of Life Sciences and Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, OsloMet - Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway
| | - Adina Repesa
- Department of Life Sciences and Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, OsloMet - Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jean-Marc Costanzi
- Department of Microbiology and Infection Control, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway
| | - Sonja Lagström
- Department of Microbiology and Infection Control, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway,Department of Research, Cancer Registry of Norway, Oslo, Norway,Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Irene Kraus Christiansen
- Department of Microbiology and Infection Control, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway,Department of Clinical Molecular Biology (EpiGen), Division of Medicine, Akershus University Hospital and University of Oslo, Lørenskog, Norway
| | - Trine B. Rounge
- Department of Research, Cancer Registry of Norway, Oslo, Norway,Centre for Bioinformatics, Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway,Corresponding author. Department of Research, Cancer Registry of Norway, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ole Herman Ambur
- Department of Life Sciences and Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, OsloMet - Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway,Corresponding authors.
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11
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Gusho E, Laimins LA. Human papillomaviruses sensitize cells to DNA damage induced apoptosis by targeting the innate immune sensor cGAS. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010725. [PMID: 35877778 PMCID: PMC9352202 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS) is a critical regulator of the innate immune response acting as a sensor of double-strand DNAs from pathogens or damaged host DNA. Upon activation, cGAS signals through the STING/TBK1/IRF3 pathway to induce interferon expression. Double stranded DNA viruses target the cGAS pathway to facilitate infection. In HPV positive cells that stably maintain viral episomes, the levels of cGAS were found to be significantly increased over those seen in normal human keratinocytes. Furthermore the downstream effectors of the cGAS pathway, STING and IRF3, were fully active in response to signaling from the secondary messenger cGAMP or poly (dA:dT). In HPV positive cells cGAS was detected in both cytoplasmic puncta as well as in DNA damage induced micronuclei. E6 was responsible for increased levels of cGAS that was dependent on inhibition of p53. CRISPR-Cas9 mediated knockout of cGAS prevented activation of STING and IRF3 but had a minimal effect on viral replication. A primary function of cGAS in HPV positive cells was in response to treatment with etoposide or cisplatin which lead to increased levels of H2AX phosphorylation and activation of caspase 3/7 cleavage while having only a minimal effect on activation of homologous recombination repair factors ATM, ATR or CHK2. In HPV positive cells cGAS was found to regulate the levels of the phosphorylated non-homologous end-joining kinase, DNA-PK, which may contribute to H2AX phosphorylation along with other factors. Importantly cGAS was also responsible for increased levels of DNA breaks along with enhanced apoptosis in HPV positive cells but not in HFKs. This study identifies an important and novel role for cGAS in mediating the response of HPV positive cells to chemotherapeutic drugs. Persistent infection by human papillomaviruses (HPV) is the major risk factor for development of cervical as well as other anogenital and oropharyngeal cancers. Innate immune surveillance pathways are important in determining whether HPV infections will be cleared or persist. The role and activity of cGAS, an innate immune DNA sensor, during HPV infection is still not well understood. In this study we characterized the activity of cGAS-STING pathway in cells that stably maintain high-risk HPV episomes and found it was fully active. Furthermore, our studies indicate that cGAS helps regulate the response to DNA damage causing drugs such as etoposide and cisplatin. Treatment with both drugs further increased the levels of cGAS in HPV positive cells and this was critical for causing DNA breaks along with apoptotic cell death. These findings identify a novel role of cGAS in HPV positive cells in regulating the response to chemotherapeutic DNA damaging agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elona Gusho
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Laimonis A. Laimins
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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12
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Yu L, Majerciak V, Zheng ZM. HPV16 and HPV18 Genome Structure, Expression, and Post-Transcriptional Regulation. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23094943. [PMID: 35563334 PMCID: PMC9105396 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23094943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Human papillomaviruses (HPV) are a group of small non-enveloped DNA viruses whose infection causes benign tumors or cancers. HPV16 and HPV18, the two most common high-risk HPVs, are responsible for ~70% of all HPV-related cervical cancers and head and neck cancers. The expression of the HPV genome is highly dependent on cell differentiation and is strictly regulated at the transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels. Both HPV early and late transcripts differentially expressed in the infected cells are intron-containing bicistronic or polycistronic RNAs bearing more than one open reading frame (ORF), because of usage of alternative viral promoters and two alternative viral RNA polyadenylation signals. Papillomaviruses proficiently engage alternative RNA splicing to express individual ORFs from the bicistronic or polycistronic RNA transcripts. In this review, we discuss the genome structures and the updated transcription maps of HPV16 and HPV18, and the latest research advances in understanding RNA cis-elements, intron branch point sequences, and RNA-binding proteins in the regulation of viral RNA processing. Moreover, we briefly discuss the epigenetic modifications, including DNA methylation and possible APOBEC-mediated genome editing in HPV infections and carcinogenesis.
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13
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Wang X, Xu C, Sun H. DNA Damage Repair-Related Genes Signature for Immune Infiltration and Outcome in Cervical Cancer. Front Genet 2022; 13:733164. [PMID: 35309134 PMCID: PMC8927729 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.733164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The mechanism of DNA damage repair plays an important role in many solid tumors represented by cervical cancer. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to explore the effect of DNA damage repair-related genes on immune function of patients with cervical cancer, and to establish and evaluate a prognosis model based on DNA damage repair-related genes. Methods: In the study, we analyzed the genes related to DNA damage and repair, and obtained two subtypes (F1 and F2). We selected two groups of samples for different selection, and studied which pathways were enriched expression. For different subtypes, the immune score was explored to explain immune infiltration. We got the key genes through screening, and established the prognosis model through the key genes. These 11 key genes were correlated with the expression of common Clusters of Differentiation (CD) genes in order to explore the effects of these genes on immunity. Results: Through the Least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) method, we screened 11 genes from 232 candidate genes as the key genes for the prognosis score. Through the Kaplan-Meier method, four genes (HAP1, MCM5, RNASEH2A, CETN2) with significant prognostic significance were screened into the final model, forming a Nomogram with C-index of 0.716 (0.649–1.0). Conclusion: In cervical cancer, DNA damage repair related genes and immune cell infection characteristics have certain association, and DNA damage repair related genes and immune cell infection characteristics can effectively predict the prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinghao Wang
- Department of Radiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Chen Xu
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Hongzan Sun
- Department of Radiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- *Correspondence: Hongzan Sun,
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14
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Modelling Chlamydia and HPV co-infection in patient-derived ectocervix organoids reveals distinct cellular reprogramming. Nat Commun 2022; 13:1030. [PMID: 35210413 PMCID: PMC8873204 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-28569-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Coinfections with pathogenic microbes continually confront cervical mucosa, yet their implications in pathogenesis remain unclear. Lack of in-vitro models recapitulating cervical epithelium has been a bottleneck to study coinfections. Using patient-derived ectocervical organoids, we systematically modeled individual and coinfection dynamics of Human papillomavirus (HPV)16 E6E7 and Chlamydia, associated with carcinogenesis. The ectocervical stem cells were genetically manipulated to introduce E6E7 oncogenes to mimic HPV16 integration. Organoids from these stem cells develop the characteristics of precancerous lesions while retaining the self-renewal capacity and organize into mature stratified epithelium similar to healthy organoids. HPV16 E6E7 interferes with Chlamydia development and induces persistence. Unique transcriptional and post-translational responses induced by Chlamydia and HPV lead to distinct reprogramming of host cell processes. Strikingly, Chlamydia impedes HPV-induced mechanisms that maintain cellular and genome integrity, including mismatch repair in the stem cells. Together, our study employing organoids demonstrates the hazard of multiple infections and the unique cellular microenvironment they create, potentially contributing to neoplastic progression. Here, Koster et al., model human papillomavirus and Chlamydia coinfection dynamics in patient-derived ectocervical organoids, and characterize the effects of multiple infections in the cellular microenvironment, potentially contributing to neoplasia.
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15
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Hu C, Bugbee T, Dacus D, Palinski R, Wallace N. Beta human papillomavirus 8 E6 allows colocalization of non-homologous end joining and homologous recombination repair factors. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010275. [PMID: 35148356 PMCID: PMC8836322 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Beta human papillomavirus (β-HPV) are hypothesized to make DNA damage more mutagenic and potentially more carcinogenic. Double strand breaks (DSBs) are the most deleterious DNA lesion. They are typically repaired by homologous recombination (HR) or non-homologous end joining (NHEJ). HR occurs after DNA replication while NHEJ can occur at any point in the cell cycle. HR and NHEJ are not thought to occur in the same cell at the same time. HR is restricted to cells in phases of the cell cycle where homologous templates are available, while NHEJ occurs primarily during G1. β-HPV type 8 protein E6 (8E6) attenuates both repair pathways. We use a series of immunofluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry experiments to better define the impact of this attenuation. We found that 8E6 causes colocalization of HR factors (RPA70 and RAD51) with an NHEJ factor (activated DNA-PKcs or pDNA-PKcs) at persistent DSBs. 8E6 also causes RAD51 foci to form during G1. The initiation of NHEJ and HR at the same lesion could lead to antagonistic DNA end processing. Further, HR cannot be readily completed in an error-free manner during G1. Both aberrant repair events would cause deletions. To determine if these mutations were occurring, we used next generation sequencing of the 200kb surrounding a CAS9-induced DSB. 8E6 caused a 21-fold increase in deletions. Chemical and genetic inhibition of p300 as well as an 8E6 mutant that is incapable of destabilizing p300 demonstrates that 8E6 is acting via p300 destabilization. More specific chemical inhibitors of DNA repair provided mechanistic insight by mimicking 8E6-induced dysregulation of DNA repair in a virus-free system. Specifically, inhibition of NHEJ causes RAD51 foci to form in G1 and colocalization of RAD51 with pDNA-PKcs. Our previous work shows that a master transcription regulator, p300, facilitates two major DNA double strand break (DSB) repair pathways: non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) and homologous recombination (HR). By degrading p300, beta genus human papillomavirus 8 protein E6 (8E6) hinders pDNA-PKcs resolution, an essential step during NHEJ. NHEJ and HR are known to compete, with only one pathway initiating repair of a DSB. NHEJ tends to be used in G1 and HR occurs in S/G2. Here, we show that 8E6 allows NHEJ and HR to initiate at the same break site. We show that 8E6 allows HR to initiate in G1, suggesting that NHEJ starts but fails before HR is initiated at the same DSB. Next generation sequencing of the region surrounding a CAS9-induced DSB supports our hypothesis that this dysregulation of DSB repair is mutagenic as 8E6 caused a 15- to 20-fold increase in mutations associated with a CAS9-induced DSB. These studies support the putative role of HPV8 infections in non-melanoma skin cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changkun Hu
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, United States of America
| | - Taylor Bugbee
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, United States of America
| | - Dalton Dacus
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, United States of America
| | - Rachel Palinski
- Kansas State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, United States of America
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, United States of America
| | - Nicholas Wallace
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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16
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Karukonda P, Odhiambo D, Mowery YM. Pharmacologic inhibition of ataxia telangiectasia and Rad3-related (ATR) in the treatment of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Mol Carcinog 2022; 61:225-238. [PMID: 34964992 PMCID: PMC8799519 DOI: 10.1002/mc.23384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) poses significant treatment challenges, with high recurrence rates for locally advanced disease despite aggressive therapy typically involving a combination of surgery, radiation therapy, and/or chemotherapy. HNSCCs commonly exhibit reduced or absent TP53 function due to genomic alterations or human papillomavirus (HPV) infection, leading to dependence on the S- and G2/M checkpoints for cell cycle regulation. Both of these checkpoints are activated by Ataxia Telangiectasia and Rad3-related (ATR), which tends to be overexpressed in HNSCC relative to adjacent normal tissues and represents a potentially promising therapeutic target, particularly in combination with other treatments. ATR is a DNA damage signaling kinase that is activated in response to replication stress and single-stranded DNA breaks, such as those induced by radiation therapy and certain chemotherapies. ATR kinase inhibitors are currently being investigated in several clinical trials as part of the management of locally advanced, recurrent, or metastatic HNSCC, along with other malignancies. In this review article, we summarize the rationale and preclinical data supporting incorporation of ATR inhibition into therapeutic regimens for HNSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooja Karukonda
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Diana Odhiambo
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Yvonne M. Mowery
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA,Department of Head and Neck Surgery & Communication Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
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17
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Gordhandas SB, Manning-Geist B, Henson C, Iyer G, Gardner GJ, Sonoda Y, Moore KN, Aghajanian C, Chui MH, Grisham RN. Pre-clinical activity of the oral DNA-PK inhibitor, peposertib (M3814), combined with radiation in xenograft models of cervical cancer. Sci Rep 2022; 12:974. [PMID: 35046420 PMCID: PMC8770623 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-04618-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK) plays a crucial role in repair of DNA double-strand breaks by facilitating non-homologous end-joining. Inhibitors of DNA-PK have the potential to block DNA repair and enhance DNA-damaging agents. Peposertib (M3814) is a DNA-PK inhibitor that has shown preclinical activity in combination with DNA-damaging agents, including ionizing radiation (IR) and topoisomerase II inhibitors. Here we evaluated the activity of peposertib (M3814) in combination with radiation in a mouse xenograft model of HPV-associated cervical cancer. Athymic nude female mice with established tumors derived from HeLa cells injected into the flank were treated with vehicle alone (n = 3), IR alone (n = 4), and peposertib (M38814) in combination with IR (M3814 + IR; n = 4). While IR alone was associated with a trend towards decreased tumor volume compared with untreated, only the M3814 + IR treatment arm was associated with consistent and significant reduction in tumor burden, which correlated with higher levels of γ-H2AX in tumor cells, a marker of double-strand DNA breaks. Our data support further clinical evaluation of the combination of peposertib (M38814) and IR in cervical cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Beryl Manning-Geist
- Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Christina Henson
- University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Gopa Iyer
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.,Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ginger J Gardner
- Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.,Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yukio Sonoda
- Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.,Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kathleen N Moore
- University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Carol Aghajanian
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.,Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - M Herman Chui
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Rachel N Grisham
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA. .,Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA.
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18
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Jak HPV wysokiego ryzyka indukuje optymalne środowisko dla własnej replikacji w różnicującym się nabłonku. POSTEP HIG MED DOSW 2021. [DOI: 10.2478/ahem-2021-0049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstrakt
Wirusy brodawczaka ludzkiego (HPV) są często czynnikami wywołującymi niegroźne dla człowieka infekcje, ale przetrwałe zakażenie niektórymi typami HPV jest poważnym zagrożeniem dla zdrowia, ponieważ jest związane z wieloma nowotworami, w tym z rakiem szyjki macicy oraz rosnącą liczbą nowotworów głowy i szyi. Cykl replikacyjny HPV jest ściśle zależny od różnicowania komórek wielowarstwowego nabłonka, co oznacza, że genom wirusa musi być replikowany za pomocą różnych mechanizmów na różnych etapach różnicowania komórek. Ustanowienie infekcji i utrzymywanie genomu wirusa zachodzi w proliferujących komórkach nabłonka, gdzie dostępność czynników replikacji jest optymalna dla wirusa. Jednak produktywna faza cyklu rozwojowego wirusa, w tym produktywna replikacja, późna ekspresja genów i wytwarzanie wirionów, zachodzi w wyniku różnicowania się nabłonka w komórkach, które prawidłowo opuszczają cykl komórkowy. Wirus wykorzystuje wiele szlaków sygnalizacyjnych komórki, w tym odpowiedź na uszkodzenia DNA (DDR, DNA damage response) do realizacji produktywnej replikacji własnego genomu. Zrozumienie mechanizmów związanych z cyklem replikacyjnym HPV jest potrzebne do ustalenia właściwego podejścia terapeutycznego do zwalczania chorób powodowanych przez HPV.
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19
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NK Cell Regulation in Cervical Cancer and Strategies for Immunotherapy. Cells 2021; 10:cells10113104. [PMID: 34831327 PMCID: PMC8619016 DOI: 10.3390/cells10113104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cervical cancer is one of the most prevalent gynaecological malignancies worldwide and is related to human papillomavirus (HPV) infection, viral persistence, progression, and invasion. Therefore, the immune response is linked to HPV status. Natural killer (NK) cells play a central role against virus-infected cells and tumours through a delicate balance between activating and inhibitory receptors and secretion of cytokines and chemokines. These cells also play a crucial role in tumour immunosurveillance. For these reasons, there is growing interest in harnessing NK cells as an immunotherapy for cervical cancer. These studies are diverse and include many strategies such as transferring activated autologous or allogeneic NK cells, improving the activation and cytolytic activity of NK cells using cytokines or analogues and modifying chimeric antigen receptors to increase specificity and targeting NK cells. However, research regarding the application of NK cells in immunotherapy is limited. This article focuses on recent discoveries about using NK cells to prevent and treat cervical cancer and the possibility of cellular immunotherapy becoming one of the best strategies to exploit the immune system to fight tumours.
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20
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New Look of EBV LMP1 Signaling Landscape. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13215451. [PMID: 34771613 PMCID: PMC8582580 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13215451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) infection is associated with various lymphomas and carcinomas as well as other diseases in humans. The transmembrane protein LMP1 plays versatile roles in EBV life cycle and pathogenesis, by perturbing, reprograming, and regulating a large range of host cellular mechanisms and functions, which have been increasingly disclosed but not fully understood so far. We summarize recent research progress on LMP1 signaling, including the novel components LIMD1, p62, and LUBAC in LMP1 signalosome and LMP1 novel functions, such as its induction of p62-mediated selective autophagy, regulation of metabolism, induction of extracellular vehicles, and activation of NRF2-mediated antioxidative defense. A comprehensive understanding of LMP1 signal transduction and functions may allow us to leverage these LMP1-regulated cellular mechanisms for clinical purposes. Abstract The Epstein–Barr Virus (EBV) principal oncoprotein Latent Membrane Protein 1 (LMP1) is a member of the Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor (TNFR) superfamily with constitutive activity. LMP1 shares many features with Pathogen Recognition Receptors (PRRs), including the use of TRAFs, adaptors, and kinase cascades, for signal transduction leading to the activation of NFκB, AP1, and Akt, as well as a subset of IRFs and likely the master antioxidative transcription factor NRF2, which we have gradually added to the list. In recent years, we have discovered the Linear UBiquitin Assembly Complex (LUBAC), the adaptor protein LIMD1, and the ubiquitin sensor and signaling hub p62, as novel components of LMP1 signalosome. Functionally, LMP1 is a pleiotropic factor that reprograms, balances, and perturbs a large spectrum of cellular mechanisms, including the ubiquitin machinery, metabolism, epigenetics, DNA damage response, extracellular vehicles, immune defenses, and telomere elongation, to promote oncogenic transformation, cell proliferation and survival, anchorage-independent cell growth, angiogenesis, and metastasis and invasion, as well as the development of the tumor microenvironment. We have recently shown that LMP1 induces p62-mediated selective autophagy in EBV latency, at least by contributing to the induction of p62 expression, and Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) production. We have also been collecting evidence supporting the hypothesis that LMP1 activates the Keap1-NRF2 pathway, which serves as the key antioxidative defense mechanism. Last but not least, our preliminary data shows that LMP1 is associated with the deregulation of cGAS-STING DNA sensing pathway in EBV latency. A comprehensive understanding of the LMP1 signaling landscape is essential for identifying potential targets for the development of novel strategies towards targeted therapeutic applications.
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21
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4NQO enhances differential activation of DNA repair proteins in HPV positive and HPV negative HNSCC cells. Oral Oncol 2021; 122:105578. [PMID: 34695758 DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2021.105578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Tobacco exposure and human papillomavirus (HPV) infection are among the main risk factors for the development of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). Interestingly, recent studies show that tumors from HPV positive (HPV+) smokers and non-smokers have similar mutational profiles, which suggests that HPV could prevent mutation induction or accumulation in the intermediate risk group composed of HPV+ smokers. Hence, we tested this observation by analyzing the effects of 4-Nitroquinoline N-oxide (4NQO), a mutagen and smoking mimetic, in NOK (normal oral keratinocytes), NOKE6.E7 (NOK cells transfected with E6.E7 oncogenes of HPV), HPV+ and HPV negative (HPV-) HNSCC cells. Oxidative DNA damage, γH2AX foci formation, DNA repair protein activation, cell cycle phase analysis, apoptotic cell death, cell viability and clonogenic cell survival were analyzed after 4NQO treatment in NOK, NOKE6.E7, HPV+ and HPV- HNSCC cells. 4NQO increased oxidative base damage and γH2AX foci formation in NOKE6.E7, HPV+ and HPV- HNSCC cells. Phosphorylation of homologous recombination (HR) repair proteins was higher in NOKE6.E7 and HPV+ HNSCC cells compared to NOK and HPV- HNSCC cells respectively. HPV+ and HPV- HNSCC cells showed differential activation of cell cycle regulatory proteins, increased apoptosis, and decreased cell viability upon 4NQO-induced DNA damage. Taken together, 4NQO (a smoking mimetic), induced higher activation of HR repair in HPV+ HNSCC cells compared to HPV- HNSCC cells. This may allow for increased mutational resistance and help explain why HPV+ smokers have a worse prognosis than HPV+ non-smokers.
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22
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Cosper PF, Bradley S, Luo L, Kimple RJ. Biology of HPV Mediated Carcinogenesis and Tumor Progression. Semin Radiat Oncol 2021; 31:265-273. [PMID: 34455982 DOI: 10.1016/j.semradonc.2021.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a ubiquitous DNA virus that infects squamous epithelia. Though HPV only encodes 8 genes, it is capable of causing cellular transformation and ultimately cancer in host cells. In this article we review the classification of HPV viruses, their genetic structure and life cycle, viral gene biology, and provide an overview of the role of HPV in cancer. We explain how the viral life cycle can lead to integration of viral DNA into the host genome leading to increased cell cycle progression, decreased apoptosis, altered DNA repair, and chromosomal instability. We describe the multifaceted roles of the canonical oncogenes E6 and E7 in promoting tumorigenesis and the important role of other viral genes in regulating cancer development. We also review how the virus actively suppresses innate and adaptive immunity to evade immune detection and promote a pro-tumorigenic microenvironment. The biology presented here will serve as a foundation to the other chapters in this edition and we hope it will incite enthusiasm for continued research on this fascinating virus that causes significant morbidity and mortality worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pippa F Cosper
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, Madison, WI; University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI.
| | - Samantha Bradley
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, Madison, WI
| | - Lexi Luo
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, Madison, WI
| | - Randall J Kimple
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, Madison, WI; University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI.
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Mouse papillomavirus type 1 (MmuPV1) DNA is frequently integrated in benign tumors by microhomology-mediated end-joining. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009812. [PMID: 34343212 PMCID: PMC8362953 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
MmuPV1 is a useful model for studying papillomavirus-induced tumorigenesis. We used RNA-seq to look for chimeric RNAs that map to both MmuPV1 and host genomes. In tumor tissues, a higher proportion of total viral reads were virus-host chimeric junction reads (CJRs) (1.9‰ - 7‰) than in tumor-free tissues (0.6‰ - 1.3‰): most CJRs mapped to the viral E2/E4 region. Although most of the MmuPV1 integration sites were mapped to intergenic regions and introns throughout the mouse genome, integrations were seen more than once in several genes: Malat1, Krt1, Krt10, Fabp5, Pard3, and Grip1; these data were confirmed by rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE)-Single Molecule Real-Time (SMRT)-seq or targeted DNA-seq. Microhomology sequences were frequently seen at host-virus DNA junctions. MmuPV1 infection and integration affected the expression of host genes. We found that factors for DNA double-stranded break repair and microhomology-mediated end-joining (MMEJ), such as H2ax, Fen1, DNA polymerase Polθ, Cdk1, and Plk1, exhibited a step-wise increase and Mdc1 a decrease in expression in MmuPV1-infected tissues and MmuPV1 tumors relative to normal tissues. Increased expression of mitotic kinases CDK1 and PLK1 appears to be correlated with CtIP phosphorylation in MmuPV1 tumors, suggesting a role for MMEJ-mediated DNA joining in the MmuPV1 integration events that are associated with MmuPV1-induced progression of tumors. Persistent high-risk HPV infection leads viral DNA integration into the host genome and promotes viral carcinogenesis. We have been using the MmuPV1 mouse-infection model to study papillomavirus tumorigenesis and asked whether MmuPV1 DNA also integrates into the genomes of infected mouse cells. Strikingly, we found that MmuPV1 integration into the infected host genome, like high-risk HPV infections, is very common and the mapped integration sites were distributed on all of the mouse chromosomes. Consistently, we identified microhomology sequences in the range of 2–10 nts always at the integration junction regions. We further verified the MMEJ-mediated viral DNA integration in tumor tissues during MmuPV1 infection and a step-wise increase in the expression of the DNA repair MMEJ host factors from normal tissues, to tumor-free MmuPV1 infected tissues, and then to MmuPV1 tumors. Our observations provide the first evidence of MmuPV1 integration in virus-infected cells and a conceptual advance of how papillomavirus DNA integration contributes to the development of papillomavirus-associated precancers to cancers.
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Justice JL, Kennedy MA, Hutton JE, Liu D, Song B, Phelan B, Cristea IM. Systematic profiling of protein complex dynamics reveals DNA-PK phosphorylation of IFI16 en route to herpesvirus immunity. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:eabg6680. [PMID: 34144993 PMCID: PMC8213230 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abg6680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Dynamically shifting protein-protein interactions (PPIs) regulate cellular responses to viruses and the resulting immune signaling. Here, we use thermal proximity coaggregation (TPCA) mass spectrometry to characterize the on-off behavior of PPIs during infection with herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1), a virus with an ancient history of coevolution with hosts. Advancing the TPCA analysis to infer associations de novo, we build a time-resolved portrait of thousands of host-host, virus-host, and virus-virus PPIs. We demonstrate that, early in infection, the DNA sensor IFI16 recruits the active DNA damage response kinase, DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK), to incoming viral DNA at the nuclear periphery. We establish IFI16 T149 as a substrate of DNA-PK upon viral infection or DNA damage. This phosphorylation promotes IFI16-driven cytokine responses. Together, we characterize the global dynamics of PPIs during HSV-1 infection, uncovering the co-regulation of IFI16 and DNA-PK functions as a missing link in immunity to herpesvirus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua L Justice
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Lewis Thomas Laboratory, Washington Road, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Michelle A Kennedy
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Lewis Thomas Laboratory, Washington Road, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Josiah E Hutton
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Lewis Thomas Laboratory, Washington Road, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Dawei Liu
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Lewis Thomas Laboratory, Washington Road, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Bokai Song
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Lewis Thomas Laboratory, Washington Road, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Brett Phelan
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Lewis Thomas Laboratory, Washington Road, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Ileana M Cristea
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Lewis Thomas Laboratory, Washington Road, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA.
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25
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How Chaotic Is Genome Chaos? Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13061358. [PMID: 33802828 PMCID: PMC8002653 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13061358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Cancer genomes can undergo major restructurings involving many chromosomal locations at key stages in tumor development. This restructuring process has been designated “genome chaos” by some authors. In order to examine how chaotic cancer genome restructuring may be, the cell and molecular processes for DNA restructuring are reviewed. Examination of the action of these processes in various cancers reveals a degree of specificity that indicates genome restructuring may be sufficiently reproducible to enable possible therapies that interrupt tumor progression to more lethal forms. Abstract Cancer genomes evolve in a punctuated manner during tumor evolution. Abrupt genome restructuring at key steps in this evolution has been called “genome chaos.” To answer whether widespread genome change is truly chaotic, this review (i) summarizes the limited number of cell and molecular systems that execute genome restructuring, (ii) describes the characteristic signatures of DNA changes that result from activity of those systems, and (iii) examines two cases where genome restructuring is determined to a significant degree by cell type or viral infection. The conclusion is that many restructured cancer genomes display sufficiently unchaotic signatures to identify the cellular systems responsible for major oncogenic transitions, thereby identifying possible targets for therapies to inhibit tumor progression to greater aggressiveness.
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26
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Koonin EV, Dolja VV, Krupovic M. The healthy human virome: from virus-host symbiosis to disease. Curr Opin Virol 2021; 47:86-94. [PMID: 33652230 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2021.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Viruses are ubiquitous, essential components of any ecosystem, and of multicellular organism holobionts. Numerous viruses cause acute infection, killing the host or being cleared by immune system. In many other cases, viruses coexist with the host as symbionts, either temporarily or for the duration of the host's life. Apparently, virus-host relationships span the entire range from aggressive parasitism to mutualism. Here we attempt to delineate the healthy human virome, that is, the entirety of viruses that are present in a healthy human body. The bulk of the healthy virome consists of bacteriophages infecting bacteria in the intestine and other locations. However, a variety of viruses, such as anelloviruses and herpesviruses, and the numerous endogenous retroviruses, persist by replicating in human cells, and these are our primary focus. Crucially, the boundary between symbiotic and pathogenic viruses is fluid such that members of the healthy virome can become pathogens under changing conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugene V Koonin
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Valerian V Dolja
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Mart Krupovic
- Archaeal Virology Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
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27
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Identification and Complete Validation of Prognostic Gene Signatures for Human Papillomavirus-Associated Cancers: Integrated Approach Covering Different Anatomical Locations. J Virol 2021; 95:JVI.02354-20. [PMID: 33361419 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02354-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Human papillomavirus (HPV) infects squamous epithelium and is a major cause of cervical cancer (CC) and a subset of head and neck cancers (HNC). Virus-induced tumorigenesis, molecular alterations, and related prognostic markers are expected to be similar between the two cancers, but they remain poorly understood. We present integrated molecular analysis of HPV-associated tumors from TCGA and GEO databases and identify prognostic biomarkers. Analysis of gene expression profiles identified common upregulated genes and pathways of DNA replication and repair in the HPV-associated tumors. We established 34 prognostic gene signatures with a universal cutoff value in TCGA-CC using Elastic Net Cox regression analysis. We were able to externally validate our results in the TCGA-HNC and several GEO data sets, and demonstrated prognostic power in HPV-associated HNC, but not in HPV-negative cancers. The HPV-related prognostic and predictive indicator did not discriminate other cancers, except bladder urothelial carcinoma. These results identify and completely validate a highly selective prognostic system and its cross-usefulness in HPV-associated cancers, regardless of the tumor's anatomical subsite.IMPORTANCE Persistent infection with high-risk HPV interferes with cell function regulation and causes cell mutations, which accumulate over the long term and eventually develop into cancer. Results of pathway enrichment analysis presumably showed this accumulation of intracellular damage during the chronic HPV-infected state. We used highly advanced statistical methods to identify the most appropriate genes and coefficients and developed the HPV-related prognostic and predictive indicator (HPPI) risk scoring system. We applied the same cutoff value to training and validation sets and demonstrated good prognostic performance in both data sets, and confirmed a consistent trend in external validation. Moreover, HPPI presented significant validation results for bladder cancer suspected to be related to HPV. This suggested that our risk scoring system based on the prognostic gene signature could play an important role in the development of treatment strategies for patients with HPV-related cancer.
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28
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Effect of ATR Inhibition in RT Response of HPV-Negative and HPV-Positive Head and Neck Cancers. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22041504. [PMID: 33546122 PMCID: PMC7913134 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22041504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiotherapy (RT) has a central role in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) treatment. Targeted therapies modulating DNA damage response (DDR) and more specific cell cycle checkpoints can improve the radiotherapeutic response. Here, we assessed the influence of ataxia-telangiectasia mutated and Rad3-related (ATR) inhibition with the ATR inhibitor AZD6738 on RT response in both human papillomavirus (HPV)-negative and HPV-positive HNSCC. We found that ATR inhibition enhanced RT response in HPV-negative and HPV-positive cell lines independent of HPV status. The radiosensitizing effect of AZD6738 was correlated with checkpoint kinase 1 (CHK1)-mediated abrogation of G2/M-arrest. This resulted in the inhibition of RT-induced DNA repair and in an increase in the percentage of micronucleated cells. We validated the enhanced RT response in HPV-negative and HPV-positive xenograft models. These data demonstrate the potential use of ATR inhibition in combination with RT as a treatment option for both HPV-negative and HPV-positive HNSCC patients.
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29
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Effects of β-HPV on DNA damage response pathways to drive carcinogenesis: a review. Virus Genes 2021; 57:23-30. [PMID: 33392984 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-020-01813-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The DDR is a complex signaling network responsible for the preservation of genomic integrity. Beta human papillomaviruses (β-HPVs) are able to destabilize the host genome by attenuating the DDR machinery at the molecular scale following expression of the oncogenes E6 and E7. In the event of β-HPV infection, the E6- and E7-mediated inhibition of the DDR enhances the oncogenicity of UV-induced mutations to enable carcinogenesis in an otherwise immunocompetent host, marking an important mechanistic divergence from the alpha genus of HPVs. In this review, we summarize recent updates to build upon the 'hit-and-run' hypothesis of β-HPV pathomechanism and highlight strain-dependent variations. Simultaneously, we illuminate points within the β-HPV-DDR interface that may unravel new insights for HPV viral genetics, genus-specific mechanistic models, and developments in targeted molecular therapy of β-HPV-related cancers.
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30
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Bruyere D, Monnien F, Colpart P, Roncarati P, Vuitton L, Hendrick E, Lepinoy A, Luquain A, Pilard C, Lerho T, Molimard C, Maingon P, Arnould L, Bone-Lepinoy MC, Dusserre L, Martin L, Reynders C, Ancion M, Peiffert D, Leroux A, Hubert P, Delhorme JB, Ghnassia JP, Woronoff AS, Delvenne P, Prétet JL, Bosset JF, Peulen O, Mougin C, Valmary-Degano S, Herfs M. Treatment algorithm and prognostic factors for patients with stage I-III carcinoma of the anal canal: a 20-year multicenter study. Mod Pathol 2021; 34:116-130. [PMID: 32728225 DOI: 10.1038/s41379-020-0637-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Despite a growing incidence in developed countries and a recent improved understanding of its pathogenesis, anal cancer management has not evolved over the past decades and drug combination used as first-line regimen still largely depends on clinician preferences. Aiming at paving the way for precision medicine, a large cohort of 372 HIV-negative patients diagnosed over a 20-year time period with locally advanced anal carcinoma was collected and carefully characterized at the clinical, demographic, histopathologic, immunologic, and virologic levels. Both the prognostic relevance of each clinicopathological parameter and the efficacy of different concurrent chemoradiation strategies were determined. Overall, the incidence of anal cancer peaked during the sixth decade (mean: 63.4) and females outnumbered males (ratio: 2.51). After completion of treatment, 95 (25.5%) patients experienced progression of persistent disease or local/distant recurrence and 102 (27.4%) died during the follow-up period (median: 53.8 months). Importantly, uni-multivariate analyses indicated that both negative HPV/p16ink4a status and aberrant p53 expression were far better predictors for reduced progression-free survival than traditional risk factors such as tumor size and nodal status. As for overall survival, the significant influences of age at diagnosis, p16ink4a status, cTNM classification as well as both CD3+ and CD4+ T-cell infiltrations within tumor microenvironment were highlighted. Cisplatin-based chemoradiotherapy was superior to both radiotherapy alone and other concurrent chemoradiation therapies in the treatment of HPV-positive tumors. Regarding their HPV-uninfected counterparts, frequent relapses were observed, whatever the treatment regimen administered. Taken together, our findings reveal that current anal cancer management and treatment have reached their limits. A dualistic classification according to HPV/p53 status should be considered with implications for therapy personalization and optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane Bruyere
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathology, GIGA-Cancer, University of Liege, 4000, Liege, Belgium
| | - Franck Monnien
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital of Besançon, 25000, Besançon, France
| | - Prudence Colpart
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital of Besançon, 25000, Besançon, France
| | - Patrick Roncarati
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathology, GIGA-Cancer, University of Liege, 4000, Liege, Belgium
| | - Lucine Vuitton
- Department of Gastroenterology, University Hospital of Besançon, 25000, Besançon, France.,EA3181, University Bourgogne Franche-Comté, LabEx LipSTIC ANR-11-LABX-0021, 25000, Besançon, France
| | - Elodie Hendrick
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathology, GIGA-Cancer, University of Liege, 4000, Liege, Belgium
| | | | - Alexandra Luquain
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital of Besançon, 25000, Besançon, France
| | - Charlotte Pilard
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathology, GIGA-Cancer, University of Liege, 4000, Liege, Belgium
| | - Thomas Lerho
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathology, GIGA-Cancer, University of Liege, 4000, Liege, Belgium
| | - Chloé Molimard
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital of Besançon, 25000, Besançon, France
| | - Philippe Maingon
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Georges-François Leclerc Center, 21000, Dijon, France.,Department of Radiation Oncology, La Pitié Salpêtrière University Hospital, Sorbonne University, 75013, Paris, France
| | - Laurent Arnould
- Department of Biology and Pathology of Tumors, Georges-François Leclerc Center, 21000, Dijon, France
| | | | | | - Laurent Martin
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital of Dijon, 21000, Dijon, France
| | - Celia Reynders
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathology, GIGA-Cancer, University of Liege, 4000, Liege, Belgium
| | - Marie Ancion
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathology, GIGA-Cancer, University of Liege, 4000, Liege, Belgium
| | - Didier Peiffert
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Lorraine Institute of Oncology, 54519, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Agnès Leroux
- Department of Pathology, Lorraine Institute of Oncology, 54519, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Pascale Hubert
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathology, GIGA-Cancer, University of Liege, 4000, Liege, Belgium
| | - Jean-Baptiste Delhorme
- Department of Digestive Surgery, University Hospital of Strasbourg, 67200, Strasbourg, France
| | | | - Anne-Sophie Woronoff
- Doubs and Belfort Territory Cancer Registry, University Hospital of Besançon, 25000, Besançon, France
| | - Philippe Delvenne
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathology, GIGA-Cancer, University of Liege, 4000, Liege, Belgium.,Department of Pathology, University Hospital of Liege, 4000, Liege, Belgium
| | - Jean-Luc Prétet
- EA3181, University Bourgogne Franche-Comté, LabEx LipSTIC ANR-11-LABX-0021, 25000, Besançon, France.,CNR Papillomavirus, University Hospital of Besançon, 25000, Besançon, France
| | - Jean-François Bosset
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital of Besançon, 25000, Besançon, France
| | - Olivier Peulen
- Metastasis Research Laboratory, GIGA-Cancer, University of Liege, 4000, Liege, Belgium
| | - Christiane Mougin
- EA3181, University Bourgogne Franche-Comté, LabEx LipSTIC ANR-11-LABX-0021, 25000, Besançon, France.,CNR Papillomavirus, University Hospital of Besançon, 25000, Besançon, France
| | - Séverine Valmary-Degano
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital of Besançon, 25000, Besançon, France.,EA3181, University Bourgogne Franche-Comté, LabEx LipSTIC ANR-11-LABX-0021, 25000, Besançon, France.,Department of Pathology, University Hospital of Grenoble-Alps, 38043, Grenoble cedex 9, France
| | - Michael Herfs
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathology, GIGA-Cancer, University of Liege, 4000, Liege, Belgium.
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31
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Structure of High-Risk Papillomavirus 31 E6 Oncogenic Protein and Characterization of E6/E6AP/p53 Complex Formation. J Virol 2020; 95:JVI.00730-20. [PMID: 33115863 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00730-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The degradation of p53 is a hallmark of high-risk human papillomaviruses (HPVs) of the alpha genus and HPV-related carcinogenicity. The oncoprotein E6 forms a ternary complex with the E3 ubiquitin ligase E6-associated protein (E6AP) and tumor suppressor protein p53 targeting p53 for ubiquitination. The extent of p53 degradation by different E6 proteins varies greatly, even for the closely related HPV16 and HPV31. HPV16 E6 and HPV31 E6 display high sequence identity (∼67%). We report here, for the first time, the structure of HPV31 E6 bound to the LxxLL motif of E6AP. HPV16 E6 and HPV31 E6 are structurally very similar, in agreement with the high sequence conservation. Both E6 proteins bind E6AP and degrade p53. However, the binding affinities of 31 E6 to the LxxLL motif of E6AP and p53, respectively, are reduced 2-fold and 5.4-fold compared to 16 E6. The affinity of E6-E6AP-p53 ternary complex formation parallels the efficacy of the subsequent reaction, namely, degradation of p53. Therefore, closely related E6 proteins addressing the same cellular targets may still diverge in their binding efficiencies, possibly explaining their different phenotypic or pathological impacts.IMPORTANCE Variations of carcinogenicity of human papillomaviruses are related to variations of the E6 and E7 interactome. While different HPV species and genera are known to target distinct host proteins, the fine differences between E6 and E7 of closely related HPVs, supposed to target the same cellular protein pools, remain to be addressed. We compare the oncogenic E6 proteins of the closely related high-risk HPV31 and HPV16 with regard to their structure and their efficiency of ternary complex formation with their cellular targets p53 and E6AP, which results in p53 degradation. We solved the crystal structure of 31 E6 bound to the E6AP LxxLL motif. HPV16 E6 and 31 E6 structures are highly similar, but a few sequence variations lead to different protein contacts within the ternary complex and, as quantified here, an overall lower binding affinity of 31 E6 than 16 E6. These results align with the observed lower p53 degradation potential of 31 E6.
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32
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Ning S, Wang L. The Multifunctional Protein p62 and Its Mechanistic Roles in Cancers. Curr Cancer Drug Targets 2020; 19:468-478. [PMID: 30332964 PMCID: PMC8052633 DOI: 10.2174/1568009618666181016164920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Revised: 08/17/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The multifunctional signaling hub p62 is well recognized as a ubiquitin sensor and a selective autophagy receptor. As a ubiquitin sensor, p62 promotes NFκB activation by facilitating TRAF6 ubiquitination and aggregation. As a selective autophagy receptor, p62 sorts ubiquitinated substrates including p62 itself for lysosome-mediated degradation. p62 plays crucial roles in myriad cellular processes including DNA damage response, aging/senescence, infection and immunity, chronic inflammation, and cancerogenesis, dependent on or independent of autophagy. Targeting p62-mediated autophagy may represent a promising strategy for clinical interventions of different cancers. In this review, we summarize the transcriptional and post-translational regulation of p62, and its mechanistic roles in cancers, with the emphasis on its roles in regulation of DNA damage response and its connection to the cGAS-STING-mediated antitumor immune response, which is promising for cancer vaccine design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunbin Ning
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, United States.,Center of Excellence for Inflammation, Infectious Diseases and Immunity, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, United States
| | - Ling Wang
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, United States.,Center of Excellence for Inflammation, Infectious Diseases and Immunity, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, United States
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33
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Jee B, Yadav R, Pankaj S, Shahi SK. Immunology of HPV-mediated cervical cancer: current understanding. Int Rev Immunol 2020; 40:359-378. [PMID: 32853049 DOI: 10.1080/08830185.2020.1811859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Human papilloma virus (HPV) has emerged as a primary cause of cervical cancer worldwide. HPV is a relatively small (55 nm in diameter) and non-enveloped virus containing approximately 8 kb long double stranded circular DNA genome. To date, 228 genotypes of HPV have been identified. Although all HPV infections do not lead to the development of malignancy of cervix, only persistent infection of high-risk types of HPV (mainly with HPV16 and HPV18) results in the disease. In addition, the immunity of the patients also acts as a key determinant in the carcinogenesis. Since, no HPV type specific medication is available for the patient suffering with cervical cancer, hence, a deep understanding of the disease etiology may be vital for developing an effective strategy for its prevention and management. From the immunological perspectives, the entire mechanisms of disease progression still remain unclear despite continuous efforts. In the present review, the recent developments in immunology of HPV-mediated cervix carcinoma were discussed. At the end, the prevention of disease using HPV type specific recombinant vaccines was also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Babban Jee
- Department of Health Research, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India, New Delhi, India
| | - Renu Yadav
- Department of Biotechnology, Acharya Nagarjuna University, Guntur, India
| | - Sangeeta Pankaj
- Department of Gynecological Oncology, Regional Cancer Centre, Indira Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna, India
| | - Shivendra Kumar Shahi
- Department of Microbiology, Indira Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna, India
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34
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Ngoi NY, Sundararajan V, Tan DS. Exploiting replicative stress in gynecological cancers as a therapeutic strategy. Int J Gynecol Cancer 2020; 30:1224-1238. [PMID: 32571890 PMCID: PMC7418601 DOI: 10.1136/ijgc-2020-001277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Revised: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Elevated levels of replicative stress in gynecological cancers arising from uncontrolled oncogenic activation, loss of key tumor suppressors, and frequent defects in the DNA repair machinery are an intrinsic vulnerability for therapeutic exploitation. The presence of replication stress activates the DNA damage response and downstream checkpoint proteins including ataxia telangiectasia and Rad3 related kinase (ATR), checkpoint kinase 1 (CHK1), and WEE1-like protein kinase (WEE1), which trigger cell cycle arrest while protecting and restoring stalled replication forks. Strategies that increase replicative stress while lowering cell cycle checkpoint thresholds may allow unrepaired DNA damage to be inappropriately carried forward in replicating cells, leading to mitotic catastrophe and cell death. Moreover, the identification of fork protection as a key mechanism of resistance to chemo- and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitor therapy in ovarian cancer further increases the priority that should be accorded to the development of strategies targeting replicative stress. Small molecule inhibitors designed to target the DNA damage sensors, such as inhibitors of ataxia telangiectasia-mutated (ATM), ATR, CHK1 and WEE1, impair smooth cell cycle modulation and disrupt efficient DNA repair, or a combination of the above, have demonstrated interesting monotherapy and combinatorial activity, including the potential to reverse drug resistance and have entered developmental pipelines. Yet unresolved challenges lie in balancing the toxicity profile of these drugs in order to achieve a suitable therapeutic index while maintaining clinical efficacy, and selective biomarkers are urgently required. Here we describe the premise for targeting of replicative stress in gynecological cancers and discuss the clinical advancement of this strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - David Sp Tan
- National University Cancer Institute, Singapore
- Cancer Science Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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35
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Activating the DNA Damage Response and Suppressing Innate Immunity: Human Papillomaviruses Walk the Line. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9060467. [PMID: 32545729 PMCID: PMC7350329 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9060467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of the DNA damage response (DDR) by external agents can result in DNA fragments entering the cytoplasm and activating innate immune signaling pathways, including the stimulator of interferon genes (STING) pathway. The consequences of this activation can result in alterations in the cell cycle including the induction of cellular senescence, as well as boost the adaptive immune response following interferon production. Human papillomaviruses (HPV) are the causative agents in a host of human cancers including cervical and oropharyngeal; HPV are responsible for around 5% of all cancers. During infection, HPV replication activates the DDR in order to promote the viral life cycle. A striking feature of HPV-infected cells is their ability to continue to proliferate in the presence of an active DDR. Simultaneously, HPV suppress the innate immune response using a number of different mechanisms. The activation of the DDR and suppression of the innate immune response are essential for the progression of the viral life cycle. Here, we describe the mechanisms HPV use to turn on the DDR, while simultaneously suppressing the innate immune response. Pushing HPV from this fine line and tipping the balance towards activation of the innate immune response would be therapeutically beneficial.
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El-Bayoumy K, Christensen ND, Hu J, Viscidi R, Stairs DB, Walter V, Chen KM, Sun YW, Muscat JE, Richie JP. An Integrated Approach for Preventing Oral Cavity and Oropharyngeal Cancers: Two Etiologies with Distinct and Shared Mechanisms of Carcinogenesis. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2020; 13:649-660. [PMID: 32434808 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-20-0096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) was the 7th most common malignancy worldwide in 2018 and despite therapeutic advances, the overall survival rate for oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC; ∼50%) has remained unchanged for decades. The most common types are OSCC and oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC, survival rate ∼85%). Tobacco smoking is a major risk factor of HNSCC. In the developed world, the incidence of OSCC is declining as a result of tobacco cessation programs. However, OPSCC, which is also linked to human papillomavirus (HPV) infection, is on the rise and now ranks as the most common HPV-related cancer. The current state of knowledge indicates that HPV-associated disease differs substantially from other types of HNSCC and distinct biological differences between HPV-positive and HPV-negative HNSCC have been identified. Although risk factors have been extensively discussed in the literature, there are multiple clinically relevant questions that remain unanswered and even unexplored. Moreover, existing approaches (e.g., tobacco cessation, vaccination, and chemoprevention) to manage and control this disease remain a challenge. Thus, in this review, we discuss potential future basic research that can assist in a better understanding of disease pathogenesis which may lead to novel and more effective preventive strategies for OSCC and OPSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karam El-Bayoumy
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania.
| | - Neil D Christensen
- The Jake Gittlen Laboratories for Cancer Research, Pennsylvania State University, College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania.,Department of Pathology, Pennsylvania State University, College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Jiafen Hu
- The Jake Gittlen Laboratories for Cancer Research, Pennsylvania State University, College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania.,Department of Pathology, Pennsylvania State University, College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Raphael Viscidi
- Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Douglas B Stairs
- Department of Pathology, Pennsylvania State University, College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Vonn Walter
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania.,Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Kun-Ming Chen
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Yuan-Wan Sun
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Joshua E Muscat
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - John P Richie
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
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Replication Compartments of DNA Viruses in the Nucleus: Location, Location, Location. Viruses 2020; 12:v12020151. [PMID: 32013091 PMCID: PMC7077188 DOI: 10.3390/v12020151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2019] [Revised: 01/26/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
DNA viruses that replicate in the nucleus encompass a range of ubiquitous and clinically important viruses, from acute pathogens to persistent tumor viruses. These viruses must co-opt nuclear processes for the benefit of the virus, whilst evading host processes that would otherwise attenuate viral replication. Accordingly, DNA viruses induce the formation of membraneless assemblies termed viral replication compartments (VRCs). These compartments facilitate the spatial organization of viral processes and regulate virus–host interactions. Here, we review advances in our understanding of VRCs. We cover their initiation and formation, their function as the sites of viral processes, and aspects of their composition and organization. In doing so, we highlight ongoing and emerging areas of research highly pertinent to our understanding of nuclear-replicating DNA viruses.
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James CD, Fontan CT, Otoa R, Das D, Prabhakar AT, Wang X, Bristol ML, Morgan IM. Human Papillomavirus 16 E6 and E7 Synergistically Repress Innate Immune Gene Transcription. mSphere 2020; 5:e00828-19. [PMID: 31915229 PMCID: PMC6952203 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00828-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Human papillomaviruses (HPV) are causative agents in 5% of all cancers, including the majority of anogenital and oropharyngeal cancers. Downregulation of innate immune genes (IIGs) by HPV to promote the viral life cycle is well documented; E6 and E7 are known repressors of these genes. More recently, we demonstrated that E2 could also repress IIGs. These studies have been carried out in cells overexpressing the viral proteins, and to further investigate the role of individual viral proteins in this repression, we introduced stop codons into E6 and/or E7 in the entire HPV16 genome and generated N/Tert-1 cells stably maintaining the HPV16 genomes. We demonstrate that E6 or E7 individually is not sufficient to repress IIG expression in the context of the entire HPV16 genome; both are required for a synergistic repression. The DNA damage response (DDR) is activated by HPV16 irrespective of E6 and E7 expression, presumably due to viral replication; E1 is a known activator of the DDR. In addition, replication stress was apparent in HPV16-positive cells lacking E6 and E7, manifested by attenuated cellular growth and activation of replication stress genes. These studies led us to the following model. Viral replication per se can activate the DDR following infection, and this activation is a known inducer of IIG expression, which may induce cellular senescence. To combat this, E6 and E7 synergistically combine to manipulate the DDR and actively repress innate immune gene expression promoting cellular growth; neither protein by itself is able to do this.IMPORTANCE The role of human papillomavirus 16 (HPV16) in human cancers is well established; however, to date there are no antiviral therapeutics that are available for combatting these cancers. To identify such targets, we must enhance the understanding of the viral life cycle. Innate immune genes (IIGs) are repressed by HPV16, and we have reported that this repression persists through to cancer. Reversal of this repression would boost the immune response to HPV16-positive tumors, an area that is becoming more important given the advances in immunotherapy. This report demonstrates that E6 and E7 synergistically repress IIG expression in the context of the entire HPV16 genome. Removal of either protein activates the expression of IIGs by HPV16. Therefore, gaining a precise understanding of how the viral oncogenes repress IIG expression represents an opportunity to reverse this repression and boost the immune response to HPV16 infections for therapeutic gain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire D James
- Philips Institute for Oral Health Research, School of Dentistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Christian T Fontan
- Philips Institute for Oral Health Research, School of Dentistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Raymonde Otoa
- Philips Institute for Oral Health Research, School of Dentistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Dipon Das
- Philips Institute for Oral Health Research, School of Dentistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Apurva T Prabhakar
- Philips Institute for Oral Health Research, School of Dentistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Xu Wang
- Philips Institute for Oral Health Research, School of Dentistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Molly L Bristol
- Philips Institute for Oral Health Research, School of Dentistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Iain M Morgan
- Philips Institute for Oral Health Research, School of Dentistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
- Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
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Lee CC, Chang WH, Chang YS, Yang JM, Chang CS, Hsu KC, Chen YT, Liu TY, Chen YC, Lin SY, Wu YC, Chang JG. Alternative splicing in human cancer cells is modulated by the amiloride derivative 3,5-diamino-6-chloro-N-(N-(2,6-dichlorobenzoyl)carbamimidoyl)pyrazine-2-carboxide. Mol Oncol 2019; 13:1744-1762. [PMID: 31152681 PMCID: PMC6670021 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.12524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Revised: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Alternative splicing (AS) is a process that enables the generation of multiple protein isoforms with different biological properties from a single mRNA. Cancer cells often use the maneuverability conferred by AS to produce proteins that contribute to growth and survival. In our previous studies, we identified that amiloride modulates AS in cancer cells. However, the effective concentration of amiloride required to modulate AS is too high for use in cancer treatment. In this study, we used computational algorithms to screen potential amiloride derivatives for their ability to regulate AS in cancer cells. We found that 3,5-diamino-6-chloro-N-(N-(2,6-dichlorobenzoyl)carbamimidoyl)pyrazine-2-carboxamide (BS008) can regulate AS of apoptotic gene transcripts, including HIPK3, SMAC, and BCL-X, at a lower concentration than amiloride. This splicing regulation involved various splicing factors, and it was accompanied by a change in the phosphorylation state of serine/arginine-rich proteins (SR proteins). RNA sequencing was performed to reveal that AS of many other apoptotic gene transcripts, such as AATF, ATM, AIFM1, NFKB1, and API5, was also modulated by BS008. In vivo experiments further indicated that treatment of tumor-bearing mice with BS008 resulted in a marked decrease in tumor size. BS008 also had inhibitory effects in vitro, either alone or in a synergistic combination with the cytotoxic chemotherapeutic agents sorafenib and nilotinib. BS008 enabled sorafenib dose reduction without compromising antitumor activity. These findings suggest that BS008 may possess therapeutic potential for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Chin Lee
- Epigenome Research Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Hsin Chang
- Epigenome Research Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Primary Care Medicine, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Sian Chang
- Epigenome Research Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.,Center for Precision Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Jinn-Moon Yang
- TIGP-Bioinformatics, Institute of Information Science, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.,Institute of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan.,Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Shiang Chang
- Graduate Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Kai-Cheng Hsu
- Graduate Institute of Cancer Molecular Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taiwan
| | - Yun-Ti Chen
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Ting-Yuan Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chia Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Shyr-Yi Lin
- Department of Primary Care Medicine, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taiwan.,Department of General Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taiwan.,TMU Research Center of Cancer Translational Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taiwan
| | - Yang-Chang Wu
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, Kaohsiung Medical University, Taiwan.,Research Center for Natural Products and Drug Development, Kaohsiung Medical University, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Taiwan.,Chinese Medicine Research and Development Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Jan-Gowth Chang
- Epigenome Research Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Primary Care Medicine, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taiwan.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
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Palve V, Bagwan J, Krishnan NM, Pareek M, Chandola U, Suresh A, Siddappa G, James BL, Kekatpure V, Kuriakose MA, Panda B. Detection of High-Risk Human Papillomavirus in Oral Cavity Squamous Cell Carcinoma Using Multiple Analytes and Their Role in Patient Survival. J Glob Oncol 2019; 4:1-33. [PMID: 30398949 PMCID: PMC7010445 DOI: 10.1200/jgo.18.00058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Accurate detection of human papillomavirus (HPV) in oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is essential to understanding the role of HPV in disease prognosis and management of patients. We used different analytes and methods to understand the true prevalence of HPV in a cohort of patients with OSCC with different molecular backgrounds, and we correlated HPV data with patient survival. METHODS We integrated data from multiple analytes (HPV DNA, HPV RNA, and p16), assays (immunohistochemistry, polymerase chain reaction [PCR], quantitative PCR [qPCR], and digital PCR), and molecular changes (somatic mutations and DNA methylation) from 153 patients with OSCC to correlate p16 expression, HPV DNA, and HPV RNA with HPV incidence and patient survival. RESULTS High prevalence (33% to 58%) of HPV16/18 DNA did not correlate with the presence of transcriptionally active viral genomes (15%) in tumors. Eighteen percent of the tumors were p16 positive and only 6% were both HPV DNA and HPV RNA positive. Most tumors with relatively high copy number HPV DNA and/or HPV RNA, but not with HPV DNA alone (irrespective of copy number), were wild-type for TP53 and CASP8 genes. In our study, p16 protein, HPV DNA, and HPV RNA, either alone or in combination, did not correlate with patient survival. Nine HPV-associated genes stratified the virus-positive from the virus-negative tumor group with high confidence ( P < .008) when HPV DNA copy number and/or HPV RNA were considered to define HPV positivity, and not HPV DNA alone, irrespective of copy number ( P < .2). CONCLUSION In OSCC, the presence of both HPV RNA and p16 is rare. HPV DNA alone is not an accurate measure of HPV positivity and therefore may not be informative. HPV DNA, HPV RNA, and p16 do not correlate with patients' outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinayak Palve
- Vinayak Palve, Jamir Bagwan, Neeraja M. Krishnan, Manisha Pareek, Udita Chandola, and Binay Panda, Ganit Labs, Institute of Bioinformatics and Applied Biotechnology; Amritha Suresh, Gangotri Siddappa, Bonney L. James, and Moni Abraham Kuriakose, Mazumdar Shaw Centre for Translational Cancer Research; and Vikram Kekatpure and Moni Abraham Kuriakose, Mazumdar Shaw Medical Centre, Bangalore; Neeraja M. Krishnan and Binay Panda, Ganit Labs Foundation, Delhi, India
| | - Jamir Bagwan
- Vinayak Palve, Jamir Bagwan, Neeraja M. Krishnan, Manisha Pareek, Udita Chandola, and Binay Panda, Ganit Labs, Institute of Bioinformatics and Applied Biotechnology; Amritha Suresh, Gangotri Siddappa, Bonney L. James, and Moni Abraham Kuriakose, Mazumdar Shaw Centre for Translational Cancer Research; and Vikram Kekatpure and Moni Abraham Kuriakose, Mazumdar Shaw Medical Centre, Bangalore; Neeraja M. Krishnan and Binay Panda, Ganit Labs Foundation, Delhi, India
| | - Neeraja M Krishnan
- Vinayak Palve, Jamir Bagwan, Neeraja M. Krishnan, Manisha Pareek, Udita Chandola, and Binay Panda, Ganit Labs, Institute of Bioinformatics and Applied Biotechnology; Amritha Suresh, Gangotri Siddappa, Bonney L. James, and Moni Abraham Kuriakose, Mazumdar Shaw Centre for Translational Cancer Research; and Vikram Kekatpure and Moni Abraham Kuriakose, Mazumdar Shaw Medical Centre, Bangalore; Neeraja M. Krishnan and Binay Panda, Ganit Labs Foundation, Delhi, India
| | - Manisha Pareek
- Vinayak Palve, Jamir Bagwan, Neeraja M. Krishnan, Manisha Pareek, Udita Chandola, and Binay Panda, Ganit Labs, Institute of Bioinformatics and Applied Biotechnology; Amritha Suresh, Gangotri Siddappa, Bonney L. James, and Moni Abraham Kuriakose, Mazumdar Shaw Centre for Translational Cancer Research; and Vikram Kekatpure and Moni Abraham Kuriakose, Mazumdar Shaw Medical Centre, Bangalore; Neeraja M. Krishnan and Binay Panda, Ganit Labs Foundation, Delhi, India
| | - Udita Chandola
- Vinayak Palve, Jamir Bagwan, Neeraja M. Krishnan, Manisha Pareek, Udita Chandola, and Binay Panda, Ganit Labs, Institute of Bioinformatics and Applied Biotechnology; Amritha Suresh, Gangotri Siddappa, Bonney L. James, and Moni Abraham Kuriakose, Mazumdar Shaw Centre for Translational Cancer Research; and Vikram Kekatpure and Moni Abraham Kuriakose, Mazumdar Shaw Medical Centre, Bangalore; Neeraja M. Krishnan and Binay Panda, Ganit Labs Foundation, Delhi, India
| | - Amritha Suresh
- Vinayak Palve, Jamir Bagwan, Neeraja M. Krishnan, Manisha Pareek, Udita Chandola, and Binay Panda, Ganit Labs, Institute of Bioinformatics and Applied Biotechnology; Amritha Suresh, Gangotri Siddappa, Bonney L. James, and Moni Abraham Kuriakose, Mazumdar Shaw Centre for Translational Cancer Research; and Vikram Kekatpure and Moni Abraham Kuriakose, Mazumdar Shaw Medical Centre, Bangalore; Neeraja M. Krishnan and Binay Panda, Ganit Labs Foundation, Delhi, India
| | - Gangotri Siddappa
- Vinayak Palve, Jamir Bagwan, Neeraja M. Krishnan, Manisha Pareek, Udita Chandola, and Binay Panda, Ganit Labs, Institute of Bioinformatics and Applied Biotechnology; Amritha Suresh, Gangotri Siddappa, Bonney L. James, and Moni Abraham Kuriakose, Mazumdar Shaw Centre for Translational Cancer Research; and Vikram Kekatpure and Moni Abraham Kuriakose, Mazumdar Shaw Medical Centre, Bangalore; Neeraja M. Krishnan and Binay Panda, Ganit Labs Foundation, Delhi, India
| | - Bonney L James
- Vinayak Palve, Jamir Bagwan, Neeraja M. Krishnan, Manisha Pareek, Udita Chandola, and Binay Panda, Ganit Labs, Institute of Bioinformatics and Applied Biotechnology; Amritha Suresh, Gangotri Siddappa, Bonney L. James, and Moni Abraham Kuriakose, Mazumdar Shaw Centre for Translational Cancer Research; and Vikram Kekatpure and Moni Abraham Kuriakose, Mazumdar Shaw Medical Centre, Bangalore; Neeraja M. Krishnan and Binay Panda, Ganit Labs Foundation, Delhi, India
| | - Vikram Kekatpure
- Vinayak Palve, Jamir Bagwan, Neeraja M. Krishnan, Manisha Pareek, Udita Chandola, and Binay Panda, Ganit Labs, Institute of Bioinformatics and Applied Biotechnology; Amritha Suresh, Gangotri Siddappa, Bonney L. James, and Moni Abraham Kuriakose, Mazumdar Shaw Centre for Translational Cancer Research; and Vikram Kekatpure and Moni Abraham Kuriakose, Mazumdar Shaw Medical Centre, Bangalore; Neeraja M. Krishnan and Binay Panda, Ganit Labs Foundation, Delhi, India
| | - Moni Abraham Kuriakose
- Vinayak Palve, Jamir Bagwan, Neeraja M. Krishnan, Manisha Pareek, Udita Chandola, and Binay Panda, Ganit Labs, Institute of Bioinformatics and Applied Biotechnology; Amritha Suresh, Gangotri Siddappa, Bonney L. James, and Moni Abraham Kuriakose, Mazumdar Shaw Centre for Translational Cancer Research; and Vikram Kekatpure and Moni Abraham Kuriakose, Mazumdar Shaw Medical Centre, Bangalore; Neeraja M. Krishnan and Binay Panda, Ganit Labs Foundation, Delhi, India
| | - Binay Panda
- Vinayak Palve, Jamir Bagwan, Neeraja M. Krishnan, Manisha Pareek, Udita Chandola, and Binay Panda, Ganit Labs, Institute of Bioinformatics and Applied Biotechnology; Amritha Suresh, Gangotri Siddappa, Bonney L. James, and Moni Abraham Kuriakose, Mazumdar Shaw Centre for Translational Cancer Research; and Vikram Kekatpure and Moni Abraham Kuriakose, Mazumdar Shaw Medical Centre, Bangalore; Neeraja M. Krishnan and Binay Panda, Ganit Labs Foundation, Delhi, India
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Cervical cancer cell lines are sensitive to sub-erythemal UV exposure. Gene 2018; 688:44-53. [PMID: 30517878 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2018.11.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
High risk human papillomavirus (HPV) infections are the causative agent in virtually every cervical cancer as well as a host of other anogenital and oropharyngeal malignancies. These viruses must activate DNA repair pathways to facilitate their replication, while avoiding the cell cycle arrest and apoptosis that can accompany DNA damage. HPV oncoproteins facilitate each of these goals, but also reduce genome stability. Our data dissect the cytotoxic and cytoprotective characteristics of HPV oncogenes in cervical cancer cells. These data show that while the transformation of keratinocytes by HPV oncogene leaves these cells more sensitive to UV, the oncogenes also protect against UV-induced apoptosis. Cisplatin and UV resistant cervical cancer cell lines were generated and probed for their sensitivity to genotoxic agents. Cervical cancer cells can acquire resistance to one DNA crosslinking agent (UV or cisplatin) without gaining broad tolerance of crosslinked DNA. Further, cisplatin resistance may or may not result in sensitivity to PARP1 inhibition.
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Squarzanti DF, Sorrentino R, Landini MM, Chiesa A, Pinato S, Rocchio F, Mattii M, Penengo L, Azzimonti B. Human papillomavirus type 16 E6 and E7 oncoproteins interact with the nuclear p53-binding protein 1 in an in vitro reconstructed 3D epithelium: new insights for the virus-induced DNA damage response. Virol J 2018; 15:176. [PMID: 30445982 PMCID: PMC6240266 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-018-1086-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Despite vaccination and screening measures, anogenital cancer, mainly promoted by HPV16 oncoproteins, still represents the fourth tumor and the second cause of death among women. Cell replication fidelity is the result of the host DNA damage response (DDR). Unlike many DNA viruses that promote their life cycle through the DDR inactivation, HR-HPVs encourage cells proliferation despite the DDR turned on. Why and how it occurs has been only partially elucidated. During HPV16 infection, E6 links and degrades p53 via the binding to the E6AP LXXLL sequence; unfortunately, E6 direct role in the DDR response has not clearly identified yet. Similarly, E7 increases DDR by competing with E2F1-pRb interaction, thus leading to the inactivation of pRb, and promotion, E2F1 mediated, of DDR genes translation, by binding to the pRb-like proteins CBP/p300 and p107, that also harbour LXXLL sequence, and via the interaction and activation of several DDR proteins. Methods To gain information regarding E6 and E7 contribution in DDR activation, we produced an in vitro 3D HPV16-E6E7 infected epithelium, already consolidated study model for HPVs, and validated it by assessing H&E staining and BrdU, HPV16 DNA, E6E7 proteins and γH2A.X/53BP1 double-strand break (DSBs) sensors expression; then we made an immuno-colocalization of E6 and E7 with cyclin E2 and B1. Since 53BP1, like E6 and E7, also binds p53 and pRb, we supposed their possible direct binding. To explore this hypothesis, we performed a double immunofluorescence of E6 and E7 with 53BP1, a sequence analysis of 53BP1 within its BRCT2 domain and then an in situ PLA within CaSki, E6E7HPV16 NHEKs and the 3D model. Results The in vitro epithelium resembled the histology and the events typical of in vivo infected tissues. E6E7HPV16 were both expressed in basal and differentiated strata and induced H2A.X phosphorylation and 53BP1 increment into nuclear foci. After highlighting E6 and E7 co-expression with 53BP1 and a LKVLL sequence within the 53BP1 BRCT2 domain, we demonstrated the bindings via the PLA technique. Conclusions Our results reinforce E6 and E7 role in cellular function control providing potentially new insights into the activity of this tumor virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diletta Francesca Squarzanti
- Laboratory of applied Microbiology, Department of Health Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale (UPO), Via Solaroli 17, 28100, Novara, Italy
| | - Rita Sorrentino
- Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Department of Health Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale (UPO), Novara, Italy
| | - Manuela Miriam Landini
- Laboratory of applied Microbiology, Department of Health Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale (UPO), Via Solaroli 17, 28100, Novara, Italy
| | - Andrea Chiesa
- Laboratory of applied Microbiology, Department of Health Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale (UPO), Via Solaroli 17, 28100, Novara, Italy
| | - Sabrina Pinato
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale (UPO), Novara, Italy
| | - Francesca Rocchio
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale (UPO), Novara, Italy
| | - Martina Mattii
- Laboratory of applied Microbiology, Department of Health Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale (UPO), Via Solaroli 17, 28100, Novara, Italy
| | - Lorenza Penengo
- Institute of Molecular Cancer Research, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Barbara Azzimonti
- Laboratory of applied Microbiology, Department of Health Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale (UPO), Via Solaroli 17, 28100, Novara, Italy. .,Consorzio Interuniversitario Nazionale per la Scienza e Tecnologia dei Materiali (INSTM, Firenze, Italy- Local Unit of Piemonte Orientale, UPO, Novara, Italy.
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Krump NA, Liu W, You J. Mechanisms of persistence by small DNA tumor viruses. Curr Opin Virol 2018; 32:71-79. [PMID: 30278284 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2018.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Virus infection contributes to nearly 15% of human cancers worldwide. Many of the oncogenic viruses tend to cause cancer in immunosuppressed individuals, but maintain asymptomatic, persistent infection for decades in the general population. In this review, we discuss the tactics employed by two small DNA tumor viruses, Human papillomavirus (HPV) and Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV), to establish persistent infection. We will also highlight recent key findings as well as outstanding questions regarding the mechanisms by which HPV and MCPyV evade host immune control to promote their survival. Since persistent infection enables virus-induced tumorigenesis, identifying the mechanisms by which small DNA tumor viruses achieve latent infection may inform new approaches for preventing and treating their respective human cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan A Krump
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Jianxin You
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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The Human Papillomavirus E6 PDZ Binding Motif Links DNA Damage Response Signaling to E6 Inhibition of p53 Transcriptional Activity. J Virol 2018; 92:JVI.00465-18. [PMID: 29848585 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00465-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The presence of a PDZ binding motif (PBM) in the human papillomavirus (HPV) E6 oncoprotein appears to be a characteristic marker of high oncogenic potential and confers interaction with a number of different cellular PDZ domain-containing substrates. The E6 PBM is also subject to phosphorylation, resulting in inhibition of E6 PDZ binding activity and instead allowing E6 to associate with 14-3-3 proteins. In this study, we analyzed the conditions under which the E6 PBM is phosphorylated. We demonstrate that in normal cycling cells, the levels of E6 phosphorylation are very low. However, following exposure of cells to oxidative stress or the induction of DNA damage, there is a striking increase in the levels of E6 phosphorylation. Depending on the specific stimulus, this phosphorylation of E6 can involve the ATM/ATR pathway and is performed primarily through Chk1, although the Chk2 pathway is also involved indirectly through activation of protein kinase A (PKA). To understand the biological relevance of these phospho-modifications of E6, we analyzed their effects upon the ability of E6 to inhibit p53 transcriptional activity. We show that an intact E6 phospho-acceptor site plays an essential role in the ability of E6 to inhibit p53 transcriptional activity on a subset of p53-responsive promoters in a manner that is independent of E6's ability to direct p53 degradation. These results are, to our knowledge, the first example of a DNA damage response controlling PBM-PDZ recognition. This study also provides links between the DNA damage response, the regulation of E6 PBM function, and the inhibition of p53 activity and begins to explain how HPV-infected cells remain within the cell cycle, despite activation of DNA damage response pathways during productive virus infections.IMPORTANCE The cancer-causing HPV E6 oncoproteins all possess a PDZ binding motif at their extreme carboxy termini. Depending upon whether this motif is phosphorylated, E6 can recognize PDZ domain-containing proteins or members of the 14-3-3 family of proteins. We show here that DNA damage response pathways directly signal to the E6 PBM, resulting in Chk1- and Chk2-driven phosphorylation. This phosphorylation is particularly pronounced following treatment of cells with a variety of different chemotherapeutic drugs. A direct functional consequence of this signaling is to confer an enhanced ability upon E6 to inhibit p53 transcriptional activity in a proteasome-independent but phosphorylation-dependent manner. These results are the first example of DNA damage signaling pathways regulating PBM-PDZ interactions and provide the mechanistic link between E6 PBM function and perturbation of p53 activity.
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Association of antibody to E2 protein of human papillomavirus and p16 INK4A with progression of HPV-infected cervical lesions. Med Oncol 2018; 35:93. [PMID: 29744680 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-018-1151-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Human papillomavirus (HPV) E2 and L1 proteins are expressed in cervical cells during the lytic stage of infection. Overexpression of p16INK4A is a biomarker of HPV-associated cervical neoplasia. This study investigated antibodies to HPV16 E2, HPV16 L1, and p16INK4A in sera from women with no squamous intraepithelial lesion (No-SIL) of the cervix, low-grade SIL, high-grade SIL, and cervical squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). HPV DNA was detected by polymerase chain reaction. Anti-E2, -L1, and -p16INK4A antibodies in sera were determined by western blot. Among 116 samples, 69 (60%) were HPV DNA-positive. Percentages seropositive for anti-E2, -L1, and -p16INK4A antibodies were 39.6, 22.4, and 23.3%, respectively. Anti-E2 antibody was significantly correlated with HPV DNA-positive cases. Eighty-seven women (75%) were regarded as infected with HPV, having at least one positive result from HPV DNA, L1, or E2 antibody. Antibody to p16INK4A was associated with HPV infection (odds = 5.444, 95% CI 1.203-24.629, P = 0.028) and precancerous cervical lesions (odds = 5.132, 95% CI 1.604-16.415, P = 0.006). Interestingly, the concurrent detection of anti-E2 and -p16INK4A antibodies was significantly associated with HPV infection (odds = 1.382, 95% CI 1.228-1.555, P = 0.044). These antibodies might be good candidate biomarkers for monitoring HPV-associated cervical lesion development to cancer.
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Hasche D, Stephan S, Braspenning-Wesch I, Mikulec J, Niebler M, Gröne HJ, Flechtenmacher C, Akgül B, Rösl F, Vinzón SE. The interplay of UV and cutaneous papillomavirus infection in skin cancer development. PLoS Pathog 2017; 13:e1006723. [PMID: 29190285 PMCID: PMC5708609 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous human papillomaviruses (HPVs) are considered as cofactors for non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC) development, especially in association with UVB. Extensively studied transgenic mouse models failed to mimic all aspects of virus-host interactions starting from primary infection to the appearance of a tumor. Using the natural model Mastomys coucha, which reflects the human situation in many aspects, we provide the first evidence that only UVB and Mastomys natalensis papillomavirus (MnPV) infection strongly promote NMSC formation. Using UVB exposures that correspond to UV indices of different geographical regions, irradiated animals developed either well-differentiated keratinizing squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs), still supporting productive infections with high viral loads and transcriptional activity, or poorly differentiated non-keratinizing SCCs almost lacking MnPV DNA and in turn, early and late viral transcription. Intriguingly, animals with the latter phenotype, however, still showed strong seropositivity, clearly verifying a preceding MnPV infection. Of note, the mere presence of MnPV could induce γH2AX foci, indicating that viral infection without prior UVB exposure can already perturb genome stability of the host cell. Moreover, as shown both under in vitro and in vivo conditions, MnPV E6/E7 expression also attenuates the excision repair of cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers upon UVB irradiation, suggesting a viral impact on the DNA damage response. While mutations of Ras family members (e.g. Hras, Kras, and Nras) were absent, the majority of SCCs harbored-like in humans-Trp53 mutations especially at two hot-spots in the DNA-binding domain, resulting in a loss of function that favored tumor dedifferentiation, counter-selective for viral maintenance. Such a constellation provides a reasonable explanation for making continuous viral presence dispensable during skin carcinogenesis as observed in patients with NMSC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Hasche
- Division of Viral Transformation Mechanisms, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sonja Stephan
- Division of Viral Transformation Mechanisms, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ilona Braspenning-Wesch
- Division of Viral Transformation Mechanisms, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Julita Mikulec
- Division of Viral Transformation Mechanisms, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Division of Virus-associated Carcinogenesis, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Martina Niebler
- Division of Viral Transformation Mechanisms, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hermann-Josef Gröne
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Pathology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Baki Akgül
- Institute of Virology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Frank Rösl
- Division of Viral Transformation Mechanisms, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sabrina E. Vinzón
- Division of Viral Transformation Mechanisms, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
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Why Human Papillomaviruses Activate the DNA Damage Response (DDR) and How Cellular and Viral Replication Persists in the Presence of DDR Signaling. Viruses 2017; 9:v9100268. [PMID: 28934154 PMCID: PMC5691620 DOI: 10.3390/v9100268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Revised: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 09/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Human papillomaviruses (HPV) require the activation of the DNA damage response (DDR) in order to undergo a successful life cycle. This activation presents a challenge for the virus and the infected cell: how does viral and host replication proceed in the presence of a DDR that ordinarily arrests replication; and how do HPV16 infected cells retain the ability to proliferate in the presence of a DDR that ordinarily arrests the cell cycle? This raises a further question: why do HPV activate the DDR? The answers to these questions are only partially understood; a full understanding could identify novel therapeutic strategies to target HPV cancers. Here, we propose that the rapid replication of an 8 kb double stranded circular genome during infection creates aberrant DNA structures that attract and activate DDR proteins. Therefore, HPV replication in the presence of an active DDR is a necessity for a successful viral life cycle in order to resolve these DNA structures on viral genomes; without an active DDR, successful replication of the viral genome would not proceed. We discuss the essential role of TopBP1 in this process and also how viral and cellular replication proceeds in HPV infected cells in the presence of DDR signals.
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