1
|
Sun G, Wase N, Shu S, Jenkins J, Zhou B, Torres-Rodríguez JV, Chen C, Sandor L, Plott C, Yoshinga Y, Daum C, Qi P, Barry K, Lipzen A, Berry L, Pedersen C, Gottilla T, Foltz A, Yu H, O'Malley R, Zhang C, Devos KM, Sigmon B, Yu B, Obata T, Schmutz J, Schnable JC. Genome of Paspalum vaginatum and the role of trehalose mediated autophagy in increasing maize biomass. Nat Commun 2022; 13:7731. [PMID: 36513676 PMCID: PMC9747981 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-35507-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
A number of crop wild relatives can tolerate extreme stress to a degree outside the range observed in their domesticated relatives. However, it is unclear whether or how the molecular mechanisms employed by these species can be translated to domesticated crops. Paspalum (Paspalum vaginatum) is a self-incompatible and multiply stress-tolerant wild relative of maize and sorghum. Here, we describe the sequencing and pseudomolecule level assembly of a vegetatively propagated accession of P. vaginatum. Phylogenetic analysis based on 6,151 single-copy syntenic orthologues conserved in 6 related grass species places paspalum as an outgroup of the maize-sorghum clade. In parallel metabolic experiments, paspalum, but neither maize nor sorghum, exhibits a significant increase in trehalose when grown under nutrient-deficit conditions. Inducing trehalose accumulation in maize, imitating the metabolic phenotype of paspalum, results in autophagy dependent increases in biomass accumulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guangchao Sun
- Quantitative Life Sciences Initiative, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA
- Center for Plant Science Innovation, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA
- Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA
| | - Nishikant Wase
- Center for Plant Science Innovation, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA
- Biomolecular Analysis Facility. School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22903, USA
| | - Shengqiang Shu
- Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Lawrence, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Jerry Jenkins
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL, 35806, USA
| | - Bangjun Zhou
- Center for Plant Science Innovation, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA
| | - J Vladimir Torres-Rodríguez
- Quantitative Life Sciences Initiative, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA
- Center for Plant Science Innovation, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA
- Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA
| | - Cindy Chen
- Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Lawrence, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Laura Sandor
- Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Lawrence, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Chris Plott
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL, 35806, USA
| | - Yuko Yoshinga
- Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Lawrence, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Christopher Daum
- Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Lawrence, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Peng Qi
- Institute of Plant Breeding, Genetics and Genomics, Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Kerrie Barry
- Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Lawrence, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Anna Lipzen
- Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Lawrence, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Luke Berry
- Center for Plant Science Innovation, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA
| | - Connor Pedersen
- Center for Plant Science Innovation, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA
| | - Thomas Gottilla
- Institute of Plant Breeding, Genetics and Genomics, Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Ashley Foltz
- Quantitative Life Sciences Initiative, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA
- Center for Plant Science Innovation, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA
- Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA
| | - Huihui Yu
- Center for Plant Science Innovation, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA
| | - Ronan O'Malley
- Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Lawrence, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Chi Zhang
- Center for Plant Science Innovation, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA
| | - Katrien M Devos
- Institute of Plant Breeding, Genetics and Genomics, Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Brandi Sigmon
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA
| | - Bin Yu
- Center for Plant Science Innovation, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA
| | - Toshihiro Obata
- Center for Plant Science Innovation, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA
| | - Jeremy Schmutz
- Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Lawrence, CA, 94720, USA.
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL, 35806, USA.
| | - James C Schnable
- Quantitative Life Sciences Initiative, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA.
- Center for Plant Science Innovation, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA.
- Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Woon JS, Atkinson D, Adu-Bredu S, Eggleton P, Parr CL. Termites have wider thermal limits to cope with environmental conditions in savannas. J Anim Ecol 2022; 91:766-779. [PMID: 35157309 PMCID: PMC9307009 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.13673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The most diverse and abundant family of termites, the Termitidae, evolved in African tropical forests. They have since colonised grassy biomes such as savannas. These open environments have more extreme conditions than tropical forests, notably wider extremes of temperature and lower precipitation levels and greater temporal fluctuations (of both annual and diurnal variation). These conditions are challenging for soft‐bodied ectotherms, such as termites, to survive in, let alone become as ecologically dominant as termites have. Here, we quantified termite thermal limits to test the hypothesis that these physiological limits are wider in savanna termite species to facilitate their existence in savanna environments. We sampled termites directly from mound structures, across an environmental gradient in Ghana, ranging from wet tropical forest through to savanna. At each location, we quantified both the Critical Thermal Maxima (CTmax) and the Critical Thermal Minima (CTmin) of all the most abundant mound‐building Termitidae species in the study areas. We modelled the thermal limits in two separate mixed‐effects models against canopy cover at the mound, temperature and rainfall, as fixed effects, with sampling location as a random intercept. For both CTmax and CTmin, savanna species had significantly more extreme thermal limits than forest species. Between and within environments, areas with higher amounts of canopy cover were significantly associated with lower CTmax values of the termite colonies. CTmin was significantly positively correlated with rainfall. Temperature was retained in both models; however, it did not have a significant relationship in either. Sampling location explained a large proportion of the residual variation, suggesting there are other environmental factors that could influence termite thermal limits. Our results suggest that savanna termite species have wider thermal limits than forest species. These physiological differences, in conjunction with other behavioural adaptations, are likely to have enabled termites to cope with the more extreme environmental conditions found in savanna environments and facilitated their expansion into open tropical environments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joel S Woon
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.,Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, London, UK
| | - David Atkinson
- Department of Evolution, Ecology and Behaviour, University of Liverpool, UK
| | - Stephen Adu-Bredu
- CSIR-Forestry Research Institute of Ghana, Kumasi, Ghana.,Department of Natural Resources Management, CSIR College of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Paul Eggleton
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, London, UK
| | - Catherine L Parr
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.,Department of Zoology & Entomology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.,School of Animal, Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of the Witswatersrand, Wits, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Vermeij GJ. Are saltmarshes younger than mangrove swamps? Ecol Evol 2022; 12:e8481. [PMID: 35127018 PMCID: PMC8794753 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.8481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Temperate saltmarshes and tropical mangrove swamps (mangals) are marine-influenced, productive ecosystems that enhance nutrient transfers between land and sea and facilitate colonization of lineages between terrestrial and marine habitats. Mangals have existed since the late Cretaceous, but the time of origin of saltmarshes is less clear. On the basis of phylogenetic and fossil evidence for plants and molluscs specialized to these ecosystems, I propose that saltmarsh vegetation of angiosperms began during the latest Eocene to Early Oligocene (35-30 Ma), at least 34 m.y. after the origin of mangals. The plants that colonized saltmarshes then and later have mainly temperate origins, contrasting with the tropical-forest origins of mangroves. Unlike the plants, the few saltmarsh-specialized molluscs are derived from tropical lineages and reflect recent colonizations. The development of saltmarshes during the Neogene enhanced near shore productivity along temperate and Arctic coastlines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Geerat J. Vermeij
- Department of Earth and Planetary SciencesUniversity of California‐DavisCaliforniaUSA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Couvreur TL, Dauby G, Blach‐Overgaard A, Deblauwe V, Dessein S, Droissart V, Hardy OJ, Harris DJ, Janssens SB, Ley AC, Mackinder BA, Sonké B, Sosef MS, Stévart T, Svenning J, Wieringa JJ, Faye A, Missoup AD, Tolley KA, Nicolas V, Ntie S, Fluteau F, Robin C, Guillocheau F, Barboni D, Sepulchre P. Tectonics, climate and the diversification of the tropical African terrestrial flora and fauna. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2021; 96:16-51. [PMID: 32924323 PMCID: PMC7821006 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Tropical Africa is home to an astonishing biodiversity occurring in a variety of ecosystems. Past climatic change and geological events have impacted the evolution and diversification of this biodiversity. During the last two decades, around 90 dated molecular phylogenies of different clades across animals and plants have been published leading to an increased understanding of the diversification and speciation processes generating tropical African biodiversity. In parallel, extended geological and palaeoclimatic records together with detailed numerical simulations have refined our understanding of past geological and climatic changes in Africa. To date, these important advances have not been reviewed within a common framework. Here, we critically review and synthesize African climate, tectonics and terrestrial biodiversity evolution throughout the Cenozoic to the mid-Pleistocene, drawing on recent advances in Earth and life sciences. We first review six major geo-climatic periods defining tropical African biodiversity diversification by synthesizing 89 dated molecular phylogeny studies. Two major geo-climatic factors impacting the diversification of the sub-Saharan biota are highlighted. First, Africa underwent numerous climatic fluctuations at ancient and more recent timescales, with tectonic, greenhouse gas, and orbital forcing stimulating diversification. Second, increased aridification since the Late Eocene led to important extinction events, but also provided unique diversification opportunities shaping the current tropical African biodiversity landscape. We then review diversification studies of tropical terrestrial animal and plant clades and discuss three major models of speciation: (i) geographic speciation via vicariance (allopatry); (ii) ecological speciation impacted by climate and geological changes, and (iii) genomic speciation via genome duplication. Geographic speciation has been the most widely documented to date and is a common speciation model across tropical Africa. We conclude with four important challenges faced by tropical African biodiversity research: (i) to increase knowledge by gathering basic and fundamental biodiversity information; (ii) to improve modelling of African geophysical evolution throughout the Cenozoic via better constraints and downscaling approaches; (iii) to increase the precision of phylogenetic reconstruction and molecular dating of tropical African clades by using next generation sequencing approaches together with better fossil calibrations; (iv) finally, as done here, to integrate data better from Earth and life sciences by focusing on the interdisciplinary study of the evolution of tropical African biodiversity in a wider geodiversity context.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Gilles Dauby
- AMAP Lab, IRD, CIRAD, CNRS, INRAUniversity of MontpellierMontpellierFrance
- Laboratoire d'évolution Biologique et Ecologie, Faculté des SciencesUniversité Libre de BruxellesCP160/12, Avenue F.D. Roosevelt 50Brussels1050Belgium
| | - Anne Blach‐Overgaard
- Section for Ecoinformatics & Biodiversity, Department of BiologyAarhus UniversityNy Munkegade 114Aarhus CDK‐8000Denmark
- Center for Biodiversity Dynamics in a Changing World (BIOCHANGE), Department of BiologyAarhus UniversityNy Munkegade 114Aarhus CDK‐8000Denmark
| | - Vincent Deblauwe
- Center for Tropical Research (CTR), Institute of the Environment and SustainabilityUniversity of California, Los Angeles (UCLA)Los AngelesCA90095U.S.A.
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA)YaoundéCameroon
| | | | - Vincent Droissart
- AMAP Lab, IRD, CIRAD, CNRS, INRAUniversity of MontpellierMontpellierFrance
- Laboratoire de Botanique Systématique et d'Écologie, École Normale SupérieureUniversité de Yaoundé IPO Box 047YaoundéCameroon
- Herbarium et Bibliothèque de Botanique AfricaineUniversité Libre de BruxellesBoulevard du TriompheBrusselsB‐1050Belgium
- Africa & Madagascar DepartmentMissouri Botanical GardenSt. LouisMOU.S.A.
| | - Oliver J. Hardy
- Laboratoire d'évolution Biologique et Ecologie, Faculté des SciencesUniversité Libre de BruxellesCP160/12, Avenue F.D. Roosevelt 50Brussels1050Belgium
| | - David J. Harris
- Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh20A Inverleith RowEdinburghU.K.
| | | | - Alexandra C. Ley
- Institut für Geobotanik und Botanischer GartenUniversity Halle‐WittenbergNeuwerk 21Halle06108Germany
| | | | - Bonaventure Sonké
- Laboratoire de Botanique Systématique et d'Écologie, École Normale SupérieureUniversité de Yaoundé IPO Box 047YaoundéCameroon
| | | | - Tariq Stévart
- Herbarium et Bibliothèque de Botanique AfricaineUniversité Libre de BruxellesBoulevard du TriompheBrusselsB‐1050Belgium
- Africa & Madagascar DepartmentMissouri Botanical GardenSt. LouisMOU.S.A.
| | - Jens‐Christian Svenning
- Section for Ecoinformatics & Biodiversity, Department of BiologyAarhus UniversityNy Munkegade 114Aarhus CDK‐8000Denmark
- Center for Biodiversity Dynamics in a Changing World (BIOCHANGE), Department of BiologyAarhus UniversityNy Munkegade 114Aarhus CDK‐8000Denmark
| | - Jan J. Wieringa
- Naturalis Biodiversity CenterDarwinweg 2Leiden2333 CRThe Netherlands
| | - Adama Faye
- Laboratoire National de Recherches sur les Productions Végétales (LNRPV)Institut Sénégalais de Recherches Agricoles (ISRA)Route des Hydrocarbures, Bel Air BP 1386‐ CP18524DakarSenegal
| | - Alain D. Missoup
- Zoology Unit, Laboratory of Biology and Physiology of Animal Organisms, Faculty of ScienceUniversity of DoualaPO Box 24157DoualaCameroon
| | - Krystal A. Tolley
- South African National Biodiversity InstituteKirstenbosch Research CentrePrivate Bag X7, ClaremontCape Town7735South Africa
- School of Animal, Plant and Environmental SciencesUniversity of the WitwatersrandPrivate Bag 3Wits2050South Africa
| | - Violaine Nicolas
- Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, EPHEUniversité des AntillesCP51, 57 rue CuvierParis75005France
| | - Stéphan Ntie
- Département de Biologie, Faculté des SciencesUniversité des Sciences et Techniques de MasukuFrancevilleBP 941Gabon
| | - Frédiéric Fluteau
- Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris, CNRSUniversité de ParisParisF‐75005France
| | - Cécile Robin
- CNRS, Géosciences Rennes, UMR6118University of RennesRennes35042France
| | | | - Doris Barboni
- CEREGE, Aix‐Marseille University, CNRS, IRD, Collège de France, INRA, Technopole Arbois MéditerranéeBP80Aix‐en‐Provence cedex413545France
| | - Pierre Sepulchre
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, LSCE/IPSL, CEA‐CNRS‐UVSQUniversité Paris‐SaclayGif‐sur‐YvetteF‐91191France
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
The causes and effects of indigenous C 4 grass expansion into a hyper-diverse fynbos shrubland. Oecologia 2021; 195:421-433. [PMID: 33464386 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-020-04842-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/19/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The cool season rainfall at our study site should favour C3 rather than C4 grasses. There are, however, several locations where C4 grasses have become dominant, suggesting that rainfall seasonality is not a constraint on distribution. Here, we explored the limitations on C4 grass distribution in a fynbos shrubland. Using δ13C values of SOM, we determined when these grasses had established. We also looked at the role of roads as conduits for establishment and asked what impact these grasses may have on fynbos species richness. We then conducted a field experiment designed to examine the extent to which soil moisture, nutrient availability, and competition with fynbos for resources influence the establishment and growth of the grasses. Finally using aerial photography, we explored the role of changes in land use on distribution. Our results showed that the establishment is recent, that roads may be acting as conduits, and that with establishment, there is a reduction in fynbos species richness and diversity. Disturbance and removing below-ground competition for resources open the system to establishment in wetter areas. This study is the first to look at the potential for C4 grasses expanding into cool season rainfall shrublands such as in Western Australia and South Africa. What is interesting about these results is that C4 grasses can establish and dominate in a cool season rainfall regime. Rather than temperature of the growing season, it is competition for resources from fynbos that prevents these grasses from encroaching.
Collapse
|
6
|
Pausas JG, Paula S. Grasses and fire: the importance of hiding buds: A response to Moore et al. () 'Effects of drought and fire on resprouting capacity of 52 temperate Australian perennial native grasses'. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 226:957-959. [PMID: 31325380 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Juli G Pausas
- CIDE-CSIC, Carretera CV-315, Km 10.7, Montcada, Valencia, 46113, Spain
| | - Susana Paula
- ICAEV, Universidad Austral de Chile, Campus Isla Teja, Casilla 567, Valdivia, Chile
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Letsch H, Gottsberger B, Metzl C, Astrin J, Friedman ALL, McKenna DD, Fiedler K. Climate and host-plant associations shaped the evolution of ceutorhynch weevils throughout the Cenozoic. Evolution 2018; 72:1815-1828. [PMID: 30040114 PMCID: PMC6175111 DOI: 10.1111/evo.13520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Revised: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Using molecular phylogenetic data and methods we inferred divergence times and diversification patterns for the weevil subfamily Ceutorhynchinae in the context of host‐plant associations and global climate over evolutionary time. We detected four major diversification shifts that correlate with both host shifts and major climate events. Ceutorhynchinae experienced an increase in diversification rate at ∼53 Ma, during the Early Eocene Climate Optimum, coincident with a host shift to Lamiaceae. A second major diversification phase occurred at the end of the Eocene (∼34 Ma). This contrasts with the overall deterioration in climate equability at the Eocene‐Oligocene boundary, but tracks the diversification of important host plant clades in temperate (higher) latitudes, leading to increased diversification rates in the weevil clades infesting temperate hosts. A third major phase of diversification is correlated with the rising temperatures of the Late Oligocene Warming Event (∼26.5 Ma); diversification rates then declined shortly after the Middle Miocene Climate Transition (∼14.9 Ma). Our results indicate that biotic and abiotic factors together explain the evolution of Ceutorhynchinae better than each of these drivers viewed in isolation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Harald Letsch
- Department für Botanik und Biodiversitätsforschung, Universität Wien, Rennweg 14, 1030, Vienna, Austria
| | - Brigitte Gottsberger
- Department für Botanik und Biodiversitätsforschung, Universität Wien, Rennweg 14, 1030, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christian Metzl
- Department für Botanik und Biodiversitätsforschung, Universität Wien, Rennweg 14, 1030, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jonas Astrin
- Zoologisches Forschungsmuseum Alexander Koenig, Adenauerallee 160, 53113, Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Duane D McKenna
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Memphis, Memphis, Tennessee, 38152
| | - Konrad Fiedler
- Department für Botanik und Biodiversitätsforschung, Universität Wien, Rennweg 14, 1030, Vienna, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Dai X, Long C, Xu J, Guo Q, Zhang W, Zhang Z, Bater. Are dominant plant species more susceptible to leaf-mining insects? A case study at Saihanwula Nature Reserve, China. Ecol Evol 2018; 8:7633-7648. [PMID: 30151177 PMCID: PMC6106163 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.4284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Revised: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Dominant species significantly affect interspecific relationships, community structure, and ecosystem function. In the field, dominant species are often identified by their high importance values. Selective foraging on dominant species is a common phenomenon in ecology. Our hypothesis is that dominant plant groups with high importance values are more susceptible to leaf-mining insects at the regional level. Here, we used the Saihanwula National Nature Reserve as a case study to examine the presence-absence patterns of leaf-mining insects on different plants in a forest-grassland ecotone in Northeast China. We identified the following patterns: (1) After phylogenetic correction, plants with high importance values are more likely to host leafminers at the species, genus, or family level. (2) Other factors including phylogenetic isolation, life form, water ecotype, and phytogeographical type of plants have different influences on the relationship between plant dominance and leafminer presence. In summary, the importance value is a valid predictor of the presence of consumers, even when we consider the effects of plant phylogeny and other plant attributes. Dominant plant groups are large and susceptible targets of leaf-mining insects. The consistent leaf-mining distribution pattern across different countries, vegetation types, and plant taxa can be explained by the "species-area relationship" or the "plant apparency hypothesis."
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohua Dai
- Leafminer GroupSchool of Life and Environmental SciencesGannan Normal UniversityGanzhouChina
- National Navel Orange Engineering Research CenterGanzhouChina
| | - Chengpeng Long
- Leafminer GroupSchool of Life and Environmental SciencesGannan Normal UniversityGanzhouChina
| | - Jiasheng Xu
- Leafminer GroupSchool of Life and Environmental SciencesGannan Normal UniversityGanzhouChina
| | - Qingyun Guo
- Leafminer GroupSchool of Life and Environmental SciencesGannan Normal UniversityGanzhouChina
| | - Wei Zhang
- Leafminer GroupSchool of Life and Environmental SciencesGannan Normal UniversityGanzhouChina
| | - Zhihong Zhang
- Leafminer GroupSchool of Life and Environmental SciencesGannan Normal UniversityGanzhouChina
| | - Bater
- Saihanwula National Nature Reserve AdministrationDabanChina
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Di Vincenzo V, Gruenstaeudl M, Nauheimer L, Wondafrash M, Kamau P, Demissew S, Borsch T. Evolutionary diversification of the African achyranthoid clade (Amaranthaceae) in the context of sterile flower evolution and epizoochory. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2018; 122:69-85. [PMID: 29688271 PMCID: PMC6025207 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcy055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Background and Aims Many African genera of the Amaranthaceae exhibit unique inflorescences that include sterile flowers modified to hooks or spines. Considering that the abundance of large terrestrial herbivores increased on the African continent with the expansion of grassland and savannah ecosystems, modified sterile flowers could have been an innovation that boosted the diversification of an African achyranthoid clade of Amaranthaceae, with large animals serving dispersal. Methods We generated an extensively sampled phylogeny comprising 26 of the 31 achyranthoid genera as well as representatives of all other lineages of Amaranthaceae. Phylogenetic tree inference employed four genomic regions, using parsimony, likelihood and Bayesian inference methods. We estimated divergence times, evaluated trait-dependant changes and species diversification rates using state-dependent speciation and extinction models, and reconstructed ancestral character states for modified sterile flowers. Key Results The achyranthoids were found to be a major clade of the Amaranthaceae, comprising mostly African members. Phylogenetic relationships within this clade were well resolved and supported two main subclades. Several genera were found to be polyphyletic. Our results indicate that the achyranthoids started to diversify ~28 million years ago, and that modified sterile flowers evolved multiple times. An asymmetry in transition rates towards the gain of sterile flowers was observed, whereas no trait-dependent increase in species diversification rates was detected. Bayesian rate heterogeneity analyses indicated that the achyranthoids diversified without significant rate shifts. Conclusions The accumulation of modified sterile flowers within achyranthoids appears to result from the higher transition rates in favour of modified sterile flowers. Multiple gains suggest an adaptive value for this trait. However, epizoochory does not appear to fuel species diversification, possibly due to extensive gene flow through regularly migrating mammals, which limits the possibility of speciation by isolation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Di Vincenzo
- Institut für Biologie-Botanik, Freie Universität Berlin, Altensteinstrasse, Berlin, Germany
- Botanischer Garten und Botanisches Museum Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Gruenstaeudl
- Institut für Biologie-Botanik, Freie Universität Berlin, Altensteinstrasse, Berlin, Germany
| | - Lars Nauheimer
- Institut für Biologie-Botanik, Freie Universität Berlin, Altensteinstrasse, Berlin, Germany
- Australian Tropical Herbarium, Cairns, Australia
| | - Melaku Wondafrash
- National Herbarium, Department of Plant Biology and Biodiversity Management, Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia
| | - Peris Kamau
- Botany Department, National Museums of Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Sebsebe Demissew
- National Herbarium, Department of Plant Biology and Biodiversity Management, Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia
| | - Thomas Borsch
- Institut für Biologie-Botanik, Freie Universität Berlin, Altensteinstrasse, Berlin, Germany
- Botanischer Garten und Botanisches Museum Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Some like it hot: the physiological ecology of C 4 plant evolution. Oecologia 2018; 187:941-966. [PMID: 29955992 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-018-4191-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The evolution of C4 photosynthesis requires an intermediate phase where photorespiratory glycine produced in the mesophyll cells must flow to the vascular sheath cells for metabolism by glycine decarboxylase. This glycine flux concentrates photorespired CO2 within the sheath cells, allowing it to be efficiently refixed by sheath Rubisco. A modest C4 biochemical cycle is then upregulated, possibly to support the refixation of photorespired ammonia in sheath cells, with subsequent increases in C4 metabolism providing incremental benefits until an optimized C4 pathway is established. 'Why' C4 photosynthesis evolved is largely explained by ancestral C3 species exploiting photorespiratory CO2 to improve carbon gain and thus enhance fitness. While photorespiration depresses C3 performance, it produces a resource (photorespired CO2) that can be exploited to build an evolutionary bridge to C4 photosynthesis. 'Where' C4 evolved is indicated by the habitat of species branching near C3-to-C4 transitions on phylogenetic trees. Consistent with the photorespiratory bridge hypothesis, transitional species show that the large majority of > 60 C4 lineages arose in hot, dry, and/or saline regions where photorespiratory potential is high. 'When' C4 evolved has been clarified by molecular clock analyses using phylogenetic data, coupled with isotopic signatures from fossils. Nearly all C4 lineages arose after 25 Ma when atmospheric CO2 levels had fallen to near current values. This reduction in CO2, coupled with persistent high temperature at low-to-mid-latitudes, met a precondition where photorespiration was elevated, thus facilitating the evolutionary selection pressure that led to C4 photosynthesis.
Collapse
|
11
|
Kobiałka M, Michalik A, Szwedo J, Szklarzewicz T. Diversity of symbiotic microbiota in Deltocephalinae leafhoppers (Insecta, Hemiptera, Cicadellidae). ARTHROPOD STRUCTURE & DEVELOPMENT 2018; 47:268-278. [PMID: 29621609 DOI: 10.1016/j.asd.2018.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Revised: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Symbiotic microorganisms associated with thirteen species of the subfamily Deltocephalinae were examined using microscopic and molecular techniques. Athysanus argentarius, Euscelis incisus, Doratura stylata, Arthaldeus pascuellus, Errastunus ocellaris, Jassargus flori, Jassargus pseudocellaris, Psammotettix alienus, Psammotettix confinis, Turrutus socialis and Verdanus abdominalis harbor two types of ancient bacteriome-associated microorganisms: bacteria Sulcia (phylum Bacteroidetes) and bacteria Nasuia (phylum Proteobacteria, class Betaproteobacteria). In Balclutha calamagrostis and Balclutha punctata, the bacterium Nasuia has not been detected. In the bacteriomes of both species of Balclutha examined, only bacteria Sulcia occur, whereas Sodalis-like symbionts (phylum Proteobacteria, class Gammaproteobacteria) are localized in the fat body cells, in close vicinity of the bacteriomes. To our knowledge, this is the first report of the co-existence in Deltocephalinae leafhoppers of the ancient symbiont Sulcia and the more recently acquired Sodalis-like bacterium. The obtained results provide further evidence indicating that Deltocephalinae leafhoppers are characterized by a large diversity of symbiotic systems, which results from symbiont acquisition and replacement. The obtained results are additionally discussed in phylogenetic context.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michał Kobiałka
- Department of Developmental Biology and Morphology of Invertebrates, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 9, 30-387, Kraków, Poland
| | - Anna Michalik
- Department of Developmental Biology and Morphology of Invertebrates, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 9, 30-387, Kraków, Poland
| | - Jacek Szwedo
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology and Parasitology, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Teresa Szklarzewicz
- Department of Developmental Biology and Morphology of Invertebrates, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 9, 30-387, Kraków, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Cowling RM, Gallien L, Richardson DM, Ojeda F. What predicts the richness of seeder and resprouter species in fire-prone Cape fynbos: Rainfall reliability or vegetation density? AUSTRAL ECOL 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/aec.12606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Richard M. Cowling
- African Centre for Coastal Palaeoscience; Nelson Mandela University; PO Box 77000 Port Elizabeth 6032 South Africa
| | - Laure Gallien
- Department of Botany and Zoology; Centre for Invasion Biology; Stellenbosch University; Matieland South Africa
| | - David M. Richardson
- Department of Botany and Zoology; Centre for Invasion Biology; Stellenbosch University; Matieland South Africa
| | - Fernando Ojeda
- Departamento de Biología-IVAGRO; Universidad de Cádiz; Puerto Real Spain
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Linder HP, Lehmann CER, Archibald S, Osborne CP, Richardson DM. Global grass (Poaceae) success underpinned by traits facilitating colonization, persistence and habitat transformation. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2017; 93:1125-1144. [PMID: 29230921 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Revised: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Poaceae (the grasses) is arguably the most successful plant family, in terms of its global occurrence in (almost) all ecosystems with angiosperms, its ecological dominance in many ecosystems, and high species richness. We suggest that the success of grasses is best understood in context of their capacity to colonize, persist, and transform environments (the "Viking syndrome"). This results from combining effective long-distance dispersal, efficacious establishment biology, ecological flexibility, resilience to disturbance and the capacity to modify environments by changing the nature of fire and mammalian herbivory. We identify a diverse set of functional traits linked to dispersal, establishment and competitive abilities. Enhanced long-distance dispersal is determined by anemochory, epizoochory and endozoochory and is facilitated via the spikelet (and especially the awned lemma) which functions as the dispersal unit. Establishment success could be a consequence of the precocious embryo and large starch reserves, which may underpin the extremely short generation times in grasses. Post-establishment genetic bottlenecks may be mitigated by wind pollination and the widespread occurrence of polyploidy, in combination with gametic self-incompatibility. The ecological competitiveness of grasses is corroborated by their dominance across the range of environmental extremes tolerated by angiosperms, facilitated by both C3 and C4 photosynthesis, well-developed frost tolerance in several clades, and a sympodial growth form that enabled the evolution of both annual and long-lived life forms. Finally, absence of investment in wood (except in bamboos), and the presence of persistent buds at or below ground level, provides tolerance of repeated defoliation (whether by fire, frost, drought or herbivores). Biotic modification of environments via feedbacks with herbivory or fire reinforce grass dominance leading to open ecosystems. Grasses can be both palatable and productive, fostering high biomass and diversity of mammalian herbivores. Many grasses have a suite of architectural and functional traits that facilitate frequent fire, including a tufted growth form, and tannin-like substances in leaves which slow decomposition. We mapped these traits over the phylogeny of the Poales, spanning the grasses and their relatives, and demonstrated the accumulation of traits since monocots originated in the mid-Cretaceous. Although the sympodial growth form is a monocot trait, tillering resulting in the tufted growth form most likely evolved within the grasses. Similarly, although an ovary apparently constructed of a single carpel evolved in the most recent grass ancestor, spikelets and the awned lemma dispersal units evolved within the grasses. Frost tolerance and C4 photosynthesis evolved relatively late (late Palaeogene), and the last significant trait to evolve was probably the production of tannins, associated with pyrophytic savannas. This fits palaeobotanical data, suggesting several phases in the grass success story: from a late Cretaceous origin, to occasional tropical grassland patches in the later Palaeogene, to extensive C3 grassy woodlands in the early-middle Miocene, to the dramatic expansion of the tropical C4 grass savannas and grasslands in the Pliocene, and the C3 steppe grasslands during the Pleistocene glacial periods. Modern grasslands depend heavily on strongly seasonal climates, making them sensitive to climate change.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H P Linder
- Department of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, University of Zurich, Zollikerstrasse 107, CH 8008, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Caroline E R Lehmann
- School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3FF, UK.,Centre for African Ecology, School of Animal, Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Private Bag X3, WITS, 2050, South Africa
| | - Sally Archibald
- Centre for African Ecology, School of Animal, Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Private Bag X3, WITS, 2050, South Africa
| | - Colin P Osborne
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN, U.K
| | - David M Richardson
- Centre for Invasion Biology, Department of Botany and Zoology, Stellenbosch University, Matieland, 7602, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Dinh Thi VH, Coriton O, Le Clainche I, Arnaud D, Gordon SP, Linc G, Catalan P, Hasterok R, Vogel JP, Jahier J, Chalhoub B. Recreating Stable Brachypodium hybridum Allotetraploids by Uniting the Divergent Genomes of B. distachyon and B. stacei. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0167171. [PMID: 27936041 PMCID: PMC5147888 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0167171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 11/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Brachypodium hybridum (2n = 30) is a natural allopolyploid with highly divergent sub-genomes derived from two extant diploid species, B. distachyon (2n = 10) and B. stacei (2n = 20) that differ in chromosome evolution and number. We created synthetic B. hybridum allotetraploids by hybridizing various lines of B. distachyon and B. stacei. The initial amphihaploid F1 interspecific hybrids were obtained at low frequencies when B. distachyon was used as the maternal parent (0.15% or 0.245% depending on the line used) and were sterile. No hybrids were obtained from reciprocal crosses or when autotetraploids of the parental species were crossed. Colchicine treatment was used to double the genome of the F1 amphihaploid lines leading to allotetraploids. The genome-doubled F1 plants produced a few S1 (first selfed generation) seeds after self-pollination. S1 plants from one parental combination (Bd3-1×Bsta5) were fertile and gave rise to further generations whereas those of another parental combination (Bd21×ABR114) were sterile, illustrating the importance of the parental lineages crossed. The synthetic allotetraploids were stable and resembled the natural B. hybridum at the phenotypic, cytogenetic and genomic levels. The successful creation of synthetic B. hybridum offers the possibility to study changes in genome structure and regulation at the earliest stages of allopolyploid formation in comparison with the parental species and natural B. hybridum.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vinh Ha Dinh Thi
- Organization and evolution of complex genomes, Institut National de la Recherche agronomique, Université d’Evry Val d’Essonne, Evry, France
| | - Olivier Coriton
- Unité Mixte de Recherches INRA, Agrocampus Rennes—Université Rennes 1, Institut de Génétique, Environnement et Protection des Plantes, Le Rheu, France
| | - Isabelle Le Clainche
- Organization and evolution of complex genomes, Institut National de la Recherche agronomique, Université d’Evry Val d’Essonne, Evry, France
| | - Dominique Arnaud
- Organization and evolution of complex genomes, Institut National de la Recherche agronomique, Université d’Evry Val d’Essonne, Evry, France
| | - Sean P. Gordon
- DOE Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, United States of America
| | - Gabriella Linc
- Agricultural Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences,Martonvásár, Brunszvik u 2, Hungary
| | - Pilar Catalan
- Department of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, High Polytechnic School of Huesca, University of Zaragoza, Huesca, Spain
- Department of Botany, Institute of Biology, Tomsk State University, Tomsk, Russia
| | - Robert Hasterok
- Department of Plant Anatomy and Cytology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia,Katowice, Poland
| | - John P. Vogel
- DOE Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, United States of America
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, United States of America
| | - Joseph Jahier
- Unité Mixte de Recherches INRA, Agrocampus Rennes—Université Rennes 1, Institut de Génétique, Environnement et Protection des Plantes, Le Rheu, France
| | - Boulos Chalhoub
- Organization and evolution of complex genomes, Institut National de la Recherche agronomique, Université d’Evry Val d’Essonne, Evry, France
- Institute of System and Synthetic Biology, Genopole, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université d’Evry Val d’Essonne, Université Paris-Saclay, Evry, France
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Kim D, Lee YI, Hyeong K, Yoo CM. Terrestrial biome distribution in the Late Neogene inferred from a black carbon record in the northeastern equatorial Pacific. Sci Rep 2016; 6:32847. [PMID: 27604853 PMCID: PMC5015089 DOI: 10.1038/srep32847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The appearance and expansion of C4 plants in the Late Cenozoic was a dramatic example of terrestrial ecological change. The fire hypothesis, which suggests fire as a major cause of C4 grassland is gaining support, yet a more detailed relationship between fire and vegetation-type change remains unresolved. We report the content and stable carbon isotope record of black carbon (BC) in a sediment core retrieved from the northeastern equatorial Pacific that covers the past 14.3 million years. The content record of BC suggests the development process of a flammable ecosystem. The stable carbon isotope record of BC reveals the existence of the Late Miocene C4 expansion, the ‘C4 maximum period of burned biomass’ during the Pliocene to Early Pleistocene, and the collapse of the C4 in the Late Pleistocene. Records showing the initial expansion of C4 plants after large fire support the role of fire as a destructive agent of C3-dominated forest, yet the weak relationships between fire and vegetation after initial expansion suggest that environmental advantages for C4 plants were necessary to maintain the development of C4 plants during the late Neogene. Among the various environmental factors, aridity is likely most influential in C4 expansion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Donghyun Kim
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Yong Il Lee
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Kiseong Hyeong
- Deep-sea and Seabed Resources Research Division, Korea Institute of Ocean Science &Technology, Ansan, 15629, Korea
| | - Chan Min Yoo
- Deep-sea and Seabed Resources Research Division, Korea Institute of Ocean Science &Technology, Ansan, 15629, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Collins O, Duffy K. Consumption threshold used to investigate stability and ecological dominance in consumer-resource dynamics. Ecol Modell 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2015.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
|
17
|
Williams KM, Liu P, Fay JC. Evolution of ecological dominance of yeast species in high-sugar environments. Evolution 2015; 69:2079-93. [PMID: 26087012 PMCID: PMC4751874 DOI: 10.1111/evo.12707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Accepted: 06/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
In budding yeasts, fermentation in the presence of oxygen evolved around the time of a whole genome duplication (WGD) and is thought to confer dominance in high-sugar environments because ethanol is toxic to many species. Although there are many fermentative yeast species, only Saccharomyces cerevisiae consistently dominates wine fermentations. In this study, we use coculture experiments and intrinsic growth rate assays to examine the relative fitness of non-WGD and WGD yeast species across environments to assess when S. cerevisiae's ability to dominate high-sugar environments arose. We show that S. cerevisiae dominates nearly all other non-WGD and WGD species except for its sibling species S. paradoxus in both grape juice and a high-sugar rich medium. Of the species we tested, S. cerevisiae and S. paradoxus have evolved the highest ethanol tolerance and intrinsic growth rate in grape juice. However, the ability of S. cerevisiae and S. paradoxus to dominate certain species depends on the temperature and the type of high-sugar environment. Our results indicate that dominance of high-sugar environments evolved much more recently than the WGD, most likely just prior to or during the differentiation of Saccharomyces species, and that evolution of multiple traits contributes to S. cerevisiae's ability to dominate wine fermentations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn M Williams
- Evolution, Ecology and Population Biology Program, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri.
| | - Ping Liu
- Department of Genetics, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Justin C Fay
- Department of Genetics, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri
- Center for Genome Sciences and Systems Biology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Horn JW, Xi Z, Riina R, Peirson JA, Yang Y, Dorsey BL, Berry PE, Davis CC, Wurdack KJ. Evolutionary bursts inEuphorbia(Euphorbiaceae) are linked with photosynthetic pathway. Evolution 2014; 68:3485-504. [DOI: 10.1111/evo.12534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2013] [Accepted: 09/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- James W. Horn
- Department of Botany; Smithsonian Institution; NMNH MRC-166, P.O. Box 37012 Washington DC 20013
| | - Zhenxiang Xi
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology; Harvard University Herbaria; 22 Divinity Avenue Cambridge Massachusetts 02138
| | - Ricarda Riina
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology and University of Michigan Herbarium; 3600 Varsity Drive Ann Arbor Michigan 48108
- Real Jardín Botánico; RJB-CSIC; Plaza de Murillo 2 28014 Madrid Spain
| | - Jess A. Peirson
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology and University of Michigan Herbarium; 3600 Varsity Drive Ann Arbor Michigan 48108
| | - Ya Yang
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology and University of Michigan Herbarium; 3600 Varsity Drive Ann Arbor Michigan 48108
| | - Brian L. Dorsey
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology and University of Michigan Herbarium; 3600 Varsity Drive Ann Arbor Michigan 48108
- The Huntington Botanical Gardens; 1151 Oxford Road San Marino California 91108
| | - Paul E. Berry
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology and University of Michigan Herbarium; 3600 Varsity Drive Ann Arbor Michigan 48108
| | - Charles C. Davis
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology; Harvard University Herbaria; 22 Divinity Avenue Cambridge Massachusetts 02138
| | - Kenneth J. Wurdack
- Department of Botany; Smithsonian Institution; NMNH MRC-166, P.O. Box 37012 Washington DC 20013
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Bond WJ. Fires in the Cenozoic: a late flowering of flammable ecosystems. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 5:749. [PMID: 25601873 PMCID: PMC4283521 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2014] [Accepted: 12/08/2014] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Modern flammable ecosystems include tropical and subtropical savannas, steppe grasslands, boreal forests, and temperate sclerophyll shrublands. Despite the apparent fiery nature of much contemporary vegetation, terrestrial fossil evidence would suggest we live in a time of low fire activity relative to the deep past. The inertinite content of coal, fossil charcoal, is strikingly low from the Eocene to the Pleistocene and no charcoalified mesofossils have been reported for the Cenozoic. Marine cores have been analyzed for charcoal in the North Pacific, the north and south Atlantic off Africa, and the south China sea. These tell a different story with the oldest records indicating low levels of fire activity from the Eocene but a surge of fire from the late Miocene (~7 Ma). Phylogenetic studies of woody plants adapted to frequent savanna fires show them beginning to appear from the Late Miocene with peak origins in the late Pliocene in both South American and African lineages. Phylogenetic studies indicate ancient origins (60 Ma+) for clades characteristic of flammable sclerophyll vegetation from Australia and the Cape region of South Africa. However, as for savannas, there was a surge of speciation from the Late Miocene associated with the retreat of closed fire-intolerant forests. The wide geographic spread of increased fire activity in the last few million years suggests a global cause. However, none of the potential global factors (oxygen, rainfall seasonality, CO2, novel flammable growth forms) provides an adequate explanation as yet. The global patterns and processes of fire and flammable vegetation in the Cenozoic, especially since the Late Miocene, deserve much more attention to better understand fire in the earth system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- William J. Bond
- *Correspondence: William J. Bond, South African Environmental Observation Network – National Research Foundation and Department of Biological Sciences – University of Cape Town, Private Bag, Rondebosch 7701, Western Cape, South Africa e-mail:
| |
Collapse
|