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Islam K, Balasubramanian B, Venkatraman S, Thummarati P, Tunganuntarat J, Phueakphud N, Kanjanasirirat P, Khumpanied T, Kongpracha P, Kittirat Y, Tohtong R, Janvilisri T, Wongtrakoongate P, Borwornpinyo S, Namwat N, Suthiphongchai T. Upregulated LAMA3 modulates proliferation, adhesion, migration and epithelial‑to‑mesenchymal transition of cholangiocarcinoma cells. Sci Rep 2023; 13:22598. [PMID: 38114514 PMCID: PMC10730521 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-48798-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023] Open
Abstract
A poor outcome for cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) patients is still a clinical challenge. CCA is typically recognized by the desmoplastic nature, which accounts for its malignancy. Among various extracellular matrix proteins, laminin is the most potent inducer for CCA migration. Herein, we accessed the expression profiles of laminin gene family and explored the significance of the key laminin subunit on CCA aggressiveness. Of all 11 laminin genes, LAMA3, LAMA5, LAMB3 and LAMC2 were concordantly upregulated based on the analysis of multiple public transcriptomic datasets and also overexpressed in Thai CCA cell lines and patient tissues in which LAMA3A upregulated in the highest frequency (97%) of the cases. Differential expression genes (DEGs) analysis of low and high laminin signature groups revealed LAMA3 as the sole common DEG in all investigated datasets. Restratifying CCA samples according to LAMA3 expression indicated the association of LAMA3 in the focal adhesion pathway. Silencing LAMA3 revealed that it plays important roles in CCA cell proliferation, adhesion, migration and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. Taken together, this research signifies the roles of dysregulated ECM homeostasis in CCA malignancy and highlights, for the first time, the potential usage of LAMA3 as the diagnostic biomarker and the therapeutic target to tackle the CCA stromal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kittiya Islam
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Brinda Balasubramanian
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Simran Venkatraman
- Graduate Program in Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Parichut Thummarati
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Janpen Tunganuntarat
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Nut Phueakphud
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Phongthon Kanjanasirirat
- Excellent Center for Drug Discovery (ECDD), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Tanawadee Khumpanied
- Excellent Center for Drug Discovery (ECDD), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Pornparn Kongpracha
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Yingpinyapat Kittirat
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
- Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
- Department of Medical Sciences, Regional Medical Sciences Center 2, Ministry of Public Health, Phitsanulok, 65000, Thailand
| | - Rutaiwan Tohtong
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Tavan Janvilisri
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Patompon Wongtrakoongate
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
- Center for Neuroscience, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Suparerk Borwornpinyo
- Excellent Center for Drug Discovery (ECDD), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Nisana Namwat
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
- Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
- Department of Systems Biosciences and Computational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
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2
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Circular RNAs in cholangiocarcinoma. Cancer Lett 2023; 553:215980. [PMID: 36336149 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2022.215980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is the most common primary biliary malignancy with an adverse prognosis. Although its incidence is relatively low, early diagnosis is difficult due to the lack of specific symptoms. Current treatment options for CCA are limited, resulting in a low curative rate. Circular RNAs (circRNAs) have become a new research hotspot in recent years, and they are frequently dysregulated in CCA and may become therapeutic targets and prognostic biomarkers of CCA. Accumulating evidence has demonstrated that numerous dysregulated circRNAs are vital players in the etiopathogenesis of CCA. Aberrant expression of specific circRNAs was correlated with unfavourable clinical characteristics in CCA. Many studies have found that circRNAs are involved in the progression and development of CCA through various mechanisms, including competitive inhibition of miRNAs via the competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) network, interaction with RNA-binding proteins (RBPs), activation of cancer-related signalling pathways, and regulation of proteins and peptides. Additionally, some circRNAs are involved in the inflammatory microenvironment of CCA and play a crucial role in chemotherapy drug resistance. Thus, they are essential for the early diagnosis and prediction of CCA, and more attention should be given to the roles and mechanisms of circRNAs in CCA. In this review, we summarize the abnormal expression of circRNAs in CCA and the specific inflammatory microenvironment involved, as well as the roles and mechanisms of circRNAs in the occurrence and development of CCA. We also review the latest knowle dge on circRNAs in CCA and discuss the challenges associated with the introduction of circRNAs into clinical practice and their potential clinical value.
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3
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Peng H, Zhu E, Zhang Y. Advances of cancer-associated fibroblasts in liver cancer. Biomark Res 2022; 10:59. [PMID: 35971182 PMCID: PMC9380339 DOI: 10.1186/s40364-022-00406-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver cancer is one of the most common malignant tumors worldwide, it is ranked sixth in incidence and fourth in mortality. According to the distinct origin of malignant tumor cells, liver cancer is mainly divided into hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and cholangiocarcinoma (CCA). Since most cases are diagnosed at an advanced stage, the prognosis of liver cancer is poor. Tumor growth depends on the dynamic interaction of various cellular components in the tumor microenvironment (TME). As the most abundant components of tumor stroma, cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) have been involved in the progression of liver cancer. The interplay between CAFs and tumor cells, immune cells, or vascular endothelial cells in the TME through direct cell-to-cell contact or indirect paracrine interaction, affects the initiation and development of tumors. Additionally, CAFs are not a homogeneous cell population in liver cancer. Recently, single-cell sequencing technology has been used to help better understand the diversity of CAFs in liver cancer. In this review, we mainly update the knowledge of CAFs both in HCC and CCA, including their cell origins, chemoresistance, tumor stemness induction, tumor immune microenvironment formation, and the role of tumor cells on CAFs. Understanding the context-dependent role of different CAFs subsets provides new strategies for precise liver cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Peng
- Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Erwei Zhu
- The Second People's Hospital of Lianyungang (The Oncology Hospital of Lianyungang), Lianyungang, 222006, China
| | - Yewei Zhang
- Hepatopancreatobiliary Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210009, China.
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4
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Supradit K, Boonsri B, Duangdara J, Thitiphatphuvanon T, Suriyonplengsaeng C, Kangsamaksin T, Janvilisri T, Tohtong R, Yacqub-Usman K, Grabowska AM, Bates DO, Wongprasert K. Inhibition of serine/arginine-rich protein kinase-1 (SRPK1) prevents cholangiocarcinoma cells induced angiogenesis. Toxicol In Vitro 2022; 82:105385. [PMID: 35568131 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2022.105385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The serine/arginine-rich protein kinase-1 (SRPK1) is an enzyme that has an essential role in regulating numerous aspects of mRNA splicing. SRPK1 has been reported to be overexpressed in multiple cancers, suggesting it as a promising therapeutic target in oncology. No previous studies reported the role of SRPK1 in cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) cells. This study aimed to examine the expression of SRPK1 and the effects of SRPK1 inhibition on the viability and angiogenesis activity of CCA cells using a selective SRPK1 inhibitor, SPHINX31. Here, we demonstrate that SPHINX31 (0.3-10 μM) had no inhibitory effects on CCA cells' viability and proliferation. However, SPHINX31 decreased the mRNA expression of pro-angiogenic VEGF-A165a isoform. In addition, SPHINX31 attenuated SRSF1 phosphorylation and nuclear localization, and increased the ratio of VEGF-A165b/total VEGF-A proteins. Moreover, when HUVECs were grown in conditioned medium from SPHINX31-treated CCA cells, migration slowed, and tube formation decreased. The present study demonstrates that targeting SRPK1 in CCA cells effectively attenuates angiogenesis by suppressing pro-angiogenic VEGF-A isoform splicing. These findings suggest a potential therapeutic treatment using SRPK1 inhibitors for the inhibition of angiogenesis in cholangiocarcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kittiya Supradit
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Boonyakorn Boonsri
- Division of Health and Applied Sciences, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand
| | - Jinchutha Duangdara
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | | | - Thaned Kangsamaksin
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Tavan Janvilisri
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Rutaiwan Tohtong
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Kiren Yacqub-Usman
- Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, Centre for Cancer Sciences, Biodiscovery Institute, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Anna M Grabowska
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - David O Bates
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Kanokpan Wongprasert
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.
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5
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In Silico Target Identification of Galangin, as an Herbal Flavonoid against Cholangiocarcinoma. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27144664. [PMID: 35889537 PMCID: PMC9351686 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27144664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 07/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is a heterogenous group of malignancies in the bile duct, which proliferates aggressively. CCA is highly prevalent in Northeastern Thailand wherein it is associated with liver fluke infection, or Opisthorchis viverrini (OV). Most patients are diagnosed in advanced stages, when the cancer has metastasized or severely progressed, thereby limiting treatment options. Several studies investigate the effect of traditional Thai medicinal plants that may be potential therapeutic options in combating CCA. Galangin is one such herbal flavonoid that has medicinal properties and exhibits anti-tumor properties in various cancers. In this study, we investigate the role of Galangin in inhibiting cell proliferation, invasion, and migration in OV-infected CCA cell lines. We discovered that Galangin reduced cell viability and colony formation by inducing apoptosis in CCA cell lines in a dose-dependent manner. Further, Galangin also effectively inhibited invasion and migration in OV-infected CCA cells by reduction of MMP2 and MMP9 enzymatic activity. Additionally, using proteomics, we identified proteins affected post-treatment with Galangin. Enrichment analysis revealed that several kinase pathways were affected by Galangin, and the signature corroborated with that of small molecule kinase inhibitors. Hence, we identified putative targets of Galangin using an in silico approach which highlighted c-Met as candidate target. Galangin effectively inhibited c-Met phosphorylation and subsequent signaling in in vitro CCA cells. In addition, Galangin was able to inhibit HGF, a mediator of c-Met signaling, by suppressing HGF-stimulated invasion, as well as migration and MMP9 activity. This shows that Galangin can be a useful anti-metastatic therapeutic strategy in a subtype of CCA patients.
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Poosekeaw P, Pairojkul C, Sripa B, Sa Ngiamwibool P, Iamsaard S, Sakonsinsiri C, Thanan R, Ungarreevittaya P. Adaptor protein XB130 regulates the aggressiveness of cholangiocarcinoma. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0259075. [PMID: 34780466 PMCID: PMC8592414 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0259075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is a group of heterogenous malignancies arising from bile duct epithelium with distinct pathological features. Adaptor proteins have implicated in cell proliferation, migration, and invasion of different cancer cells. The objective of this study was to assess whether the adaptor protein XB130 (AFAP1L2) is a critical biological determinant of CCA outcome. XB130 expression levels were investigated in four CCA cell lines compared to an immortalized cholangiocyte cell line by Western blotting. Small interfering (si) RNA-mediated XB130 gene silencing was conducted to evaluate the effects of reduced XB130 expression on cell proliferation, migration, and invasion by MTT, transwell migration and cell invasion assay. The immunohistochemical quantification of XB130 levels were performed in surgically resected formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded specimens obtained from 151 CCA patients. The relationship between XB130 expression and the clinicopathological parameters of CCA patients were analyzed. Our results showed that XB130 was highly expressed in KKU-213A cell line. Knockdown of XB130 using siRNA significantly decreased the proliferation, migration, and invasion properties of KKU-213A cells through the inhibition of PI3K/Akt pathway, suggesting that XB130 plays an important role in CCA progression. Moreover, elevated XB130 expression levels were positive relationship with lymphovascular space invasion (LVSI), intrahepatic type of CCA, high TNM staging (stage III, IV), high T classification (T3, T4), and lymph node metastasis. We provide the first evidence that the overexpression of XB130 is associated with tumorigenic properties of CCA cells, leading to CCA progression with aggressive clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pirawan Poosekeaw
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Chawalit Pairojkul
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Banchob Sripa
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | | | - Sitthichai Iamsaard
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Chadamas Sakonsinsiri
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
- Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Raynoo Thanan
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
- Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Piti Ungarreevittaya
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
- * E-mail:
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7
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Islam K, Thummarati P, Kaewkong P, Sripa B, Suthiphongchai T. Role of laminin and cognate receptors in cholangiocarcinoma cell migration. Cell Adh Migr 2021; 15:152-165. [PMID: 34014802 PMCID: PMC8143218 DOI: 10.1080/19336918.2021.1924422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Extensive desmoplasia in cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is associated with tumor aggressiveness, indicating a need for further understanding of CCA cell-matrix interaction. This study demonstrated laminin as the most potent attractant for CCA cell migration and the vast elevation of its receptor integrin β4 (ITGB4) in CCA cell lines. Besides, their high expressions in CCA tissues were correlated with lymphatic invasion and the presence of ITGB4 was also associated with short survival time. ITGB4 silencing revealed it as the receptor for laminin-induced HuCCA-1 migration, but KKU-213 utilized 37/67-kDa laminin receptor (LAMR) instead. These findings highlight the role of ITGB4 and LAMR in transducing laminin induction of CCA cell migration and the potential of ITGB4 as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers for CCA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kittiya Islam
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Parichut Thummarati
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Pakkanun Kaewkong
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Banchob Sripa
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, and the Liver Fluke and Cholangiocarcinoma Research Center, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
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Schmidt U, Heller G, Timelthaler G, Heffeter P, Somodi Z, Schweifer N, Sibilia M, Berger W, Csiszar A. The FAM3C locus that encodes interleukin-like EMT inducer (ILEI) is frequently co-amplified in MET-amplified cancers and contributes to invasiveness. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2021; 40:69. [PMID: 33596971 PMCID: PMC7890988 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-021-01862-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gene amplification of MET, which encodes for the receptor tyrosine kinase c-MET, occurs in a variety of human cancers. High c-MET levels often correlate with poor cancer prognosis. Interleukin-like EMT inducer (ILEI) is also overexpressed in many cancers and is associated with metastasis and poor survival. The gene for ILEI, FAM3C, is located close to MET on chromosome 7q31 in an amplification "hotspot", but it is unclear whether FAMC3 amplification contributes to elevated ILEI expression in cancer. In this study we have investigated FAMC3 copy number gain in different cancers and its potential connection to MET amplifications. METHODS FAMC3 and MET copy numbers were investigated in various cancer samples and 200 cancer cell lines. Copy numbers of the two genes were correlated with mRNA levels, with relapse-free survival in lung cancer patient samples as well as with clinicopathological parameters in primary samples from 49 advanced stage colorectal cancer patients. ILEI knock-down and c-MET inhibition effects on proliferation and invasiveness of five cancer cell lines and growth of xenograft tumors in mice were then investigated. RESULTS FAMC3 was amplified in strict association with MET amplification in several human cancers and cancer cell lines. Increased FAM3C and MET copy numbers were tightly linked and correlated with increased gene expression and poor survival in human lung cancer and with extramural invasion in colorectal carcinoma. Stable ILEI shRNA knock-down did not influence proliferation or sensitivity towards c-MET-inhibitor induced proliferation arrest in cancer cells, but impaired both c-MET-independent and -dependent cancer cell invasion. c-MET inhibition reduced ILEI secretion, and shRNA mediated ILEI knock-down prevented c-MET-signaling induced elevated expression and secretion of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and MMP-9. Combination of ILEI knock-down and c-MET-inhibition significantly reduced the invasive outgrowth of NCI-H441 and NCI-H1993 lung tumor xenografts by inhibiting proliferation, MMP expression and E-cadherin membrane localization. CONCLUSIONS These novel findings suggest MET amplifications are often in reality MET-FAM3C co-amplifications with tight functional cooperation. Therefore, the clinical relevance of this frequent cancer amplification hotspot, so far dedicated purely to c-MET function, should be re-evaluated to include ILEI as a target in the therapy of c-MET-amplified human carcinomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrike Schmidt
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, Dr. Bohr-Gasse 3, A-1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Gerwin Heller
- Department of Medicine I, Division of Oncology, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Gerald Timelthaler
- Department of Medicine I, Institute of Cancer Research, Medical University of Vienna, Borschkegasse 8a, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Petra Heffeter
- Department of Medicine I, Institute of Cancer Research, Medical University of Vienna, Borschkegasse 8a, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Zsolt Somodi
- Department of Oncology, Bacs-Kiskun County Teaching Hospital, Kecskemet, Hungary
- Present Address: Parexel International, 2 Federal St, Billerica, MA USA
| | | | - Maria Sibilia
- Department of Medicine I, Institute of Cancer Research, Medical University of Vienna, Borschkegasse 8a, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Walter Berger
- Department of Medicine I, Institute of Cancer Research, Medical University of Vienna, Borschkegasse 8a, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Agnes Csiszar
- Department of Medicine I, Institute of Cancer Research, Medical University of Vienna, Borschkegasse 8a, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
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9
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Detarya M, Sawanyawisuth K, Aphivatanasiri C, Chuangchaiya S, Saranaruk P, Sukprasert L, Silsirivanit A, Araki N, Wongkham S, Wongkham C. The O-GalNAcylating enzyme GALNT5 mediates carcinogenesis and progression of cholangiocarcinoma via activation of AKT/ERK signaling. Glycobiology 2020; 30:312-324. [PMID: 31868214 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwz098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2019] [Revised: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucin type O-glycosylation is a posttranslational modification of membrane and secretory proteins. Transferring of N-acetylgalactosamine, the first sugar of O-glycosylation, is catalyzed by one of the 20 isoforms of polypeptide N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferases (GALNTs). In this study, Vicia villosa lectin (VVL), a lectin that recognizes O-GalNAcylated glycans, was used to detect VVL-binding glycans (VBGs) in cholangiocarcinoma (CCA). The elevation of VBGs in tumor tissues of the liver fluke associated with CCA from hamsters and patients was noted. VBGs were detected in hyperplastic/dysplastic bile ducts and CCA but not in normal biliary epithelia and hepatocytes, indicating the association of VBGs with CCA development and progression. GALNT5 was shown to be the major isoform found in human CCA cell lines with high VBG expression. Suppression of GALNT5 expression using siRNA significantly reduced VBG expression, signifying the connection of GALNT5 and VBGs observed. Knocked-down GALNT5 expression considerably inhibited proliferation, migration and invasion of CCA cells. Increased expression of GALNT5 using pcDNA3.1-GALNT5 expression vector induced invasive phenotypes in CCA cells with low GALNT5 expression. Increasing of claudin-1 and decreasing of slug and vimentin expression together with inactivation of Akt/Erk signaling were noted in GALNT5 knocked-down cells. These observations were reversed in GALNT5 over-expressing cells. GALNT5-modulated progression of CCA cells was shown to be, in part, via GALNT5-mediated autocrine/paracrine factors that stimulated activations of Akt/Erk signaling and the epithelial to mesenchymal transition process. GALNT5 and its O-GalNAcylated products may have important roles in promoting progression of CCA and could possibly be novel targets for treatment of metastatic CCA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marutpong Detarya
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, 123 Mitraparb Rd., Muang, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand.,Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, 123 Mitraparb Rd., Muang, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Kanlayanee Sawanyawisuth
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, 123 Mitraparb Rd., Muang, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand.,Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, 123 Mitraparb Rd., Muang, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Chaiwat Aphivatanasiri
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, 123 Mitraparb Rd., Muang, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Sriwipa Chuangchaiya
- Department of Community Health, Faculty of Public Health, Kasetsart University, Chalermphrakiat Sakon Nakhon Province Campus, Sakon Nakhon 47000, Thailand
| | - Paksiree Saranaruk
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, 123 Mitraparb Rd., Muang, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand.,Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, 123 Mitraparb Rd., Muang, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Lukkana Sukprasert
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, 123 Mitraparb Rd., Muang, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand.,Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, 123 Mitraparb Rd., Muang, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Atit Silsirivanit
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, 123 Mitraparb Rd., Muang, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand.,Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, 123 Mitraparb Rd., Muang, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Norie Araki
- Department of Tumor Genetics and Biology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
| | - Sopit Wongkham
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, 123 Mitraparb Rd., Muang, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand.,Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, 123 Mitraparb Rd., Muang, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Chaisiri Wongkham
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, 123 Mitraparb Rd., Muang, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand.,Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, 123 Mitraparb Rd., Muang, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
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10
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Yang Y, Deng X, Li Q, Wang F, Miao L, Jiang Q. Emerging roles of long noncoding RNAs in cholangiocarcinoma: Advances and challenges. Cancer Commun (Lond) 2020; 40:655-680. [PMID: 33142045 PMCID: PMC7743012 DOI: 10.1002/cac2.12109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 10/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA), a cancer with a relatively low incidence rate, is usually associated with poor prognosis. Current modalities for the diagnosis and treatment of CCA patients are still far from satisfactory. In recent years, numerous long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been identified as crucial players in the development of various cancers, including CCA. Abnormally expressed lncRNAs in CCA, regulated by some upstream molecules, significantly influence the biological behavior of tumor cells and are involved in tumor development through various mechanisms, including interactions with functional proteins, participation in competing for endogenous RNA (ceRNA) regulatory networks, activation of cancer‐related signaling pathways and epigenetic modification of gene expression. Furthermore, several lncRNAs are closely associated with the clinicopathological features of CCA patients, and are promising biomarkers for diagnosing and prognostication of CCA. Some of these lncRNAs play an important role in chemotherapy drug resistance. In addition, lncRNAs have also been shown to be involved in the inflammation microenvironment of CCA and malignant outcome of CCA risk factors, such as cholestatic liver diseases. In view of the difficulty of diagnosing CCA, more attention should be paid to detectable lncRNAs in the serum or bile. This review summarizes the recent knowledge on lncRNAs in CCA and provides a new outlook on the molecular mechanisms of CCA development from the perspective of lncRNAs. Moreover, we also discussed the limitations of the current studies and differential expression of lncRNAs in different types of CCA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yang
- Institute of Digestive Endoscopy and Medical Center for Digestive Diseases, Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210000, P. R. China.,Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210000, P. R. China
| | - Xueting Deng
- Institute of Digestive Endoscopy and Medical Center for Digestive Diseases, Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210000, P. R. China.,Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210000, P. R. China
| | - Quanpeng Li
- Institute of Digestive Endoscopy and Medical Center for Digestive Diseases, Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210000, P. R. China.,Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210000, P. R. China
| | - Fei Wang
- Institute of Digestive Endoscopy and Medical Center for Digestive Diseases, Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210000, P. R. China.,Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210000, P. R. China
| | - Lin Miao
- Institute of Digestive Endoscopy and Medical Center for Digestive Diseases, Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210000, P. R. China.,Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210000, P. R. China
| | - Qi Jiang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Dongtai People's Hospital, Yancheng, Jiangsu, 224000, P. R. China
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11
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Yan C, Koda S, Wu J, Zhang BB, Yu Q, Netea MG, Tang RX, Zheng KY. Roles of Trained Immunity in the Pathogenesis of Cholangiopathies: A Therapeutic Target. Hepatology 2020; 72:1838-1850. [PMID: 32463941 DOI: 10.1002/hep.31395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chao Yan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, People's Republic of China.,National Experimental Demonstration Center for Basic Medicine Education, Department of Clinical Medicine, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Stephane Koda
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Wu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Bei-Bei Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, People's Republic of China.,National Experimental Demonstration Center for Basic Medicine Education, Department of Clinical Medicine, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Yu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, People's Republic of China.,National Experimental Demonstration Center for Basic Medicine Education, Department of Clinical Medicine, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Mihai G Netea
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.,Immunology and Metabolism, Life & Medical Sciences Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Ren-Xian Tang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, People's Republic of China.,National Experimental Demonstration Center for Basic Medicine Education, Department of Clinical Medicine, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Kui-Yang Zheng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, People's Republic of China.,National Experimental Demonstration Center for Basic Medicine Education, Department of Clinical Medicine, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, People's Republic of China
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12
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Bae CA, Ham IH, Oh HJ, Lee D, Woo J, Son SY, Yoon JH, Lorens JB, Brekken RA, Kim TM, Han SU, Park WS, Hur H. Inhibiting the GAS6/AXL axis suppresses tumor progression by blocking the interaction between cancer-associated fibroblasts and cancer cells in gastric carcinoma. Gastric Cancer 2020; 23:824-836. [PMID: 32239298 DOI: 10.1007/s10120-020-01066-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The effects of cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAF) on the progression of gastric carcinoma (GC) has recently been demonstrated. However, agents targeting the interaction between CAF and GC cells have not been applied in a clinical setting. Here, we examined if inhibition for Axl receptor tyrosine kinase (AXL) can suppress CAF-induced aggressive phenotype in GC. METHODS We investigated the function of CAF-derived growth arrest-specific 6 (GAS6), a major ligand of AXL, on the migration and proliferation of GC cells. The effect of the AXL inhibitor, BGB324, on the CAF-induced aggressive phenotype of GC cells was also investigated. In addition, we performed immunohistochemistry to examine the expression of phosphorylated AXL protein in 175 GC tissues and evaluated its correlation with the prognosis. RESULTS The qPCR and western blot analysis showed that GAS6 expression was higher in CAF relative to other cells. We found that co-culture with CAF increased the phosphorylation of AXL (P-AXL), differentiation into a mesenchymal-like phenotype, and cell survival in GC cell lines. When the expression of AXL was genetically inhibited in GC cells, the effect of CAF was reduced. BGB324, a small molecule inhibitor of AXL, suppressed the effects of CAF on GC cell lines. In GC tissues, high levels of P-AXL were significantly associated with poor overall survival (P = 0.022). CONCLUSIONS We concluded that CAF are a major source of GAS6 and that GAS6 promotes an aggressiveness through AXL activation in GC. We suggested that an AXL inhibitor may be a novel agent for GC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheong A Bae
- Department of Surgery, Ajou University School of Medicine, Cancer Biology Graduate Program, Ajou University Graduate School of Medicine, 164 Worldcup-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon-si, Gyunggi-do, 16499, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduated School of Ajou University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - In-Hye Ham
- Department of Surgery, Ajou University School of Medicine, Cancer Biology Graduate Program, Ajou University Graduate School of Medicine, 164 Worldcup-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon-si, Gyunggi-do, 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Jeong Oh
- Department of Surgery, Ajou University School of Medicine, Cancer Biology Graduate Program, Ajou University Graduate School of Medicine, 164 Worldcup-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon-si, Gyunggi-do, 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Dagyeong Lee
- Department of Surgery, Ajou University School of Medicine, Cancer Biology Graduate Program, Ajou University Graduate School of Medicine, 164 Worldcup-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon-si, Gyunggi-do, 16499, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduated School of Ajou University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jongsu Woo
- Department of Surgery, Ajou University School of Medicine, Cancer Biology Graduate Program, Ajou University Graduate School of Medicine, 164 Worldcup-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon-si, Gyunggi-do, 16499, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduated School of Ajou University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Yong Son
- Department of Surgery, Ajou University School of Medicine, Cancer Biology Graduate Program, Ajou University Graduate School of Medicine, 164 Worldcup-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon-si, Gyunggi-do, 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Hwan Yoon
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Functional RNomics Research Center, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - James B Lorens
- Department of Biomedicine, Centre for Cancer Biomarkers (CCBIO), University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Rolf A Brekken
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Haman Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, US
| | - Tae-Min Kim
- Department of Medical Informatics, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Uk Han
- Department of Surgery, Ajou University School of Medicine, Cancer Biology Graduate Program, Ajou University Graduate School of Medicine, 164 Worldcup-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon-si, Gyunggi-do, 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Won Sang Park
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Functional RNomics Research Center, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hoon Hur
- Department of Surgery, Ajou University School of Medicine, Cancer Biology Graduate Program, Ajou University Graduate School of Medicine, 164 Worldcup-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon-si, Gyunggi-do, 16499, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduated School of Ajou University, Suwon, Republic of Korea.
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13
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Aierken A, Yusufu B, Xu P. Correlation between asthmatic infants with rickets and vitamin D, inflammatory factors and immunoglobulin E. Exp Ther Med 2020; 20:2122-2126. [PMID: 32765686 PMCID: PMC7401696 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2020.8949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Correlation between asthmatic infants with rickets and vitamin D, inflammatory factors and immunoglobulin was investigated. A total of 60 child patients with asthma who met the inclusion criteria and received treatment from January 2016 to October 2017 were collected. Among them, 17 asthmatic infants with rickets were set as observation group, while 43 child patients with simple asthma were regarded as the control group. Venous blood was drawn from the two groups of subjects after admission. The levels of interleukin-1 (IL-1), IL-6 and IL-17 in serum were determined by ELISA, vitamin D and immunoglobulin E levels in serum were detected using a fully-automatic biochemical analyzer, and wheezing duration during asthma attack was recorded. IL-1, IL-6, IL-17 and immunoglobulin E levels in serum of observation group were significantly higher than those of the control group (P<0.05). The vitamin D level in the observation group was remarkably lower than that in the control group (P<0.05). Wheezing duration in observation group was evidently longer than that in control group (P<0.05). Moreover, IL-1, IL-6, IL-17 and immunoglobulin E levels in serum were positively related to wheezing duration, but the vitamin D level was negatively associated with wheezing duration. Infantile asthma with rickets is closely correlated with vitamin D, inflammatory factors and immunoglobulin E, which are major risk factors in infantile asthma with rickets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aibibai Aierken
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830054, P.R. China
| | - Bweimaieryemu Yusufu
- Department of Pediatrics, First people's Hospital of Kashi, Kashi, Xinjiang 844000, P.R. China
| | - Peiru Xu
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830054, P.R. China.,Department of Pediatrics, The Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region Institute of Evidence-Based Medicine, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830054, P.R. China
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14
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Gu Y, Zhu Z, Pei H, Xu D, Jiang Y, Zhang L, Xiao L. Long non-coding RNA NNT-AS1 promotes cholangiocarcinoma cells proliferation and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition through down-regulating miR-203. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 12:2333-2346. [PMID: 32019904 PMCID: PMC7041725 DOI: 10.18632/aging.102747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is a serious malignant tumor. Long non-coding RNA NNT-AS1 (NNT-AS1) takes crucial roles in several tumors. So, we planned to research the roles and underlying mechanism of NNT-AS1 in CCA. RESULTS NNT-AS1 overexpression was appeared in CCA tissues and cell lines. Proliferation was promoted by NNT-AS1 overexpression in CCLP1 and TFK1 cells. Besides, NNT-AS1 overexpression reduced E-cadherin level and raised levels of N-cadherin, vimentin, Snail and Slug. However, the opposite trend was occurred by NNT-AS1 knockdown. Further, NNT-AS1 overexpression promoted phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase (PI3K)/AKT and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)1/2 pathways. MiR-203 was sponged by NNT-AS1 and miR-203 mimic reversed the above promoting effects of NNT-AS1. Additionally, insulin-like growth factor type 1 receptor (IGF1R) and zinc finger E-box binding homeobox 1 (ZEB1) were two potential targets of miR-203. CONCLUSION NNT-AS1 promoted proliferation, EMT and PI3K/AKT and ERK1/2 pathways in CCLP1 and TFK1 cells through down-regulating miR-203. METHODS CCLP1 and TFK1 cells were co-transfected with pcDNA-NNT-AS1 and miR-203 mimic. Bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU), flow cytometry, quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and western blot were employed to detect roles and mechanism of NNT-AS1. Interaction between NNT-AS1 and miR-203 or miR-203 and target genes was examined through luciferase activity experiment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulei Gu
- Emergency Intensive Care Unit, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Zhiqiang Zhu
- Emergency Intensive Care Unit, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Hui Pei
- Emergency Intensive Care Unit, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Dong Xu
- Emergency Intensive Care Unit, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Yumin Jiang
- Emergency Intensive Care Unit, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Luanluan Zhang
- Emergency Intensive Care Unit, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Lili Xiao
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
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15
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Sonongbua J, Siritungyong S, Thongchot S, Kamolhan T, Utispan K, Thuwajit P, Pongpaibul A, Wongkham S, Thuwajit C. Periostin induces epithelial‑to‑mesenchymal transition via the integrin α5β1/TWIST‑2 axis in cholangiocarcinoma. Oncol Rep 2020; 43:1147-1158. [PMID: 32020235 PMCID: PMC7057947 DOI: 10.3892/or.2020.7485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Periostin (PN) (also known as osteoblast-specific factor OSF-2) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the POSTN gene and has been correlated with a reduced survival of cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) patients, with the well-known effect of inducing epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT). The present study investigated the effect of PN, through integrin (ITG)α5β1, in EMT-mediated CCA aggressiveness. The alterations in EMT-related gene and protein expression were investigated by real-time PCR, western blot analysis and zymogram. The effects of PN on migration and the level of TWIST-2 were assessed in CCA cells with and without siITGα5 transfection. PN was found to induce CCA cell migration and EMT features, including increments in Twist-related protein 2 (TWIST-2), zinc finger protein SNAI1 (SNAIL-1), α-smooth muscle actin (ASMA), vimentin (VIM) and matrix metallopeptidase 9 (MMP-9), and a reduction in cytokeratin 19 (CK-19) together with cytoplasmic translocation of E-cadherin (CDH-1). Additionally, PN markedly induced MMP-9 activity. TWIST-2 was significantly induced in PN-treated CCA cells; this effect was attenuated in the ITGα5β1-knockdown cells and corresponded to reduced migration of the cancer cells. These results indicated that PN induced CCA migration through ITGα5β1/TWIST-2-mediated EMT. Moreover, clinical samples from CCA patients showed that higher levels of TWIST-2 were significantly correlated with shorter survival time. In conclusion, the ITGα5β1-mediated TWIST-2 signaling pathway regulates PN-induced EMT in CCA progression, and TWIST-2 is a prognostic marker of poor survival in CCA patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jumaporn Sonongbua
- Graduate Program in Immunology Faculty of Medicine, Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
| | - Suchada Siritungyong
- Graduate Program in Immunology Faculty of Medicine, Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
| | - Suyanee Thongchot
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
| | - Thanpawee Kamolhan
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
| | | | - Peti Thuwajit
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
| | - Ananya Pongpaibul
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
| | - Sopit Wongkham
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Chanitra Thuwajit
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
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16
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Salas-Silva S, Simoni-Nieves A, Razori MV, López-Ramirez J, Barrera-Chimal J, Lazzarini R, Bello O, Souza V, Miranda-Labra RU, Gutiérrez-Ruiz MC, Gomez-Quiroz LE, Roma MG, Bucio-Ortiz L. HGF induces protective effects in α-naphthylisothiocyanate-induced intrahepatic cholestasis by counteracting oxidative stress. Biochem Pharmacol 2020; 174:113812. [PMID: 31954718 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2020.113812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Cholestasis is a clinical syndrome common to a large number of hepatopathies, in which either bile production or its transit through the biliary tract is impaired due to functional or obstructive causes; the consequent intracellular retention of toxic biliary constituents generates parenchyma damage, largely via oxidative stress-mediated mechanisms. Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) and its receptor c-Met represent one of the main systems for liver repair damage and defense against hepatotoxic factors, leading to an antioxidant and repair response. In this study, we evaluated the capability of HGF to counteract the damage caused by the model cholestatic agent, α-naphthyl isothiocyanate (ANIT). HGF had clear anti-cholestatic effects, as apparent from the improvement in both bile flow and liver function test. Histology examination revealed a significant reduction of injured areas. HGF also preserved the tight-junctional structure. These anticholestatic effects were associated with the induction of basolateral efflux ABC transporters, which facilitates extrusion of toxic biliary compounds and its further alternative depuration via urine. The biliary epithelium seems to have been also preserved, as suggested by normalization in serum GGT levels, CFTR expression and cholangyocyte primary cilium structure our results clearly show for the first time that HGF protects the liver from a cholestatic injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soraya Salas-Silva
- Posgrado en Biología Experimental, DCBS, Universidad Autónoma Metrolitana-Iztapalapa, Ciudad de México, Mexico; Departmento de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Unidad Iztapalapa, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Arturo Simoni-Nieves
- Posgrado en Biología Experimental, DCBS, Universidad Autónoma Metrolitana-Iztapalapa, Ciudad de México, Mexico; Departmento de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Unidad Iztapalapa, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - María Valeria Razori
- Instituto de Fisiología Experimental, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Rosario, Argentina
| | - Jocelyn López-Ramirez
- Posgrado en Biología Experimental, DCBS, Universidad Autónoma Metrolitana-Iztapalapa, Ciudad de México, Mexico; Departmento de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Unidad Iztapalapa, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Jonatan Barrera-Chimal
- Departmento de Medicina Genómica y Toxicología Ambiental, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico; Unidad de Medicina Traslacional, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Roberto Lazzarini
- Departamento de Biología de la Reproducción, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Oscar Bello
- Posgrado en Biología Experimental, DCBS, Universidad Autónoma Metrolitana-Iztapalapa, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Verónica Souza
- Departmento de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Unidad Iztapalapa, Ciudad de México, Mexico; Unidad de Medicina Traslacional, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Roxana U Miranda-Labra
- Departmento de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Unidad Iztapalapa, Ciudad de México, Mexico; Unidad de Medicina Traslacional, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - María Concepción Gutiérrez-Ruiz
- Departmento de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Unidad Iztapalapa, Ciudad de México, Mexico; Unidad de Medicina Traslacional, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Luis Enrique Gomez-Quiroz
- Departmento de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Unidad Iztapalapa, Ciudad de México, Mexico; Unidad de Medicina Traslacional, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Marcelo G Roma
- Instituto de Fisiología Experimental, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Rosario, Argentina.
| | - Leticia Bucio-Ortiz
- Departmento de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Unidad Iztapalapa, Ciudad de México, Mexico; Unidad de Medicina Traslacional, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Ciudad de México, Mexico.
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17
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Chen C, Nelson LJ, Ávila MA, Cubero FJ. Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases (MAPKs) and Cholangiocarcinoma: The Missing Link. Cells 2019; 8:cells8101172. [PMID: 31569444 PMCID: PMC6829385 DOI: 10.3390/cells8101172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Revised: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, the incidence of both liver and biliary tract cancer has increased. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) are the two most common types of hepatic malignancies. Whereas HCC is the fifth most common malignant tumor in Western countries, the prevalence of CCA has taken an alarming increase from 0.3 to 2.1 cases per 100,000 people. The lack of specific biomarkers makes diagnosis very difficult in the early stages of this fatal cancer. Thus, the prognosis of CCA is dismal and surgery is the only effective treatment, whilst recurrence after resection is common. Even though chemotherapy and radiotherapy may prolong survival in patients with CCA, the 5-year survival rate is still very low—a significant global problem in clinical diagnosis and therapy. The mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway plays an important role in signal transduction by converting extracellular stimuli into a wide range of cellular responses including inflammatory response, stress response, differentiation, survival, and tumorigenesis. Dysregulation of the MAPK cascade involves key signaling components and phosphorylation events that play an important role in tumorigenesis. In this review, we discuss the pathophysiological role of MAPK, current therapeutic options, and the current situation of MAPK-targeted therapies in CCA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaobo Chen
- Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology & ENT, Complutense University School of Medicine, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
- de Octubre Health Research Institute (imas12), 28040 Madrid, Spain.
- Department of General Surgery, Wuxi Xishan People's Hospital, Wuxi 214000, China.
| | - Leonard J Nelson
- Institute for Bioengineering (IBioE), School of Engineering, Faraday Building, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3 JL, Scotland, UK.
| | - Matías A Ávila
- Hepatology Program, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain.
- Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red, Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), 28029 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Francisco Javier Cubero
- Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology & ENT, Complutense University School of Medicine, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
- de Octubre Health Research Institute (imas12), 28040 Madrid, Spain.
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18
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Papoutsoglou P, Louis C, Coulouarn C. Transforming Growth Factor-Beta (TGFβ) Signaling Pathway in Cholangiocarcinoma. Cells 2019; 8:cells8090960. [PMID: 31450767 PMCID: PMC6770250 DOI: 10.3390/cells8090960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Revised: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cholangiocarcinoma is a deadly cancer worldwide, associated with a poor prognosis and limited therapeutic options. Although cholangiocarcinoma accounts for less than 15% of liver primary cancer, its silent nature restricts early diagnosis and prevents efficient treatment. Therefore, it is of clinical relevance to better understand the molecular basis of cholangiocarcinoma, including the signaling pathways that contribute to tumor onset and progression. In this review, we discuss the genetic, molecular, and environmental factors that promote cholangiocarcinoma, emphasizing the role of the transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) signaling pathway in the progression of this cancer. We provide an overview of the physiological functions of TGFβ signaling in preserving liver homeostasis and describe how advanced cholangiocarcinoma benefits from the tumor-promoting effects of TGFβ. Moreover, we report the importance of noncoding RNAs as effector molecules downstream of TGFβ during cholangiocarcinoma progression, and conclude by highlighting the need for identifying novel and clinically relevant biomarkers for a better management of patients with cholangiocarcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panagiotis Papoutsoglou
- Inserm, Univ Rennes, Inra, Institut NuMeCan (Nutrition Metabolisms and Cancer), UMR_S 1241, 35033 Rennes, France
| | - Corentin Louis
- Inserm, Univ Rennes, Inra, Institut NuMeCan (Nutrition Metabolisms and Cancer), UMR_S 1241, 35033 Rennes, France
| | - Cédric Coulouarn
- Inserm, Univ Rennes, Inra, Institut NuMeCan (Nutrition Metabolisms and Cancer), UMR_S 1241, 35033 Rennes, France.
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19
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Density-dependent ERK MAPK expression regulates MMP-9 and influences growth. Mol Cell Biochem 2019; 456:115-122. [PMID: 30689107 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-019-03496-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Previous work has shown that expression of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) is decreased by high density in normal fibroblast cells, and this was correlated with increased expression of mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatases. Because of these differences in ERK regulation upon contact inhibition, it is likely that other cellular responses may be influenced by the attainment of a contact-inhibited state. Expression of matrix metalloproteinase-9 and cadherin cleavage were both found to be decreased upon reaching high culture density. Inhibition of ERK activity with the MEK inhibitor PD98059 resulted in increased expression of cadherins, while constitutive activation of ERK through the use of expression of an ERK construct with a D319N sevenmaker mutation resulted in decreased expression of cadherins and enhanced colony formation of HT-1080 fibrosarcoma cells. Taken together, these results corroborate a role for the regulation of ERK upon the attainment of a contact-inhibited state with increased expression of cadherins.
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Zhang H, Jenkins SM, Lee CT, Harrington SM, Liu Z, Dong H, Zhang L. Bim is an independent prognostic marker in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. Hum Pathol 2018; 78:97-105. [PMID: 29698699 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2018.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Revised: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC) is the second most common primary liver malignant tumor and has a poor prognosis. The prognostic factors associated with outcome remain poorly defined. In this study, we investigated the role of an important cell apoptosis initiator, Bcl-2 interacting mediator of cell death (Bim), by evaluating its expression and association with other clinicopathological features in ICCs. We analyzed 56 cases of ICC with clinical follow-up. The expression of Bim in ICC cells and other cellular components was evaluated by immunohistochemistry. Bim expression was considered up-regulated if Bim was detected in 10% or more of tumor cells. Of the 56 ICC samples, 19 (34%) had high Bim expression level, 15 (27%) were completely negative, and 22 (39%) were classified as low Bim expression (<10% positivity). Patients who had tumors with high Bim level had significantly longer overall survival than did those with low or no staining (median survival, 7.6 versus 2.6 years; hazard ratio, 0.40; P = .006). High Bim expression was also correlated with low Ki-67 index, and more importantly, none of the tumors with high Bim expression had lymph node metastases at the time of surgery. Our study demonstrates that Bim is an important and independent prognostic factor in ICC. Tumors with high Bim expression are associated with better prognosis through inhibiting tumor cell proliferation and metastatic ability. The development of new agents directly or indirectly targeting Bim may provide promising anticancer treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henan Zhang
- Department of Hematology, Shengjing Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110000, China; Division of Hematology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Sarah M Jenkins
- Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Chuang-Ta Lee
- Department of Pathology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, 704, Republic of China
| | | | - Zhuogang Liu
- Department of Hematology, Shengjing Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110000, China.
| | - Haidong Dong
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA.
| | - Lizhi Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA.
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Brivio S, Cadamuro M, Fabris L, Strazzabosco M. Molecular Mechanisms Driving Cholangiocarcinoma Invasiveness: An Overview. Gene Expr 2018; 18:31-50. [PMID: 29070148 PMCID: PMC5860940 DOI: 10.3727/105221617x15088670121925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The acquisition of invasive functions by tumor cells is a first and crucial step toward the development of metastasis, which nowadays represents the main cause of cancer-related death. Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA), a primary liver cancer originating from the biliary epithelium, typically develops intrahepatic or lymph node metastases at early stages, thus preventing the majority of patients from undergoing curative treatments, consistent with their very poor prognosis. As in most carcinomas, CCA cells gradually adopt a motile, mesenchymal-like phenotype, enabling them to cross the basement membrane, detach from the primary tumor, and invade the surrounding stroma. Unfortunately, little is known about the molecular mechanisms that synergistically orchestrate this proinvasive phenotypic switch. Autocrine and paracrine signals (cyto/chemokines, growth factors, and morphogens) permeating the tumor microenvironment undoubtedly play a prominent role in this context. Moreover, a number of recently identified signaling systems are currently drawing attention as putative mechanistic determinants of CCA cell invasion. They encompass transcription factors, protein kinases and phosphatases, ubiquitin ligases, adaptor proteins, and miRNAs, whose aberrant expression may result from either stochastic mutations or the abnormal activation of upstream pro-oncogenic pathways. Herein we sought to summarize the most relevant molecules in this field and to discuss their mechanism of action and potential prognostic relevance in CCA. Hopefully, a deeper knowledge of the molecular determinants of CCA invasiveness will help to identify clinically useful biomarkers and novel druggable targets, with the ultimate goal to develop innovative approaches to the management of this devastating malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Brivio
- *School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milan-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Cadamuro
- *School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milan-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
- †International Center for Digestive Health, University of Milan-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Luca Fabris
- †International Center for Digestive Health, University of Milan-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
- ‡Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
- §Liver Center, School of Medicine Section of Digestive Diseases, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Mario Strazzabosco
- *School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milan-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
- †International Center for Digestive Health, University of Milan-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
- §Liver Center, School of Medicine Section of Digestive Diseases, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
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Han IW, Jang JY, Kwon W, Park T, Kim Y, Lee KB, Kim SW. Ceruloplasmin as a prognostic marker in patients with bile duct cancer. Oncotarget 2018; 8:29028-29037. [PMID: 28423673 PMCID: PMC5438709 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.15995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Bile duct cancer is one of the lethal cancers, presenting difficulties in early diagnosis and limited treatment modalities. Despite current advances in biomarker research, most studies have been performed in Western populations. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine a prognostic marker for bile duct cancer, especially in Korean patients, whose incidence of bile duct cancer is high. RESULTS Comparing cancer and normal bile duct tissue, we identified 29091 differentially expressed genes. CP, SCEL, and MUC16 had positive coefficients with a log2 ratio >1 for advanced T, N stage and perineural invasion cancer tissue. Strong immunohistochemical expression of ceruloplasmin was dominant in tumors with advanced T stage (p>0.999) and perineural invasion (p=0.316). PATIENTS AND METHODS We performed tissue microarray experiment with 79 bile duct cancer tissue samples and 21 normal bile duct tissue samples. Candidate genes that has positive correlation with T, N stage and perineural invasion were drawn with multivariate analysis. Tissue expression of the genes was evaluated with an immunohistochemical study. CONCLUSIONS Ceruloplasmin is supposed to be related with advanced T stage and perineural invasion, having a possibility as a candidate prognostic marker for bile duct cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- In Woong Han
- Department of Surgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Gangnam-Gu, Seoul 06351, Korea.,Department of Surgery and Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Chongno-Gu, Seoul 110-744, Korea
| | - Jin-Young Jang
- Department of Surgery and Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Chongno-Gu, Seoul 110-744, Korea
| | - Wooil Kwon
- Department of Surgery and Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Chongno-Gu, Seoul 110-744, Korea
| | - Taesung Park
- Department of Statistics, Seoul National University College of Natural Sciences, Gwanak-Gu, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Yongkang Kim
- Department of Statistics, Seoul National University College of Natural Sciences, Gwanak-Gu, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Kyoung Bun Lee
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Chongno-Gu, Seoul 110-744, Korea
| | - Sun-Whe Kim
- Department of Surgery and Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Chongno-Gu, Seoul 110-744, Korea
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Sae-Lao T, Luplertlop N, Janvilisri T, Tohtong R, Bates DO, Wongprasert K. Sulfated galactans from the red seaweed Gracilaria fisheri exerts anti-migration effect on cholangiocarcinoma cells. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2017; 36:59-67. [PMID: 29157829 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2017.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2016] [Revised: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 09/24/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Seaweeds have a long history of use in Asian countries as functional foods, medicinal herbs, and the treatment of cancer. Polysaccharides from various seaweeds have shown anti-tumor activity. Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA), often with metastatic disease, is highly prevalent in Thailand as a consequence of liver fluke infection. Recently, we extracted sulfated galactans (SG) from Gracilaria fisheri (G. fisheri), a south east Asian seaweed, and found it exhibited anti-proliferation effect on CCA cells. PURPOSE In the present study, we evaluated the anti-migration activity of SG on CCA cells and its underlined mechanism. METHODS CCA cells were treated with SG alone or drugs targeting to epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor (EGFR) or pretreated with SG prior to incubation with EGF. Anti-migration activity was determined using a scratch wound-healing assay and zymography. Immunofluorescence staining and western blotting were used to investigate EGFR signaling mediators. RESULTS Under basal condition, SG reduced the migration rate of CCA, which was correlated with a decrease in the active-form of matrix metalloproteinases-9. SG decreased expression of phosphorylated focal adhesion kinase (FAK), but increased expression of E-cadherin to promote cells stasis. Moreover, phosphorylation of EGFR and extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK), known to stimulate growth of cancer cells, was blocked in a comparable way to EGFR inhibitors Cetuximab and Erlotinib. Pretreatment cells with SG attenuated EGF induced phosphorylation of EGFR, ERK and FAK. CONCLUSION This study reveals that SG from G. fisheri retards migration of CCA cells, and its mechanism of inhibition is mediated, to some extent, by inhibitory effects on MAPK/ERK signal transduction pathway. Our findings suggest that there may be a therapeutic potential of SG in CCA treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thannicha Sae-Lao
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama VI Road, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Natthanej Luplertlop
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Rajavithi Road, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Tavan Janvilisri
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama VI Road, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Rutaiwan Tohtong
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama VI Road, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - David O Bates
- Cancer Biology, Division of Cancer Stem Cells, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Queen Medical Centre, Nottingham NG7 2UH, United Kingdom
| | - Kanokpan Wongprasert
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama VI Road, Bangkok 10400, Thailand.
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Research and Development of Atractylodes lancea (Thunb) DC. as a Promising Candidate for Cholangiocarcinoma Chemotherapeutics. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2017; 2017:5929234. [PMID: 29348769 PMCID: PMC5733893 DOI: 10.1155/2017/5929234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Treatment and control of cholangiocarcinoma (CCA): the bile duct cancer is limited by the lack of effective chemotherapeutic drugs and alternative drugs are needed, particularly those from natural sources. This article reviews steps of research and development of Atractylodes lancea (Thunb) DC. (AL) as potential candidate for CCA chemotherapy, with adoption of the reverse pharmacology approach. Major steps include (1) reviewing of existing information on its phytochemistry and pharmacological properties, (2) screening of its activities against CCA, (3) standardization of AL, (4) nonclinical studies to evaluate anti-CCA activities, (5) phytochemistry and standardization of AL extract, (6) development of oral pharmaceutical formulation of standardized AL extract, and (7) toxicity testing of oral pharmaceutical formulation of standardized AL extract. Results from a series of our study confirm anti-CCA potential and safety profiles of both the crude extract and the finished product (oral pharmaceutical formulation of the standardized AL extract). Phases I and II clinical trials of the product to confirm tolerability and efficacy in healthy subjects and patients with advanced stage CCA will be carried out soon.
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25
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Walden D, Kunnimalaiyaan S, Sokolowski K, Clark TG, Kunnimalaiyaan M. Antiproliferative and apoptotic effects of xanthohumol in cholangiocarcinoma. Oncotarget 2017; 8:88069-88078. [PMID: 29152142 PMCID: PMC5675694 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.21422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholangiocarcinoma remains the second most prevalent hepatic neoplasm in the United States with a 5-year survival rate of less than 10%. Currently, no systemic therapy has demonstrated efficacy. Therefore, an urgent need for the identification of molecularly targeted compound(s) remains. The Notch signaling pathway has been shown to be dysregulated in cholangiocarcinoma, exhibiting hyperactivity while also possibly mediating chemotherapeutic resistance. We analyzed the effects of xanthohumol, a prenylated chalcone, on cholangiocarcinoma proliferation utilizing human cholangiocarcinoma cell lines CCLP1, SG-231 and CC-SW-1 while gaining insight into the associated mechanism. Xanthohumol potently reduced cellular proliferation, colony formation, and cell confluency in all three cell lines. Xanthohumol induced cell cycle arrest as well as apoptosis through the reduction of cell cycle regulatory proteins as well as an increase in pro-apoptotic markers (cleaved poly ADP ribose polymerase, cleaved caspase-3) and a decrease in anti-apoptotic markers (X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis and survivin). At the molecular level, xanthohumol reduced Notch1 and AKT expression in a step-wise and time-dependent fashion, with Notch1 reductions preceding AKT. Additionally, xanthohumol reduced cholangiocarcinoma growth in both CCLP-1 and SG-231 derived mice xenografts. In summary, we show that xanthohumol significantly reduced cholangiocarcinoma growth through the Notch1/AKT signaling axis. Furthermore, known pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of XN supports continued development of treatment for cholangiocarcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Walden
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, MCW Cancer Center, Translational and Biomedical Research Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Selvi Kunnimalaiyaan
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, MCW Cancer Center, Translational and Biomedical Research Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Kevin Sokolowski
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, MCW Cancer Center, Translational and Biomedical Research Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - T Gamblin Clark
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, MCW Cancer Center, Translational and Biomedical Research Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Muthusamy Kunnimalaiyaan
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, MCW Cancer Center, Translational and Biomedical Research Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
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26
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Sritananuwat P, Sueangoen N, Thummarati P, Islam K, Suthiphongchai T. Blocking ERK1/2 signaling impairs TGF-β1 tumor promoting function but enhances its tumor suppressing role in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma cells. Cancer Cell Int 2017; 17:85. [PMID: 28959141 PMCID: PMC5615482 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-017-0454-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) plays a paradoxical role in cancer: it suppresses proliferation at early stages but promotes metastasis at late stages. This cytokine is upregulated in cholangiocarcinoma and is implicated in cholangiocarcinoma invasion and metastasis. Here we investigated the roles of non-Smad pathway (ERK1/2) and Smad in TGF-β tumor promoting and suppressing activities in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC) cells. Methods TGF-β1 effects on proliferation, invasion and migration of ICC cells, KKU-M213 and/or HuCCA-1, were investigated using MTT, colony formation, in vitro Transwell and wound healing assays. Levels of mRNAs and proteins/phospho-proteins were measured by quantitative (q)RT-PCR and Western blotting respectively. E-cadherin localization was examined by immunofluorescence and secreted MMP-9 activity was assayed by gelatin zymography. The role of ERK1/2 signaling was evaluated by treating cells with TGF-β1 in combination with MEK1/2 inhibitor U0126, and that of Smad2/3 and Slug using siSmad2/3- and siSlug-transfected cells. Results h-TGF-β1 enhanced KKU-M213 cell invasion and migration and induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition as shown by an increase in vimentin, Slug and secreted MMP-9 levels and by a change in E-cadherin localization from membrane to cytosol, while retaining the cytokine’s ability to attenuate cell proliferation. h-TGF-β1 stimulated Smad2/3 and ERK1/2 phosphorylation, and the MEK1/2 inhibitor U0126 attenuated TGF-β1-induced KKU-M213 cell invasion and MMP-9 production but moderately enhanced the cytokine growth inhibitory activity. The latter effect was more noticeable in HuCCA-1 cells, which resisted TGF-β-anti-proliferative activity. Smad2/3 knock-down suppressed TGF-β1 ability to induce ERK1/2 phosphorylation, Slug expression and cell invasion, whereas Slug knock-down suppressed cell invasion and vimentin expression but marginally affected ERK1/2 activation and MMP-9 secretion. These results indicate that TGF-β1 activated ERK1/2 through Smad2/3 but not Slug pathway, and that ERK1/2 enhanced TGF-β1 tumor promoting but repressed its tumor suppressing functions. Conclusions Inhibiting ERK1/2 activation attenuates TGF-β1 tumor promoting effect (invasion) but retains its tumor suppressing role, thereby highlighting the importance of ERK1/2 in resolving the TGF-β paradox switch. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12935-017-0454-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phaijit Sritananuwat
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400 Thailand.,Present Address: Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ubon Ratchathani University, Ubon Ratchathani, Thailand
| | - Natthaporn Sueangoen
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400 Thailand.,Present Address: Research Center, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Parichut Thummarati
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400 Thailand
| | - Kittiya Islam
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400 Thailand
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27
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Liu F, Song S, Yi Z, Zhang M, Li J, Yang F, Yin H, Yu X, Guan C, Liu Y, Liu Z, Wang J, Zhu D. HGF induces EMT in non-small-cell lung cancer through the hBVR pathway. Eur J Pharmacol 2017; 811:180-190. [PMID: 28554854 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2017.05.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2016] [Revised: 05/12/2017] [Accepted: 05/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a crucial event during non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) invasion and metastasis. However, the mechanisms involved in NSCLC EMT have not been fully clarified. Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) and human biliverdin reductase (hBVR) are reported to contribute to EMT in several diseases. Here, we show that compared with transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β), fibroblast growth factor (FGF), and epidermal growth factor (EGF), HGF is an important cell factor for EMT in NSCLC cell lines A549 and H460. Met protein, HGF receptors, and hBVR were found to be highly expressed and positively correlated with EMT in NSCLC tissue sections. In addition, HGF and hBVR induced a decrease in epithelial protein marker expression and an increase in mesenchymal protein marker expression as well as increased cellular migration and invasion, indicating that both HGF and hBVR mediate EMT in A549 and H460 cell lines. Furthermore, HGF-induced EMT and migration and invasion in both cell lines was inhibited by si-hBVR. Taken together, our data show that HGF induces EMT in NSCLC through the hBVR pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Liu
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China; Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Circulatory System Diseases of Heilongjiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Harbin 150081, China; State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Shasha Song
- Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Circulatory System Diseases of Heilongjiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Harbin 150081, China; Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Medicine Research (Harbin Medical University), Ministry of Education, Harbin 150081, China; State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, Harbin 150081, China; Central Laboratory of Harbin Medical University-Daqing, Daqing 163319, China
| | - Zhi Yi
- Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Circulatory System Diseases of Heilongjiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Harbin 150081, China; Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Medicine Research (Harbin Medical University), Ministry of Education, Harbin 150081, China; State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, Harbin 150081, China; Central Laboratory of Harbin Medical University-Daqing, Daqing 163319, China
| | - Min Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Circulatory System Diseases of Heilongjiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Harbin 150081, China; Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Medicine Research (Harbin Medical University), Ministry of Education, Harbin 150081, China; State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, Harbin 150081, China; Central Laboratory of Harbin Medical University-Daqing, Daqing 163319, China
| | - Jiali Li
- Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Circulatory System Diseases of Heilongjiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Harbin 150081, China; Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Medicine Research (Harbin Medical University), Ministry of Education, Harbin 150081, China; State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, Harbin 150081, China; Central Laboratory of Harbin Medical University-Daqing, Daqing 163319, China
| | - Fang Yang
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Hongtao Yin
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Xiufeng Yu
- Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Circulatory System Diseases of Heilongjiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Harbin 150081, China; Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Medicine Research (Harbin Medical University), Ministry of Education, Harbin 150081, China; State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, Harbin 150081, China; Central Laboratory of Harbin Medical University-Daqing, Daqing 163319, China
| | - Chao Guan
- Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Circulatory System Diseases of Heilongjiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Harbin 150081, China; Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Medicine Research (Harbin Medical University), Ministry of Education, Harbin 150081, China; State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, Harbin 150081, China; Central Laboratory of Harbin Medical University-Daqing, Daqing 163319, China
| | - Ying Liu
- Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Circulatory System Diseases of Heilongjiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Harbin 150081, China; Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Medicine Research (Harbin Medical University), Ministry of Education, Harbin 150081, China; State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, Harbin 150081, China; Central Laboratory of Harbin Medical University-Daqing, Daqing 163319, China
| | - Zizhen Liu
- Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Circulatory System Diseases of Heilongjiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Harbin 150081, China; Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Medicine Research (Harbin Medical University), Ministry of Education, Harbin 150081, China; State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, Harbin 150081, China; Central Laboratory of Harbin Medical University-Daqing, Daqing 163319, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Internal Medical Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Daling Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Circulatory System Diseases of Heilongjiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Harbin 150081, China; Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Medicine Research (Harbin Medical University), Ministry of Education, Harbin 150081, China; State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, Harbin 150081, China; Central Laboratory of Harbin Medical University-Daqing, Daqing 163319, China.
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Martínez AK, Jensen K, Hall C, O'Brien A, Ehrlich L, White T, Meng F, Zhou T, Greene J, Bernuzzi F, Invernizzi P, Dostal DE, Lairmore T, Alpini G, Glaser SS. Nicotine Promotes Cholangiocarcinoma Growth in Xenograft Mice. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2017; 187:1093-1105. [PMID: 28315314 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2017.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Revised: 12/29/2016] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Nicotine, the main addictive substance in tobacco, is known to play a role in the development and/or progression of a number of malignant tumors. However, nicotine's involvement in the pathogenesis of cholangiocarcinoma is controversial. Therefore, we studied the effects of nicotine on the growth of cholangiocarcinoma cells in vitro and the progression of cholangiocarcinoma in a mouse xenograft model. The predominant subunit responsible for nicotine-mediated proliferation in normal and cancer cells, the α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α7-nAChR), was more highly expressed in human cholangiocarcinoma cell lines compared with normal human cholangiocytes. Nicotine also stimulated the proliferation of cholangiocarcinoma cell lines and promoted α7-nAChR-dependent activation of proliferation and phosphorylation of extracellular-regulated kinase in Mz-ChA-1 cells. In addition, nicotine and PNU282987 (α7-nAChR agonist) accelerated the growth of the cholangiocarcinoma tumors in our xenograft mouse model and increased fibrosis, proliferation of the tumor cells, and phosphorylation of extracellular-regulated kinase activation. Finally, α7-nAChR was expressed at significantly higher levels in human cholangiocarcinoma compared with normal human control liver samples. Taken together, results of this study suggest that nicotine acts through α7-nAChR and plays a novel role in the pathogenesis of cholangiocarcinoma. Furthermore, nicotine may act as a mitogen in cholestatic liver disease processes, thereby facilitating malignant transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allyson K Martínez
- Department of Internal Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, Texas
| | - Kendal Jensen
- Department of Medical Physiology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, Texas
| | - Chad Hall
- Department of Surgery, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, Texas
| | - April O'Brien
- Department of Internal Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, Texas
| | - Laurent Ehrlich
- Department of Internal Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, Texas
| | - Tori White
- Department of Internal Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, Texas
| | - Fanyin Meng
- Department of Internal Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, Texas; Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, Texas; Digestive Disease Research Center, Baylor Scott & White Health, Temple, Texas
| | - Tianhao Zhou
- Department of Internal Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, Texas
| | - John Greene
- Department of Pathology, Baylor Scott & White Health, Temple, Texas
| | - Francesca Bernuzzi
- Program for Autoimmune Liver Diseases, International Center for Digestive Health, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milan-Bicocca, Milan, Italy; Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Pietro Invernizzi
- Program for Autoimmune Liver Diseases, International Center for Digestive Health, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milan-Bicocca, Milan, Italy; Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - David E Dostal
- Department of Medical Physiology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, Texas; Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, Texas
| | - Terry Lairmore
- Department of Surgery, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, Texas
| | - Gianfranco Alpini
- Department of Internal Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, Texas; Department of Medical Physiology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, Texas; Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, Texas; Digestive Disease Research Center, Baylor Scott & White Health, Temple, Texas
| | - Shannon S Glaser
- Department of Internal Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, Texas; Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, Texas; Digestive Disease Research Center, Baylor Scott & White Health, Temple, Texas.
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29
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Rahnemai-Azar AA, Weisbrod A, Dillhoff M, Schmidt C, Pawlik TM. Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma: Molecular markers for diagnosis and prognosis. Surg Oncol 2017; 26:125-137. [PMID: 28577718 DOI: 10.1016/j.suronc.2016.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Revised: 12/24/2016] [Accepted: 12/29/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (iCCA) is the second most common primary liver tumor with increasing incidence worldwide. The outcome of patients with iCCA is dismal owing to tumor's aggressiveness, late diagnosis and lack of effective treatment options. Detection of the tumor at early stages may make surgical resection, as only potential curative treatment, more feasible. Unfortunately, despite recent developments in imaging modalities and laboratory tests, the diagnosis of iCCA remains challenging and patients often present in advanced stages when surgery cannot be offered. Moreover, accurate assessment of disease burden is critical to optimize management strategy, including the use of adjuvant therapies and clinical trials. Identifying iCCA specific diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers has been a focus of interest among many investigators with a progressive increase in data on iCCA related to advances in "omics" technologies. We herein summarize iCCA biomarkers and define the molecular mechanisms underlying iCCA carcinogenesis, as well as highlight potential diagnostic and prognostic application of molecular biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir A Rahnemai-Azar
- Department of Surgery, University of Washington Medical Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Allison Weisbrod
- Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University, Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Mary Dillhoff
- Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University, Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Carl Schmidt
- Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University, Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Timothy M Pawlik
- Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University, Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA.
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30
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Banales JM, Cardinale V, Carpino G, Marzioni M, Andersen JB, Invernizzi P, Lind GE, Folseraas T, Forbes SJ, Fouassier L, Geier A, Calvisi DF, Mertens JC, Trauner M, Benedetti A, Maroni L, Vaquero J, Macias RIR, Raggi C, Perugorria MJ, Gaudio E, Boberg KM, Marin JJG, Alvaro D. Expert consensus document: Cholangiocarcinoma: current knowledge and future perspectives consensus statement from the European Network for the Study of Cholangiocarcinoma (ENS-CCA). Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2016; 13:261-80. [PMID: 27095655 DOI: 10.1038/nrgastro.2016.51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 864] [Impact Index Per Article: 108.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is a heterogeneous group of malignancies with features of biliary tract differentiation. CCA is the second most common primary liver tumour and the incidence is increasing worldwide. CCA has high mortality owing to its aggressiveness, late diagnosis and refractory nature. In May 2015, the "European Network for the Study of Cholangiocarcinoma" (ENS-CCA: www.enscca.org or www.cholangiocarcinoma.eu) was created to promote and boost international research collaboration on the study of CCA at basic, translational and clinical level. In this Consensus Statement, we aim to provide valuable information on classifications, pathological features, risk factors, cells of origin, genetic and epigenetic modifications and current therapies available for this cancer. Moreover, future directions on basic and clinical investigations and plans for the ENS-CCA are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesus M Banales
- Department of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Biodonostia Health Research Institute - Donostia University Hospital, Ikerbasque, CIBERehd, Paseo del Dr. Begiristain s/n, E-20014, San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Vincenzo Cardinale
- Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale dell'Università 37, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Guido Carpino
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome "Foro Italico", Piazza Lauro De Bosis 6, 00135, Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Marzioni
- Department of Clinic and Molecular Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Via Tronto 10, 60020, Ancona, Italy
| | - Jesper B Andersen
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre, University of Copenhagen, Ole Maaløes Vej 5, DK-2200, Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Pietro Invernizzi
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Via Manzoni 56, Rozzano, 20089, Milan, Italy
- Program for Autoimmune Liver Diseases, International Center for Digestive Health, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milan-Bicocca, Via Cadore 48, 20900, Monza, Italy
| | - Guro E Lind
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Montebello, 0310, Oslo, Norway
| | - Trine Folseraas
- Department of Transplantation Medicine, Division of Cancer Medicine, Surgery and Transplantation, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Pb. 4950 Nydalen, N-0424, Oslo, Norway
| | - Stuart J Forbes
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, 49 Little France Crescent, EH16 4SB, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Laura Fouassier
- INSERM UMR S938, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, 184 rue du Faubourg Saint-Antoine, 75571, Paris cedex 12, Fondation ARC, 9 rue Guy Môquet 94803 Villejuif, France
| | - Andreas Geier
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Würzburg, Oberdürrbacherstrasse 6, D-97080, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Diego F Calvisi
- Institute of Pathology, Universitätsmedizin Greifswald, Friedrich-Löffler-Strasse 23e, 17489, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Joachim C Mertens
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, Rämistrasse 100, 8091, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Michael Trauner
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, A-1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Antonio Benedetti
- Department of Clinic and Molecular Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Via Tronto 10, 60020, Ancona, Italy
| | - Luca Maroni
- Department of Clinic and Molecular Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Via Tronto 10, 60020, Ancona, Italy
| | - Javier Vaquero
- INSERM UMR S938, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, 184 rue du Faubourg Saint-Antoine, 75571, Paris cedex 12, Fondation ARC, 9 rue Guy Môquet 94803 Villejuif, France
| | - Rocio I R Macias
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Experimental Hepatology and Drug Targeting (HEVEFARM), Campus Miguel de Unamuno, E.I.D. S-09, University of Salamanca, IBSAL, CIBERehd, 37007, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Chiara Raggi
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Via Manzoni 56, Rozzano, 20089, Milan, Italy
| | - Maria J Perugorria
- Department of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Biodonostia Health Research Institute - Donostia University Hospital, Ikerbasque, CIBERehd, Paseo del Dr. Begiristain s/n, E-20014, San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Eugenio Gaudio
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Via Alfonso Borelli 50, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Kirsten M Boberg
- Department of Transplantation Medicine, Division of Cancer Medicine, Surgery and Transplantation, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Pb. 4950 Nydalen, N-0424, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jose J G Marin
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Experimental Hepatology and Drug Targeting (HEVEFARM), Campus Miguel de Unamuno, E.I.D. S-09, University of Salamanca, IBSAL, CIBERehd, 37007, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Domenico Alvaro
- Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale dell'Università 37, 00185, Rome, Italy
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31
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Effect of brefelamide on HGF-induced survival of 1321N1 human astrocytoma cells. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2016; 52:705-11. [PMID: 27130674 DOI: 10.1007/s11626-016-0019-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/17/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Malignant gliomas are characterized by their high level of resistance to chemo- and radiotherapy and new treatment options are urgently required. We previously demonstrated that brefelamide, an aromatic amide isolated from methanol extracts of cellular slime molds Dictyostelium brefeldianum and D. giganteum, had antiproliferative effects on 1321N1 human astrocytoma cells, a model of glioma. In this study, we investigated the mechanisms by which brefelamide inhibited 1321N1 and PC12 rat pheochromocytoma cell proliferation. When cells were cultured in serum-free medium, hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) increased survival of 1321N1 cells but not PC12 cells. HGF receptor, c-MET, was strongly expressed in 1321N1 cells, but not in PC12 cells. Pretreatment of 1321N1 cells with brefelamide inhibited both HGF-induced cell survival and expression of c-MET. Phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and AKT was increased by HGF, but these changes were inhibited by brefelamide pretreatment. Moreover, HGF mRNA levels and secretion were reduced by brefelamide. These results suggest that brefelamide reduces survival of 1321N1 cells via multiple effects including suppression of HGF receptor expression and HGF secretion and inhibition of ERK and AKT phosphorylation.
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32
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Hu J, Yin B. Advances in biomarkers of biliary tract cancers. Biomed Pharmacother 2016; 81:128-135. [PMID: 27261586 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2016.02.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Revised: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 02/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor biomarkers can be applied for early diagnosis or precise treatment, thereby leading to personalized treatment and better outcomes. Biliary tract cancers (BTCs) are a group of cancers that occurs in different locations and have different clinical or genetic properties. Though the incidence of BTCs is rare, BTCs are among the most lethal cancers in the world and all have very low 5-year survivals. Lack of efficient early diagnostic approaches or adjuvant therapies for BTCs are main reasons. These urge us to broaden the researches into BTC biomarkers. Although few progresses of diagnostic biomarkers for BTCs have been achieved, there are still some advances in prognostic, predictive and therapeutic areas. In this review, we will focus on these achievements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Hu
- Department of General Surgery, Huashan Hosptial, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, PR China.
| | - Baobing Yin
- Department of General Surgery, Huashan Hosptial, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, PR China; Department of General Surgery, Jing'an Branch of Huashan Hospital, Fudan University (Jing'an District Centre Hospital of Shanghai), Shanghai 200040, PR China.
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33
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Pothula SP, Xu Z, Goldstein D, Biankin AV, Pirola RC, Wilson JS, Apte MV. Hepatocyte growth factor inhibition: a novel therapeutic approach in pancreatic cancer. Br J Cancer 2016; 114:269-80. [PMID: 26766740 PMCID: PMC4742591 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2015.478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pancreatic stellate cells (PSCs, which produce the stroma of pancreatic cancer (PC)) interact with cancer cells to facilitate PC growth. A candidate growth factor pathway that may mediate this interaction is the HGF-c-MET pathway. METHODS Effects of HGF inhibition (using a neutralising antibody AMG102) alone or in combination with gemcitabine were assessed (i) in vivo using an orthotopic model of PC, and (ii) in vitro using cultured PC cells (AsPC-1) and human PSCs. RESULTS We have shown that human PSCs (hPSCs) secrete HGF but do not express the receptor c-MET, which is present predominantly on cancer cells. HGF inhibition was as effective as standard chemotherapy in inhibiting local tumour growth but was significantly more effective than gemcitabine in reducing tumour angiogenesis and metastasis. HGF inhibition has resulted in reduced metastasis; however, interestingly this antimetastatic effect was lost when combined with gemcitabine. This suggests that gemcitabine treatment selects out a subpopulation of cancer cells with increased epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and stem-cell characteristics, as supported by our findings of increased expression of EMT and stem-cell markers in tumour sections from our animal model. In vitro studies showed that hPSC secretions induced proliferation and migration, but inhibited apoptosis, of cancer cells. These effects were countered by pretreatment of hPSC secretions with a HGF-neutralising antibody but not by gemcitabine, indicating a key role for HGF in PSC-PC interactions. CONCLUSIONS Our studies suggest that targeted therapy to inhibit stromal-tumour interactions mediated by the HGF-c-MET pathway may represent a novel therapeutic approach in PC that will require careful modelling for optimal integration with existing treatment modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srinivasa P Pothula
- Pancreatic Research Group, South Western Sydney Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, Liverpool, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Zhihong Xu
- Pancreatic Research Group, South Western Sydney Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, Liverpool, New South Wales, Australia
| | - David Goldstein
- Department of Medical Oncology, Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Andrew V Biankin
- Cancer Research Division, The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Romano C Pirola
- Pancreatic Research Group, South Western Sydney Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, Liverpool, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jeremy S Wilson
- Pancreatic Research Group, South Western Sydney Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, Liverpool, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Minoti V Apte
- Pancreatic Research Group, South Western Sydney Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, Liverpool, New South Wales, Australia
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34
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Bai YP, Shang K, Chen H, Ding F, Wang Z, Liang C, Xu Y, Sun MH, Li YY. FGF-1/-3/FGFR4 signaling in cancer-associated fibroblasts promotes tumor progression in colon cancer through Erk and MMP-7. Cancer Sci 2015; 106:1278-87. [PMID: 26183471 PMCID: PMC4637995 DOI: 10.1111/cas.12745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2015] [Revised: 06/21/2015] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), as the activated fibroblasts in the tumor stroma, are important modifiers of tumour progression. In the present study, we observed that azoxymethane and dextran sodium sulfate treatments induced increasingly severe colorectal mucosal inflammation and the intratumoural accumulation of CAFs. Fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-1 and FGF-3 were detected in infiltrating cells, and FGFR4, the specific receptor for FGF-1 and FGF-3, was detected in colon cancer tissues. The phosphorylation of FGFR4 enhanced the production of metalloproteinase (MMP)-7 and mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (Mek)/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (Erk), which was accompanied by excessive vessel generation and cell proliferation. Moreover, we separated CAFs, pericarcinoma fibroblasts (PFs), and normal fibroblasts (NFs) from human colon tissue specimens to characterize the function of CAFs. We observed that CAFs secrete more FGF-1/-3 than NFs and PFs and promote cancer cell growth and angiogenesis through the activation of FGFR4, which is followed by the activation of Mek/Erk and the modulation of MMP-7 expression. The administration of FGF-1/-3-neutralizing antibodies or the treatment of cells with FGFR4 siRNA or the FGFR4 inhibitor PD173074 markedly suppressed colon cancer cell proliferation and neovascularization. These observations suggest a crucial role for CAFs and FGF signaling in the initiation and progression of colorectal cancer. The inhibition of the FGF signaling pathway may be a useful strategy for the treatment of colon cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Pan Bai
- Cancer Research Institute, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Kun Shang
- Cancer Research Institute, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Nuclear Medicine, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Huan Chen
- Department of Pathology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Fei Ding
- Department of Pathology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhen Wang
- Cancer Research Institute, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chen Liang
- Cancer Research Institute, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ye Xu
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Colorectal Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Meng-Hong Sun
- Department of Pathology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying-Yi Li
- Cancer Research Institute, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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35
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Yamada D, Rizvi S, Razumilava N, Bronk SF, Davila JI, Champion MD, Borad MJ, Bezerra JA, Chen X, Gores GJ. IL-33 facilitates oncogene-induced cholangiocarcinoma in mice by an interleukin-6-sensitive mechanism. Hepatology 2015; 61:1627-42. [PMID: 25580681 PMCID: PMC4406813 DOI: 10.1002/hep.27687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2014] [Accepted: 01/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is a lethal hepatobiliary neoplasm originating from the biliary apparatus. In humans, CCA risk factors include hepatobiliary inflammation and fibrosis. The recently identified interleukin (IL)-1 family member, IL-33, has been shown to be a biliary mitogen which also promotes liver inflammation and fibrosis. Our aim was to generate a mouse model of CCA mimicking the human disease. Ectopic oncogene expression in the biliary tract was accomplished by the Sleeping Beauty transposon transfection system with transduction of constitutively active AKT (myr-AKT) and Yes-associated protein. Intrabiliary instillation of the transposon-transposase complex was coupled with lobar bile duct ligation in C57BL/6 mice, followed by administration of IL-33 for 3 consecutive days. Tumors developed in 72% of the male mice receiving both oncogenes plus IL-33 by 10 weeks but in only 20% of the male mice transduced with the oncogenes alone. Tumors expressed SOX9 and pancytokeratin (features of CCA) but were negative for HepPar1 (a marker of hepatocellular carcinoma). Substantive overlap with human CCA specimens was revealed by RNA profiling. Not only did IL-33 induce IL-6 expression by human cholangiocytes but it likely facilitated tumor development in vivo by an IL-6-sensitive process as tumor development was significantly attenuated in Il-6(-/-) male animals. Furthermore, tumor formation occurred at a similar rate when IL-6 was substituted for IL-33 in this model. CONCLUSION The transposase-mediated transduction of constitutively active AKT and Yes-associated protein in the biliary epithelium coupled with lobar obstruction and IL-33 administration results in the development of CCA with morphological and biochemical features of the human disease; this model highlights the role of inflammatory cytokines in CCA oncogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisaku Yamada
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Sumera Rizvi
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | | | - Steven F. Bronk
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Jaime I. Davila
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Mia D. Champion
- Department of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Arizona
| | - Mitesh J. Borad
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ
| | - Jorge A. Bezerra
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Xin Chen
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA
| | - Gregory J. Gores
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
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Holland WS, Chinn DC, Lara PN, Gandara DR, Mack PC. Effects of AKT inhibition on HGF-mediated erlotinib resistance in non-small cell lung cancer cell lines. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2014; 141:615-26. [PMID: 25323938 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-014-1855-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2014] [Accepted: 10/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Acquired resistance to erlotinib in patients with EGFR-mutant non-small cell lung cancer can result from aberrant activation of alternative receptor tyrosine kinases, such as the HGF-driven c-MET receptor. We sought to determine whether inhibition of AKT signaling could augment erlotinib activity and abrogate HGF-mediated resistance. METHODS The effects of MK-2206, a selective AKT inhibitor, were evaluated in combination with erlotinib on a large panel of 13 lung cancer cell lines containing different EGFR or KRAS abnormalities. The activity of the combination was assessed using proliferation assays, flow cytometry and immunoblotting. The MEK inhibitor PD0325901 was used to determine the role of the MAP kinase pathway in erlotinib resistance. RESULTS The combination of MK-2206 and erlotinib resulted in synergistic growth inhibition independent of EGFR mutation status. In cell lines where HGF blocked the anti-proliferative and cytotoxic effects of erlotinib, MK-2206 could restore cell cycle arrest, but MEK inhibition was required for erlotinib-dependent apoptosis. Both AKT and MEK inhibition contributed to cell death independent of erlotinib in the T790M-containing H1975 and the EGFR-WT cell lines tested. CONCLUSIONS These findings illustrate the potential advantages and challenges of combined signal transduction inhibition as a generalized strategy to circumvent acquired erlotinib resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- William S Holland
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, 4501 X Street, Suite 3016, Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA
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37
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Liu R, Zhao R, Zhou X, Liang X, Campbell DJW, Zhang X, Zhang L, Shi R, Wang G, Pandak WM, Sirica AE, Hylemon PB, Zhou H. Conjugated bile acids promote cholangiocarcinoma cell invasive growth through activation of sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor 2. Hepatology 2014; 60:908-18. [PMID: 24700501 PMCID: PMC4141906 DOI: 10.1002/hep.27085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2013] [Accepted: 02/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is an often fatal primary malignancy of the intra- and extrahepatic biliary tract that is commonly associated with chronic cholestasis and significantly elevated levels of primary and conjugated bile acids (CBAs), which are correlated with bile duct obstruction (BDO). BDO has also recently been shown to promote CCA progression. However, whereas there is increasing evidence linking chronic cholestasis and abnormal bile acid profiles to CCA development and progression, the specific mechanisms by which bile acids may be acting to promote cholangiocarcinogenesis and invasive biliary tumor growth have not been fully established. Recent studies have shown that CBAs, but not free bile acids, stimulate CCA cell growth, and that an imbalance in the ratio of free to CBAs may play an important role in the tumorigenesis of CCA. Also, CBAs are able to activate extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)1/2- and phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase/protein kinase B (AKT)-signaling pathways through sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor 2 (S1PR2) in rodent hepatocytes. In the current study, we demonstrate S1PR2 to be highly expressed in rat and human CCA cells, as well as in human CCA tissues. We further show that CBAs activate the ERK1/2- and AKT-signaling pathways and significantly stimulate CCA cell growth and invasion in vitro. Taurocholate (TCA)-mediated CCA cell proliferation, migration, and invasion were significantly inhibited by JTE-013, a chemical antagonist of S1PR2, or by lentiviral short hairpin RNA silencing of S1PR2. In a novel organotypic rat CCA coculture model, TCA was further found to significantly increase the growth of CCA cell spheroidal/"duct-like" structures, which was blocked by treatment with JTE-013. CONCLUSION Our collective data support the hypothesis that CBAs promote CCA cell-invasive growth through S1PR2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Runping Liu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth UniversityRichmond, VA,Key Laboratory of New Drug Screen and Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical UniversityNanjing, China,* These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Renping Zhao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth UniversityRichmond, VA,Key Laboratory of New Drug Screen and Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical UniversityNanjing, China,* These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Xiqiao Zhou
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth UniversityRichmond, VA,Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical UniversityJiangsu, China
| | - Xiuyin Liang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth UniversityRichmond, VA
| | - Deanna JW Campbell
- Department of Pathology, Division of Cellular and Molecular Pathogenesis, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth UniversityRichmond, VA
| | - Xiaoxuan Zhang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth UniversityRichmond, VA,Key Laboratory of New Drug Screen and Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical UniversityNanjing, China
| | - Luyong Zhang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth UniversityRichmond, VA
| | - Ruihua Shi
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical UniversityJiangsu, China
| | - Guangji Wang
- Key Laboratory of New Drug Screen and Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical UniversityNanjing, China
| | | | - Alphonse E Sirica
- Department of Pathology, Division of Cellular and Molecular Pathogenesis, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth UniversityRichmond, VA,** Drs. Zhou, Hylemon, and Sirica contributed equally to this work
| | - Phillip B Hylemon
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth UniversityRichmond, VA,McGuire Veterans Affairs Medical CenterRichmond, VA,** Drs. Zhou, Hylemon, and Sirica contributed equally to this work
| | - Huiping Zhou
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth UniversityRichmond, VA,McGuire Veterans Affairs Medical CenterRichmond, VA,Wenzhou Medical CollegeWenzhou, China,** Drs. Zhou, Hylemon, and Sirica contributed equally to this work
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Downregulation of LAT1 expression suppresses cholangiocarcinoma cell invasion and migration. Cell Signal 2014; 26:1668-79. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2014.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2014] [Revised: 03/26/2014] [Accepted: 04/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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Kim JY, Kim HJ, Park JH, Park DI, Cho YK, Sohn CI, Jeon WK, Kim BI, Kim DH, Chae SW, Sohn JH. Epidermal growth factor upregulates Skp2/Cks1 and p27 kip1 in human extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma cells. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20:755-773. [PMID: 24574749 PMCID: PMC3921485 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i3.755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2013] [Revised: 09/15/2013] [Accepted: 11/05/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To evaluate the expression status of S-phase kinase-associated protein 2 (Skp2)/cyclin-dependent kinases regulatory subunit 1 (Cks1) and p27kip1, and assess the prognostic significance of Skp2/Cks1 expression with p27kip1 in patients with extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma.
METHODS: Seventy-six patients who underwent curative resection for histologically confirmed extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma at our institution from December 1994 to March 2008 were enrolled. Immunohistochemical staining for Skp2, Cks1, p27kip1, and Ki67, along with other relevant molecular biologic experiments, were performed.
RESULTS: By Cox regression analyses, advanced age (> 65 years), advanced AJCC tumor stage, poorly differentiated histology, and higher immunostaining intensity of Skp2 were identified as independent prognostic factors in patients with extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. Exogenous epidermal growth factor (EGF, especially 0.1-10 ng/mL) significantly increased the proliferation indices by MTT assay and the mRNA levels of Skp2/Cks1 and p27kip1 in SNU-1196, SNU-1079, and SNU-245 cells. The protein levels of Skp2/Cks1 (from nuclear lysates) and p27kip1 (from cytosolic lysate) were also significantly increased in these cells. There were significant reductions in the protein levels of Skp2/Cks1 and p27kip1 (from nuclear lysate) after the treatment of LY294002. By chromatin immunoprecipitation assay, we found that E2F1 transcription factor directly binds to the promoter site of Skp2.
CONCLUSION: Higher immunostaining intensity of Skp2/Cks1 was an independent prognostic factor for patients with extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. EGF upregulates the mRNA and protein levels of Skp2/Cks1 and p27kip1via the PI3K/Akt pathway and direct binding of E2F1 transcription factor with the Skp2 promoter.
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Trovato M, Torre ML, Ragonese M, Simone A, Scarfì R, Barresi V, Giuffrè G, Benvenga S, Angileri FF, Tuccari G, Trimarchi F, Ruggeri RM, Cannavò S. HGF/c-met system targeting PI3K/AKT and STAT3/phosphorylated-STAT3 pathways in pituitary adenomas: an immunohistochemical characterization in view of targeted therapies. Endocrine 2013; 44:735-43. [PMID: 23576023 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-013-9950-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2013] [Accepted: 04/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The ligand/receptor hepatocyte growth factor (HGF)/c-met signaling system promotes cellular growth and angiogenesis through PI3K/phosphor-Akt and STAT3/phosphor-STAT3 downstream effectors. In this study, we have evaluated the expression of molecules of the HGF/c-met pathway in pituitary adenomas (PA). The expression of HGF, c-met, PI3K (p85αsubunit) pAkt, STAT3, and pSTAT3 was analyzed by immunohistochemistry in an archival series of 30 PA (12 non-functioning and 18 functioning; 25 macroadenomas and 5 microadenomas). PAs expressed all six proteins in tumor epithelial cells. The proportion of c-met(+ve) cells was greater than HGF(+ve) cells (49 ± 19 vs 34 ± 17 %, P < 0.01), the pAkt(+ve) cells greater than PI3K(+ve) cells (39 ± 16.0 vs 1.3 ± 0.5 %, P < 0.001), and the STAT3(+ve) cells greater than active pSTAT3(+ve) cells (14 ± 8 vs 7 ± 6 %, P < 0.01). Furthermore, endothelial Akt immunostaining was detected on the vascular surface area of 17 PAs, in macroadenomas more frequently than in microadenomas (82 vs 18 %). The percentage of immunostained endothelial cells was greater in macro than in microadenomas (19 ± 7 and 7 ± 3 %; P < 0.05). In conclusion, HGF and c-met are widely expressed in PA, and correlate with pAkt expression. These data, together with the finding of pAkt immunostaining on microvascular areas related to tumor size, suggest a major role of the pAKT signaling in tumor growth and angiogenesis. There might be practical implications for the targeted therapy of PA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Trovato
- Department of Human Pathology, Pad D 4 piano-AOU Policlinico "G. Martino", via Consolare Valeria, 1, 98125, Messina, Italy,
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Ilyas SI, Gores GJ. Pathogenesis, diagnosis, and management of cholangiocarcinoma. Gastroenterology 2013; 145:1215-29. [PMID: 24140396 PMCID: PMC3862291 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2013.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 881] [Impact Index Per Article: 80.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2013] [Revised: 10/08/2013] [Accepted: 10/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cholangiocarcinomas (CCAs) are hepatobiliary cancers with features of cholangiocyte differentiation; they can be classified anatomically as intrahepatic CCA (iCCA), perihilar CCA (pCCA), or distal CCA. These subtypes differ not only in their anatomic location, but in epidemiology, origin, etiology, pathogenesis, and treatment. The incidence and mortality of iCCA has been increasing over the past 3 decades, and only a low percentage of patients survive until 5 years after diagnosis. Geographic variations in the incidence of CCA are related to variations in risk factors. Changes in oncogene and inflammatory signaling pathways, as well as genetic and epigenetic alterations and chromosome aberrations, have been shown to contribute to the development of CCA. Furthermore, CCAs are surrounded by a dense stroma that contains many cancer-associated fibroblasts, which promotes their progression. We have gained a better understanding of the imaging characteristics of iCCAs and have developed advanced cytologic techniques to detect pCCAs. Patients with iCCAs usually are treated surgically, whereas liver transplantation after neoadjuvant chemoradiation is an option for a subset of patients with pCCAs. We review recent developments in our understanding of the epidemiology and pathogenesis of CCA, along with advances in classification, diagnosis, and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumera I Ilyas
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
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Yothaisong S, Dokduang H, Techasen A, Namwat N, Yongvanit P, Bhudhisawasdi V, Puapairoj A, Riggins GJ, Loilome W. Increased activation of PI3K/AKT signaling pathway is associated with cholangiocarcinoma metastasis and PI3K/mTOR inhibition presents a possible therapeutic strategy. Tumour Biol 2013; 34:3637-48. [PMID: 23832540 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-013-0945-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2013] [Accepted: 06/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) signaling plays a critical role in cholangiocarcinoma (CCA), as well as anti-cancer drug resistance and autophagy, the type II program cell death regulation. In this work, we aimed to: (1) determine the expression levels of several key components of PI3K signaling and (2) evaluate whether NVP-BEZ235, a novel dual PI3K/mTOR inhibitor, could inhibit CCA cell growth. Immunohistochemistry for p85α, p110α, AKT, p-AKT (T308), mTOR, p-mTOR (S2448), GSK-3β, p-GSK-3β (S9), PTEN, and p-PTEN (S380, T382/383) was performed in 30 CCA patients. Western blotting was used to analyze PTEN and p-PTEN expression in the cell lines (KKU-OCA17, KKU-100, KKU-M055, KKU-M139, KKU-M156, KKU-M213, and KKU-M214). The effects of NVP-BEZ235 on CCA cells were evaluated using a growth inhibition assay, flow cytometer and migration assay. Increased activation of PI3K/AKT signaling was reproducibly observed in the CCA tissues. The expression of p85α, mTOR, and GSK-3β was significantly correlated with metastasis. Interestingly, PTEN suppression by loss of expression or inactivation by phosphorylation was observed in the majority of patients. Furthermore, NVP-BEZ235 effectively inhibited CCA cell growth and migration through reduced AKT and mTOR phosphorylation and significantly induced G1 arrest without apoptosis induction, although increase autophagy response was observed. In conclusion, the constitutive activation of PI3K/AKT pathway in CCA is mainly due to PTEN inactivation by either loss of expression or phosphorylation along with an increased expression in its pathway components heralding a poor prognosis for CCA patients. This work also indicates that inhibition of PI3K and mTOR activity by the inhibitor NVP-BEZ235 has anti-cancer activity against CCA cells which might be further tested for CCA treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Supak Yothaisong
- Department of Biochemistry and Liver Fluke and Cholangiocarcinoma Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
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Radtke S, Milanovic M, Rossé C, De Rycker M, Lachmann S, Hibbert A, Kermorgant S, Parker PJ. ERK2 but not ERK1 mediates HGF-induced motility in non-small cell lung carcinoma cell lines. J Cell Sci 2013; 126:2381-91. [PMID: 23549785 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.115832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Aberrant signalling of receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs), such as c-Met, the receptor for hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), has been implicated in the oncogenesis of various tumours including non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC). Through its pro-migratory properties, c-Met has been implicated specifically in the process of tumour metastasis, demanding a better understanding of the underlying signalling pathways. Various players downstream of c-Met have been well characterised, including the extracellular-signal-regulated kinases (ERKs) 1 and 2. In a small interfering RNA (siRNA)-based high-throughput wound healing screen performed in A549 lung carcinoma cells, we identified ERK2 but not ERK1 as a strong mediator of HGF-induced motility. This finding was confirmed in several NSCLC cell lines as well as in HeLa cells. One known substrate for ERK kinases in cell migration, the focal adhesion protein paxillin, was also one of the hits identified in the screen. We demonstrate that HGF stimulation results in a time-dependent phosphorylation of paxillin on serine 126, a process that can be blocked by inhibition of the ERK1/2 upstream kinase mitogen-activated protein kinase/ERK kinase 1 (MEK1) or inhibition of glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3). Further, we show that paxillin turnover at focal adhesions is increased upon stimulation by HGF, an effect that is dependent on serine residues 126 (GSK3 site) and 130 (ERK site) within paxillin. In line with the isoform-specific requirement of ERK2 for HGF-mediated migration in lung tumour cell models, ERK2 but not ERK1 is shown to be responsible for paxillin serine 126 phosphorylation and its increased turnover at focal adhesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Radtke
- London Research Institute, 44 Lincoln's Inn Fields, London WC2A 3LY, UK.
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NK4 gene therapy inhibits HGF/Met-induced growth of human cholangiocarcinoma cells. Dig Dis Sci 2013; 58:1636-43. [PMID: 23314853 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-012-2523-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2012] [Accepted: 12/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE NK4, a competitive antagonist for hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) and the Met receptor, is a bifunctional molecule that acts as an HGF antagonist and an angiogenesis inhibitor. The objective of this study was to investigate the anti-tumor effects of NK4 on the cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) cell line HuCC-T1. METHODS We assessed the effects of NK4 on proliferation, invasion, migration, and cell cycle progression in mock-transfected HuCC-T1 clones, empty-vector-transfected clones of HuCC-T1 (Hu-Em), and NK4-transfected clones of HuCC-T1 (Hu-NK4), with HuCC-T1 cells serving as the control cells. Correlated with these effects on cellular functions, the mRNA levels of cyclin D1 and cyclin A were monitored using reverse transcription (RT)-PCR and quantitative PCR, and the corresponding protein levels were monitored using Western blotting. In addition, Met phosphorylation and the activity of its important downstream signaling targets protein kinase B (Akt) and glycogen synthase kinase (GSK)-3β were evaluated by Western blotting. RESULTS Our data indicate that cell proliferation, invasion, and cell cycle progression of the three types of clones were essentially the same, while these processes were stimulated by HGF in HuCC-T1 and Hu-Em cells, but not in Hu-NK4 cells. Moreover, when stimulated with HGF, the increases in mRNA levels of cyclin D1 and cyclin A were accompanied by corresponding increases in protein levels, and the phosphorylation of Met, Akt, and GSK-3β was upregulated in HuCC-T1 and Hu-Em cells, compared to the levels in the Hu-NK4 cells. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that NK4 gene therapy inhibits HGF/Met-induced growth of human CCA cells by arresting cell cycle progression. It also interferes with Met activation and the downstream phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase/Akt/GSK-3β signaling pathway.
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Zabron A, Edwards RJ, Khan SA. The challenge of cholangiocarcinoma: dissecting the molecular mechanisms of an insidious cancer. Dis Model Mech 2013; 6:281-92. [PMID: 23520144 PMCID: PMC3597011 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.010561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholangiocarcinoma is a fatal cancer of the biliary epithelium and has an incidence that is increasing worldwide. Survival beyond a year of diagnosis is less than 5%, and therapeutic options are few. Known risk factors include biliary diseases such as primary sclerosing cholangitis and parasitic infestation of the biliary tree, but most cases are not associated with any of these underlying diseases. Numerous in vitro and in vivo models, as well as novel analytical techniques for human samples, are helping to delineate the many pathways implicated in this disease, albeit at a frustratingly slow pace. As yet, however, none of these studies has been translated into improved patient outcome and, overall, the pathophysiology of cholangiocarcinoma is still poorly understood. There remains an urgent need for new approaches and models to improve management of this insidious and devastating disease. In this review, we take a bedside-to-bench approach to discussing cholangiocarcinoma and outline research opportunities for the future in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail Zabron
- Hepatology and Gastroenterology Section, Division of Diabetes Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, St Mary's Hospital Campus, South Wharf Road, London, W2 1NY, UK.
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Trillo MÁ, Martínez MA, Cid MA, Úbeda A. Retinoic acid inhibits the cytoproliferative response to weak 50‑Hz magnetic fields in neuroblastoma cells. Oncol Rep 2013; 29:885-94. [PMID: 23292364 PMCID: PMC3597587 DOI: 10.3892/or.2012.2212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2012] [Accepted: 11/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously reported that intermittent exposure to a 50‑Hz magnetic field (MF) at 100 µT stimulates cell proliferation in the human neuroblastoma cell line NB69. The present study aimed to investigate whether the magnetic field-induced growth promotion also occurs at a lower magnetic flux density of 10 µT. To this purpose, NB69 cells were subjected for 42 h to intermittent exposure, 3 h on/3 h off, to a 50‑Hz MF at a 10 or 100 µT magnetic flux density. The field exposure took place either in the presence or in the absence of the antiproliferative agent retinoic acid. At the end of the treatment and/or incubation period, the cell growth was estimated by hemocytometric counting and spectrophotometric analysis of total protein and DNA contents. Potential changes in DNA synthesis were also assessed through proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) immunolabeling. The results confirmed previously reported data that a 42-h exposure to a 50‑Hz sine wave MF at 100 µT promotes cell growth in the NB69 cell line, and showed that 10 µT induces a similar proliferative response. This effect, which was significantly associated and linearly correlated with PCNA expression, was abolished by the presence of retinoic acid in the culture medium.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Ángeles Trillo
- Department of Research-BEM, IRYCIS, Hospital Ramon y Cajal, 28034 Madrid, Spain.
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Yang W, Wang X, Zheng W, Li K, Liu H, Sun Y. Genetic and epigenetic alterations are involved in the regulation of TPM1 in cholangiocarcinoma. Int J Oncol 2012; 42:690-8. [PMID: 23254774 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2012.1741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2012] [Accepted: 11/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholangiocarcinoma is a malignant tumor originating from biliary epithelial cells. The tumor suppressor gene tropomyosin 1 (TPM1) is downregulated in several human cancer types; however, its expression status in cholangiocarcinoma is still unknown. We elucidated TPM1 expression and its regulation mechanism in cholangiocarcinoma. Real-time (RT)-PCR, western blot analysis and immunohistochemistry were performed to examine TPM1 expression levels in cholangiocarcinoma cell lines and tumor tissues. Cell lines were treated with lentiviral vector containing the miR-21 knockdown and inhibitors of genetic and epigenetic mechanisms (manumycin A, LY294002, U0126, DAC and TSA), and the TPM1 expression change was observed by RT-PCR and western blot analyses. Cell proliferation, apoptosis and migration were evaluated by water-soluble tetrazolium salt (WST-1) assay, flow cytometry and wound healing experiments, respectively. TPM1 was downregulated in the intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma cells (HuCCT1) and upregulated in the extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma cells (QBC939) compared with normal intrahepatic biliary epithelial cells (HIBEC). TPM1 stained negative in the intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma tissues, as revealed by immunohistochemistry, although there was no significant difference in staining of the intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma tissues and adjacent non-cancer tissues. RAS and two important downstream signaling pathways (RAS/PI3K/AKT and RAS/MEK/ERK) were involved in TPM1 regulation and inhibition of the epigenetic mechanisms such as DNA methylation, histone deacetylation and miR-21 upregulation upregulated TPM1 expression. Inhibitors of genetic and epigenetic mechanisms (manumycin A, LY294002, U0126, DAC and TSA) inhibited cell proliferation and migration and induced apoptosis. These data indicated that TPM1 is downregulated in HuCCT1 cells and that the Ras signaling pathway as well as DNA methylation, histone deacetylation and miR-21 upregulation play important roles in the suppression of TPM1 expression in HuCCT1 cells. Thus, compounds that inhibit genetic and epigenetic mechanisms may be promising agents in treating cholangiocarcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Yang
- Department of Minimally Invasive Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, P.R. China
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Zhu SS, Li WG. Advances in research of signaling pathways in cholangiocarcinoma. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2012; 20:2913-2919. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v20.i30.2913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological data indicate that the incidence and mortality of cholangiocarcinoma (CC) show an increasing trend worldwide over the past several years. Many pathophysiologic aspects of this neoplasia are still unknown and need to be fully discovered. However, progress has been recently made in understanding molecular mechanisms involved in the transformation and growth of malignant cholangiocytes. It is found that cholangiocarcinogenesis is a multistep cellular process evolving from a normal condition of the epithelial biliary cells and ending with malignant transformation through a chronic inflammation status. The bad prognosis related to CC justifies why a better identification of the molecular mechanisms involved in the growth and progression of this cancer is required for the development of effective preventive measures and valid treatment regimens. Signaling pathways can regulate substance and energy metabolism in organisms and are closely related to biological growth and development. This paper mainly introduces signaling pathways which occur in cholangiocarcinoma and their roles in cholangiocarcinoma cells.
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Kaufmann R, Hascher A, Mussbach F, Henklein P, Katenkamp K, Westermann M, Settmacher U. Proteinase-activated receptor 2 (PAR(2)) in cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) cells: effects on signaling and cellular level. Histochem Cell Biol 2012; 138:913-24. [PMID: 22892662 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-012-1006-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/23/2012] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we demonstrate functional expression of the proteinase-activated receptor 2 (PAR(2)), a member of a G-protein receptor subfamily in primary cholangiocarcinoma (PCCA) cell cultures. Treatment of PCCA cells with the serine proteinase trypsin and the PAR(2)-selective activating peptide, furoyl-LIGRLO-NH(2), increased migration across a collagen membrane barrier. This effect was inhibited by a PAR(2)-selective pepducin antagonist peptide (P2pal-18S) and it was also blocked with the Met receptor tyrosine kinase (Met) inhibitors SU 11274 and PHA 665752, the MAPKinase inhibitors PD 98059 and SL 327, and the Stat3 inhibitor Stattic. The involvement of Met, p42/p44 MAPKinases and Stat3 in PAR(2)-mediated PCCA cell signaling was further supported by the findings that trypsin and the PAR(2)-selective agonist peptide, 2-furoyl-LIGRLO-NH(2), stimulated activating phosphorylation of these signaling molecules in cholangiocarcinoma cells. With our results, we provide a novel signal transduction module in cholangiocarcinoma cell migration involving PAR(2)-driven activation of Met, p42/p44 MAPKinases and Stat3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland Kaufmann
- Experimental Transplantation Surgery, Department of General, Visceral and Vascular Surgery, Medical Faculty at the Friedrich Schiller University Jena, University Hospital Jena, Drackendorfer Str. 1, 07747 Jena, Germany.
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Ghosh S, Basu M, Roy SS. ETS-1 protein regulates vascular endothelial growth factor-induced matrix metalloproteinase-9 and matrix metalloproteinase-13 expression in human ovarian carcinoma cell line SKOV-3. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:15001-15. [PMID: 22270366 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.284034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinase-mediated degradation of extracellular matrix is a crucial event for invasion and metastasis of malignant cells. The expressions of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are regulated by different cytokines and growth factors. VEGF, a potent angiogenic cytokine, induces invasion of ovarian cancer cells through activation of MMPs. Here, we demonstrate that invasion and scattering in SKOV-3 cells were induced by VEGF through the activation of p38 MAPK and PI3K/AKT pathways. VEGF induced the expression of MMP-2, MMP-9, and MMP-13 and hence regulated the metastasis of SKOV-3 ovarian cancer cells, and the activities of these MMPs were reduced after inhibition of PI3K/AKT and p38 MAPK pathways. Interestingly, VEGF induced expression of ETS-1 factor, an important trans-regulator of different MMP genes. ETS-1 bound to both MMP-9 and MMP-13 promoters. Furthermore, VEGF acted through its receptor to perform the said functions. In addition, VEGF-induced MMP-9 and MMP-13 expression and in vitro cell invasion were significantly reduced after knockdown of ETS-1 gene. Again, VEGF-induced MMP-9 and MMP-13 promoter activities were down-regulated in ETS-1 siRNA-transfected cells. VEGF enriched ETS-1 in the nuclear fraction in a dose-dependent manner. VEGF-induced expression of ETS-1 and its nuclear localization were blocked by specific inhibitors of the PI3K and p38 MAPK pathways. Therefore, based on these observations, it is hypothesized that the activation of PI3K/AKT and p38 MAPK by VEGF results in ETS-1 gene expression, which activates MMP-9 and MMP-13, leading to the invasion and scattering of SKOV-3 cells. The study provides a mechanistic insight into the prometastatic functions of VEGF-induced expression of relevant MMPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonali Ghosh
- Cell Biology and Physiology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, 4 Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Kolkata 700032, India
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