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Hayman DT, Adisasmito WB, Almuhairi S, Behravesh CB, Bilivogui P, Bukachi SA, Casas N, Becerra NC, Charron DF, Chaudhary A, Ciacci Zanella JR, Cunningham AA, Dar O, Debnath N, Dungu B, Farag E, Gao GF, Khaitsa M, Machalaba C, Mackenzie JS, Markotter W, Mettenleiter TC, Morand S, Smolenskiy V, Zhou L, Koopmans M. Developing One Health surveillance systems. One Health 2023; 17:100617. [PMID: 38024258 PMCID: PMC10665171 DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2023.100617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The health of humans, domestic and wild animals, plants, and the environment are inter-dependent. Global anthropogenic change is a key driver of disease emergence and spread and leads to biodiversity loss and ecosystem function degradation, which are themselves drivers of disease emergence. Pathogen spill-over events and subsequent disease outbreaks, including pandemics, in humans, animals and plants may arise when factors driving disease emergence and spread converge. One Health is an integrated approach that aims to sustainably balance and optimize human, animal and ecosystem health. Conventional disease surveillance has been siloed by sectors, with separate systems addressing the health of humans, domestic animals, cultivated plants, wildlife and the environment. One Health surveillance should include integrated surveillance for known and unknown pathogens, but combined with this more traditional disease-based surveillance, it also must include surveillance of drivers of disease emergence to improve prevention and mitigation of spill-over events. Here, we outline such an approach, including the characteristics and components required to overcome barriers and to optimize an integrated One Health surveillance system.
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Affiliation(s)
- One Health High-Level Expert Panel (OHHLEP)
- Molecular Epidemiology and Public Health Laboratory, Hopkirk Research Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
- University of Indonesia, West Java, Indonesia
- National Emergency Crisis and Disasters Management Authority, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
- Centres for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
- World Health Organization, Guinea Country Office, Conakry, Guinea
- Institute of Anthropology, Gender and African Studies, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
- National Ministry of Health, Autonomous City of Buenos Aires, Argentina
- School of Agricultural Sciences, Universidad de La Salle, Bogotá, Colombia
- Visiting Professor, One Health Institute, University of Guelph, Guelph Ontario, Canada
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Kanpur, India
- Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (Embrapa), Embrapa Swine and Poultry, Santa Catarina, Brazil
- Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, United Kingdom
- Global Operations Division, United Kingdom Health Security Agency, London, United Kingdom
- Global Health Programme, Chatham House, Royal Institute of International Affairs, London, United Kingdom
- Fleming Fund Country Grant to Bangladesh, DAI Global, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- One Health, Bangladesh
- Afrivet B M, Pretoria, South Africa
- Qatar Ministry of Public Health (MOPH), Health Protection & Communicable Diseases Division, Doha, Qatar
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS, United States of America
- EcoHealth Alliance, New York, United States of America
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
- Centre for Viral Zoonoses, Department of Medical Virology, University of Pretoria, South Africa
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Germany
- MIVEGEC, CNRS-IRD-Montpellier, Montpellier University, Montpelier, France
- Faculty of Veterinary Technology, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Russian Federal Service for Surveillance on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Wellbeing, Moscow, Russian Federation
- Erasmus MC, Department of Viroscience, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - David T.S. Hayman
- Molecular Epidemiology and Public Health Laboratory, Hopkirk Research Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | | | - Salama Almuhairi
- National Emergency Crisis and Disasters Management Authority, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | | | - Pépé Bilivogui
- World Health Organization, Guinea Country Office, Conakry, Guinea
| | - Salome A. Bukachi
- Institute of Anthropology, Gender and African Studies, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Natalia Casas
- National Ministry of Health, Autonomous City of Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Dominique F. Charron
- Visiting Professor, One Health Institute, University of Guelph, Guelph Ontario, Canada
| | - Abhishek Chaudhary
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Kanpur, India
| | - Janice R. Ciacci Zanella
- Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (Embrapa), Embrapa Swine and Poultry, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | | | - Osman Dar
- Global Operations Division, United Kingdom Health Security Agency, London, United Kingdom
- Global Health Programme, Chatham House, Royal Institute of International Affairs, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nitish Debnath
- Fleming Fund Country Grant to Bangladesh, DAI Global, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- One Health, Bangladesh
| | | | - Elmoubasher Farag
- Qatar Ministry of Public Health (MOPH), Health Protection & Communicable Diseases Division, Doha, Qatar
| | - George F. Gao
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Margaret Khaitsa
- Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS, United States of America
| | | | - John S. Mackenzie
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Wanda Markotter
- Centre for Viral Zoonoses, Department of Medical Virology, University of Pretoria, South Africa
| | | | - Serge Morand
- MIVEGEC, CNRS-IRD-Montpellier, Montpellier University, Montpelier, France
- Faculty of Veterinary Technology, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Vyacheslav Smolenskiy
- Russian Federal Service for Surveillance on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Wellbeing, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Lei Zhou
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Marion Koopmans
- Erasmus MC, Department of Viroscience, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
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2
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Bokelmann M, Vogel U, Debeljak F, Düx A, Riesle-Sbarbaro S, Lander A, Wahlbrink A, Kromarek N, Neil S, Couacy-Hymann E, Prescott J, Kurth A. Tolerance and Persistence of Ebola Virus in Primary Cells from Mops condylurus, a Potential Ebola Virus Reservoir. Viruses 2021; 13:v13112186. [PMID: 34834992 PMCID: PMC8622823 DOI: 10.3390/v13112186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Although there have been documented Ebola virus disease outbreaks for more than 40 years, the natural reservoir host has not been identified. Recent studies provide evidence that the Angolan free-tailed bat (Mops condylurus), an insectivorous microbat, is a possible ebolavirus reservoir. To investigate the potential role of this bat species in the ecology of ebolaviruses, replication, tolerance, and persistence of Ebola virus (EBOV) were investigated in 10 different primary bat cell isolates from M. condylurus. Varying EBOV replication kinetics corresponded to the expression levels of the integral membrane protein NPC1. All primary cells were highly tolerant to EBOV infection without cytopathic effects. The observed persistent EBOV infection for 150 days in lung primary cells, without resultant selective pressure leading to virus mutation, indicate the intrinsic ability of EBOV to persist in this bat species. These results provide further evidence for this bat species to be a likely reservoir of ebolaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Bokelmann
- Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Robert Koch Institute, 13353 Berlin, Germany; (M.B.); (U.V.); (S.R.-S.); (A.L.); (A.W.); (N.K.); (J.P.)
| | - Uwe Vogel
- Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Robert Koch Institute, 13353 Berlin, Germany; (M.B.); (U.V.); (S.R.-S.); (A.L.); (A.W.); (N.K.); (J.P.)
| | - Franka Debeljak
- Department of Infectious Diseases, King’s College London, London WC2R 2LS, UK; (F.D.); (S.N.)
| | - Ariane Düx
- Epidemiology of Highly Pathogenic Microorganisms, Robert Koch Institute, 13353 Berlin, Germany;
| | - Silke Riesle-Sbarbaro
- Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Robert Koch Institute, 13353 Berlin, Germany; (M.B.); (U.V.); (S.R.-S.); (A.L.); (A.W.); (N.K.); (J.P.)
| | - Angelika Lander
- Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Robert Koch Institute, 13353 Berlin, Germany; (M.B.); (U.V.); (S.R.-S.); (A.L.); (A.W.); (N.K.); (J.P.)
| | - Annette Wahlbrink
- Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Robert Koch Institute, 13353 Berlin, Germany; (M.B.); (U.V.); (S.R.-S.); (A.L.); (A.W.); (N.K.); (J.P.)
| | - Nicole Kromarek
- Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Robert Koch Institute, 13353 Berlin, Germany; (M.B.); (U.V.); (S.R.-S.); (A.L.); (A.W.); (N.K.); (J.P.)
| | - Stuart Neil
- Department of Infectious Diseases, King’s College London, London WC2R 2LS, UK; (F.D.); (S.N.)
| | - Emmanuel Couacy-Hymann
- Laboratoire National d’Appui au Développement Agricole, Bingerville BP 206, Côte d’Ivoire;
| | - Joseph Prescott
- Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Robert Koch Institute, 13353 Berlin, Germany; (M.B.); (U.V.); (S.R.-S.); (A.L.); (A.W.); (N.K.); (J.P.)
| | - Andreas Kurth
- Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Robert Koch Institute, 13353 Berlin, Germany; (M.B.); (U.V.); (S.R.-S.); (A.L.); (A.W.); (N.K.); (J.P.)
- Correspondence:
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3
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Thompson CW, Phelps KL, Allard MW, Cook JA, Dunnum JL, Ferguson AW, Gelang M, Khan FAA, Paul DL, Reeder DM, Simmons NB, Vanhove MPM, Webala PW, Weksler M, Kilpatrick CW. Preserve a Voucher Specimen! The Critical Need for Integrating Natural History Collections in Infectious Disease Studies. mBio 2021; 12:e02698-20. [PMID: 33436435 PMCID: PMC7844540 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02698-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite being nearly 10 months into the COVID-19 (coronavirus disease 2019) pandemic, the definitive animal host for SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2), the causal agent of COVID-19, remains unknown. Unfortunately, similar problems exist for other betacoronaviruses, and no vouchered specimens exist to corroborate host species identification for most of these pathogens. This most basic information is critical to the full understanding and mitigation of emerging zoonotic diseases. To overcome this hurdle, we recommend that host-pathogen researchers adopt vouchering practices and collaborate with natural history collections to permanently archive microbiological samples and host specimens. Vouchered specimens and associated samples provide both repeatability and extension to host-pathogen studies, and using them mobilizes a large workforce (i.e., biodiversity scientists) to assist in pandemic preparedness. We review several well-known examples that successfully integrate host-pathogen research with natural history collections (e.g., yellow fever, hantaviruses, helminths). However, vouchering remains an underutilized practice in such studies. Using an online survey, we assessed vouchering practices used by microbiologists (e.g., bacteriologists, parasitologists, virologists) in host-pathogen research. A much greater number of respondents permanently archive microbiological samples than archive host specimens, and less than half of respondents voucher host specimens from which microbiological samples were lethally collected. To foster collaborations between microbiologists and natural history collections, we provide recommendations for integrating vouchering techniques and archiving of microbiological samples into host-pathogen studies. This integrative approach exemplifies the premise underlying One Health initiatives, providing critical infrastructure for addressing related issues ranging from public health to global climate change and the biodiversity crisis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cody W Thompson
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | | | - Marc W Allard
- Center of Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U. S. Food and Drug Administration, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Joseph A Cook
- Museum of Southwestern Biology, Biology Department, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Jonathan L Dunnum
- Museum of Southwestern Biology, Biology Department, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Adam W Ferguson
- Gantz Family Collections Center, Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Magnus Gelang
- Gothenburg Natural History Museum, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Gothenburg Global Biodiversity Centre, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | - Deborah L Paul
- Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, USA
- Species File Group, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Illinois, USA
| | | | - Nancy B Simmons
- Department of Mammalogy, Division of Vertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, New York, USA
| | - Maarten P M Vanhove
- Hasselt University, Centre for Environmental Sciences, Research Group Zoology: Biodiversity and Toxicology, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Paul W Webala
- Department of Forestry and Wildlife Management, Maasai Mara University, Narok, Kenya
| | - Marcelo Weksler
- Departamento de Vertebrados, Museu Nacional, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Ferguson AW. On the role of (and threat to) natural history museums in mammal conservation: an African small mammal perspective. JOURNAL OF VERTEBRATE BIOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.25225/jvb.20028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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5
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Atherstone C, Diederich S, Pickering B, Smith G, Casey G, Fischer K, Ward MP, Ndoboli D, Weingartl H, Alonso S, Dhand N, Roesel K, Grace D, Mor SM. Investigation of Ebolavirus exposure in pigs presented for slaughter in Uganda. Transbound Emerg Dis 2020; 68:1521-1530. [PMID: 32915496 PMCID: PMC8247040 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In 2008, an outbreak of Reston ebolavirus (RESTV) in pigs in the Philippines expanded our understanding of the host range of ebolaviruses. Subsequent experimental infections with the human‐pathogenic species Zaire ebolavirus (EBOV) confirmed that pigs are susceptible to African species of ebolaviruses. Pig keeping has become an increasingly important livelihood strategy throughout parts of sub‐Saharan Africa, driven by increasing demand for pork. The growth in pig keeping is particularly rapid in Uganda, which has the highest per capita pork consumption in East Africa and a history of sporadic human outbreaks of Ebola virus disease (EVD). Using a systematic sampling protocol, we collected sera from 658 pigs presented for slaughter in Uganda between December 2015 and October 2016. Forty‐six pigs (7%) were seropositive based on ELISA tests at two different institutions. Seropositive pigs had antibodies that bound to Sudan NP (n = 27), Zaire NP (Kikwit; n = 8) or both NPs (n = 11). Sera from 4 of the ELISA‐positive pigs reacted in Western blot (EBOV NP = 1; RESTV NP = 2; both NPs = 2), and one sample had full neutralizing antibody against Sudan ebolavirus (SUDV) in virus neutralization tests. Pigs sampled in June 2016 were significantly more likely to be seropositive than pigs sampled in October 2016 (p = .03). Seropositive pigs were sourced from all regions except Western region. These observed temporal and spatial variations are suggestive of multiple introductions of ebolaviruses into the pig population in Uganda. This is the first report of exposure of pigs in Uganda to ebolaviruses and the first to employ systematic abattoir sampling for ebolavirus surveillance during a non‐outbreak period. Future studies will be necessary to further define the role pigs play (if any) in ebolavirus maintenance and transmission so that potential risks can be mitigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Atherstone
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,International Livestock Research Institute, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Sandra Diederich
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Greifswald -Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Bradley Pickering
- National Center for Foreign Animal Disease, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Greg Smith
- National Center for Foreign Animal Disease, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Graham Casey
- National Center for Foreign Animal Disease, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Kerstin Fischer
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Greifswald -Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Michael P Ward
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Dickson Ndoboli
- Central Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Hana Weingartl
- National Center for Foreign Animal Disease, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Silvia Alonso
- International Livestock Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Navneet Dhand
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Kristina Roesel
- International Livestock Research Institute, Kampala, Uganda.,Institute for Parasitology and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Delia Grace
- International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Siobhan M Mor
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,International Livestock Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.,Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
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6
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Namiki T, Hayakawa S. Possible importance of carcasses for ebolavirus persistence in the ecosystem. Med Hypotheses 2020; 138:109595. [PMID: 32032911 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2020.109595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Revised: 01/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Some outbreaks caused by ebolaviruses have been associated with wildlife mortalities in the past. Here, we discuss the possible roles played by animal carcasses during an ebolavirus outbreak. Corpses of wild animals that died due to ebolavirus infection or other reasons might be eaten by vertebrates and invertebrates, spreading live ebolaviruses to other animals, including humans. To prevent and contain an ebolavirus outbreak, not only potential reservoirs but also all organisms with a high likelihood of virus exposure need to be investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Satoshi Hayakawa
- Nihon University School of Medicine, Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Tokyo, Japan.
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7
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Bokelmann M, Edenborough K, Hetzelt N, Kreher P, Lander A, Nitsche A, Vogel U, Feldmann H, Couacy-Hymann E, Kurth A. Utility of primary cells to examine NPC1 receptor expression in Mops condylurus, a potential Ebola virus reservoir. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0007952. [PMID: 31961874 PMCID: PMC6994141 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Revised: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The significance of the integral membrane protein Niemann-Pick C1 (NPC1) in the ebolavirus entry process has been determined using various cell lines derived from humans, non-human primates and fruit bats. Fruit bats have long been purported as the potential reservoir host for ebolaviruses, however several studies provide evidence that Mops condylurus, an insectivorous microbat, is also an ebolavirus reservoir. NPC1 receptor expression in the context of ebolavirus replication in microbat cells remains unstudied. In order to study Ebola virus (EBOV) cellular entry and replication in M. condylurus, we derived primary and immortalized cell cultures from 12 different organs. The NPC1 receptor expression was characterized by confocal microscopy and flow cytometry comparing the expression levels of M. condylurus primary and immortalized cells, HeLa cells, human embryonic kidney cells and cells from a European microbat species. EBOV replication kinetics was studied for four representative cell cultures using qRT-PCR. The aim was to elucidate the suitability of primary and immortalized cells from different tissues for studying NPC1 receptor expression levels and their potential influence on EBOV replication. The NPC1 receptor expression level in M. condylurus primary cells differed depending on the organ they were derived from and was for most cell types significantly lower than in human cell lines. Immortalized cells showed for most cell types higher expression levels than their corresponding primary cells. Concluding from our infection experiments with EBOV we suggest a potential correlation between NPC1 receptor expression level and virus replication rate in vitro. Although there have been Ebola virus (EBOV) outbreaks for more than 40 years, the animal natural reservoir that maintains this virus in nature has not been identified. Viruses and their respective reservoirs coevolve over millions of years, often without causing diseases in the reservoir itself. Upon entering a new host, infection can have devastating consequences, as in the case of EBOV. To gain entry into cells prior to replication, all ebolaviruses utilize the cellular receptor Niemann-Pick C1 (NPC1). In this study the authors focus their work on the Angolan free-tailed bat (Mops condylurus) as a potential reservoir for EBOV. Cells from various organs of this bat were isolated in culture and tested for the presence of NPC1. Most bat cell types had a lower amount of NPC1 compared to the tested human cells. These bat cells were also less efficiently infected by EBOV, indicating adaptation to EBOV. These results suggest low levels of virus replication in the respective tissues of M. condylurus and might be indicative of a virus-natural reservoir relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Bokelmann
- Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kathryn Edenborough
- Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Nicole Hetzelt
- Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Petra Kreher
- Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Angelika Lander
- Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Nitsche
- Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Uwe Vogel
- Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Heinz Feldmann
- Laboratory of Virology, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, United States of America
| | | | - Andreas Kurth
- Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
- * E-mail:
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8
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Schmidt JP, Maher S, Drake JM, Huang T, Farrell MJ, Han BA. Ecological indicators of mammal exposure to Ebolavirus. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2019; 374:20180337. [PMID: 31401967 PMCID: PMC6711296 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2018.0337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Much of the basic ecology of Ebolavirus remains unresolved despite accumulating disease outbreaks, viral strains and evidence of animal hosts. Because human Ebolavirus epidemics have been linked to contact with wild mammals other than bats, traits shared by species that have been infected by Ebolavirus and their phylogenetic distribution could suggest ecological mechanisms contributing to human Ebolavirus spillovers. We compiled data on Ebolavirus exposure in mammals and corresponding data on life-history traits, movement, and diet, and used boosted regression trees (BRT) to identify predictors of exposure and infection for 119 species (hereafter hosts). Mapping the phylogenetic distribution of presumptive Ebolavirus hosts reveals that they are scattered across several distinct mammal clades, but concentrated among Old World fruit bats, primates and artiodactyls. While sampling effort was the most important predictor, explaining nearly as much of the variation among hosts as traits, BRT models distinguished hosts from all other species with greater than 97% accuracy, and revealed probable Ebolavirus hosts as large-bodied, frugivorous, and with slow life histories. Provisionally, results suggest that some insectivorous bat genera, Old World monkeys and forest antelopes should receive priority in Ebolavirus survey efforts. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Dynamic and integrative approaches to understanding pathogen spillover’.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Paul Schmidt
- Odum School of Ecology and Center for the Ecology of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Sean Maher
- Department of Biology, Missouri State University, 901 S. National Ave, Springfield, MO 65897, USA
| | - John M Drake
- Odum School of Ecology and Center for the Ecology of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Tao Huang
- Cary Institute of Ecosystem Studies, 2801 Sharon Turnpike, Millbrook, NY 12545, USA
| | - Maxwell J Farrell
- Odum School of Ecology and Center for the Ecology of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Barbara A Han
- Cary Institute of Ecosystem Studies, 2801 Sharon Turnpike, Millbrook, NY 12545, USA
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9
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Kuisma E, Olson SH, Cameron KN, Reed PE, Karesh WB, Ondzie AI, Akongo MJ, Kaba SD, Fischer RJ, Seifert SN, Muñoz-Fontela C, Becker-Ziaja B, Escudero-Pérez B, Goma-Nkoua C, Munster VJ, Mombouli JV. Long-term wildlife mortality surveillance in northern Congo: a model for the detection of Ebola virus disease epizootics. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2019; 374:20180339. [PMID: 31401969 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2018.0339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Ebolavirus (EBOV) has caused disease outbreaks taking thousands of lives, costing billions of dollars in control efforts and threatening great ape populations. EBOV ecology is not fully understood but infected wildlife and consumption of animal carcasses have been linked to human outbreaks, especially in the Congo Basin. Partnering with the Congolese Ministry of Health, we conducted wildlife mortality surveillance and educational outreach in the northern Republic of Congo (RoC). Designed for EBOV detection and to alert public health authorities, we established a low-cost wildlife mortality reporting network covering 50 000 km2. Simultaneously, we delivered educational outreach promoting behavioural change to over 6600 people in rural northern RoC. We achieved specimen collection by training project staff on a safe sampling protocol and equipping geographically distributed bases with sampling kits. We established in-country diagnostics for EBOV testing, reducing diagnostic turnaround time to 3 days and demonstrated the absence of EBOV in 58 carcasses. Central Africa remains a high-risk EBOV region, but RoC, home to the largest remaining populations of great apes, has not had an epidemic since 2005. This effort continues to function as an untested early warning system in RoC, where people and great apes have died from past Ebola virus disease outbreaks. This article is part of the theme issue 'Dynamic and integrative approaches to understanding pathogen spillover'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eeva Kuisma
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Wildlife Health Program, 151 Avenue du General de Gaulle, BP14537 Brazzaville, Republic of Congo
| | - Sarah H Olson
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Wildlife Health Program, 2300 Southern Boulevard, Bronx, New York, NY 10460, USA
| | - Kenneth N Cameron
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Wildlife Health Program, 2300 Southern Boulevard, Bronx, New York, NY 10460, USA
| | - Patricia E Reed
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Wildlife Health Program, 2300 Southern Boulevard, Bronx, New York, NY 10460, USA
| | - William B Karesh
- Health and Policy, EcoHealth Alliance, 460 West 34th Street, New York, NY 10001, USA
| | - Alain I Ondzie
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Wildlife Health Program, 151 Avenue du General de Gaulle, BP14537 Brazzaville, Republic of Congo
| | - Marc-Joël Akongo
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Wildlife Health Program, 151 Avenue du General de Gaulle, BP14537 Brazzaville, Republic of Congo
| | - Serge D Kaba
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Wildlife Health Program, 151 Avenue du General de Gaulle, BP14537 Brazzaville, Republic of Congo
| | - Robert J Fischer
- Laboratory of Virology, Virus Ecology Unit, Division of Intramural Research, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, 903s 4th street, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Stephanie N Seifert
- Laboratory of Virology, Virus Ecology Unit, Division of Intramural Research, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, 903s 4th street, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - César Muñoz-Fontela
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine and German Center for Infection Research DZIF, Bernhard Nocht Strasse 74, 20359 Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Beatriz Escudero-Pérez
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine and German Center for Infection Research DZIF, Bernhard Nocht Strasse 74, 20359 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Cynthia Goma-Nkoua
- Service d'Epidémiologie Moléculaire, Laboratoire National de Santé Publique, Avenue du General de Gaulle, BP120 Brazzaville, Republic of Congo
| | - Vincent J Munster
- Laboratory of Virology, Virus Ecology Unit, Division of Intramural Research, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, 903s 4th street, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Jean-Vivien Mombouli
- Service d'Epidémiologie Moléculaire, Laboratoire National de Santé Publique, Avenue du General de Gaulle, BP120 Brazzaville, Republic of Congo
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10
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More S, Bøtner A, Butterworth A, Calistri P, Depner K, Edwards S, Garin-Bastuji B, Good M, Gortázar Schmidt C, Michel V, Miranda MA, Nielsen SS, Raj M, Sihvonen L, Spoolder H, Stegeman JA, Thulke HH, Velarde A, Willeberg P, Winckler C, Baldinelli F, Broglia A, Beltrán Beck B, Kohnle L, Morgado J, Bicout D. Assessment of listing and categorisation of animal diseases within the framework of the Animal Health Law (Regulation (EU) No 2016/429): Ebola virus disease. EFSA J 2017; 15:e04890. [PMID: 32625555 PMCID: PMC7009972 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2017.4890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Ebola virus disease has been assessed according to the criteria of the Animal Health Law (AHL), in particular criteria of Article 7 on disease profile and impacts, Article 5 on the eligibility of Ebola virus disease to be listed, Article 9 for the categorisation of Ebola virus disease according to disease prevention and control rules as in Annex IV and Article 8 on the list of animal species related to Ebola virus disease. The assessment has been performed following a methodology composed of information collection and compilation, expert judgement on each criterion at individual and, if no consensus was reached before, also at collective level. The output is composed of the categorical answer, and for the questions where no consensus was reached, the different supporting views are reported. Details on the methodology used for this assessment are explained in a separate opinion. According to the assessment performed, Ebola virus disease can be considered eligible to be listed for Union intervention as laid down in Article 5(3) of the AHL. The disease would comply with the criteria as in Sections 4 and 5 of Annex IV of the AHL, for the application of the disease prevention and control rules referred to in points (d) and (e) of Article 9(1). The animal species to be listed for Ebola virus disease according to Article 8(3) criteria are some species of non-human primates, pigs and rodents as susceptible species and some species of fruit bats as reservoir, as indicated in the present opinion.
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11
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The nexus between forest fragmentation in Africa and Ebola virus disease outbreaks. Sci Rep 2017; 7:41613. [PMID: 28195145 PMCID: PMC5307336 DOI: 10.1038/srep41613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Tropical forests are undergoing land use change in many regions of the world, including the African continent. Human populations living close to forest margins fragmented and disturbed by deforestation may be particularly exposed to zoonotic infections because of the higher likelihood for humans to be in contact with disease reservoirs. Quantitative analysis of the nexus between deforestation and the emergence of Ebola virus disease (EVD), however, is still missing. Here we use land cover change data in conjunction with EVD outbreak records to investigate the association between recent (2004–2014) outbreaks in West and Central Africa, and patterns of land use change in the region. We show how in these EVD outbreaks the index cases in humans (i.e. spillover from wildlife reservoirs) occurred mostly in hotspots of forest fragmentation.
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12
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Amman BR, Swanepoel R, Nichol ST, Towner JS. Ecology of Filoviruses. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2017; 411:23-61. [PMID: 28710694 DOI: 10.1007/82_2017_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Filoviruses can cause severe and often fatal disease in humans. To date, there have been 47 outbreaks resulting in more than 31,500 cases of human illness and over 13,200 reported deaths. Since their discovery, researchers from many scientific disciplines have worked to better understand the natural history of these deadly viruses. Citing original research wherever possible, this chapter reviews laboratory and field-based studies on filovirus ecology and summarizes efforts to identify where filoviruses persist in nature, how virus is transmitted to other animals and ultimately, what drivers cause spillover to human beings. Furthermore, this chapter discusses concepts on what constitutes a reservoir host and highlights challenges encountered while conducting research on filovirus ecology, particularly field-based investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian R Amman
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd. Ne, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - Robert Swanepoel
- Department of Medical Virology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, PO Box X323, Arcadia, Pretoria, 0007, RSA
| | - Stuart T Nichol
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd. Ne, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jonathan S Towner
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd. Ne, Atlanta, GA, USA. .,Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, 501 D.W. Brooks, Athens, GA, USA.
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13
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One Health proof of concept: Bringing a transdisciplinary approach to surveillance for zoonotic viruses at the human-wild animal interface. Prev Vet Med 2016; 137:112-118. [PMID: 28034593 PMCID: PMC7132382 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2016.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
As the world continues to react and respond inefficiently to emerging infectious diseases, such as Middle Eastern Respiratory Syndrome and the Ebola and Zika viruses, a growing transdisciplinary community has called for a more proactive and holistic approach to prevention and preparedness - One Health. Such an approach presents important opportunities to reduce the impact of disease emergence events and also to mitigate future emergence through improved cross-sectoral coordination. In an attempt to provide proof of concept of the utility of the One Health approach, the US Agency for International Development's PREDICT project consortium designed and implemented a targeted, risk-based surveillance strategy based not on humans as sentinels of disease but on detecting viruses early, at their source, where intervention strategies can be implemented before there is opportunity for spillover and spread in people or food animals. Here, we share One Health approaches used by consortium members to illustrate the potential for successful One Health outcomes that can be achieved through collaborative, transdisciplinary partnerships. PREDICT's collaboration with partners around the world on strengthening local capacity to detect hundreds of viruses in wild animals, coupled with a series of cutting-edge virological and analytical activities, have significantly improved our baseline knowledge on the zoonotic pool of viruses and the risk of exposure to people. Further testament to the success of the project's One Health approach and the work of its team of dedicated One Health professionals are the resulting 90 peer-reviewed, scientific publications in under 5 years that improve our understanding of zoonoses and the factors influencing their emergence. The findings are assisting in global health improvements, including surveillance science, diagnostic technologies, understanding of viral evolution, and ecological driver identification. Through its One Health leadership and multi-disciplinary partnerships, PREDICT has forged new networks of professionals from the human, animal, and environmental health sectors to promote global health, improving our understanding of viral disease spillover from wildlife and implementing strategies for preventing and controlling emerging disease threats.
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Abstract
Emerging zoonoses have had a serious impact on human and animal health in recent decades. More often than not, these disease outbreaks have taken public health by surprise because we have failed to shift the epidemiological curve to the far left and detect zoonoses in animal populations prior to spillover to people. Not only can animals serve as valuable sentinels for emerging zoonoses but also much can be gained by the study of the animals themselves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracey S McNamara
- Tracey S. McNamara is Professor of Pathology in the College of Veterinary Medicine at Western University of Health Sciences in Pomona, California
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15
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Leendertz SAJ, Wich SA, Ancrenaz M, Bergl RA, Gonder MK, Humle T, Leendertz FH. Ebola in great apes - current knowledge, possibilities for vaccination, and implications for conservation and human health. Mamm Rev 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/mam.12082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Siv Aina J. Leendertz
- Great Apes Survival Partnership (GRASP); United Nations Environment Programme; P.O. Box 30552 Nairobi Kenya
- Research Group Epidemiology of Highly Pathogenic Microorganisms; Robert Koch-Institute; Seestrasse 10 13353 Berlin Germany
| | - Serge A. Wich
- Liverpool John Moore's University; 70 Mount Pleasant; Liverpool L3 5UA Merseyside UK
| | - Marc Ancrenaz
- Borneo Futures; Taman Kinanty, Lorong Angsa 12, House 61D 88300 Kota Kinabalu Sabah Malaysia
| | - Richard A. Bergl
- North Carolina Zoo; 4401 Zoo Parkway Asheboro North Carolina USA
| | - Mary K. Gonder
- Department of Biology; Drexel University; 3245 Chestnut Street Philadelphia PA 19104 USA
| | - Tatyana Humle
- Durrell Institute of Conservation and Ecology; School of Anthropology and Conservation; University of Kent; Canterbury CT2 7NR UK
| | - Fabian H. Leendertz
- Research Group Epidemiology of Highly Pathogenic Microorganisms; Robert Koch-Institute; Seestrasse 10 13353 Berlin Germany
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16
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Hassanin A, Nesi N, Marin J, Kadjo B, Pourrut X, Leroy É, Gembu GC, Musaba Akawa P, Ngoagouni C, Nakouné E, Ruedi M, Tshikung D, Pongombo Shongo C, Bonillo C. Comparative phylogeography of African fruit bats (Chiroptera, Pteropodidae) provide new insights into the outbreak of Ebola virus disease in West Africa, 2014–2016. C R Biol 2016; 339:517-528. [DOI: 10.1016/j.crvi.2016.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Revised: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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17
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Dutto M, Bertero M, Petrosillo N, Pombi M, Otranto D. Ebola virus and arthropods: a literature review and entomological consideration on the vector role. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 109:244-247. [PMID: 27714628 DOI: 10.1007/s13149-016-0525-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 09/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Ebola virus is a pathogen responsible for a severe disease that affects humans and several animal species. To date, the natural reservoir of this virus is not known with certainty, although it is believed that fruit bats (Chiroptera: Pteropodidae) play an important role in maintaining the virus in nature. Although information on viral transmission from animals to humans is not clear, the role of arthropods has come under suspicion. In this article, we review the potential role of arthropods in spreading Ebola virus, acting as mechanical or biological vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Dutto
- Former Entomology Consultant Department of Prevention ASL CN1, Cuneo, Via Papò 4, 12039, Verzuolo (CN), Italy.
| | - M Bertero
- Department of Dermatology, General Hospital "S. Croce e Carle", Cuneo, Italy
| | - N Petrosillo
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases "L. Spallanzani", Rome, Italy
| | - M Pombi
- Department Public Health and Infectious Disease, Parasitology unit, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - D Otranto
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
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18
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Konduru K, Shurtleff AC, Bradfute SB, Nakamura S, Bavari S, Kaplan G. Ebolavirus Glycoprotein Fc Fusion Protein Protects Guinea Pigs against Lethal Challenge. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0162446. [PMID: 27622456 PMCID: PMC5021345 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0162446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Accepted: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Ebola virus (EBOV), a member of the Filoviridae that can cause severe hemorrhagic fever in humans and nonhuman primates, poses a significant threat to the public health. Currently, there are no licensed vaccines or therapeutics to prevent and treat EBOV infection. Several vaccines based on the EBOV glycoprotein (GP) are under development, including vectored, virus-like particles, and protein-based subunit vaccines. We previously demonstrated that a subunit vaccine containing the extracellular domain of the Ebola ebolavirus (EBOV) GP fused to the Fc fragment of human IgG1 (EBOVgp-Fc) protected mice against EBOV lethal challenge. Here, we show that the EBOVgp-Fc vaccine formulated with QS-21, alum, or polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid-poly-L-lysine carboxymethylcellulose (poly-ICLC) adjuvants induced strong humoral immune responses in guinea pigs. The vaccinated animals developed anti-GP total antibody titers of approximately 105−106 and neutralizing antibody titers of approximately 103 as assessed by a BSL-2 neutralization assay based on vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) pseudotypes. The poly-ICLC formulated EBOVgp-Fc vaccine protected all the guinea pigs against EBOV lethal challenge performed under BSL-4 conditions whereas the same vaccine formulated with QS-21 or alum only induced partial protection. Vaccination with a mucin-deleted EBOVgp-Fc construct formulated with QS-21 adjuvant did not have a significant effect in anti-GP antibody levels and protection against EBOV lethal challenge compared to the full-length GP construct. The bulk of the humoral response induced by the EBOVgp-Fc vaccine was directed against epitopes outside the EBOV mucin region. Our findings indicate that different adjuvants can eliciting varying levels of protection against lethal EBOV challenge in guinea pigs vaccinated with EBOVgp-Fc, and suggest that levels of total anti-GP antibodies elicit by protein-based GP subunit vaccines do not correlate with protection. Our data further support the development of Fc fusions of GP as a candidate vaccine for human use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishnamurthy Konduru
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Amy C. Shurtleff
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD 21702, United States of America
| | - Steven B. Bradfute
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD 21702, United States of America
| | - Siham Nakamura
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, United States of America
| | - Sina Bavari
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD 21702, United States of America
| | - Gerardo Kaplan
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, United States of America
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19
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Babalola MO. THE STRENGTHS, WEAKNESSES, OPPORTUNITIES, AND THREATS (SWOTs) ANALYSES OF THE EBOLA VIRUS - PAPER RETRACTED. Afr J Infect Dis 2016; 10:69-88. [PMID: 28480441 PMCID: PMC5411992 DOI: 10.21010/ajid.v10i2.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Owing to the extreme virulence and case fatality rate of ebola virus disease (EVD), there had been so much furore, panic and public health emergency about the possible pandemic from the recent West African outbreak of the disease, with attendant handful research, both in the past and most recently. The magnitude of the epidemic of ebola virus disease has prompted global interest and urgency in the discovery of measures to mitigate the impact of the disease. Researchers in the academia and the industry were pressured to only focus on the development of effective and safe ebola virus vaccines, without consideration of the other aspects to this virus, which may influence the success or otherwise of a potential vaccine. The objective of this review was to adopt the SWOT concept to elucidate the biological Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats to Ebola virus as a pathogen, with a view to understanding and devising holistic strategies at combating and overcoming the scourge of EVD. Method: This systematic review and narrative synthesis utilized Medline, PubMed, Google and other databases to select about 150 publications on ebola and ebola virus disease using text word searches to generate the specific terms. Relevant publications were reviewed and compared, findings were synthesized using a narrative method and summarized qualitatively. Results: Some of the identified strengths of ebola virus include: Ebola virus is an RNA virus with inherent capability to mutate, reassort and recombine to generate mutant or reassortant virulent strains; Ebola virus has a broad cellular tropism; Natural Reservoir of ebola virus is unconfirmed but fruit bats, arthropods, and plants are hypothesized; Ebola virus primarily targets and selectively destroys the immune system; Ebola viruses possess accessory proteins that inhibits the host’ immune responses; Secreted glycoprotein (sGP), a truncated soluble protein that triggers immune activation and increased vascular permeability is uniquely associated with Ebola virus only; Ability to effectively cross the species barrier and establish productive infection in humans, non human primates, and other mammals; Ebola virus attacks every part of the human body; The Weaknesses include: Ebola virus transmission and persistence is severely limited by its virulence; Ebola virus essentially requires host encoded protein Niemann–Pick C1 (NPC1) for host’s cell’ entry; Ebola virus essentially requires host encoded proteins (TIM-1) for cell’ entry; Relative abundance of Ebolavirus Nucleoprotein than the other virion components; The Opportunities harnessed by ebola virus include: Lack of infection control practices in African health-care facilities and paucity of health infrastructures, especially in the endemic zones; Permissiveness of circulating Monocytes, Macrophages and dendritic cells in virus mobilization and dissemination; Collection, consumption and trade of wild games (bushmeats); Pertubation and drastic changes in forest ecosystems present opportunities for Ebola virus; Use of dogs in hunting predisposes man and animals to inter-species contact; Poverty, malnutrition, crowding, social disorder, mobility and political instability; Ease of travel and aviation as potentials for global spread; Possible mechanical transmission by arthropod vectors; No vaccines or therapeutics are yet approved for human treatment; The Threats to ebola virus include: Avoidance of direct contact with infected blood and other bodily fluids of infected patient; Appropriate and correct burial practices; Adoption of barrier Nursing; Improved surveillance to prevent potential spread of epidemic; Making Available Rapid laboratory equipment and procedures for prompt detection (ELISA, Western Blot, PCR); Sterilization or disinfection of equipment and safe disposal of instrument; Prompt hospitalization, isolation and quarantine of infected individual; Active contact tracing and monitoring, among others. Conclusion: The identified capacities and gaps presented in this study are inexhaustive framework to combat the ebola virus. To undermine and overcome the virus, focus should be aimed at strategically decreasing the identified strengths and opportunities, while increasing on the weaknesses of, and threats to the virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Oluyemi Babalola
- Epidemiology, Molecular Virology, and Special Pathogens Research, Department of Microbiology, Adekunle Ajasin University, P.M.B. 001, Akungba Akoko, Ondo state, Nigeria
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20
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Leendertz SAJ, Gogarten JF, Düx A, Calvignac-Spencer S, Leendertz FH. Assessing the Evidence Supporting Fruit Bats as the Primary Reservoirs for Ebola Viruses. ECOHEALTH 2016; 13:18-25. [PMID: 26268210 PMCID: PMC7088038 DOI: 10.1007/s10393-015-1053-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2015] [Revised: 06/29/2015] [Accepted: 07/20/2015] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Siv Aina J Leendertz
- Research Group Epidemiology of Highly Pathogenic Microorganisms, Robert Koch-Institute, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Jan F Gogarten
- Research Group Epidemiology of Highly Pathogenic Microorganisms, Robert Koch-Institute, Berlin, Germany
- Primatology Department, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
- Department of Biology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Ariane Düx
- Research Group Epidemiology of Highly Pathogenic Microorganisms, Robert Koch-Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Fabian H Leendertz
- Research Group Epidemiology of Highly Pathogenic Microorganisms, Robert Koch-Institute, Berlin, Germany
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21
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Wood JLN, Cunningham AA, Suu-Ire RD, Jephcott FL, Ntiamoa-Baidu Y. Ebola, Bats and Evidence-Based Policy : Informing Ebola Policy. ECOHEALTH 2016; 13:9-11. [PMID: 26242214 DOI: 10.1007/s10393-015-1050-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2015] [Revised: 06/19/2015] [Accepted: 07/02/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- James L N Wood
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Andrew A Cunningham
- Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Regent's Park, London, NW1 4RY, UK.
| | | | - Freya L Jephcott
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, London, UK
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22
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Jay-Russell M, Doyle MP. Emerging Viral Zoonoses from Wildlife Associated with Animal-Based Food Systems: Risks and Opportunities. FOOD SAFETY RISKS FROM WILDLIFE 2016. [PMCID: PMC7123732 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-24442-6_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Zoonotic viruses of wildlife origin have caused the majority of recent emerging infectious diseases (EIDs) that have had significant impacts on human health or economies. Animal consumption-based food systems, ranging from the harvest of free-ranging wild species (hereafter, wild harvest systems) to the in situ stocking of domestic or farmed wild animals (hereafter, animal production systems), have been implicated in the emergence of many of these viruses, including HIV, Ebola, SARS, and highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI).
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Jay-Russell
- Western Center for Food Safety, University of California, Davis, Davis, California
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23
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Gale P, Simons RRL, Horigan V, Snary EL, Fooks AR, Drew TW. The challenge of using experimental infectivity data in risk assessment for Ebola virus: why ecology may be important. J Appl Microbiol 2015; 120:17-28. [PMID: 26480954 DOI: 10.1111/jam.12973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Revised: 09/18/2015] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Analysis of published data shows that experimental passaging of Zaire ebolavirus (EBOV) in guinea pigs changes the risk of infection per plaque-forming unit (PFU), increasing infectivity to some species while decreasing infectivity to others. Thus, a PFU of monkey-adapted EBOV is 10(7) -fold more lethal to mice than a PFU adapted to guinea pigs. The first conclusion is that the infectivity of EBOV to humans may depend on the identity of the donor species itself and, on the basis of limited epidemiological data, the question is raised as to whether bat-adapted EBOV is less infectious to humans than nonhuman primate (NHP)-adapted EBOV. Wildlife species such as bats, duikers and NHPs are naturally infected by EBOV through different species giving rise to EBOV with different wildlife species-passage histories (heritages). Based on the ecology of these wildlife species, three broad 'types' of EBOV-infected bushmeat are postulated reflecting differences in the number of passages within a given species, and hence the degree of adaptation of the EBOV present. The second conclusion is that the prior species-transmission chain may affect the infectivity to humans per PFU for EBOV from individuals of the same species. This is supported by the finding that the related Marburg marburgvirus requires ten passages in mice to fully adapt. It is even possible that the evolutionary trajectory of EBOV could vary in individuals of the same species giving rise to variants which are more or less virulent to humans and that the probability of a given trajectory is related to the heritage. Overall the ecology of the donor species (e.g. dog or bushmeat species) at the level of the individual animal itself may determine the risk of infection per PFU to humans reflecting the heritage of the virus and may contribute to the sporadic nature of EBOV outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Gale
- Department of Epidemiological Sciences, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Weybridge, UK
| | - R R L Simons
- Department of Epidemiological Sciences, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Weybridge, UK
| | - V Horigan
- Department of Epidemiological Sciences, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Weybridge, UK
| | - E L Snary
- Department of Epidemiological Sciences, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Weybridge, UK
| | - A R Fooks
- Wildlife Zoonoses and Vector-borne Diseases Research Group, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Weybridge, UK.,Department of Clinical Infection, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.,NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - T W Drew
- Department of Virology, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Weybridge, UK
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24
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Han Z, Bart SM, Ruthel G, Vande Burgt NH, Haines KM, Volk SW, Vite CH, Freedman BD, Bates P, Harty RN. Ebola virus mediated infectivity is restricted in canine and feline cells. Vet Microbiol 2015; 182:102-7. [PMID: 26711035 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2015.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Revised: 11/09/2015] [Accepted: 11/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Ebolaviruses and marburgviruses belong to the Filoviridae family and often cause severe, fatal hemorrhagic fever in humans and non-human primates. The magnitude of the 2014 outbreak in West Africa and the unprecedented emergence of Ebola virus disease (EVD) in the United States underscore the urgency to better understand the dynamics of Ebola virus infection, transmission and spread. To date, the susceptibility and possible role of domestic animals and pets in the transmission cycle and spread of EVD remains unclear. We utilized infectious VSV recombinants and lentivirus pseudotypes expressing the EBOV surface glycoprotein (GP) to assess the permissiveness of canine and feline cells to EBOV GP-mediated entry. We observed a general restriction in EBOV-mediated infection of primary canine and feline cells. To address the entry mechanism, we used cells deficient in NPC1, a host protein implicated in EBOV entry, and a pharmacological blockade of cholesterol transport, to show that an NPC1-dependent mechanism of EBOV entry is conserved in canine and feline cells. These data demonstrate that cells of canine and feline origin are susceptible to EBOV GP mediated infection; however, infectivity of these cells is reduced significantly compared to controls. Moreover, these data provide new insights into the mechanism of EBOV GP mediated entry into cells of canine and feline origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziying Han
- Departments of Pathobiology and Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Stephen M Bart
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Gordon Ruthel
- Departments of Pathobiology and Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Nathan H Vande Burgt
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Kathleen M Haines
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Susan W Volk
- Departments of Pathobiology and Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Charles H Vite
- Departments of Pathobiology and Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Bruce D Freedman
- Departments of Pathobiology and Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Paul Bates
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ronald N Harty
- Departments of Pathobiology and Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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25
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Whitmee S, Haines A, Beyrer C, Boltz F, Capon AG, de Souza Dias BF, Ezeh A, Frumkin H, Gong P, Head P, Horton R, Mace GM, Marten R, Myers SS, Nishtar S, Osofsky SA, Pattanayak SK, Pongsiri MJ, Romanelli C, Soucat A, Vega J, Yach D. Safeguarding human health in the Anthropocene epoch: report of The Rockefeller Foundation-Lancet Commission on planetary health. Lancet 2015; 386:1973-2028. [PMID: 26188744 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(15)60901-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1016] [Impact Index Per Article: 112.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Whitmee
- Centre for Biodiversity and Environment Research, University College London, London, UK.
| | - Andy Haines
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Chris Beyrer
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Anthony G Capon
- International Institute for Global Health, United Nations University, Federal Territory of Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | | | - Alex Ezeh
- African Population and Health Research Center, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Howard Frumkin
- School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Peng Gong
- Center for Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Peter Head
- The Ecological Sequestration Trust, London, UK
| | | | - Georgina M Mace
- Centre for Biodiversity and Environment Research, University College London, London, UK
| | - Robert Marten
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK; The Rockefeller Foundation, New York, NY, USA
| | - Samuel S Myers
- Center for the Environment, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA; Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | | | | | - Subhrendu K Pattanayak
- Sanford School of Public Policy and Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | | | | | - Jeanette Vega
- The National Chilean Public Health Insurance Agency, Santiago, Chile
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Abstract
Filoviruses, including Ebola virus, are associated with outbreaks of severe febrile illness with high fatality rates in humans. The 2014 outbreak of Ebola virus in West Africa is by far the largest outbreak in history and the first to spread to highly populated urban areas. The potential for such an epidemic to spread beyond Africa through international travel has raised concern in the world community as well as in American and international health agencies. This article presents background information, personal and public protective strategies, and treatment recommendations for emergency physicians.
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Uchtmann N, Herrmann JA, Hahn EC, Beasley VR. Barriers to, Efforts in, and Optimization of Integrated One Health Surveillance: A Review and Synthesis. ECOHEALTH 2015; 12:368-384. [PMID: 25894955 DOI: 10.1007/s10393-015-1022-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2014] [Revised: 02/16/2015] [Accepted: 03/05/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Insufficient data from existing surveillance systems underlie societal tolerance of acute and slow-onset health disasters that threaten, harm, and kill vast numbers of humans, animals, and plants. Here we describe barriers to integrated "One Health" surveillance, including those related to a lack of medical services, professional divisions, incompatible vocabularies, isolated data sets, and territorial borders. We draw from publications of experts who justify broader and more integrated surveillance, education, and stewardship focused on preventing and mitigating disease emergence and re-emergence. In addition, we highlight efforts from Illinois, the United States and the broader world, pointing to examples of relevant education; ways to acquire, compile, and analyze diagnostic and syndromic data; mapping of diseases of humans and animals; and rapid communication of findings and recommendations. For the future, we propose using needed outcomes for health and sustainability to set priorities for One Health programs of education, surveillance, and stewardship. Professionals and paraprofessionals should gather, interpret, and widely communicate the implications of data, not only on infectious diseases, but also on toxic agents, malnutrition, ecological damage, the grave impacts of warfare, societal drivers underlying these problems, and the effectiveness of specific countermeasures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathaniel Uchtmann
- College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA.
| | - John Arthur Herrmann
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1008 W. Hazelwood Dr., Urbana, IL, 61802, USA.
| | - Edwin C Hahn
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2001 S. Lincoln Avenue, Urbana, IL, 61802, USA.
| | - Val Richard Beasley
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, College of Agricultural Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, 115 Henning Building, University Park, PA, 16802, USA.
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28
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Drivers for occasional spillover event of Ebola virus. EFSA J 2015. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2015.4161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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29
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Ebola virus disease and the veterinary perspective. Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob 2015; 14:30. [PMID: 26018030 PMCID: PMC4450609 DOI: 10.1186/s12941-015-0089-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2015] [Accepted: 05/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Ebola virus disease (EVD) is a potentially fatal haemorrhagic disease of humans. The last and most serious outbreak of Ebola virus (EBOV) started in December 2013 in West Africa and also affected other continents. Animals such as fruit bats and non-human primates are potential sources of EBOV. This review highlights the clinical features of EVD in humans and animals and addresses the public health implications of EVD outbreaks from the veterinary perspective.
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31
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Seimon TA, Olson SH, Lee KJ, Rosen G, Ondzie A, Cameron K, Reed P, Anthony SJ, Joly DO, McAloose D, Lipkin WI. Adenovirus and herpesvirus diversity in free-ranging great apes in the Sangha region of the Republic Of Congo. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0118543. [PMID: 25781992 PMCID: PMC4362762 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0118543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2014] [Accepted: 01/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Infectious diseases have caused die-offs in both free-ranging gorillas and chimpanzees. Understanding pathogen diversity and disease ecology is therefore critical for conserving these endangered animals. To determine viral diversity in free-ranging, non-habituated gorillas and chimpanzees in the Republic of Congo, genetic testing was performed on great-ape fecal samples collected near Odzala-Kokoua National Park. Samples were analyzed to determine ape species, identify individuals in the population, and to test for the presence of herpesviruses, adenoviruses, poxviruses, bocaviruses, flaviviruses, paramyxoviruses, coronaviruses, filoviruses, and simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV). We identified 19 DNA viruses representing two viral families, Herpesviridae and Adenoviridae, of which three herpesviruses had not been previously described. Co-detections of multiple herpesviruses and/or adenoviruses were present in both gorillas and chimpanzees. Cytomegalovirus (CMV) and lymphocryptovirus (LCV) were found primarily in the context of co-association with each other and adenoviruses. Using viral discovery curves for herpesviruses and adenoviruses, the total viral richness in the sample population of gorillas and chimpanzees was estimated to be a minimum of 23 viruses, corresponding to a detection rate of 83%. These findings represent the first description of DNA viral diversity in feces from free-ranging gorillas and chimpanzees in or near the Odzala-Kokoua National Park and form a basis for understanding the types of viruses circulating among great apes in this region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracie A. Seimon
- Zoological Health Program, Wildlife Conservation Society, Bronx, New York, United States of America
- Center for Infection and Immunity, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Sarah H. Olson
- Wildlife Health and Health Policy Program, Wildlife Conservation Society, Bronx, New York, United States of America
- Center for Sustainability and the Global Environment, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Kerry Jo Lee
- Center for Infection and Immunity, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Gail Rosen
- Center for Infection and Immunity, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Alain Ondzie
- Wildlife Health and Health Policy Program, Wildlife Conservation Society, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - Kenneth Cameron
- Wildlife Health and Health Policy Program, Wildlife Conservation Society, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - Patricia Reed
- Wildlife Health and Health Policy Program, Wildlife Conservation Society, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - Simon J. Anthony
- Center for Infection and Immunity, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Damien O. Joly
- Wildlife Health and Health Policy Program, Wildlife Conservation Society, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - Denise McAloose
- Zoological Health Program, Wildlife Conservation Society, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - W. Ian Lipkin
- Center for Infection and Immunity, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
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32
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Bisson IA, Ssebide BJ, Marra PP. Early detection of emerging zoonotic diseases with animal morbidity and mortality monitoring. ECOHEALTH 2015; 12:98-103. [PMID: 25361853 PMCID: PMC7088161 DOI: 10.1007/s10393-014-0988-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2013] [Revised: 02/28/2014] [Accepted: 10/12/2014] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Diseases transmitted between animals and people have made up more than 50% of emerging infectious diseases in humans over the last 60 years and have continued to arise in recent months. Yet, public health and animal disease surveillance programs continue to operate independently. Here, we assessed whether recent emerging zoonotic pathogens (n = 143) are known to cause morbidity or mortality in their animal host and if so, whether they were first detected with an animal morbidity/mortality event. We show that although sick or dead animals are often associated with these pathogens (52%), only 9% were first detected from an animal morbidity or mortality event prior to or concurrent with signs of illness in humans. We propose that an animal morbidity and mortality reporting program will improve detection and should be an essential component of early warning systems for zoonotic diseases. With the use of widespread low-cost technology, such a program could engage both the public and professionals and be easily tested and further incorporated as part of surveillance efforts by public health officials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle-Anne Bisson
- Migratory Bird Center, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, National Zoological Park, PO Box 37012, MRC 5503, Washington, DC, 20013-7012, USA,
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Capps B, Lederman Z. One Health, Vaccines and Ebola: The Opportunities for Shared Benefits. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL & ENVIRONMENTAL ETHICS 2015; 28:1011-1032. [PMID: 32214867 PMCID: PMC7088325 DOI: 10.1007/s10806-015-9574-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The 2013 Ebola virus outbreak in West Africa, as of writing, is declining in reported human cases and mortalities. The resulting devastation caused highlights how health systems, in particular in West Africa, and in terms of global pandemic planning, are ill prepared to react to zoonotic pathogens. In this paper we propose One Health as a strategy to prevent zoonotic outbreaks as a shared goal: that human and Great Ape vaccine trials could benefit both species. Only recently have two phase 2/3 Ebola human vaccine trials been started in West Africa. This paper argues for a conceptual change in pandemic preparedness. We first discuss the ethics of One Health. Next, we focus on the current Ebola outbreak and defines its victims. Third, we present the notion of a 'shared benefit' approach, grounded in One Health, and argue for the vaccination of wild apes in order to protect both apes and humans. We believe that a creation of such inter-species immunity is an exemplar of One Health, and that it is worth pursuing as a coextensive public health approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Capps
- Department of Bioethics, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, 5849 University Avenue, Room C-312, CRC Bldg, PO Box 15000, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2 Canada
| | - Zohar Lederman
- Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Centre for Biomedical Ethics, Loo Long Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 21 Lower Kent Ridge Road, Singapore, Singapore
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36
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Chippaux JP. Outbreaks of Ebola virus disease in Africa: the beginnings of a tragic saga. J Venom Anim Toxins Incl Trop Dis 2014; 20:44. [PMID: 25320574 PMCID: PMC4197285 DOI: 10.1186/1678-9199-20-44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2014] [Accepted: 09/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The tremendous outbreak of Ebola virus disease occurring in West Africa since the end of 2013 surprises by its remoteness from previous epidemics and dramatic extent. This review aims to describe the 27 manifestations of Ebola virus that arose after its discovery in 1976. It provides an update on research on the ecology of Ebola viruses, modes of contamination and human transmission of the disease that are mainly linked to close contact with an infected animal or a patient suffering from the disease. The recommendations to contain the epidemic and challenges to achieve it are reminded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Philippe Chippaux
- />UMR 216, Mother and Child Facing Tropical Diseases, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Cotonou, Bénin
- />Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
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37
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Sherwood LJ, Hayhurst A. Ebolavirus nucleoprotein C-termini potently attract single domain antibodies enabling monoclonal affinity reagent sandwich assay (MARSA) formulation. PLoS One 2013; 8:e61232. [PMID: 23577211 PMCID: PMC3618483 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0061232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2012] [Accepted: 03/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antigen detection assays can play an important part in environmental surveillance and diagnostics for emerging threats. We are interested in accelerating assay formulation; targeting the agents themselves to bypass requirements for a priori genome information or surrogates. Previously, using in vitro affinity reagent selection on Marburg virus we rapidly established monoclonal affinity reagent sandwich assay (MARSA) where one recombinant antibody clone was both captor and tracer for polyvalent nucleoprotein (NP). Hypothesizing that the closely related Ebolavirus genus may share the same Achilles' heel, we redirected the scheme to see whether similar assays could be delivered and began to explore their mechanism. METHODS AND FINDINGS In parallel we selected panels of llama single domain antibodies (sdAb) from a semi-synthetic library against Zaire, Sudan, Ivory Coast, and Reston Ebola viruses. Each could perform as both captor and tracer in the same antigen sandwich capture assay thereby forming MARSAs. All sdAb were specific for NP and those tested required the C-terminal domain for recognition. Several clones were cross-reactive, indicating epitope conservation across the Ebolavirus genus. Analysis of two immune shark sdAb revealed they also targeted the C-terminal domain, and could be similarly employed, yet were less sensitive than a comparable llama sdAb despite stemming from immune selections. CONCLUSIONS The C-terminal domain of Ebolavirus NP is a strong attractant for antibodies and enables sensitive sandwich immunoassays to be rapidly generated using a single antibody clone. The polyvalent nature of nucleocapsid borne NP and display of the C-terminal region likely serves as a bountiful affinity sink during selections, and a highly avid target for subsequent immunoassay capture. Combined with the high degree of amino acid conservation through 37 years and across wide geographies, this domain makes an ideal handle for monoclonal affinity reagent driven antigen sandwich assays for the Ebolavirus genus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura J. Sherwood
- Department of Virology and Immunology, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Andrew Hayhurst
- Department of Virology and Immunology, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
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