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Lee MH, Choi HS, Kim NY, Sim E, Choi JY, Hong S, Shin YK, Yu CH, Gu SH, Song DH, Hur GH, Shin S. Post-Vaccination Delivery of CpG ODNs Enhances the Th2-Associated Protective Immunity of the Smallpox DNA Vaccine. Mol Biotechnol 2024; 66:1718-1726. [PMID: 37428433 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-023-00800-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
Potential threat of smallpox bioterrorism and concerns related to the adverse effects of currently licensed live-virus vaccines suggest the need to develop novel vaccines with better efficacy against smallpox. Use of DNA vaccines containing specific antigen-encoding plasmids prevents the risks associated with live-virus vaccines, offering a promising alternative to conventional smallpox vaccines. In this study, we investigated the efficiency of toll-like receptor (TLR) ligands in enhancing the immunogenicity of smallpox DNA vaccines. BALB/c mice were immunized with a DNA vaccine encoding the vaccinia virus L1R protein, along with the cytosine-phosphate-guanine (CpG) motif as a vaccine adjuvant, and their immune response was analyzed. Administration of B-type CpG oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs) as TLR9 ligands 24 h after DNA vaccination enhanced the Th2-biased L1R-specific antibody immunity in mice. Moreover, B-type CpG ODNs improved the protective effects of the DNA vaccine against the lethal Orthopoxvirus challenge. Therefore, use of L1R DNA vaccines with CpG ODNs as adjuvants is a promising approach to achieve effective immunogenicity against smallpox infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Hoon Lee
- R&D Center, ABION Inc., Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Na Young Kim
- R&D Center, ABION Inc., Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Euni Sim
- R&D Center, ABION Inc., Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Sungyoul Hong
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Kee Shin
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Chi Ho Yu
- Chem-Bio Technology Center, Agency for Defense Development, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Se Hun Gu
- Chem-Bio Technology Center, Agency for Defense Development, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Hyun Song
- Chem-Bio Technology Center, Agency for Defense Development, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyueng Haeng Hur
- Chem-Bio Technology Center, Agency for Defense Development, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungho Shin
- Bio-MAX/N-Bio, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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2
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Wang X, Zhao G, Shao S, Yao Y. Helicobacter pylori triggers inflammation and oncogenic transformation by perturbing the immune microenvironment. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2024; 1879:189139. [PMID: 38897421 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2024.189139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2024] [Revised: 06/09/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
The immune microenvironment plays a critical regulatory role in the pathogenesis of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori). Understanding the mechanisms that drive the transition from chronic inflammation to cancer may provide new insights for early detection of gastric cancer. Although chronic inflammation is frequent in precancerous gastric conditions, the monitoring function of the inflammatory microenvironment in the progression from H. pylori-induced chronic inflammation to gastric cancer remains unclear. This literature review summarizes significant findings on how H. pylori triggers inflammatory responses and facilitates cancer development through the immune microenvironment. Furthermore, the implications for future research and clinical applications are also addressed. The review is divided into four main sections: inflammatory response and immune evasion mechanisms induced by H. pylori, immune dysregulation associated with gastric cancer, therapeutic implications, and future perspectives on H. pylori-induced gastric carcinogenesis with a focus on the immune microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuping Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Kunshan Hospital Affiliated to Jiangsu University, Kunshan 215300, Jiangsu, China
| | - Guang Zhao
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Kunshan Hospital Affiliated to Jiangsu University, Kunshan 215300, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shihe Shao
- School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Yongliang Yao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Kunshan Hospital Affiliated to Jiangsu University, Kunshan 215300, Jiangsu, China.
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3
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Cui Y, Ho M, Hu Y, Shi Y. Vaccine adjuvants: current status, research and development, licensing, and future opportunities. J Mater Chem B 2024; 12:4118-4137. [PMID: 38591323 PMCID: PMC11180427 DOI: 10.1039/d3tb02861e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
Vaccines represent one of the most significant inventions in human history and have revolutionized global health. Generally, a vaccine functions by triggering the innate immune response and stimulating antigen-presenting cells, leading to a defensive adaptive immune response against a specific pathogen's antigen. As a key element, adjuvants are chemical materials often employed as additives to increase a vaccine's efficacy and immunogenicity. For over 90 years, adjuvants have been essential components in many human vaccines, improving their efficacy by enhancing, modulating, and prolonging the immune response. Here, we provide a timely and comprehensive review of the historical development and the current status of adjuvants, covering their classification, mechanisms of action, and roles in different vaccines. Additionally, we perform systematic analysis of the current licensing processes and highlights notable examples from clinical trials involving vaccine adjuvants. Looking ahead, we anticipate future trends in the field, including the development of new adjuvant formulations, the creation of innovative adjuvants, and their integration into the broader scope of systems vaccinology and vaccine delivery. The article posits that a deeper understanding of biochemistry, materials science, and vaccine immunology is crucial for advancing vaccine technology. Such advancements are expected to lead to the future development of more effective vaccines, capable of combating emerging infectious diseases and enhancing public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Cui
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
| | - Megan Ho
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Yongjie Hu
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
| | - Yuan Shi
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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4
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Ghaffar SA, Tahir H, Muhammad S, Shahid M, Naqqash T, Faisal M, Albekairi TH, Alshammari A, Albekairi NA, Manzoor I. Designing of a multi-epitopes based vaccine against Haemophilius parainfluenzae and its validation through integrated computational approaches. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1380732. [PMID: 38690283 PMCID: PMC11058264 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1380732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Haemophilus parainfluenzae is a Gram-negative opportunist pathogen within the mucus of the nose and mouth without significant symptoms and has an ability to cause various infections ranging from ear, eye, and sinus to pneumonia. A concerning development is the increasing resistance of H. parainfluenzae to beta-lactam antibiotics, with the potential to cause dental infections or abscesses. The principal objective of this investigation is to utilize bioinformatics and immuno-informatic methodologies in the development of a candidate multi-epitope Vaccine. The investigation focuses on identifying potential epitopes for both B cells (B lymphocytes) and T cells (helper T lymphocytes and cytotoxic T lymphocytes) based on high non-toxic and non-allergenic characteristics. The selection process involves identifying human leukocyte antigen alleles demonstrating strong associations with recognized antigenic and overlapping epitopes. Notably, the chosen alleles aim to provide coverage for 90% of the global population. Multi-epitope constructs were designed by using suitable linker sequences. To enhance the immunological potential, an adjuvant sequence was incorporated using the EAAAK linker. The final vaccine construct, comprising 344 amino acids, was achieved after the addition of adjuvants and linkers. This multi-epitope Vaccine demonstrates notable antigenicity and possesses favorable physiochemical characteristics. The three-dimensional conformation underwent modeling and refinement, validated through in-silico methods. Additionally, a protein-protein molecular docking analysis was conducted to predict effective binding poses between the multi-epitope Vaccine and the Toll-like receptor 4 protein. The Molecular Dynamics (MD) investigation of the docked TLR4-vaccine complex demonstrated consistent stability over the simulation period, primarily attributed to electrostatic energy. The docked complex displayed minimal deformation and enhanced rigidity in the motion of residues during the dynamic simulation. Furthermore, codon translational optimization and computational cloning was performed to ensure the reliability and proper expression of the multi-Epitope Vaccine. It is crucial to emphasize that despite these computational validations, experimental research in the laboratory is imperative to demonstrate the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of the developed vaccine. This would involve practical assessments to ascertain the real-world effectiveness of the multi-epitope Vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sana Abdul Ghaffar
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Haneen Tahir
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Sher Muhammad
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Shahid
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Tahir Naqqash
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan
| | | | - Thamer H. Albekairi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulrahman Alshammari
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Norah A. Albekairi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Irfan Manzoor
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, United States
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D'Oro U, O'Hagan DT. The scientific journey of a novel adjuvant (AS37) from bench to bedside. NPJ Vaccines 2024; 9:26. [PMID: 38332005 PMCID: PMC10853242 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-024-00810-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
A decade ago, we described a new approach to discover next generation adjuvants, identifying small-molecule immune potentiators (SMIPs) as Toll-like receptor (TLR)7 agonists. We also optimally formulated these drugs through adsorption to aluminum salts (alum), allowing them to be evaluated with a range of established and early-stage vaccines. Early proof-of-concept studies showed that a TLR7 agonist (TLR7a)-based SMIP, when adsorbed to alum, could perform as an effective adjuvant for a variety of different antigens, in both small and large animals. Studies in rodents demonstrated that the adjuvant enhanced immunogenicity of a recombinant protein-based vaccine against Staphylococcus aureus, and also showed potential to improve existing vaccines against pertussis or meningococcal infection. Extensive evaluations showed that the adjuvant was effective in non-human primates (NHPs), exploiting a mechanism of action that was consistent across the different animal models. The adjuvant formulation (named AS37) has now been advanced into clinical evaluation. A systems biology-based evaluation of the phase I clinical data with a meningococcal C conjugate vaccine showed that the AS37-adjuvanted formulation had an acceptable safety profile, was potent, and activated the expected immune pathways in humans, which was consistent with observations from the NHP studies. In the intervening decade, several alternative TLR7 agonists have also emerged and advanced into clinical development, such as the alum adsorbed TLR7/8 SMIP present in a widely distributed COVID-19 vaccine. This review summarizes the research and early development of the new adjuvant AS37, with an emphasis on the steps taken to allow its progression into clinical evaluations.
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6
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Temchura V, Wagner JT, Damm D. Immunogenicity of Recombinant Lipid-Based Nanoparticle Vaccines: Danger Signal vs. Helping Hand. Pharmaceutics 2023; 16:24. [PMID: 38258035 PMCID: PMC10818441 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16010024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Infectious diseases are a predominant problem in human health. While the incidence of many pathogenic infections is controlled by vaccines, some pathogens still pose a challenging task for vaccine researchers. In order to face these challenges, the field of vaccine development has changed tremendously over the last few years. For non-replicating recombinant antigens, novel vaccine delivery systems that attempt to increase the immunogenicity by mimicking structural properties of pathogens are already approved for clinical applications. Lipid-based nanoparticles (LbNPs) of different natures are vesicles made of lipid layers with aqueous cavities, which may carry antigens and other biomolecules either displayed on the surface or encapsulated in the cavity. However, the efficacy profile of recombinant LbNP vaccines is not as high as that of live-attenuated ones. This review gives a compendious picture of two approaches that affect the immunogenicity of recombinant LbNP vaccines: (i) the incorporation of immunostimulatory agents and (ii) the utilization of pre-existing or promiscuous cellular immunity, which might be beneficial for the development of tailored prophylactic and therapeutic LbNP vaccine candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Temchura
- Institute of Clinical and Molecular Virology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany;
| | | | - Dominik Damm
- Institute of Clinical and Molecular Virology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany;
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7
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Parmaksız S, Pekcan M, Özkul A, Türkmen E, Rivero-Arredondo V, Ontiveros-Padilla L, Forbes N, Perrie Y, López-Macías C, Şenel S. In vivo evaluation of new adjuvant systems based on combination of Salmonella Typhi porins with particulate systems: Liposomes versus polymeric particles. Int J Pharm 2023; 648:123568. [PMID: 37925042 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2023.123568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2023] [Revised: 10/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/06/2023]
Abstract
Subunit vaccines that have weak immunogenic activity require adjuvant systems for enhancedcellular and long-acting humoral immune responses. Both lipid-based and polymeric-based particulate adjuvants have been widely investigated to induce the desired immune responses against the subunit vaccines. The adjuvant efficacy of these particulate adjuvants depends upon their physicochemical properties such as particle size, surface charge, shape and their composition. Previously, we showed in vitro effect of adjuvant systems based on combination of chitosan and Salmonella Typhi porins in microparticle or nanoparticle form, which were spherical with positive surface charge. In the present study, we have further developed an adjuvant system based on combination of porins with liposomes (cationic and neutral) and investigated the adjuvant effect of both the liposomal and polymeric systems in BALB/c mice using a model antigen, ovalbumin. Humoral immune responses were determined following priming and booster dose at 15-day intervals. In overall, IgM and IgG levels were induced in the presence of both the liposomal and polymeric adjuvant systems indicating the positive impact of combination with porins. The highest IgM levels were obtained on Day 8, and liposomal adjuvant systems were found to elicit significantly higher IgM levels compared to polymeric systems. IgG levels were increased significantly after booster, particularly more profound with the micro-sized polymeric system when compared to cationic liposomal system with nano-size. Our results demonstrated that the developed particulate systems are promising both as an adjuvant and delivery system, providing enhanced immune responses against subunit antigens, and have the potential for long-term protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selin Parmaksız
- Hacettepe University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, 06100 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Mert Pekcan
- Ankara University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, 06110 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Aykut Özkul
- Ankara University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Virology, Ankara University, 06110 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ece Türkmen
- Hacettepe University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, 06100 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Vanessa Rivero-Arredondo
- Medical Research Unit on Immunochemistry, Specialties Hospital, National Medical Centre "Siglo XXI", Mexican Social Security Institute (IMSS), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Luis Ontiveros-Padilla
- Medical Research Unit on Immunochemistry, Specialties Hospital, National Medical Centre "Siglo XXI", Mexican Social Security Institute (IMSS), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Neil Forbes
- University of Strathclyde, Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Yvonne Perrie
- University of Strathclyde, Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Constantino López-Macías
- Medical Research Unit on Immunochemistry, Specialties Hospital, National Medical Centre "Siglo XXI", Mexican Social Security Institute (IMSS), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Sevda Şenel
- Hacettepe University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, 06100 Ankara, Turkey.
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8
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Díaz-Dinamarca DA, Salazar ML, Escobar DF, Castillo BN, Valdebenito B, Díaz P, Manubens A, Salazar F, Troncoso MF, Lavandero S, Díaz J, Becker MI, Vásquez AE. Surface immunogenic protein from Streptococcus agalactiae and Fissurella latimarginata hemocyanin are TLR4 ligands and activate MyD88- and TRIF dependent signaling pathways. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1186188. [PMID: 37790926 PMCID: PMC10544979 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1186188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of vaccine adjuvants is of interest for the management of chronic diseases, cancer, and future pandemics. Therefore, the role of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) in the effects of vaccine adjuvants has been investigated. TLR4 ligand-based adjuvants are the most frequently used adjuvants for human vaccines. Among TLR family members, TLR4 has unique dual signaling capabilities due to the recruitment of two adapter proteins, myeloid differentiation marker 88 (MyD88) and interferon-β adapter inducer containing the toll-interleukin-1 receptor (TIR) domain (TRIF). MyD88-mediated signaling triggers a proinflammatory innate immune response, while TRIF-mediated signaling leads to an adaptive immune response. Most studies have used lipopolysaccharide-based ligands as TLR4 ligand-based adjuvants; however, although protein-based ligands have been proven advantageous as adjuvants, their mechanisms of action, including their ability to undergo structural modifications to achieve optimal immunogenicity, have been explored less thoroughly. In this work, we characterized the effects of two protein-based adjuvants (PBAs) on TLR4 signaling via the recruitment of MyD88 and TRIF. As models of TLR4-PBAs, we used hemocyanin from Fissurella latimarginata (FLH) and a recombinant surface immunogenic protein (rSIP) from Streptococcus agalactiae. We determined that rSIP and FLH are partial TLR4 agonists, and depending on the protein agonist used, TLR4 has a unique bias toward the TRIF or MyD88 pathway. Furthermore, when characterizing gene products with MyD88 and TRIF pathway-dependent expression, differences in TLR4-associated signaling were observed. rSIP and FLH require MyD88 and TRIF to activate nuclear factor kappa beta (NF-κB) and interferon regulatory factor (IRF). However, rSIP and FLH have a specific pattern of interleukin 6 (IL-6) and interferon gamma-induced protein 10 (IP-10) secretion associated with MyD88 and TRIF recruitment. Functionally, rSIP and FLH promote antigen cross-presentation in a manner dependent on TLR4, MyD88 and TRIF signaling. However, FLH activates a specific TRIF-dependent signaling pathway associated with cytokine expression and a pathway dependent on MyD88 and TRIF recruitment for antigen cross-presentation. Finally, this work supports the use of these TLR4-PBAs as clinically useful vaccine adjuvants that selectively activate TRIF- and MyD88-dependent signaling to drive safe innate immune responses and vigorous Th1 adaptive immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego A. Díaz-Dinamarca
- Sección de Biotecnología, Subdepartamento, Innovación, Desarrollo, Transferencia Tecnológica (I+D+T) y Evaluación de Tecnologías Sanitarias (ETESA), Instituto de Salud Pública, Santiago, Chile
- Laboratorio de Inmunología, Fundación Ciencia y Tecnología para el Desarrollo (FUCITED), Santiago, Chile
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Michelle L. Salazar
- Laboratorio de Inmunología, Fundación Ciencia y Tecnología para el Desarrollo (FUCITED), Santiago, Chile
| | - Daniel F. Escobar
- Sección de Biotecnología, Subdepartamento, Innovación, Desarrollo, Transferencia Tecnológica (I+D+T) y Evaluación de Tecnologías Sanitarias (ETESA), Instituto de Salud Pública, Santiago, Chile
| | - Byron N. Castillo
- Laboratorio de Inmunología, Fundación Ciencia y Tecnología para el Desarrollo (FUCITED), Santiago, Chile
| | - Bastián Valdebenito
- Sección de Biotecnología, Subdepartamento, Innovación, Desarrollo, Transferencia Tecnológica (I+D+T) y Evaluación de Tecnologías Sanitarias (ETESA), Instituto de Salud Pública, Santiago, Chile
| | - Pablo Díaz
- Sección de Biotecnología, Subdepartamento, Innovación, Desarrollo, Transferencia Tecnológica (I+D+T) y Evaluación de Tecnologías Sanitarias (ETESA), Instituto de Salud Pública, Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Fabián Salazar
- Laboratorio de Inmunología, Fundación Ciencia y Tecnología para el Desarrollo (FUCITED), Santiago, Chile
- Investigación y Desarrollo, BIOSONDA S.A., Santiago, Chile
- Medical Research Council Centre for Medical Mycology, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Mayarling F. Troncoso
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Facultad Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas and Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Sergio Lavandero
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Facultad Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas and Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Department of Internal Medicine (Cardiology Division), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Janepsy Díaz
- Departamento Agencia Nacional de Dispositivos Médicos, Innovación y Desarrollo, Instituto de Salud Pública de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - María Inés Becker
- Laboratorio de Inmunología, Fundación Ciencia y Tecnología para el Desarrollo (FUCITED), Santiago, Chile
- Investigación y Desarrollo, BIOSONDA S.A., Santiago, Chile
| | - Abel E. Vásquez
- Sección de Biotecnología, Subdepartamento, Innovación, Desarrollo, Transferencia Tecnológica (I+D+T) y Evaluación de Tecnologías Sanitarias (ETESA), Instituto de Salud Pública, Santiago, Chile
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Escuela de Medicina, Universidad del Alba, Santiago, Chile
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9
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Al-Hawary SIS, Saleh EAM, Mamajanov NA, S Gilmanova N, Alsaab HO, Alghamdi A, Ansari SA, Alawady AHR, Alsaalamy AH, Ibrahim AJ. Breast cancer vaccines; A comprehensive and updated review. Pathol Res Pract 2023; 249:154735. [PMID: 37611432 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2023.154735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2023] [Revised: 07/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
According to the International Agency for Research on Cancer, breast cancer is more common than lung cancer globally. By 2040, mortality from breast cancer will rise by 50% and 40%, respectively. Despite advances in chemotherapy, endocrine therapy, and HER2-targeted therapy, breast cancer metastases and recurrences remain challenging to treat. Cancer vaccines are an effective treatment option because they stimulate a long-lasting immune response that will eliminate tumor cells. In studies on the breast cancer vaccine, no appreciable advantages were discovered. A recent study claims that immune checkpoint inhibitors or anti-HER2 monoclonal antibodies may be used in vaccinations. This vaccination strengthens the immune system to fight off breast cancer cells. Clinical trials have been conducted on DNA, dendritic cells, and peptide-based breast cancer vaccines. Studies on the breast cancer vaccine have employed subcutaneous, intramuscular, and intradermal injections. Clinical studies have shown that these efforts have not been successful. Several factors might have slowed the development of a breast cancer vaccine. The complexity of the immune system makes it challenging to create cancer vaccines. Given the heterogeneity of breast cancer, there may be a need for different vaccination strategies. Despite these obstacles, research into breast cancer vaccines continues. Effective methods for creating vaccines include immune checkpoint inhibition and anti-HER2 monoclonal antibodies. Research is also being done on specialized tumor vaccinations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ebraheem Abdu Musad Saleh
- Department of Chemistry, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, College of Arts and Science, Wadi Al-Dawasir 11991, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nodirjon Akhmetovich Mamajanov
- Teaching Assistant, MD, Department of Public Health, Healthcare Management and Physical Culture, Tashkent State Dental Institute, Tashkent, Uzbekistan; Research scholar, Department of Scientific Affairs, Samarkand State Medical Institute, Samarkand, Uzbekistan
| | - Nataliya S Gilmanova
- Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia.
| | - Hashem O Alsaab
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Taif University, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Adel Alghamdi
- Preparatory Year Program, Batterjee Medical College, Jeddah 21442, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shakeel Ahmed Ansari
- Department of Biochemistry, General Medicine Practice Program, Batterjee Medical College, Jeddah 21442, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed Hussien Radie Alawady
- College of technical engineering, the Islamic University, Najaf, Iraq; College of technical engineering, the Islamic University of Al Diwaniyah, Iraq; College of technical engineering, the Islamic University of Babylon, Iraq
| | - Ali Hashiem Alsaalamy
- College of technical engineering, Imam Ja'afar Al-Sadiq University, Al-Muthanna 66002, Iraq
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10
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Ye J, Wang H, Medina R, Chakraborty S, Sun M, Valenzuela A, Sang X, Zhang Y, Uher O, Zenka J, Pacak K, Zhuang Z. rWTC-MBTA: autologous vaccine prevents metastases via antitumor immune responses. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2023; 42:163. [PMID: 37434263 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-023-02744-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autologous tumor cell-based vaccines (ATVs) aim to prevent and treat tumor metastasis by activating patient-specific tumor antigens to induce immune memory. However, their clinical efficacy is limited. Mannan-BAM (MB), a pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP), can coordinate an innate immune response that recognizes and eliminates mannan-BAM-labeled tumor cells. TLR agonists and anti-CD40 antibodies (TA) can enhance the immune response by activating antigen-presenting cells (APCs) to present tumor antigens to the adaptive immune system. In this study, we investigated the efficacy and mechanism of action of rWTC-MBTA, an autologous whole tumor cell vaccine consisting of irradiated tumor cells (rWTC) pulsed with mannan-BAM, TLR agonists, and anti-CD40 antibody (MBTA), in preventing tumor metastasis in multiple animal models. METHODS The efficacy of the rWTC-MBTA vaccine was evaluated in mice using breast (4T1) and melanoma (B16-F10) tumor models via subcutaneous and intravenous injection of tumor cells to induce metastasis. The vaccine's effect was also assessed in a postoperative breast tumor model (4T1) and tested in autologous and allogeneic syngeneic breast tumor models (4T1 and EMT6). Mechanistic investigations included immunohistochemistry, immunophenotyping analysis, ELISA, tumor-specific cytotoxicity testing, and T-cell depletion experiments. Biochemistry testing and histopathology of major tissues in vaccinated mice were also evaluated for potential systemic toxicity of the vaccine. RESULTS The rWTC-MBTA vaccine effectively prevented metastasis and inhibited tumor growth in breast tumor and melanoma metastatic animal models. It also prevented tumor metastasis and prolonged survival in the postoperative breast tumor animal model. Cross-vaccination experiments revealed that the rWTC-MBTA vaccine prevented autologous tumor growth, but not allogeneic tumor growth. Mechanistic data demonstrated that the vaccine increased the percentage of antigen-presenting cells, induced effector and central memory cells, and enhanced CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell responses. T-cells obtained from mice that were vaccinated displayed tumor-specific cytotoxicity, as shown by enhanced tumor cell killing in co-culture experiments, accompanied by increased levels of Granzyme B, TNF-α, IFN-γ, and CD107a in T-cells. T-cell depletion experiments showed that the vaccine's antitumor efficacy depended on T-cells, especially CD4+ T-cells. Biochemistry testing and histopathology of major tissues in vaccinated mice revealed negligible systemic toxicity of the vaccine. CONCLUSION The rWTC-MBTA vaccine demonstrated efficacy in multiple animal models through T-cell mediated cytotoxicity and has potential as a therapeutic option for preventing and treating tumor metastasis with minimal systemic toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Ye
- Neuro-Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Building 37, Room 1000 37 Convent Dr, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Herui Wang
- Neuro-Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Building 37, Room 1000 37 Convent Dr, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Rogelio Medina
- Neuro-Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Building 37, Room 1000 37 Convent Dr, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | | | - Mitchell Sun
- Neuro-Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Building 37, Room 1000 37 Convent Dr, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Alex Valenzuela
- Neuro-Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Building 37, Room 1000 37 Convent Dr, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
- David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Xueyu Sang
- Neuro-Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Building 37, Room 1000 37 Convent Dr, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Yaping Zhang
- Neuro-Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Building 37, Room 1000 37 Convent Dr, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Ondrej Uher
- Section on Medical Neuroendocrinology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jan Zenka
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Karel Pacak
- Section on Medical Neuroendocrinology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Zhengping Zhuang
- Neuro-Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Building 37, Room 1000 37 Convent Dr, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
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11
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Estephan L, Liu LTC, Lien CE, Smith ER, Gurwith M, Chen RT. A Brighton Collaboration standardized template with key considerations for a benefit/risk assessment for the Medigen COVID-19 protein vaccine. Vaccine 2023; 41:2615-2629. [PMID: 36925422 PMCID: PMC9981522 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2023.02.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Abstract
The Brighton Collaboration Benefit-Risk Assessment of VAccines by TechnolOgy (BRAVATO) Working Group has prepared standardized templates to describe the key considerations for the benefit-risk assessment of several vaccine platform technologies, including protein subunit vaccines. This article uses the BRAVATO template to review the features of the MVC-COV1901 vaccine, a recombinant protein subunit vaccine based on the stabilized pre-fusion SARS-CoV-2 spike protein S-2P, adjuvanted with CpG 1018 and aluminum hydroxide, manufactured by Medigen Vaccine Biologics Corporation in Taiwan. MVC-COV1901 vaccine is indicated for active immunization to prevent COVID-19 caused by SARS-CoV-2 in individuals 12 years of age and older. The template offers details on basic vaccine information, target pathogen and population, characteristics of antigen and adjuvant, preclinical data, human safety and efficacy data, and overall benefit-risk assessment. The clinical development program began in September 2020 and based on demonstration of favorable safety and immunogenicity profiles in 11 clinical trials in over 5,000 participants, it has been approved for emergency use based on immunobridging results for adults in Taiwan, Estwatini, Somaliland, and Paraguay. The main clinical trials include placebo-controlled phase 2 studies in healthy adults (CT-COV-21), adolescents (CT-COV-22), and elderly population (CT-COV-23) as well as 3 immunobridging phase 3 trials (CT-COV-31, CT-COV-32, and CT-COV-34) in which MVC-COV1901 was compared to AZD1222. There are also clinical trials studying MVC-COV1901 as homologous and heterologous boosters (CT-COV-24 and CT-COV-25). The totality of evidence based on ∼3 million vaccinees to date includes a mostly clean safety profile, with adverse events mostly being mild and self-limiting in both clinical development and post-marketing experience, proven immunogenic response, and real-world effectiveness data. The immunogenic profile demonstrates that MVC-COV1901 induces high levels of neutralizing and binding antibodies against SARS-CoV-2. There is a dose-dependent response and a significant correlation between binding and neutralizing antibody activity. Antigen-specific T-cell responses, particularly a Th1-biased immune response characterized by high levels of interferon gamma and IL-2 cytokines, have also been observed. Coupled with this, MVC-COV1901 has favorable thermostability and better safety profiles when compared to other authorized vaccines from different platforms, which make it potentially a good candidate for vaccine supply chains in global markets.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Chia En Lien
- Medigen Vaccine Biologics Corp., Taipei, Taiwan; Institute of Public Health, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Emily R Smith
- Brighton Collaboration, A Program of the Task Force for Global Health, Decatur, GA, USA.
| | - Marc Gurwith
- Brighton Collaboration, A Program of the Task Force for Global Health, Decatur, GA, USA
| | - Robert T Chen
- Brighton Collaboration, A Program of the Task Force for Global Health, Decatur, GA, USA
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12
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He X, Chen X, Wang H, Du G, Sun X. Recent advances in respiratory immunization: A focus on COVID-19 vaccines. J Control Release 2023; 355:655-674. [PMID: 36787821 PMCID: PMC9937028 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2023.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
The development of vaccines has always been an essential task worldwide since vaccines are regarded as powerful weapons in protecting the global population. Although the vast majority of currently authorized human vaccinations are administered intramuscularly or subcutaneously, exploring novel routes of immunization has been a prominent area of study in recent years. This is particularly relevant in the face of pandemic diseases, such as COVID-19, where respiratory immunization offers distinct advantages, such as inducing systemic and mucosal responses to prevent viral infections in both the upper and lower respiratory tracts and also leading to higher patient compliance. However, the development of respiratory vaccines confronts challenges due to the physiological barriers of the respiratory tract, with most of these vaccines still in the research and development stage. In this review, we detail the structure of the respiratory tract and the mechanisms of mucosal immunity, as well as the obstacles to respiratory vaccination. We also examine the considerations necessary in constructing a COVID-19 respiratory vaccine, including the dosage form of the vaccines, potential excipients and mucosal adjuvants, and delivery systems and devices for respiratory vaccines. Finally, we present a comprehensive overview of the COVID-19 respiratory vaccines currently under clinical investigation. We hope this review can provide valuable insights and inspiration for the future development of respiratory vaccinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiyue He
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry and Sichuan Province, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xiaoyan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry and Sichuan Province, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Hairui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry and Sichuan Province, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Guangsheng Du
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry and Sichuan Province, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xun Sun
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry and Sichuan Province, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
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13
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Yu JH, Choi MY, Park SJ, Geum NG, Lee JW, Park GH, Eo HJ, Jeong JB. Solanum nigrum induces macrophage activation through TLR4-mediated activation of JNK and macrophage autophagy through TLR4-mediated activation of p38 and JNK. FOOD AGR IMMUNOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/09540105.2022.2113507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ju Hyung Yu
- Department of Medicinal Plant Resources, Andong National University, Andong, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Yeong Choi
- Department of Medicinal Plant Resources, Andong National University, Andong, Republic of Korea
| | - So Jung Park
- Department of Medicinal Plant Resources, Andong National University, Andong, Republic of Korea
| | - Na Gyeong Geum
- Department of Medicinal Plant Resources, Andong National University, Andong, Republic of Korea
- Forest Medicinal Resources Research Center, National Institute of Forest Science, Yeongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Won Lee
- Department of Medicinal Plant Resources, Andong National University, Andong, Republic of Korea
| | - Gwang Hun Park
- Forest Medicinal Resources Research Center, National Institute of Forest Science, Yeongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Ji Eo
- Special Forest Resources Division, National Institute of Forest Science, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Boo Jeong
- Department of Medicinal Plant Resources, Andong National University, Andong, Republic of Korea
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14
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Sarkar B, Ullah MA, Araf Y, Islam NN, Zohora US. Immunoinformatics-guided designing and in silico analysis of epitope-based polyvalent vaccines against multiple strains of human coronavirus (HCoV). Expert Rev Vaccines 2022; 21:1851-1871. [PMID: 33435759 PMCID: PMC7989953 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2021.1874925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The group of human coronaviruses (HCoVs) consists of some highly pathogenic viruses that have caused several outbreaks in the past. The newly emerged strain of HCoV, the SARS-CoV-2 is responsible for the recent global pandemic that has already caused the death of hundreds of thousands of people due to the lack of effective therapeutic options. METHODS In this study, immunoinformatics methods were used to design epitope-based polyvalent vaccines which are expected to be effective against four different pathogenic strains of HCoV i.e., HCoV-OC43, HCoV-SARS, HCoV-MERS, and SARS-CoV-2. RESULTS The constructed vaccines consist of highly antigenic, non-allergenic, nontoxic, conserved, and non-homologous T-cell and B-cell epitopes from all the four viral strains. Therefore, they should be able to provide strong protection against all these strains. Protein-protein docking was performed to predict the best vaccine construct. Later, the MD simulation and immune simulation of the best vaccine construct also predicted satisfactory results. Finally, in silico cloning was performed to develop a mass production strategy of the vaccine. CONCLUSION If satisfactory results are achieved in further in vivo and in vitro studies, then the vaccines designed in this study might be effective as preventative measures against the selected HCoV strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bishajit Sarkar
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Asad Ullah
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Yusha Araf
- Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet, Bangladesh
| | - Nafisa Nawal Islam
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Umme Salma Zohora
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka, Bangladesh
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15
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Varma VP, Kadivella M, Kumar A, Kavela S, Faisal SM. LigA formulated in AS04 or Montanide ISA720VG induced superior immune response compared to alum, which correlated to protective efficacy in a hamster model of leptospirosis. Front Immunol 2022; 13:985802. [PMID: 36300125 PMCID: PMC9590693 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.985802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Leptospirosis is a zoonotic disease of global importance. The current vaccine provides serovar-specific and short-term immunity and does not prevent bacterial shedding in infected animals. Subunit vaccines based on surface proteins have shown to induce protection in an animal model. However, these proteins were tested with non-clinical adjuvants and induced low to moderate protective efficacy. We formulated a variable region of Leptospira immunoglobulin-like protein A (LAV) in clinical adjuvants, AS04 and Montanide ISA720VG, and then evaluated the immune response in mice and protective efficacy in a hamster model. Our results show that animals immunized with LAV-AS04 and LAV-Montanide ISA720VG (LAV-M) induced significantly higher levels of LAV-specific antibodies than LAV-Alum. While LAV-Alum induced Th2 response with the induction of IgG1 and IL-4, AS04 and LAV-M induced a mixed Th1/Th2 response with significant levels of both IgG1/IL-4 and IgG2c/IFN-γ. Both LAV-AS04 and LAV-M induced the generation of a significantly higher number of cytotoxic T cells (CTLs). The immune response in LAV-AS04- and LAV-M-immunized animals was maintained for a long period (>180 days) with the generation of a significant level of B- and T-cell memory. The strong immune response by both vaccines correlated to enhanced recruitment and activation of innate immune cells particularly DCs at draining lymph nodes and the formation of germinal centers (GCs). Furthermore, the immune response generated in mice correlated to protective efficacy in the hamster model of leptospirosis. These results indicate that LAV-AS04 and LAV-M are promising vaccines and can be further evaluated in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek P. Varma
- Laboratory of Vaccine Immunology, National Institute of Animal Biotechnology, Hyderabad, India
- Graduate Studies, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Mohammad Kadivella
- Laboratory of Vaccine Immunology, National Institute of Animal Biotechnology, Hyderabad, India
- Regional Centre for Biotechnology, Faridabad, India
| | - Ajay Kumar
- Laboratory of Vaccine Immunology, National Institute of Animal Biotechnology, Hyderabad, India
- Regional Centre for Biotechnology, Faridabad, India
| | - Sridhar Kavela
- Laboratory of Vaccine Immunology, National Institute of Animal Biotechnology, Hyderabad, India
| | - Syed M. Faisal
- Laboratory of Vaccine Immunology, National Institute of Animal Biotechnology, Hyderabad, India
- Regional Centre for Biotechnology, Faridabad, India
- *Correspondence: Syed M. Faisal,
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16
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Yadav D, Wairagu PM, Kwak M, Jin JO, Jin JO. Nanoparticle-Based Inhalation Therapy for Pulmonary Diseases. Curr Drug Metab 2022; 23:882-896. [PMID: 35927812 DOI: 10.2174/1389200223666220803103039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The lung is exposed to various pollutants and is the primary site for the onset of various diseases, including infections, allergies, and cancers. One possible treatment approach for such pulmonary diseases involves direct administration of therapeutics to the lung so as to maintain the topical concentration of the drug. Particles with nanoscale diameters tend to reach the pulmonary region. Nanoparticles (NPs) have garnered significant interest for applications in biomedical and pharmaceutical industries because of their unique physicochemical properties and biological activities. In this article, we describe the biological and pharmacological activities of NPs as well as summarize their potential in the formulation of drugs employed to treat pulmonary diseases. Recent advances in the use of NPs in inhalation chemotherapy for the treatment of lung diseases have also been highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhananjay Yadav
- Department of Life Science, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, South Korea
| | - Peninah M Wairagu
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, The Technical University of Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Minseok Kwak
- Department of Chemistry, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Korea
| | - Jun-O Jin
- Department of Microbiology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Korea
| | - Jun-O Jin
- Department of Biotechnology, ITM University, Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh, 474011, India.,Research Institute of Cell Culture, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Korea
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17
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Chang TC, Manabe Y, Ito K, Yamamoto R, Kabayama K, Ohshima S, Kametani Y, Fujimoto Y, Lin CC, Fukase K. Precise immunological evaluation rationalizes the design of a self-adjuvanting vaccine composed of glycan antigen, TLR1/2 ligand, and T-helper cell epitope. RSC Adv 2022; 12:18985-18993. [PMID: 35873332 PMCID: PMC9241363 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra03286d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Sialyl-Tn (STn), overexpressed on various tumors, has been investigated for its application in anti-cancer vaccine therapy. However, Theratope, an STn-based vaccine, failed in the phase III clinical trial due to poor immunogenicity and epitope suppression by the foreign carrier protein. We therefore developed a self-adjuvanting STn based-vaccine, a conjugate of clustered STn (triSTn) antigen, TLR1/2 ligand (Pam3CSK4), and T-helper (Th) cell epitope, and found that this three-component self-adjuvanting vaccine effectively resulted in the production of anti-triSTn IgG antibodies. We herein analyzed immune responses induced by this self-adjuvanting vaccine in detail. We newly synthesized two-component vaccines, i.e., Pam3CSK4- or Th epitope-conjugated triSTn, as references to evaluate the immune-stimulating functions of Pam3CSK4 and Th epitope. Immunological evaluation of the synthesized vaccine candidates revealed that Pam3CSK4 was essential for antibody production, indicating that the uptake of triSTn antigen by antigen-presenting cells (APCs) was promoted by the recognition of Pam3CSK4 by TLR1/2. The function of the Th epitope was also confirmed. Th cell activation was important for boosting antibody production and IgG subclass switching. Furthermore, flow cytometric analyses of immune cells, including T cells, B cells, dendritic cells, and other monocytes, were first employed in the evaluation of self-adjuvanting vaccines and revealed that the three-component vaccine was able to induce antigen-specific immune responses for efficient antibody production without excessive inflammatory responses. Importantly, the co-administration of Freund's adjuvants was suggested to cause excessive myeloid cell accumulation and decreased plasma cell differentiation. These results demonstrate that vaccines can be designed to achieve the desired immune responses via the bottom-up construction of each immune element. Detailed analysis of a three-component self-adjuvanting vaccine revealed that conjugate vaccines can be designed to achieve the desired immune responses via bottom-up construction of the necessary immune elements.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsung-Che Chang
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University 1-1 Machikaneyama Toyonaka Osaka 560-0043 Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Manabe
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University 1-1 Machikaneyama Toyonaka Osaka 560-0043 Japan .,Forefront Research Center, Osaka University 1-1 Machikaneyama Toyonaka Osaka 560-0043 Japan
| | - Keita Ito
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University 1-1 Machikaneyama Toyonaka Osaka 560-0043 Japan
| | - Ryuku Yamamoto
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University 1-1 Machikaneyama Toyonaka Osaka 560-0043 Japan
| | - Kazuya Kabayama
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University 1-1 Machikaneyama Toyonaka Osaka 560-0043 Japan .,Forefront Research Center, Osaka University 1-1 Machikaneyama Toyonaka Osaka 560-0043 Japan
| | - Shino Ohshima
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Medicine, Tokai University 143 Shimokasuya Isehara-shi Kanagawa 259-1193 Japan
| | - Yoshie Kametani
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Medicine, Tokai University 143 Shimokasuya Isehara-shi Kanagawa 259-1193 Japan
| | - Yukari Fujimoto
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku Yokohama Kanagawa 223-8522 Japan
| | - Chun-Cheng Lin
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University 101 Sec. 2, Kuang Fu Rd. Hsinchu 30013 Taiwan
| | - Koichi Fukase
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University 1-1 Machikaneyama Toyonaka Osaka 560-0043 Japan .,Forefront Research Center, Osaka University 1-1 Machikaneyama Toyonaka Osaka 560-0043 Japan
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18
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Nouri-Shirazi M, Guinet E. TLR3 and TLR7/8 agonists improve immunization outcome in nicotine exposed mice through different mechanisms. Immunol Lett 2022; 246:18-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2022.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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19
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Esmaeilzadeh F, Mahmoodi S. A Novel Design of Multi-epitope Peptide Vaccine Against Pseudomonas
aeruginosa. LETT DRUG DES DISCOV 2022. [DOI: 10.2174/1570180818666211013110345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background:
As an opportunistic pathogen, Pseudomonas aeruginosa causes many different
hazardous infections. The high mortality rate resulting from infection with this antibiotic-resistant pathogen
has made it a major challenge in clinical treatment; it has been listed as the most harmful bacterium to
humans by the WHO. So far, no vaccine has been approved for P. aeruginosa.
Objective:
Infections performed by bacterial attachment and colonization with type IV pili (T4P), known
as the most essential adhesive vital for adhesion, while pilQ is necessary for the biogenesis of T4P, also
outer membrane proteins of a pathogen is also effective in stimulating the immune system; in this regard,
pilQ, OprF, and OprI, are excellent candidate antigens for production of an effective vaccine against P.
aeruginosa.
Methods:
In this research, various bioinformatics methods were employed in order to design a new multiepitope
peptide vaccine versus P. aeruginosa. Since T CD4+ cell immunity is important in eradicating P.
aeruginosa, OprF, OprI, and pilQ antigens were analyzed to determine Helper T cell Lymphocyte (HTL)
epitopes by many different immunoinformatics servers. One of the receptor agonists 2 (TLR2), a segment
of the Por B protein from Neisseria meningitides was used as an adjuvant in order to stimulate an effective
cellular immune response, and suitable linkers were used to connect all the above mentioned parts. In
the vaccine construct, linear B cell epitopes were also identified.
Results:
Conforming the bioinformatics forecasts, the designed vaccine possesses high antigenicity and is
not allergen.
Conclusion:
In this regard, the designed vaccine candidate is strongly believed to possess the potential of
inducing cellular and humoral immunity against P. aeruginosa.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shirin Mahmoodi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology,
School of Medicine, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Fars, Iran
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20
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Damas MSF, Mazur FG, Freire CCDM, da Cunha AF, Pranchevicius MCDS. A Systematic Immuno-Informatic Approach to Design a Multiepitope-Based Vaccine Against Emerging Multiple Drug Resistant Serratia marcescens. Front Immunol 2022; 13:768569. [PMID: 35371033 PMCID: PMC8967166 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.768569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Serratia marcescens is now an important opportunistic pathogen that can cause serious infections in hospitalized or immunocompromised patients. Here, we used extensive bioinformatic analyses based on reverse vaccinology and subtractive proteomics-based approach to predict potential vaccine candidates against S. marcescens. We analyzed the complete proteome sequence of 49 isolate of Serratia marcescens and identified 5 that were conserved proteins, non-homologous from human and gut flora, extracellular or exported to the outer membrane, and antigenic. The identified proteins were used to select 5 CTL, 12 HTL, and 12 BCL epitopes antigenic, non-allergenic, conserved, hydrophilic, and non-toxic. In addition, HTL epitopes were able to induce interferon-gamma immune response. The selected peptides were used to design 4 multi-epitope vaccines constructs (SMV1, SMV2, SMV3 and SMV4) with immune-modulating adjuvants, PADRE sequence, and linkers. Peptide cleavage analysis showed that antigen vaccines are processed and presented via of MHC class molecule. Several physiochemical and immunological analyses revealed that all multiepitope vaccines were non-allergenic, stable, hydrophilic, and soluble and induced the immunity with high antigenicity. The secondary structure analysis revealed the designed vaccines contain mainly coil structure and alpha helix structures. 3D analyses showed high-quality structure. Molecular docking analyses revealed SMV4 as the best vaccine construct among the four constructed vaccines, demonstrating high affinity with the immune receptor. Molecular dynamics simulation confirmed the low deformability and stability of the vaccine candidate. Discontinuous epitope residues analyses of SMV4 revealed that they are flexible and can interact with antibodies. In silico immune simulation indicated that the designed SMV4 vaccine triggers an effective immune response. In silico codon optimization and cloning in expression vector indicate that SMV4 vaccine can be efficiently expressed in E. coli system. Overall, we showed that SMV4 multi-epitope vaccine successfully elicited antigen-specific humoral and cellular immune responses and may be a potential vaccine candidate against S. marcescens. Further experimental validations could confirm its exact efficacy, the safety and immunogenicity profile. Our findings bring a valuable addition to the development of new strategies to prevent and control the spread of multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria with high clinical relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fernando Gabriel Mazur
- Departamento de Genética e Evolução, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos, Brazil
| | | | | | - Maria-Cristina da Silva Pranchevicius
- Departamento de Genética e Evolução, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos, Brazil
- Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Biodiversidade Tropical – BIOTROP, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos, Brazil
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21
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Geum NG, Son HJ, Yu JH, Yeo JH, Choi MY, Lee JW, Baek JK, Eo HJ, Park GH, Jeong JB. Kadsura japonica fruits exert immunostimulatory and anti-obesity activity in RAW264.7 and 3T3-L1 cells. FOOD AGR IMMUNOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/09540105.2021.2024151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Na Gyeong Geum
- Forest Medicinal Resources Research Center, National Institute of Forest Science, Yeongju, Republic of Korea
- Department of Medicinal Plant Resources, Andong National University, Andong, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho Jun Son
- National Institute of Forest Science, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju Hyung Yu
- Department of Medicinal Plant Resources, Andong National University, Andong, Republic of Korea
| | - Joo Ho Yeo
- Department of Medicinal Plant Resources, Andong National University, Andong, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Yeong Choi
- Department of Medicinal Plant Resources, Andong National University, Andong, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Won Lee
- Department of Medicinal Plant Resources, Andong National University, Andong, Republic of Korea
| | - Jueng Kyu Baek
- Department of Medicinal Plant Resources, Andong National University, Andong, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Ji Eo
- Special Forest Resources Division, National Institute of Forest Science, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Gwang Hun Park
- Forest Medicinal Resources Research Center, National Institute of Forest Science, Yeongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Boo Jeong
- Department of Medicinal Plant Resources, Andong National University, Andong, Republic of Korea
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22
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Yu W, Shen L, Qi Q, Hu T. Conjugation with loxoribine and mannan improves the immunogenicity of Mycobacterium tuberculosis CFP10-TB10.4 fusion protein. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2022; 172:193-202. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2022.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 01/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Soleymani S, Tavassoli A, Housaindokht MR. An overview of progress from empirical to rational design in modern vaccine development, with an emphasis on computational tools and immunoinformatics approaches. Comput Biol Med 2022; 140:105057. [PMID: 34839187 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2021.105057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Vaccination remains the most effective strategy for preventing and controlling infectious diseases. Numerous conventional vaccines, especially live attenuated, inactivated (killed) microorganisms and subunit vaccines, lead to an effective induction of protective immune responses, mainly antibody-mediated responses against pathogens. However, it has become known that a wide range of highly dangerous pathogens are uncontrollable via conventional vaccination strategies. Recent advances in molecular biology, immunology, genetics, biochemistry, and bioinformatics have provided new prospects for vaccine development. As a result of these advances, several new strategies for vaccine design, development, and production have appeared. These strategies show advantages over conventional vaccines. In this review, we discuss some of the major novel approaches, including recombinant protein vaccines, live recombinant viral and bacterial vectors, DNA and RNA vaccines, reverse vaccinology and reverse genetics approaches. Moreover, we have described the recent progresses on computational tools and immunoinformatics approaches for identifying, designing, and developing new candidate vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Safoura Soleymani
- Research and Technology Center of Biomolecules, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran.
| | - Amin Tavassoli
- Division of Biotechnology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Reza Housaindokht
- Research and Technology Center of Biomolecules, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran.
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24
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Anggraeni R, Ana ID, Wihadmadyatami H. Development of mucosal vaccine delivery: an overview on the mucosal vaccines and their adjuvants. Clin Exp Vaccine Res 2022; 11:235-248. [DOI: 10.7774/cevr.2022.11.3.235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Rahmi Anggraeni
- PT Swayasa Prakarsa, Universitas Gadjah Mada Science Techno Campus, Division of Drugs, Medical Devices, and Functional Food, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Ika Dewi Ana
- Department of Dental Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Hevi Wihadmadyatami
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
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25
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Liu F, Wu M, Wang J, Wen H, An R, Cai H, Yu L, Shen J, Chen L, Du J. Protective Effect Against Toxoplasmosis in BALB/c Mice Vaccinated With Recombinant Toxoplasma gondii MIF, CDPK3, and 14-3-3 Protein Cocktail Vaccine. Front Immunol 2021; 12:755792. [PMID: 35003067 PMCID: PMC8727341 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.755792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii can infect almost all endotherm organisms including humans and cause life-threatening toxoplasmosis in immunocompromised individuals, which leads to serious public health problems. Developing an excellent vaccine against this disease is impending. In present study, we formulated a cocktail protein vaccine including the TgMIF, TgCDPK3, and Tg14-3-3 proteins, which play critical roles in T. gondii infection. The recombinant protein vaccines were constructed and assessed by vaccination in BALB/c mice. We organized the mice in various protein combination groups of vaccines, and all mice were immunized with corresponding proteins at 0, 2, and 4 weeks. The specific protective effects of the vaccines on mice against T. gondii were analyzed by the mensuration of cytokines, serum antibodies, splenocyte proliferation assay, survival time, and parasite cyst burden of mice after the challenge. The study indicated that mice immunized with all three multicomponent proteins vaccine triggered a strong immune response with highest levels of IFN-γ production and IgG antibody compared with the other two protein combinations and controls. Moreover, there was an increase in IL-4 production and antigen-specific lymphocyte proliferation. The parasite cysts were significantly reduced (resulting in an 82.7% reduction), and survival time was longer in immunized mice with three multicomponent proteins compared with the other groups of mice. The enhanced humoral and cell-mediated immunity indicated that the protein cocktail vaccine containing three antigens provided effective protection for mice. These results indicated that recombinant TgMIF, TgCDPK3, and Tg14-3-3 multicomponent proteins were potential candidates for vaccine against toxoplasmosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- The Research Center for Infectious Diseases, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- The Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonoses of High Institutions of Anhui, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- The Key Laboratory of Microbiology and Parasitology of Anhui Province, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Minmin Wu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- The Research Center for Infectious Diseases, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- The Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonoses of High Institutions of Anhui, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- The Key Laboratory of Microbiology and Parasitology of Anhui Province, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Jie Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- The Research Center for Infectious Diseases, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- The Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonoses of High Institutions of Anhui, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- The Key Laboratory of Microbiology and Parasitology of Anhui Province, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Hongyang Wen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- The Research Center for Infectious Diseases, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- The Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonoses of High Institutions of Anhui, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- The Key Laboratory of Microbiology and Parasitology of Anhui Province, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Ran An
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- The Research Center for Infectious Diseases, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- The Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonoses of High Institutions of Anhui, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- The Key Laboratory of Microbiology and Parasitology of Anhui Province, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Haijian Cai
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- The Research Center for Infectious Diseases, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- The Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonoses of High Institutions of Anhui, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- The Key Laboratory of Microbiology and Parasitology of Anhui Province, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Li Yu
- The Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonoses of High Institutions of Anhui, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- The Key Laboratory of Microbiology and Parasitology of Anhui Province, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Jilong Shen
- The Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonoses of High Institutions of Anhui, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- The Key Laboratory of Microbiology and Parasitology of Anhui Province, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Lijian Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- *Correspondence: Lijian Chen, ; Jian Du, ;
| | - Jian Du
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- The Research Center for Infectious Diseases, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- The Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonoses of High Institutions of Anhui, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- The Key Laboratory of Microbiology and Parasitology of Anhui Province, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- *Correspondence: Lijian Chen, ; Jian Du, ;
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Scaria PV, Anderson C, Muratova O, Alani N, Trinh HV, Nadakal ST, Zaidi I, Lambert L, Beck Z, Barnafo EK, Rausch KM, Rowe C, Chen B, Matyas GR, Rao M, Alving CR, Narum DL, Duffy PE. Malaria transmission-blocking conjugate vaccine in ALFQ adjuvant induces durable functional immune responses in rhesus macaques. NPJ Vaccines 2021; 6:148. [PMID: 34887448 PMCID: PMC8660773 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-021-00407-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria transmission-blocking vaccines candidates based on Pfs25 and Pfs230 have advanced to clinical studies. Exoprotein A (EPA) conjugate of Pfs25 in Alhydrogel® developed functional immunity in humans, with limited durability. Pfs230 conjugated to EPA (Pfs230D1-EPA) with liposomal adjuvant AS01 is currently in clinical trials in Mali. Studies with these conjugates revealed that non-human primates are better than mice to recapitulate the human immunogenicity and functional activity. Here, we evaluated the effect of ALFQ, a liposomal adjuvant consisting of TLR4 agonist and QS21, on the immunogenicity of Pfs25-EPA and Pfs230D1-EPA in Rhesus macaques. Both conjugates generated strong antibody responses and functional activity after two vaccinations though activity declined rapidly. A third vaccination of Pfs230D1-EPA induced functional activity lasting at least 9 months. Antibody avidity increased with each vaccination and correlated strongly with functional activity. IgG subclass analysis showed induction of Th1 and Th2 subclass antibody levels that correlated with activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Puthupparampil V. Scaria
- grid.419681.30000 0001 2164 9667Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, NIAID/NIH, 29 Lincoln Drive, Building 29B, Bethesda, MD 20892-2903 USA
| | - Charles Anderson
- grid.419681.30000 0001 2164 9667Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, NIAID/NIH, 29 Lincoln Drive, Building 29B, Bethesda, MD 20892-2903 USA
| | - Olga Muratova
- grid.419681.30000 0001 2164 9667Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, NIAID/NIH, 29 Lincoln Drive, Building 29B, Bethesda, MD 20892-2903 USA
| | - Nada Alani
- grid.419681.30000 0001 2164 9667Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, NIAID/NIH, 29 Lincoln Drive, Building 29B, Bethesda, MD 20892-2903 USA
| | - Hung V. Trinh
- grid.507680.c0000 0001 2230 3166U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA ,grid.201075.10000 0004 0614 9826Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, 6720A Rockledge Drive, Bethesda, MD 20817 USA
| | - Steven T. Nadakal
- grid.419681.30000 0001 2164 9667Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, NIAID/NIH, 29 Lincoln Drive, Building 29B, Bethesda, MD 20892-2903 USA
| | - Irfan Zaidi
- grid.419681.30000 0001 2164 9667Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, NIAID/NIH, 29 Lincoln Drive, Building 29B, Bethesda, MD 20892-2903 USA
| | - Lynn Lambert
- grid.419681.30000 0001 2164 9667Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, NIAID/NIH, 29 Lincoln Drive, Building 29B, Bethesda, MD 20892-2903 USA
| | - Zoltan Beck
- grid.507680.c0000 0001 2230 3166U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA ,grid.201075.10000 0004 0614 9826Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, 6720A Rockledge Drive, Bethesda, MD 20817 USA ,grid.410513.20000 0000 8800 7493Present Address: Pfizer, Vaccine Research and Development, Pearl River, NY USA
| | - Emma K. Barnafo
- grid.419681.30000 0001 2164 9667Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, NIAID/NIH, 29 Lincoln Drive, Building 29B, Bethesda, MD 20892-2903 USA
| | - Kelly M. Rausch
- grid.419681.30000 0001 2164 9667Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, NIAID/NIH, 29 Lincoln Drive, Building 29B, Bethesda, MD 20892-2903 USA
| | - Chris Rowe
- grid.419681.30000 0001 2164 9667Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, NIAID/NIH, 29 Lincoln Drive, Building 29B, Bethesda, MD 20892-2903 USA
| | - Beth Chen
- grid.419681.30000 0001 2164 9667Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, NIAID/NIH, 29 Lincoln Drive, Building 29B, Bethesda, MD 20892-2903 USA
| | - Gary R. Matyas
- grid.507680.c0000 0001 2230 3166U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA
| | - Mangala Rao
- grid.507680.c0000 0001 2230 3166U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA
| | - Carl R. Alving
- grid.507680.c0000 0001 2230 3166U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA
| | - David L. Narum
- grid.419681.30000 0001 2164 9667Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, NIAID/NIH, 29 Lincoln Drive, Building 29B, Bethesda, MD 20892-2903 USA
| | - Patrick E. Duffy
- grid.419681.30000 0001 2164 9667Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, NIAID/NIH, 29 Lincoln Drive, Building 29B, Bethesda, MD 20892-2903 USA
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Lin YJ, Flaczyk A, Wolfheimer S, Goretzki A, Jamin A, Wangorsch A, Vieths S, Scheurer S, Schülke S. The Fusion Protein rFlaA:Betv1 Modulates DC Responses by a p38-MAPK and COX2-Dependent Secretion of PGE 2 from Epithelial Cells. Cells 2021; 10:3415. [PMID: 34943923 PMCID: PMC8700022 DOI: 10.3390/cells10123415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Developing new adjuvants/vaccines and better understanding their mode-of-action is an important task. To specifically improve birch pollen allergy treatment, we designed a fusion protein consisting of major birch pollen allergen Betv1 conjugated to the TLR5-ligand flagellin (rFlaA:Betv1). This study investigates the immune-modulatory effects of rFlaA:Betv1 on airway epithelial cells. LA-4 mouse lung epithelial cells were stimulated with rFlaA:Betv1 in the presence/absence of various inhibitors with cytokine- and chemokine secretion quantified by ELISA and activation of intracellular signaling cascades demonstrated by Western blot (WB). Either LA-4 cells or LA-4-derived supernatants were co-cultured with BALB/c bone marrow-derived myeloid dendritic cells (mDCs). Compared to equimolar amounts of flagellin and Betv1 provided as a mixture, rFlaA:Betv1 induced higher secretion of IL-6 and the chemokines CCL2 and CCL20 from LA-4 cells and a pronounced MAPK- and NFκB-activation. Mechanistically, rFlaA:Betv1 was taken up more strongly and the induced cytokine production was inhibited by NFκB-inhibitors, while ERK- and p38-MAPK-inhibitors only suppressed IL-6 and CCL2 secretion. In co-cultures of LA-4 cells with mDCs, rFlaA:Betv1-stimulated LA-4 cells p38-MAPK- and COX2-dependently secreted PGE2, which modulated DC responses by suppressing pro-inflammatory IL-12 and TNF-α secretion. Taken together, these results contribute to our understanding of the mechanisms underlying the strong immune-modulatory effects of flagellin-containing fusion proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yen-Ju Lin
- Molecular Allergology, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, 63225 Langen, Germany; (Y.-J.L.); (A.F.); (S.W.); (A.G.); (A.J.); (A.W.); (S.V.); (S.S.)
| | - Adam Flaczyk
- Molecular Allergology, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, 63225 Langen, Germany; (Y.-J.L.); (A.F.); (S.W.); (A.G.); (A.J.); (A.W.); (S.V.); (S.S.)
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Sonja Wolfheimer
- Molecular Allergology, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, 63225 Langen, Germany; (Y.-J.L.); (A.F.); (S.W.); (A.G.); (A.J.); (A.W.); (S.V.); (S.S.)
| | - Alexandra Goretzki
- Molecular Allergology, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, 63225 Langen, Germany; (Y.-J.L.); (A.F.); (S.W.); (A.G.); (A.J.); (A.W.); (S.V.); (S.S.)
| | - Annette Jamin
- Molecular Allergology, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, 63225 Langen, Germany; (Y.-J.L.); (A.F.); (S.W.); (A.G.); (A.J.); (A.W.); (S.V.); (S.S.)
| | - Andrea Wangorsch
- Molecular Allergology, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, 63225 Langen, Germany; (Y.-J.L.); (A.F.); (S.W.); (A.G.); (A.J.); (A.W.); (S.V.); (S.S.)
| | - Stefan Vieths
- Molecular Allergology, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, 63225 Langen, Germany; (Y.-J.L.); (A.F.); (S.W.); (A.G.); (A.J.); (A.W.); (S.V.); (S.S.)
| | - Stephan Scheurer
- Molecular Allergology, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, 63225 Langen, Germany; (Y.-J.L.); (A.F.); (S.W.); (A.G.); (A.J.); (A.W.); (S.V.); (S.S.)
| | - Stefan Schülke
- Molecular Allergology, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, 63225 Langen, Germany; (Y.-J.L.); (A.F.); (S.W.); (A.G.); (A.J.); (A.W.); (S.V.); (S.S.)
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Geum NG, Yu JH, Yeo JH, Choi MY, Lee JW, Beak JK, Jeong JB. Immunostimulatory activity and anti-obesity activity of Hibiscus manihot leaves in mouse macrophages, RAW264.7 cells and mouse adipocytes, 3T3-L1 cells. J Funct Foods 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2021.104803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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Jenkins JA, Baudoin BA, Johnson D, Fernie KJ, Stapleton HM, Karouna-Renier NK. Establishment of baseline cytology metrics in nestling American kestrels (Falco sparverius): Immunomodulatory effects of the flame retardant isopropylated triarylphosphate isomers. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2021; 157:106779. [PMID: 34555586 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2021.106779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2021] [Revised: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Avian populations must mount effective immune responses upon exposure to environmental stressors such as avian influenza and xenobiotics. Although multiple immune assays have been tested and applied to various avian species, antibody-mediated immune responses in non-model avian species are not commonly reported due to the lack of commercially available species-specific antibodies. The objectives of the present study were to advance methods for studying wild bird immune responses and to apply these to the evaluation of cytological responses after exposure of American kestrels, Falco sparverius, to a commercial flame retardant mixture containing isopropylated triarylphosphate isomers (ITP). Hatchlings were gavaged daily with safflower oil or 1.5 ug/g bw/day of ITP suspended in safflower oil, then bled on days 9, 17, and 21. The ITP treatment group (n = 18) and a subset of controls (Poly I:C treatment group; n = 10) were injected on days 9 and 15 with a synthetic analog of viral double-stranded RNA, polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (Poly I:C), a toll-like receptor ligand and synthetic viral mimic, and responses compared to a sham injected control group (n = 8). The hypotheses tested whether kestrels showed immunological differences among treatment groups, genetic sex, and/or white blood cell (WBC) subpopulation type over time. A flow cytometry (FCM) gating strategy categorized heterophils (H), lymphocytes (L), and monocytes (M) and their proportions, and measured relative fluorescence in response to anti-chicken CD4 binding. Fluorescent cell surfaces and some granular/vacuolar inclusions were visualized by epifluorescence microscopy. A fourth subpopulation with higher levels of granularity than M but less than H became increasingly apparent with time and was gated along with the H subpopulation; its frequency of occurrence was lowest in the ITP group (P = 0.0023). The percentages of cells differed among treatment groups, days, and sexes (P = 0.0001). For both sexes, percentages of H and L were higher than M in control and Poly I:C. In the ITP group, L percentages were higher than H and M (P = 0.0457), and H and L were higher than M on days 9 and 21 (P = 0.0001). The ratios of H:L and H:WBC, indicators of robust immunity, were also higher on days 9 and 21 than on 17 (P = 0.0079). For each sex, the highest levels of activity measured by FCM geometric means (GEO) of fluorescence (indicative of antibody binding) were observed on day 9 (P = 0.0001 female, and P = 0.0011 male) in H over both L and M (P < 0.0001 for each). In males, GEO of the Poly I:C group was higher than that of the ITP group (P = 0.0374), with no difference observed among females over all days. By using a FCM algorithm for population comparisons of fluorescence to investigate binding within H, the T(x) scores indicated higher fluorescence in control and Poly I:C groups over ITP (P = 0.0001). Unlike chickens, Gallus gallus, which express CD4 primarily on L, kestrels bound the commercial antibody primarily within the gated H subpopulation, suggesting an immunophenotypic difference between taxa, despite a ~60% identity of Falco CD4 amino acid sequences with chicken CD4. The emergent cell subset within the gated H presented dendritic-like cell (DLC) morphological and functional properties, apparently serving as an effector cell. This study adds interpretive context to ecological investigations of infection and of potential immunomodulation by emerging compounds, whereby the early innate responses are mediated by the various cell subsets serving as useful quantitative markers of immunological condition. Data showed that dietary exposure to ITP was immunosuppressive for male and female kestrels over the course of the experiment, reducing DLC frequency compared to the Poly I:C controls. Heterophils and DLC were important in facilitating innate immunological responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jill A Jenkins
- U.S. Geological Survey, Wetland and Aquatic Research Center, 700 Cajundome Boulevard, Lafayette, LA 70506, United States.
| | - Brooke A Baudoin
- U.S. Geological Survey, Wetland and Aquatic Research Center, 700 Cajundome Boulevard, Lafayette, LA 70506, United States
| | - Darren Johnson
- Cherokee Nations Technologies under contract to the U.S. Geological Survey, 700 Cajundome Boulevard, Lafayette, LA 70506, United States
| | - Kim J Fernie
- Ecotoxicology & Wildlife Health Division, Environment & Climate Change Canada, 867 Lakeshore Road, Burlington, Ontario L7S 1A1, Canada
| | - Heather M Stapleton
- Duke University, Nicholas School of the Environment, Box 90328, Durham, NC 27708, United States
| | - Natalie K Karouna-Renier
- U.S. Geological Survey, Eastern Ecological Science Center, Patuxent Research Refuge, 308 Center Road, Beltsville, MD 20705, United States
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Geum NG, Yu JH, Yeo JH, Choi MY, Um Y, Park HW, Kim K, Lee JW, Beak JK, Jeon KS, Jeong JB. Wood cultivated ginseng exerts immunostimulatory activity in mouse macrophages, RAW264.7 cells and anti-obesity activity in mouse adipocytes, 3T3-l1 cells. FOOD AGR IMMUNOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/09540105.2021.1972939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Na Gyeong Geum
- Department of Medicinal Plant Resources, Andong National University, Andong, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju-Hyeong Yu
- Department of Medicinal Plant Resources, Andong National University, Andong, Republic of Korea
| | - Joo Ho Yeo
- Department of Medicinal Plant Resources, Andong National University, Andong, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Yeong Choi
- Department of Medicinal Plant Resources, Andong National University, Andong, Republic of Korea
| | - Yurry Um
- Forest Medicinal Resources Research Center, National Institute of Forest Science, Yeongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Hong Woo Park
- Forest Medicinal Resources Research Center, National Institute of Forest Science, Yeongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Kiyoon Kim
- Forest Medicinal Resources Research Center, National Institute of Forest Science, Yeongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Won Lee
- Department of Medicinal Plant Resources, Andong National University, Andong, Republic of Korea
| | - Jueng Kyu Beak
- Department of Medicinal Plant Resources, Andong National University, Andong, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwon Seok Jeon
- Forest Medicinal Resources Research Center, National Institute of Forest Science, Yeongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Boo Jeong
- Department of Medicinal Plant Resources, Andong National University, Andong, Republic of Korea
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Siriwattananon K, Manopwisedjaroen S, Shanmugaraj B, Prompetchara E, Ketloy C, Buranapraditkun S, Tharakhet K, Kaewpang P, Ruxrungtham K, Thitithanyanont A, Phoolcharoen W. Immunogenicity Studies of Plant-Produced SARS-CoV-2 Receptor Binding Domain-Based Subunit Vaccine Candidate with Different Adjuvant Formulations. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9070744. [PMID: 34358160 PMCID: PMC8310282 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9070744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to the rapid transmission of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) causing serious public health problems and economic burden, the development of effective vaccines is a high priority for controlling the virus spread. Our group has previously demonstrated that the plant-produced receptor-binding domain (RBD) of SARS-CoV-2 fused with Fc of human IgG was capable of eliciting potent neutralizing antibody and cellular immune responses in animal studies, and the immunogenicity could be improved by the addition of an alum adjuvant. Here, we performed a head-to-head comparison of different commercially available adjuvants, including aluminum hydroxide gel (alum), AddaVax (MF59), monophosphoryl lipid A from Salmonella minnesota R595 (mPLA-SM), and polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (poly(I:C)), in mice by combining them with plant-produced RBD-Fc, and the differences in the immunogenicity of RBD-Fc with different adjuvants were evaluated. The specific antibody responses in terms of total IgG, IgG1, and IgG2a subtypes and neutralizing antibodies, as well as vaccine-specific T-lymphocyte responses, induced by the different tested adjuvants were compared. We observed that all adjuvants tested here induced a high level of total IgG and neutralizing antibodies, but mPLA-SM and poly (I:C) showed the induction of a balanced IgG1 and IgG2a (Th2/Th1) immune response. Further, poly (I:C) significantly increased the frequency of IFN-γ-expressing cells compared with control, whereas no significant difference was observed between the adjuvanted groups. This data revealed the adjuvants' role in enhancing the immune response of RBD-Fc vaccination and the immune profiles elicited by different adjuvants, which could prove helpful for the rational development of next-generation SARS-CoV-2 RBD-Fc subunit vaccines. However, additional research is essential to further investigate the efficacy and safety of this vaccine formulation before clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konlavat Siriwattananon
- Research Unit for Plant-Produced Pharmaceuticals, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand;
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Suwimon Manopwisedjaroen
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand; (S.M.); (A.T.)
| | | | - Eakachai Prompetchara
- Center of Excellence in Vaccine Research and Development (Chula Vaccine Research Center, Chula VRC), Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; (E.P.); (C.K.); (S.B.); (K.T.); (P.K.); (K.R.)
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Chutitorn Ketloy
- Center of Excellence in Vaccine Research and Development (Chula Vaccine Research Center, Chula VRC), Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; (E.P.); (C.K.); (S.B.); (K.T.); (P.K.); (K.R.)
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Supranee Buranapraditkun
- Center of Excellence in Vaccine Research and Development (Chula Vaccine Research Center, Chula VRC), Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; (E.P.); (C.K.); (S.B.); (K.T.); (P.K.); (K.R.)
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Kittipan Tharakhet
- Center of Excellence in Vaccine Research and Development (Chula Vaccine Research Center, Chula VRC), Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; (E.P.); (C.K.); (S.B.); (K.T.); (P.K.); (K.R.)
| | - Papatsara Kaewpang
- Center of Excellence in Vaccine Research and Development (Chula Vaccine Research Center, Chula VRC), Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; (E.P.); (C.K.); (S.B.); (K.T.); (P.K.); (K.R.)
| | - Kiat Ruxrungtham
- Center of Excellence in Vaccine Research and Development (Chula Vaccine Research Center, Chula VRC), Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; (E.P.); (C.K.); (S.B.); (K.T.); (P.K.); (K.R.)
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Arunee Thitithanyanont
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand; (S.M.); (A.T.)
| | - Waranyoo Phoolcharoen
- Research Unit for Plant-Produced Pharmaceuticals, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand;
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +662-218-8359; Fax: +662-218-8357
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Anderluh M, Berti F, Bzducha-Wróbel A, Chiodo F, Colombo C, Compostella F, Durlik K, Ferhati X, Holmdahl R, Jovanovic D, Kaca W, Lay L, Marinovic-Cincovic M, Marradi M, Ozil M, Polito L, Reina JJ, Reis CA, Sackstein R, Silipo A, Švajger U, Vaněk O, Yamamoto F, Richichi B, van Vliet SJ. Recent advances on smart glycoconjugate vaccines in infections and cancer. FEBS J 2021; 289:4251-4303. [PMID: 33934527 PMCID: PMC9542079 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Vaccination is one of the greatest achievements in biomedical research preventing death and morbidity in many infectious diseases through the induction of pathogen-specific humoral and cellular immune responses. Currently, no effective vaccines are available for pathogens with a highly variable antigenic load, such as the human immunodeficiency virus or to induce cellular T-cell immunity in the fight against cancer. The recent SARS-CoV-2 outbreak has reinforced the relevance of designing smart therapeutic vaccine modalities to ensure public health. Indeed, academic and private companies have ongoing joint efforts to develop novel vaccine prototypes for this virus. Many pathogens are covered by a dense glycan-coat, which form an attractive target for vaccine development. Moreover, many tumor types are characterized by altered glycosylation profiles that are known as "tumor-associated carbohydrate antigens". Unfortunately, glycans do not provoke a vigorous immune response and generally serve as T-cell-independent antigens, not eliciting protective immunoglobulin G responses nor inducing immunological memory. A close and continuous crosstalk between glycochemists and glycoimmunologists is essential for the successful development of efficient immune modulators. It is clear that this is a key point for the discovery of novel approaches, which could significantly improve our understanding of the immune system. In this review, we discuss the latest advancements in development of vaccines against glycan epitopes to gain selective immune responses and to provide an overview on the role of different immunogenic constructs in improving glycovaccine efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marko Anderluh
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chair of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | | | - Anna Bzducha-Wróbel
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Microbiology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Warszawa, Poland
| | - Fabrizio Chiodo
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry (ICB), Italian National Research Council (CNR), Pozzuoli, Italy
| | - Cinzia Colombo
- Department of Chemistry and CRC Materiali Polimerici (LaMPo), University of Milan, Italy
| | - Federica Compostella
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milano, Italy
| | - Katarzyna Durlik
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Jan Kochanowski University, Kielce, Poland
| | - Xhenti Ferhati
- Department of Chemistry 'Ugo Schiff', University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Rikard Holmdahl
- Division of Medical Inflammation Research, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Dragana Jovanovic
- Vinča Institute of Nuclear Sciences - National Institute of thе Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Wieslaw Kaca
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Jan Kochanowski University, Kielce, Poland
| | - Luigi Lay
- Department of Chemistry and CRC Materiali Polimerici (LaMPo), University of Milan, Italy
| | - Milena Marinovic-Cincovic
- Vinča Institute of Nuclear Sciences - National Institute of thе Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Marco Marradi
- Department of Chemistry 'Ugo Schiff', University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Musa Ozil
- Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Recep Tayyip Erdogan University, Rize, Turkey
| | - Laura Polito
- National Research Council, CNR-SCITEC, Milan, Italy
| | - Josè Juan Reina
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad de Málaga-IBIMA, Spain.,Andalusian Centre for Nanomedicine and Biotechnology-BIONAND, Parque Tecnológico de Andalucía, Málaga, Spain
| | - Celso A Reis
- I3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Portugal.,IPATIMUP-Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology, University of Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, University of Porto, Portugal
| | - Robert Sackstein
- Department of Translational Medicine, Translational Glycobiology Institute, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Alba Silipo
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte Sant'Angelo, Napoli, Italy
| | - Urban Švajger
- Blood Transfusion Center of Slovenia, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Ondřej Vaněk
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Fumiichiro Yamamoto
- Immunohematology & Glycobiology Laboratory, Josep Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute, Badalona, Spain
| | - Barbara Richichi
- Department of Chemistry 'Ugo Schiff', University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Sandra J van Vliet
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Zhou FM, Chen YC, Jin CY, Qian CD, Zhu BQ, Zhou Y, Ding ZS, Wang YQ. Polysaccharide Isolated From Tetrastigma hemsleyanum Activates TLR4 in Macrophage Cell Lines and Enhances Immune Responses in OVA-Immunized and LLC-Bearing Mouse Models. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:609059. [PMID: 33841142 PMCID: PMC8024652 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.609059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tetrastigma hemsleyanum Diels et Gilg is a valuable Chinese medicinal herb with a long history of clinical application. Our previous study isolated and characterized a purified polysaccharide from the aerial part of Tetrastigma hemsleyanum (SYQP) and found it having antipyretic and antitumor effects in mice. A preliminary mechanistic study suggests these effects may be related to the binding of toll-like receptor (TLR4). The objective of this study is to further explore the detailed stimulating characteristics of SYQP on TLR4 signaling pathway and its in vivo immune regulating effect. We use HEK-BLUE hTLR4, mouse and human macrophage cell lines, as research tools. In vitro results show SYQP activated HEK-BLUE hTLR4 instead of HEK-BLUE Null cells. The secretion and the mRNA expression of cytokines related to TLR4 signaling significantly increased after SYQP treatment in both PMA-induced THP-1 and RAW264.7 macrophage cell lines. The TLR4 antagonist TAK-242 can almost completely abolish this activation. Furthermore, molecules such as IRAK1, NF-κB, MAPKs, and IRF3 in both the MyD88 and TRIF branches were all activated without pathway selection. In vivo results show SYQP enhanced antigen-specific spleen lymphocyte proliferation and serum IgG levels in OVA-immunized C57BL/6 mice. Orally administered 200 mg/kg SYQP induced obvious tumor regression, spleen weight increase, and the upregulation of the mRNA expression of TLR4-related cytokines in Lewis lung carcinoma-bearing mice. These results indicate SYQP can act as both a human and mouse TLR4 agonist and enhance immune responses in mice (p < 0.05). This study provides a basis for the development and utilization of SYQP as a new type of TLR4 agonist in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang-Mei Zhou
- College of Medical Technology, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yu-Chi Chen
- College of Medical Technology, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chao-Ying Jin
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chao-Dong Qian
- College of Life Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Bing-Qi Zhu
- College of Medical Technology, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ying Zhou
- Department of Cardiology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhi-Shan Ding
- College of Medical Technology, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yi-Qi Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
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34
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Wui SR, Ko A, Ryu JI, Sim E, Lim SJ, Park SA, Kim KS, Kim H, Youn H, Lee NG. The Effect of a TLR4 Agonist/Cationic Liposome Adjuvant on Varicella-Zoster Virus Glycoprotein E Vaccine Efficacy: Antigen Presentation, Uptake, and Delivery to Lymph Nodes. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13030390. [PMID: 33804176 PMCID: PMC8001429 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13030390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Adjuvant CIA09, composed of 1,2-dioleoyl-3-trimethylammonium-propane (DOTAP)-based cationic liposomes and the toll-like receptor 4 agonist de-O-acylated lipooligosaccharide (dLOS), has been shown to enhance antibody and cellular immune responses to varicella-zoster virus (VZV) glycoprotein E (gE), recombinant tuberculosis vaccine antigen, and inactivated Japanese encephalitis vaccine. In this study, we investigated its modes of action using VZV gE as a model antigen. Liposomes adsorbed gE and cooperatively with dLOS promoted endocytosis-mediated cellular uptake of gE by mouse dendritic cells in vitro. CIA09 increased the stability and cellular uptake of the antigen at the muscle site of injection, and induced immune cell recruitment and cytokine and chemokine production, which led to efficient antigen delivery to draining lymph nodes. Mouse bone marrow-derived dendritic cells, pulsed with CIA09-adjuvanted gE, efficiently presented gE to antigen-specific T cells, inducing Th1-type biased immunity, as shown by high IFN-γ production. The data indicate that liposomes and dLOS cooperate in the adjuvant activity of CIA09 by promoting antigen uptake and delivery to lymph nodes as well as antigen presentation to T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seo Ri Wui
- Department of Integrated Bioscience and Biotechnology, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Korea; (S.R.W.); (A.K.); (J.I.R.); (E.S.); (S.J.L.); (K.S.K.)
| | - Ara Ko
- Department of Integrated Bioscience and Biotechnology, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Korea; (S.R.W.); (A.K.); (J.I.R.); (E.S.); (S.J.L.); (K.S.K.)
| | - Ji In Ryu
- Department of Integrated Bioscience and Biotechnology, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Korea; (S.R.W.); (A.K.); (J.I.R.); (E.S.); (S.J.L.); (K.S.K.)
| | - Eojin Sim
- Department of Integrated Bioscience and Biotechnology, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Korea; (S.R.W.); (A.K.); (J.I.R.); (E.S.); (S.J.L.); (K.S.K.)
| | - Soo Jeong Lim
- Department of Integrated Bioscience and Biotechnology, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Korea; (S.R.W.); (A.K.); (J.I.R.); (E.S.); (S.J.L.); (K.S.K.)
| | | | - Kwang Sung Kim
- Department of Integrated Bioscience and Biotechnology, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Korea; (S.R.W.); (A.K.); (J.I.R.); (E.S.); (S.J.L.); (K.S.K.)
- R & D Center, EyeGene, Goyang 10551, Korea;
| | - Ha Kim
- Cancer Research Institute, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 03080, Korea; (H.K.); (H.Y.)
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Cancer Imaging Center, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 03080, Korea
| | - Hyewon Youn
- Cancer Research Institute, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 03080, Korea; (H.K.); (H.Y.)
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Cancer Imaging Center, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 03080, Korea
| | - Na Gyong Lee
- Department of Integrated Bioscience and Biotechnology, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Korea; (S.R.W.); (A.K.); (J.I.R.); (E.S.); (S.J.L.); (K.S.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-2-3408-3765; Fax: +82-2-3408-3334
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35
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Idris F, Ting DHR, Alonso S. An update on dengue vaccine development, challenges, and future perspectives. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2020.1811675
expr 880867630 + 907120263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Fakhriedzwan Idris
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Immunology Programme, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Donald Heng Rong Ting
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Immunology Programme, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sylvie Alonso
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Immunology Programme, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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36
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Wang HP, Wang ZG, Liu SL. Current status and future trends of vaccine development against viral infection and disease. NEW J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1nj00996f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
This paper focuses on the classification and representative studies of viral vaccines and future directions of vaccine design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Peng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biosensing and Molecular Recognition
- Research Center for Analytical Sciences
- College of Chemistry
- and School of Medicine
| | - Zhi-Gang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biosensing and Molecular Recognition
- Research Center for Analytical Sciences
- College of Chemistry
- and School of Medicine
| | - Shu-Lin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biosensing and Molecular Recognition
- Research Center for Analytical Sciences
- College of Chemistry
- and School of Medicine
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37
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Jacquet A. Perspectives in Allergen-Specific Immunotherapy: Molecular Evolution of Peptide- and Protein-Based Strategies. Curr Protein Pept Sci 2020; 21:203-223. [PMID: 31416410 DOI: 10.2174/1389203720666190718152534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Revised: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Allergen-specific Immunotherapy (AIT), through repetitive subcutaneous or sublingual administrations of allergen extracts, represents up to now the unique treatment against allergic sensitizations. However, the clinical efficacy of AIT can be largely dependent on the quality of natural allergen extracts. Moreover, the long duration and adverse side effects associated with AIT negatively impact patient adherence. Tremendous progress in the field of molecular allergology has made possible the design of safer, shorter and more effective new immunotherapeutic approaches based on purified and characterized natural or recombinant allergen derivatives and peptides. This review will summarize the characteristics of these different innovative vaccines including their effects in preclinical studies and clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alain Jacquet
- Center of Excellence in Vaccine Research and Development, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
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Kaur A, Kaushik D, Piplani S, Mehta SK, Petrovsky N, Salunke DB. TLR2 Agonistic Small Molecules: Detailed Structure-Activity Relationship, Applications, and Future Prospects. J Med Chem 2020; 64:233-278. [PMID: 33346636 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c01627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are the pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) that recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) in microbial species. Among the various TLRs, TLR2 has a special place due to its ability to sense the widest repertoire of PAMPs owing to its heterodimerization with either TLR1 or TLR6, broadening its ligand diversity against pathogens. Various scaffolds are reported to activate TLR2, which include naturally occurring lipoproteins, synthetic lipopeptides, and small heterocyclic molecules. We described a detailed SAR in TLR2 agonistic scaffolds and also covered the design and chemistry for the conjugation of TLR2 agonists to antigens, carbohydrates, polymers, and fluorophores. The approaches involved in delivery of TLR2 agonists such as lipidation of antigen, conjugation to polymers, phosphonic acids, and other linkers to achieve surface adsorption, liposomal formulation, and encapsulating nanoparticles are elaborated. The crystal structure analysis and computational modeling are also included with the structural features that facilitate TLR2 activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arshpreet Kaur
- Department of Chemistry and Centre of Advanced Studies in Chemistry, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India
| | - Deepender Kaushik
- Department of Chemistry and Centre of Advanced Studies in Chemistry, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India
| | - Sakshi Piplani
- Vaxine Pty Ltd, 11 Walkley Avenue, Warradale, Australia 5046.,College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Bedford Park, Australia, 5042
| | - Surinder K Mehta
- Department of Chemistry and Centre of Advanced Studies in Chemistry, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India
| | - Nikolai Petrovsky
- Vaxine Pty Ltd, 11 Walkley Avenue, Warradale, Australia 5046.,College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Bedford Park, Australia, 5042
| | - Deepak B Salunke
- Department of Chemistry and Centre of Advanced Studies in Chemistry, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India.,National Interdisciplinary Centre of Vaccine, Immunotherapeutics and Antimicrobials, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India
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Aktaş T, Celik SK, Genc GC, Arpaci D, Can M, Dursun A. Higher Levels of Serum TLR2 and TLR4 in Patients with Hashimoto's Thyroiditis. Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets 2020; 20:118-126. [PMID: 30924423 DOI: 10.2174/1871530319666190329114621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Revised: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT) is an autoimmune disorder caused by the interaction between genes and environmental triggers. HT is the most common endocrine disorder, as well as the most common cause of hypothyroidism. Autoimmunity plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of HT and recent studies suggest that Toll-like receptor (TLR) signals lead to increased inflammatory response. The aim of our study is to investigate whether TLR-2 and TLR-4 levels and gene polymorphisms contribute to the damaged immune response leading to HT. METHODS Using the polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) method, single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of TLR2 gene Arg677Trp, Arg753Gln, 196-174 del and TLR4 gene Asp299Gly, Thr399Ile were studied in 100 patients with HT and 100 healthy controls. Also, we investigated serum levels of TLR-2 and TLR-4 in the immunopathogenesis of HT. TLR-2 and TLR-4 serum levels were found to be significantly higher in HT patients than the control group. However, no statistical significance was found between patient and control groups in terms of genotype frequencies and allele frequency distribution of TLR2 gene Arg677Trp, Arg753Gln, 196-174 del and TLR4 gene Asp299Gly, Thr399Ile polymorphisms. RESULT TLR2 gene Arg677Trp, Arg753Gln, 196-174 del and TLR4 gene Asp299Gly, Thr399Ile polymorphism do not appear to have a role in the development of HT disease. However, in our study, serum levels of TLR-2 and TLR-4 were found to be higher in HT patients than control groups. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that TLR-2 and TLR-4 play an important role in the immunopathologic mechanism of disease by causing an increase in proinflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tugba Aktaş
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Sciences and Arts, Bulent Ecevit University, Zonguldak, Turkey
| | - Sevim K Celik
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Sciences and Arts, Bulent Ecevit University, Zonguldak, Turkey
| | - Gunes C Genc
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Bulent Ecevit University, Zongulda, Turkey
| | - Dilek Arpaci
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, Zonguldak, Turkey
| | - Murat Can
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Bulent Ecevit University, Zonguldak, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Dursun
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Bulent Ecevit University, Zongulda, Turkey
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Idris F, Ting DHR, Alonso S. An update on dengue vaccine development, challenges, and future perspectives. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2020; 16:47-58. [PMID: 32838577 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2020.1811675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION From both a public health and economic perspective, vaccination is arguably the most effective approach to combat endemic and pandemic infectious diseases. Dengue affects more than 100 countries in the tropical and subtropical world, with 100-400 million infections every year. In the wake of the recent setback faced by Dengvaxia, the only FDA-approved dengue vaccine, safer and more effective dengue vaccines candidates are moving along the clinical pipeline. AREA COVERED This review provides an update of the latest outcomes of dengue vaccine clinical trials. In the light of recent progress made in our understanding of dengue pathogenesis and immune correlates of protection, novel vaccine strategies have emerged with promising second-generation dengue vaccine candidates. Finally, the authors discuss the dengue-specific challenges that remain to be addressed and overcome. EXPERT OPINION The authors propose to explore various adjuvants and delivery systems that may help improve the design of safe, effective, and affordable vaccines against dengue. They also challenge the concept of a 'universal' dengue vaccine as increasing evidence support that DENV strains have evolved different virulence mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fakhriedzwan Idris
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore , Singapore, Singapore.,Immunology Programme, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore , Singapore, Singapore
| | - Donald Heng Rong Ting
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore , Singapore, Singapore.,Immunology Programme, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore , Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sylvie Alonso
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore , Singapore, Singapore.,Immunology Programme, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore , Singapore, Singapore
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41
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Sarkar B, Ullah MA, Araf Y, Das S, Hosen MJ. Blueprint of epitope-based multivalent and multipathogenic vaccines: targeted against the dengue and zika viruses. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2020; 39:6882-6902. [PMID: 32772811 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2020.1804456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Both dengue virus (DENV) and zika virus (ZIKV) belong to the highly infectious Flaviviridae family that has already caused several outbreaks and epidemics in many countries. DENV and ZIKV cause two of the most wide spread mosquito-borne viral diseases in the world, dengue fever (DENF) and zika fever (ZIKF), respectively. In many regions around the world, both of these diseases can outbreak together and can be lethal as well as life-threatening. Unfortunately, there is no functional and satisfactory vaccine available to combat these viruses. Therefore, in this study, we have attempted to design a blue print of potential multivalent and multipathogenic vaccines using immunoinformatics approach, which can combat both the DENV and ZIKV infections, simultaneously. Initially, three vaccines were designed; containing highly antigenic, non-allergenic, and non-toxic epitopes of T-cell (100% conserved) and B-cell from all the four DENV serotypes and ZIKV. In total, nine cytotoxic T-lymphocytic (CTL), nine helper T-lymphocytic (HTL), and seven B-cell lymphocytic (BCL) epitopes were used to construct three vaccines using three different adjuvants, designated as 'V1', 'V2', and 'V3'. Later, V3 was found to be the best vaccine construct, determined by molecular docking analysis. Thereafter, several in silico validation studies including molecular dynamics simulation and immune simulation were performed which indicated that V3 might be quite stable and should generate substantial immune response in the biological environment. However, further in vivo and in vitro validation might be required to finally confirm the safety and efficacy of our suggested vaccine constructs.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bishajit Sarkar
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Jahangirnagar University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Md Asad Ullah
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Jahangirnagar University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Yusha Araf
- Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet, Bangladesh
| | - Sowmen Das
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, School of Physical Sciences, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Jakir Hosen
- Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet, Bangladesh
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Scaria PV, Chen BB, Rowe CG, Alani N, Muratova OV, Barnafo EK, Lambert LE, Zaidi IU, Lees A, Rausch KM, Narum DL, Duffy PE. Comparison of carrier proteins to conjugate malaria transmission blocking vaccine antigens, Pfs25 and Pfs230. Vaccine 2020; 38:5480-5489. [PMID: 32600913 PMCID: PMC11127250 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Malaria transmission blocking vaccines (TBV) target the sexual stage of the parasite and have been pursued as a stand-alone vaccine or for combination with pre-erythrocytic or blood stage vaccines. Our efforts to develop TBV focus primarily on two antigens, Pfs25 and Pfs230. Chemical conjugation of these poorly immunogenic antigens to carrier proteins enhances their immunogenicity, and conjugates of these antigens to Exoprotein A (EPA) are currently under evaluation in clinical trials. Nonetheless, more potent carriers may augment the immunogenicity of these antigens for a more efficacious vaccine; here, we evaluate a series of proteins to identify such a carrier. Pfs25 and Pfs230 were chemically conjugated to 4 different carriers [tetanus toxoid (TT), a recombinant fragment of tetanus toxin heavy chain (rTThc), recombinant CRM197 produced in Pseudomonas fluorescens (CRM197) or in E. coli (EcoCRM®)] and compared to EPA conjugates in mouse immunogenicity studies. Conjugates of each antigen formulated in Alhydrogel® elicited similar antibody titers but showed differences in functional activity. At a 0.5 µg dose, Pfs230 conjugated to TT, CRM197 and EcoCRM® showed significantly higher functional activity compared to EPA. When formulated with the more potent adjuvant GLA-LSQ, all 4 alternate conjugates induced higher antibody titers as well as increased functional activity compared to the EPA conjugate. IgG subclass analysis of Pfs230 conjugates showed no carrier-dependent differences in the IgG profile. While Alhydrogel® formulations induced a Th2 dominant immune response, GLA-LSQ formulations induced a mixed Th1/Th2 response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Puthupparampil V Scaria
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Beth B Chen
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Christopher G Rowe
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Nada Alani
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Olga V Muratova
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Emma K Barnafo
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Lynn E Lambert
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Irfan U Zaidi
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - Kelly M Rausch
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - David L Narum
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Patrick E Duffy
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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Harnessing the Complete Repertoire of Conventional Dendritic Cell Functions for Cancer Immunotherapy. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:pharmaceutics12070663. [PMID: 32674488 PMCID: PMC7408110 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12070663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The onset of checkpoint inhibition revolutionized the treatment of cancer. However, studies from the last decade suggested that the sole enhancement of T cell functionality might not suffice to fight malignancies in all individuals. Dendritic cells (DCs) are not only part of the innate immune system, but also generals of adaptive immunity and they orchestrate the de novo induction of tolerogenic and immunogenic T cell responses. Thus, combinatorial approaches addressing DCs and T cells in parallel represent an attractive strategy to achieve higher response rates across patients. However, this requires profound knowledge about the dynamic interplay of DCs, T cells, other immune and tumor cells. Here, we summarize the DC subsets present in mice and men and highlight conserved and divergent characteristics between different subsets and species. Thereby, we supply a resource of the molecular players involved in key functional features of DCs ranging from their sentinel function, the translation of the sensed environment at the DC:T cell interface to the resulting specialized T cell effector modules, as well as the influence of the tumor microenvironment on the DC function. As of today, mostly monocyte derived dendritic cells (moDCs) are used in autologous cell therapies after tumor antigen loading. While showing encouraging results in a fraction of patients, the overall clinical response rate is still not optimal. By disentangling the general aspects of DC biology, we provide rationales for the design of next generation DC vaccines enabling to exploit and manipulate the described pathways for the purpose of cancer immunotherapy in vivo. Finally, we discuss how DC-based vaccines might synergize with checkpoint inhibition in the treatment of malignant diseases.
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OMV Vaccines and the Role of TLR Agonists in Immune Response. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21124416. [PMID: 32575921 PMCID: PMC7352230 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21124416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Outer Membrane Vesicles (OMVs) are bacterial nanoparticles that are spontaneously released during growth both in vitro and in vivo by Gram-negative bacteria. They are spherical, bilayered membrane nanostructures that contain many components found within the external surface of the parent bacterium. Naturally, OMVs serve the bacteria as a mechanism to deliver DNA, RNA, proteins, and toxins, as well as to promote biofilm formation and remodel the outer membrane during growth. On the other hand, as OMVs possess the optimal size to be uptaken by immune cells, and present a range of surface-exposed antigens in native conformation and Toll-like receptor (TLR) activating components, they represent an attractive and powerful vaccine platform able to induce both humoral and cell-mediated immune responses. This work reviews the TLR-agonists expressed on OMVs and their capability to trigger individual TLRs expressed on different cell types of the immune system, and then focuses on their impact on the immune responses elicited by OMVs compared to traditional vaccines.
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45
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Chou YJ, Lin CC, Dzhagalov I, Chen NJ, Lin CH, Lin CC, Chen ST, Chen KH, Fu SL. Vaccine adjuvant activity of a TLR4-activating synthetic glycolipid by promoting autophagy. Sci Rep 2020; 10:8422. [PMID: 32439945 PMCID: PMC7242473 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-65422-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2019] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play crucial roles in host immune defenses. Recently, TLR-mediated autophagy is reported to promote immune responses via increasing antigen processing and presentation in antigen presenting cells. The present study examined whether the synthetic TLR4 activator (CCL-34) could induce autophagy to promote innate and adaptive immunity. In addition, the potential of CCL-34 as an immune adjuvant in vivo was also investigated. Our data using RAW264.7 cells and bone marrow-derived macrophages showed that CCL-34 induced autophagy through a TLR4-NF-κB pathway. The autophagy-related molecules (Nrf2, p62 and Beclin 1) were activated in RAW264.7 cells and bone marrow-derived macrophages under CCL-34 treatment. CCL-34-stimulated macrophages exhibited significant antigen-processing activity and induced the proliferation of antigen-specific CD4+T cells as well as the production of activated T cell-related cytokines, IL-2 and IFN-γ. Furthermore, CCL-34 immunization in mice induced infiltration of monocytes in the peritoneal cavity and elevation of antigen-specific IgG in the serum. CCL-34 treatment in vivo did not cause toxicity based on serum biochemical profiles. Notably, the antigen-specific responses induced by CCL-34 were attenuated by the autophagy inhibitor, 3-methyladenine. In summary, we demonstrated CCL-34 can induce autophagy to promote antigen-specific immune responses and act as an efficient adjuvant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Ju Chou
- Program in Molecular Medicine, School of Life Sciences, National Yang-Ming University and Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11221, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Cheng Lin
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, 11221, Taiwan
| | - Ivan Dzhagalov
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, 11221, Taiwan
| | - Nien-Jung Chen
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, 11221, Taiwan
| | - Chao-Hsiung Lin
- Department of Life Sciences and Institute of Genome Sciences, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, 11221, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Cheng Lin
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 300, Taiwan
| | - Szu-Ting Chen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, 11221, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Hsin Chen
- Department of Surgery, Far-Eastern Memorial Hospital, New Taipei City, 22060, Taiwan.
| | - Shu-Ling Fu
- Program in Molecular Medicine, School of Life Sciences, National Yang-Ming University and Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11221, Taiwan. .,Institute of Traditional Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, 11221, Taiwan.
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Ullah MA, Sarkar B, Islam SS. Exploiting the reverse vaccinology approach to design novel subunit vaccines against Ebola virus. Immunobiology 2020; 225:151949. [PMID: 32444135 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2020.151949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Ebola virus is a highly pathogenic RNA virus that causes the Ebola haemorrhagic fever in human. This virus is considered as one of the dangerous viruses in the world with very high mortality rate. To date, no epitope-based subunit vaccine has yet been discovered to fight against Ebola although the outbreaks of this deadly virus took many lives in the past. In this study, approaches of reverse vaccinology were utilized in combination with different tools of immunoinformatics to design subunit vaccines against Ebola virus strain Mayinga-76. Three potential antigenic proteins of this virus i.e., matrix protein VP40, envelope glycoprotein and nucleoprotein were selected to construct the subunit vaccine. The MHC class-I, MHC class-II and B-cell epitopes were determined initially and after some robust analysis i.e., antigenicity, allergenicity, toxicity, conservancy and molecular docking study, EV-1, EV-2 and EV-3 were constructed as three potential vaccine constructs. These vaccine constructs are also expected to be effective on few other strains of Ebola virus since the highly conserved epitopes were used for vaccine construction. Thereafter, molecular docking study was conducted on these vaccines and EV-1 emerged as the best vaccine construct. Afterward, molecular dynamics simulation study revealed the good performances and stability of the intended vaccine protein. Finally, codon adaptation and in silico cloning were carried out to design a possible plasmid (pET-19b plasmid vector was used) for large scale production of the EV-1 vaccine. However, further in vitro and in vivo studies might be required on the predicted vaccines for final validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Asad Ullah
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Bishajit Sarkar
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
| | - Syed Sajidul Islam
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka, Bangladesh
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Mahmoodi S, Nezafat N, Negahdaripour M, Ghasemi Y. A New Approach for Cancer Immunotherapy Based on the Cancer Stem Cell Antigens Properties. Curr Mol Med 2020; 19:2-11. [PMID: 30714514 DOI: 10.2174/1566524019666190204114721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Revised: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are a rare population of tumor cells, which play an important role in tumor initiation, progression, and maintenance. The concept that cancer cells arise from stem cells was presented about 150 years ago. Recently, this hypothesis was renewed considering the heterogeneity of tumor cells. CSCs are resistant to chemo- and radio-therapy. Therefore, targeting CSCs could be a novel and effective strategy to struggle with tumor cells. OBJECTIVE In this mini-review, we highlight that different immunotherapeutic approaches can be used to target cancer cells and eradicate different tumor cells. The most important targets are specific markers recognized on the CSC surface as CSC antigens such as CD44, CD133, Aldehyde Dehydrogenase (ALDH), and SOX family members. This article emphasizes recent advances in CSCs in cancer therapy. RESULTS Our results present that CSC antigens play an important role in tumor initiation, especially in the cells that are resistant to chemo- and radiotherapy agents. Therefore, they are ideal targets for cancer immunotherapy, for instance, in developing different types of cancer vaccines or antibodies against tumor cells. CONCLUSION The current studies related to cancer immunotherapy through targeting the CSC antigens based on their properties are briefly summarized. Altogether, CSC antigens can be efficiently targeted to treat cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirin Mahmoodi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran
| | - Navid Nezafat
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.,Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Manica Negahdaripour
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.,Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Younes Ghasemi
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.,Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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Xu Z, Moyle PM. A Self‐Adjuvanting Vaccine Platform: Optimization of Site‐Specific Sortase A Mediated Conjugation of Toll‐Like Receptor 2 Ligands onto the Carboxyl or Amino terminus of Recombinant Protein Antigens. Chempluschem 2020; 85:227-236. [DOI: 10.1002/cplu.201900687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhenghui Xu
- Pharmacy Australia Centre of Excellence School of Pharmacy The University of Queensland 20 Cornwall St Woolloongabba QLD 4102 Australia
| | - Peter Michael Moyle
- Pharmacy Australia Centre of Excellence School of Pharmacy The University of Queensland 20 Cornwall St Woolloongabba QLD 4102 Australia
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49
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Sarkar B, Ullah MA, Araf Y. A systematic and reverse vaccinology approach to design novel subunit vaccines against Dengue virus type-1 (DENV-1) and human Papillomavirus-16 (HPV-16). INFORMATICS IN MEDICINE UNLOCKED 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imu.2020.100343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
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50
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Jeong Y, Kim GB, Ji Y, Kwak GJ, Nam GH, Hong Y, Kim S, An J, Kim SH, Yang Y, Chung HS, Kim IS. Dendritic cell activation by an E. coli-derived monophosphoryl lipid A enhances the efficacy of PD-1 blockade. Cancer Lett 2019; 472:19-28. [PMID: 31857157 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2019.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Revised: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy is a powerful approach for cancer treatment, but its clinical effects rely on the tumor's immune conditions. In particular, low response rates to PD-1 blockades are highly correlated with impaired T cell priming. Here, we demonstrate that E. coli-derived monophosphoryl lipid A (EcML) activates dendritic cells in a toll-like receptor-4 (TLR-4)-dependent manner and increases the sensitivity of cancer cells to anti-PD-1 immunotherapy. EcML is a mixture of 4'-monophosphoryl lipids A (MPLAs) produced directly by an engineered Escherichia coli strain; it has a unique congener composition that differentiates it from the well-established MPLA adjuvants, 3-O-desacyl-4'-monophosphoryl lipid A and glucopyranosyl lipid A. Given that active dendritic cells initiate adaptive immune responses, we investigated the anti-tumor activity of an aqueous formulation of EcML. Upon sensing EcML via TLR-4, dendritic cells matured into powerful antigen-presenting cells that could stimulate naïve T cells. EcML reduced tumor growth in the B16F10 mouse model via dendritic cell activation and potentiated PD-1 blockade therapy in the B16F10-OVA melanoma model. These data identify EcML as a promising TLR-4 agonist that can induce anti-tumor immune responses and potentiate PD-1 blockade therapy against tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youngmin Jeong
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea; Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Gi Beom Kim
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea; Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Yuhyun Ji
- Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea; Department of Life Sciences, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Gi-Jung Kwak
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea; Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Gi-Hoon Nam
- Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeonsun Hong
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea; Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Seohyun Kim
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea; Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinsu An
- Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea; Division of Bio-Medical Science & Technology, KIST School, Korea University of Science and Technology, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Hwa Kim
- Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoosoo Yang
- Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea; Division of Bio-Medical Science & Technology, KIST School, Korea University of Science and Technology, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hak Suk Chung
- Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea; Division of Bio-Medical Science & Technology, KIST School, Korea University of Science and Technology, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea.
| | - In-San Kim
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea; Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea.
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