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Srivastava V, Navabharath M, Khan M, Samal M, Parveen R, Singh SV, Ahmad S. A comprehensive review on Phyto-MAP: A novel approach of drug discovery against Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis using AYUSH heritage. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 333:118482. [PMID: 38908495 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2024.118482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/24/2024]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Indian system of Traditional medicine, AYUSH (Ayurveda, Yoga, Unani, Siddha, and Homeopathy) has great potential with a History of Safe Use (HOSU) of thousands of medicinal plants included in pharmacopoeias. The multi-targeted approach of phytoconstituents present in different traditionally used medicinal plants makes them suitable candidates for research against various infective pathogens. MAP which is a dairy-borne pathogen is associated with the development of Johne's disease in ruminants and Crohn's disease like autoimmune disorders in human beings. There are no reliable treatment alternatives available against MAP, leaving surgical removal of intestines as the sole option. Hence, there exists an urgent need to search for leads against such infection. AIM OF THE STUDY The present review has been conducted to find out the ethnopharmacological evidence about the potential of phytoconstituents against Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP), along with the proposal of a potential phyto-MAP mechanism for the very first time taking anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, and anti-microbial traditional claims into consideration. MATERIALS AND METHODS We have analyzed and reviewed different volumes of the two main traditional scriptures of India i.e. Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India (API) and Unani Pharmacopoeia of India (UPI), respectively-for identification of potential anti-MAP plants based on their claims for related disorders. These plants were further investigated systematically for their scientific publications of the last 20 years (2002-2022) available through electronic databases including Google Scholar, Pubmed, and Scopus. The studies conducted in vitro, cell lines, and in vivo levels were taken into consideration along with the associated mechanisms of phytoconstituents. RESULTS A total of 70 potential medicinal plants have been identified. Based on the ethnopharmacology, a potential phyto-paratuberculosis (Phyto-paraTB) mechanism has been proposed and out of 70, seven potential anti-MAP plants have been identified to have a great future as anti-MAP. CONCLUSION A novel and scientifically viable plan has been proposed for addressing anti-MAP plants for stimulating research against MAP and related disorders using mass-trusted AYUSH medicine, which can be used as an alternative remedy in resistance cases otherwise can be advocated as an adjuvant with modern treatments for better management of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varsha Srivastava
- Centre of Excellence in Unani Medicine (Pharmacognosy and Pharmacology), Bioactive Natural Product Laboratory, Department of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, Delhi, India.
| | - Manthena Navabharath
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Applied Sciences & Humanities, GLA University, Mathura, Uttar Pradesh, India.
| | - Muzayyana Khan
- Centre of Excellence in Unani Medicine (Pharmacognosy and Pharmacology), Bioactive Natural Product Laboratory, Department of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, Delhi, India.
| | - Monalisha Samal
- Centre of Excellence in Unani Medicine (Pharmacognosy and Pharmacology), Bioactive Natural Product Laboratory, Department of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, Delhi, India.
| | - Rabea Parveen
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, Delhi, India.
| | - Shoor Vir Singh
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Applied Sciences & Humanities, GLA University, Mathura, Uttar Pradesh, India.
| | - Sayeed Ahmad
- Centre of Excellence in Unani Medicine (Pharmacognosy and Pharmacology), Bioactive Natural Product Laboratory, Department of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, Delhi, India.
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Agrawal G, Borody TJ, Aitken JM. Mapping Crohn's Disease Pathogenesis with Mycobacterium paratuberculosis: A Hijacking by a Stealth Pathogen. Dig Dis Sci 2024; 69:2289-2303. [PMID: 38896362 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-024-08508-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis (MAP) has been implicated in the development of Crohn's disease (CD) for over a century. Similarities have been noted between the (histo)pathological presentation of MAP in ruminants, termed Johne's disease (JD), and appearances in humans with CD. Analyses of disease presentation and pathology suggest a multi-step process occurs that consists of MAP infection, dysbiosis of the gut microbiome, and dietary influences. Each step has a role in the disease development and requires a better understanding to implementing combination therapies, such as antibiotics, vaccination, faecal microbiota transplants (FMT) and dietary plans. To optimise responses, each must be tailored directly to the activity of MAP, otherwise therapies are open to interpretation without microbiological evidence that the organism is present and has been influenced. Microscopy and histopathology enables studies of the mycobacterium in situ and how the associated disease processes manifest in the patient e.g., granulomas, fissuring, etc. The challenge for researchers has been to prove the relationship between MAP and CD with available laboratory tests and methodologies, such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR), MAP-associated DNA sequences and bacteriological culture investigations. These have, so far, been inconclusive in revealing the relationship of MAP in patients with CD. Improved and accurate methods of detection will add to evidence for an infectious aetiology of CD. Specifically, if the bacterial pathogen can be isolated, identified and cultivated, then causal relationships to disease can be confirmed, especially if it is present in human gut tissue. This review discusses how MAP may cause the inflammation seen in CD by relating its known pathogenesis in cattle, and from examples of other mycobacterial infections in humans, and how this would impact upon the difficulties with diagnostic tests for the organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaurav Agrawal
- Division of Diabetes & Nutritional Sciences, King's College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, London, SE1 9NH, UK.
- , Sydney, Australia.
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Abbas M, Khan MT, Iqbal Z, Ali A, Eddine BT, Yousaf N, Wei D. Sources, transmission and hospital-associated outbreaks of nontuberculous mycobacteria: a review. Future Microbiol 2024; 19:715-740. [PMID: 39015998 PMCID: PMC11259073 DOI: 10.2217/fmb-2023-0279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) are widespread environmental organisms found in both natural and man-made settings, such as building plumbing, water distribution networks and hospital water systems. Their ubiquitous presence increases the risk of transmission, leading to a wide range of human infections, particularly in immunocompromised individuals. NTM primarily spreads through environmental exposures, such as inhaling aerosolized particles, ingesting contaminated food and introducing it into wounds. Hospital-associated outbreaks have been linked to contaminated medical devices and water systems. Furthermore, the rising global incidence, prevalence and isolation rates highlight the urgency of addressing NTM infections. Gaining a thorough insight into the sources and epidemiology of NTM infection is crucial for devising novel strategies to prevent and manage NTM transmission and infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Munawar Abbas
- College of Food Science & Technology, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, China
| | - Muhammad Tahir Khan
- Institute of Molecular Biology & Biotechnology (IMBB), The University of Lahore, 1KM Defense Road, Lahore, 58810, Pakistan
- Zhongjing Research & Industrialization Institute of Chinese Medicine, Zhongguancun Scientific Park, Meixi, Nanyang, Henan, 473006, PR China
| | - Zafar Iqbal
- School of Life Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui, China
| | - Arif Ali
- Department of Bioinformatics & Biological Statistics, School of Life Sciences & Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Benarfa Taki Eddine
- Echahid Cheikh Larbi Tebessi University Faculty of Exact Sciences & Natural & Life Sciences, Département of Microbiology, Algeria
| | - Numan Yousaf
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Dongqing Wei
- College of Food Science & Technology, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, China
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Shanghai-Islamabad-Belgrade Joint Innovation Center on Antibacterial Resistances, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences & School of Life Sciences & Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200030, PR China
- Zhongjing Research & Industrialization Institute of Chinese Medicine, Zhongguancun Scientific Park, Meixi, Nanyang, Henan, 473006, PR China
- Henan Biological Industry Group, 41, Nongye East Rd, Jinshui, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450008, China
- Peng Cheng National Laboratory, Vanke Cloud City Phase I Building 8, Xili Street, Nashan District, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, PR China
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Iaquinto G, Mazzarella G, Sellitto C, Lucariello A, Melina R, Iaquinto S, De Luca A, Rotondi Aufiero V. Antibiotic Therapy for Active Crohn's Disease Targeting Pathogens: An Overview and Update. Antibiotics (Basel) 2024; 13:151. [PMID: 38391539 PMCID: PMC10886129 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics13020151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Crohn's disease (CD) is a multifactorial chronic disorder that involves a combination of factors, including genetics, immune response, and gut microbiota. Therapy includes salicylates, immunosuppressive agents, corticosteroids, and biologic drugs. International guidelines do not recommend the use of antibiotics for CD patients, except in the case of septic complications. Increasing evidence of the involvement of gut bacteria in this chronic disease supports the rationale for using antibiotics as the primary treatment for active CD. In recent decades, several pathogens have been reported to be involved in the development of CD, but only Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Mycobacterium avium paratubercolosis (MAP) have aroused interest due to their strong association with CD pathogenesis. Several meta-analyses have been published concerning antibiotic treatment for CD patients, but randomized trials testing antibiotic treatment against E. coli and MAP have not shown prolonged benefits and have generated conflicting results; several questions are still unresolved regarding trial design, antibiotic dosing, the formulation used, the treatment course, and the outcome measures. In this paper, we provide an overview and update of the trials testing antibiotic treatment for active CD patients, taking into account the role of pathogens, the mechanisms by which different antibiotics act on harmful pathogens, and antibiotic resistance. Finally, we also present new lines of study for the future regarding the use of antibiotics to treat patients with active CD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaetano Iaquinto
- Gastroenterology Unit, St. Rita Hospital, 83042 Atripalda, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Mazzarella
- Institute of Food Sciences, Consiglio Nazionale Delle Ricerche (CNR), 83100 Atripalda, Italy
- E.L.F.I.D, Department of Translational Medical Science, University "Federico II", 80147 Napoli, Italy
| | - Carmine Sellitto
- Section of Human Anatomy, Department of Mental and Physical Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", 80138 Naples, Italy
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry "Scuola Medica Salernitana", University of Salerno, 84081 Salerno, Italy
| | - Angela Lucariello
- Department of Sport Sciences and Wellness, University of Naples "Parthenope", 80100 Naples, Italy
| | - Raffaele Melina
- Gastroenterology Unit, San G. Moscati Hospital, 83100 Atripalda, Italy
| | | | - Antonio De Luca
- Section of Human Anatomy, Department of Mental and Physical Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Vera Rotondi Aufiero
- Institute of Food Sciences, Consiglio Nazionale Delle Ricerche (CNR), 83100 Atripalda, Italy
- E.L.F.I.D, Department of Translational Medical Science, University "Federico II", 80147 Napoli, Italy
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Arora U, Kedia S, Ahuja V. The practice of fecal microbiota transplantation in inflammatory bowel disease. Intest Res 2024; 22:44-64. [PMID: 37981746 PMCID: PMC10850701 DOI: 10.5217/ir.2023.00085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 09/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Current evidence posits a central role for gut microbiota and the metabolome in the pathogenesis and progression of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) has been established as a means to manipulate this microbiome safely and sustainably. Several aspects of the technical improvement including pretreatment with antibiotics, use of frozen stool samples as well as short donor-to-recipient time are proposed to improve its response rates. Its efficacy in ulcerative colitis has been proven in clinical trials while data is emerging for Crohn's disease. This review describes briefly the biology behind FMT, the available evidence for its use in IBD, and the host, recipient and procedural factors which determine the clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umang Arora
- Department of Gastroenterology and Human Nutrition, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Saurabh Kedia
- Department of Gastroenterology and Human Nutrition, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Vineet Ahuja
- Department of Gastroenterology and Human Nutrition, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
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Asgari N, Ghaemi EA, Naeimi MH, Tahamtan A, Sechi LA, Zamani S. Cross-reactivity between Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis 4027 peptide and Human IRF5 may contribute to Multiple Sclerosis in Iranian patients. Heliyon 2023; 9:e22137. [PMID: 38034802 PMCID: PMC10686849 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e22137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 10/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The etiology of Multiple sclerosis (MS) is complicated and can be affected by several environmental factors, such as Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) infection in genetically predisposed individuals. The link between MAP and MS depends on host genetic and epigenetic aspects and population-based features that require further investigation. We aimed to study the possible role of MAP in triggering MS using molecular and serological methods. Materials and methods This case-control study examined 200 blood samples (100 MS patients and 100 HCs) to search for the MAP-specific IS900 gene. In addition, ELISA was conducted to determine the humoral response against MAP_402718-32 and its human IRF5424-434 peptide homolog. Results The frequency of MAP detection based on the molecular method in MS patients and HCs was 48 % and 13 %, respectively (p < 0.0001). The presence of antibodies against MAP_402718-32 and IRF5424-434 was 55 % and 65 % in MS patients versus 9 % and 7 % in HCs, respectively (p < 0.0001). A good correlation was observed between MAP_4027 and IRF5 antibodies (r = 0.5782, p < 0.0001), indicating that the same antibodies recognized common peptide epitopes. Conclusion Our research revealed a significant association between MAP and MS, highlighting the possible role of MAP as an important infection trigger factor of MS. It is hypothesized that cross-reactivity between MAP4027 and IRF5 may dysregulate immune homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Negar Asgari
- Neuroscience Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Ezzat Allah Ghaemi
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hasan Naeimi
- Department of Neurology, Sayyad Hospital, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Alireza Tahamtan
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Leonardo Antonio Sechi
- Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Viale San Pietro 43b, 07100, Sassari, Italy
| | - Samin Zamani
- Neuroscience Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
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A Machine Learning Approach Reveals a Microbiota Signature for Infection with Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in Cattle. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0313422. [PMID: 36656029 PMCID: PMC9927500 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.03134-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Although Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) has threatened public health and the livestock industry, the current diagnostic tools (e.g., fecal PCR and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay [ELISA]) for MAP infection have some limitations, such as inconsistent results due to intermittent bacterial shedding or low sensitivity during the early stage of infection. Therefore, this study aimed to develop a novel biomarker focusing on elucidating the gut microbial signature of MAP-positive ruminants, since the clinical signs of MAP infection are closely related to dysbiosis. 16S rRNA-based gut microbial community analysis revealed both a decrease in microbial diversity and the emergence of several distinct taxa following MAP infection. To determine the discriminant taxa diagnostic of MAP infection, machine learning-based feature selection and predictive model construction were applied to taxon abundance data or their transformed derivatives. The selected taxa, such as Clostridioides (formerly Clostridium) difficile, were used to build models using a support vector machine, linear support vector classification, k-nearest neighbor, and random forest with 10-fold cross-validation. The receiver operating characteristic-area under the curve (ROC-AUC) analysis of the models revealed their high accuracy, up to approximately 96%. Collectively, taxonomic signatures of cattle gut microbiotas according to MAP infection status could be identified by feature selection tools and applied to establish a predictive model for the infection state. IMPORTANCE Due to the limitations, such as intermittent bacterial shedding or poor sensitivity, of the current diagnostic tools for Johne's disease, novel biomarkers are urgently needed to aid control of the disease. Here, we explored the fecal microbiota of Johne's disease-affected cattle and tried to discover distinct microbial characteristics which have the potential to be novel noninvasive biomarkers. Through 16S rRNA sequencing and machine learning approaches, a dozen taxa were selected as taxonomic signatures to discriminate the disease state. In addition, when constructing predictive models using relative abundance data of the corresponding taxa, the models showed high accuracy for classification, even including animals with subclinical infection. Thus, our study suggested novel noninvasive microbiological biomarkers that are robustly expressed regardless of subclinical infection and the applicability of machine learning for diagnosis of Johne's disease.
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Folate and Vitamin B 12 Deficiency Exacerbate Inflammation during Mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis (MAP) Infection. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15020261. [PMID: 36678131 PMCID: PMC9865721 DOI: 10.3390/nu15020261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Folate and vitamin B12 deficiency is highly prevalent among Crohn's disease (CD) patients. Furthermore, CD pathology can be mediated by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) infection. However, the direct effect of folate (B9) and cobalamin (B12) deficiency during MAP infection remains uncharacterized. This study investigates how folate and B12 deficiency impedes macrophage apoptosis and exacerbates the inflammation in macrophages infected with MAP isolated from CD patients. Accordingly, we measured folate and B12 in ex vivo plasma samples collected from CD patients with or without MAP infection (N = 35 per group). We also measured the expression of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and TNF-α, cellular apoptosis and viability markers, and bacterial viability in MAP-infected macrophages cultured in folate and B12 deficient media. We determined that MAP-positive CD patients have significantly lower plasma folate and B12 in comparison to MAP-negative CD patients [414.48 ± 94.60 pg/mL vs. 512.86 ± 129.12 pg/mL, respectively]. We further show that pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and TNF-α are significantly upregulated during folate and vitamin B12 deprivation following MAP infection by several folds, while supplementation significantly reduces their expression by several folds. Additionally, depletion of folate, B12, and folate/B12 following MAP infection, led to decreased macrophage apoptosis from 1.83 ± 0.40-fold to 1.04 ± 0.08, 0.64 ± 0.12, and 0.45 ± 0.07 in folate-low, B12-low, and folate/B12-low cells, respectively. By contrast, folate and folate/B12 supplementation resulted in 3.38 ± 0.70 and 2.58 ± 0.14-fold increases in infected macrophages. Interestingly, changes in overall macrophage viability were only observed in folate-high, folate/B12-high, and folate/B12-low media, with 0.80 ± 0.05, 0.82 ± 0.02, and 0.91 ± 0.04-fold changes, respectively. Incubation of Caco-2 intestinal epithelial monolayers with supernatant from infected macrophages revealed that folate/B12 deficiency led to increased LDH release independent of oxidative stress. Overall, our results indicate that folate and B12 are key vitamins affecting cell survival and inflammation during MAP infection.
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Park HT, Lee SM, Ko S, Kim S, Park HE, Shin MK, Kim D, Yoo HS. Delineating transcriptional crosstalk between Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis and human THP-1 cells at the early stage of infection via dual RNA-seq analysis. Vet Res 2022; 53:71. [PMID: 36100945 PMCID: PMC9469519 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-022-01089-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) is the causative agent of Johne’s disease, a chronic debilitating disease in ruminants. To control this disease, it is crucial to understand immune evasion and the mechanism of persistence by analyzing the early phase interplays of the intracellular pathogens and their hosts. In the present study, host–pathogen interactions at the transcriptomic level were investigated in an in vitro macrophage infection model. When differentiated human THP-1 cells were infected with MAP, the expression of various genes associated with stress responses and metabolism was altered in both host and MAP at 3 h post-infection. MAP upregulates stress-responsive global gene regulators, such as two-component systems and sigma factors, in response to oxidative and cell wall stress. Downstream genes involved in type VII secretion systems, cell wall synthesis (polyketide biosynthesis proteins), and iron uptake were changed in response to the intracellular environment of macrophages. On the host side, upregulation of inflammatory cytokine genes was observed along with pattern recognition receptor genes. Notably, alterations in gene sets involved in arginine metabolism were observed in both the host and MAP, along with significant downregulation of NOS2 expression. These observations suggest that the utilization of metabolites such as arginine by intracellular MAP might affect host NO production. Our dual RNA-seq data can provide novel insights by capturing the global transcriptome with higher resolution, especially in MAP, thus enabling a more systematic understanding of host–pathogen interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Tae Park
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Korea
| | - Sang-Mok Lee
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Korea
| | - Seyoung Ko
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Korea
| | - Suji Kim
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Korea
| | - Hyun-Eui Park
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Research Institute of Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, Korea
| | - Min-Kyoung Shin
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Research Institute of Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, Korea
| | - Donghyuk Kim
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Korea.
| | - Han Sang Yoo
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Korea.
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Gao H, He Q, Xu C, Pang Z, Feng B, Chen T, Yang W, Zhou G, Wang Y, Li J, Su J, Miao Y, Zhao Y, Liao Z, Xu C, Liu Z. The Development and Validation of Anti-paratuberculosis-nocardia Polypeptide Antibody [Anti-pTNP] for the Diagnosis of Crohn's Disease. J Crohns Colitis 2022; 16:1110-1123. [PMID: 35029687 DOI: 10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjac008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Non-invasive biomarkers in sera of patients with inflammatory bowel disease [IBD] are not currently available for rapidly and accurately diagnosing the disease. We aimed to investigate and validate the potential roles of anti-paratuberculosis-nocardia polypeptide antibodies [anti-pTNP] in the diagnosis of IBD. METHODS Serum samples were collected from 502 patients with diagnosed Crohn's disease [CD], 141 patients with ulcerative colitis [UC], and 109 healthy donors. The levels of anti-pTNPs and anti-Saccharomyces cerevisiae antibodies [ASCAs] were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The effects of each variable on the diagnosis were analysed by receiver operating characteristic [ROC] analysis. We also performed an estimate study by first developing a clinical prediction model, with external validation in CD patients from nine IBD medical centres in China. RESULTS The levels of anti-pTNPs in sera of CD patients were higher than those in UC patients and healthy donors. The positive rates of anti-pTNPs were significantly higher in ileal CD patients than in ileocolonic and colonic CD patients, and the levels of anti-pTNP IgG in perianal patients were significantly higher than those in non-perianal CD patients. Of note, anti-pTNPs and perianal diseases were important predictors for active stage of CD patients. Discriminative ability to predict active CD patients was 0.918 (95% confidence interval [CI]:0.886-0.949). CONCLUSIONS Anti-pTNP functions as a novel biological marker for diagnosing CD and can be used to assess disease severity, particularly in those with lesion locations in the terminal ileum and stricturing and perianal diseases. A validated prediction model reveals that anti-pTNPs are useful for estimating the likelihood of active CD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Gao
- Center for Inflammatory Bowel Disease Research, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiong He
- Center for Inflammatory Bowel Disease Research, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chunjin Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology, First People's Hospital of Shangqiu City Affiliated to Xinxiang Medical University, Shangqiu, China
| | - Zhi Pang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Suzhou Municipal Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, China
| | - Baisui Feng
- Department of Gastroenterology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Tingting Chen
- Laboratory of Experimental Analysis, Shanxi Ruihao Biotechnology, Taiyuan, China
| | - Wu Yang
- Laboratory of Experimental Analysis, Shanxi Ruihao Biotechnology, Taiyuan, China
| | - Guangxi Zhou
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical College, Jining, China
| | - Yufang Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Junxiang Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Dongfang Hospital of Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing,China
| | - Jingling Su
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongshan Hospital Affiliated to Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Yinglei Miao
- Department of Gastroenterology, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Ye Zhao
- Department of Gastroenterology, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zhuan Liao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Can Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhanju Liu
- Center for Inflammatory Bowel Disease Research, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
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Borody TJ, Dolai S, Gunaratne AW, Clancy RL. Targeting the microbiome in Crohn's disease. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2022; 18:873-877. [PMID: 35731859 DOI: 10.1080/1744666x.2022.2093186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J Borody
- Research Department, Centre for Digestive Diseases, Five Dock, Australia
| | - Sibasish Dolai
- Research Department, Centre for Digestive Diseases, Five Dock, Australia
| | - Anoja W Gunaratne
- Research Department, Centre for Digestive Diseases, Five Dock, Australia
| | - Robert L Clancy
- Research Department, Centre for Digestive Diseases, Five Dock, Australia
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12
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Pachoori A, Gururaj K, Sachan S, Sharma D. Multiplex qPCR for differentiation of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis in active and passive infection of goats. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 106:4705-4717. [PMID: 35715649 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-022-12021-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis (MAP) is causative agent of Johne's disease (JD) in domestic animals and has broad host range. JD infected animals shed viable MAP in their milk, feces, blood, and tissues which get transmitted to human beings directly or indirectly by consumption of animal products, through contact, animal handling and through contaminated environment, aerosols. In this current study, we developed hydrolysis probe based TaqMan® real-time PCR assay where samples were investigated by targeting IS900 mRNA and ModD gene to differentiate live MAP shedders from inactive/dead MAP bacilli shedding animals. The IS900 mRNA and ModD gene primers were designed using discontiguous unique conserved sequences of IS900 more towards the 3' end and fibronectin attachment protein (FAP) genes, respectively. Two different reporter dyes Cy5 and TexasRed, with compatible quenchers BHQ-1 and BHQ-2, respectively, were used for probe designing of IS900 and ModD genes. Triplex PCR assay was developed by using serially diluted positive MAP culture in log10 dilution and probe and template titration. TaqMan® probe real-time PCR targeting IS900 mRNA and ModD gene detects the MAP infection at early stage with high sensitivity and specificity. The specificity of developed TaqMan probe real-time PCR was found to be high while validated by using Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus in addition to the MAP culture as there is no non-specific signal from other microbes. The sensitivity of developed TaqMan® probe real-time PCR was computed based on copy numbers ranged from 4.14 × 1011 to 4.14 × 104 for IS900 (FAM), 1.27 × 1011 to 1.27 × 104 for IS900 mRNA (Cy5), and 3.68 × 1010 to 3.68 × 104 for ModD (TexasRed), and lowest limit to detect MAP was 4.14 × 104, 1.27 × 104, and 3.68 × 104 copies for respective genes. This assay would be of great aid to contain the MAP infection in the large herd, where silent shedders spread active infection can be differentiated from passive shedding by non-infected animals. This test would also be equivalent to culture test in terms of specificity and hence can be able to be undertaken in molecular epidemiological studies to represent the actual disease prevalence in the future. KEY POINTS: • Multiplex mRNA-based qPCR was developed to identify the actively infective MAP bacilli from passive ones. • ModD and IS900 used as targets to assess active MAP bacilli in fecal samples of suspected animals. • The LOD was computed using copy numbers with 4.14 × 104 and 3.68 × 104 copies for IS900 and ModD, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjali Pachoori
- Division of Animal Health, ICAR-Central Institute for Research On Goats, Farah (P.O.), Mathura-, 281122, Makhdoom, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - K Gururaj
- Division of Animal Health, ICAR-Central Institute for Research On Goats, Farah (P.O.), Mathura-, 281122, Makhdoom, Uttar Pradesh, India.
| | - Supriya Sachan
- Division of Animal Health, ICAR-Central Institute for Research On Goats, Farah (P.O.), Mathura-, 281122, Makhdoom, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Deepansh Sharma
- Amity Institute of Microbial Technology, Amity University Rajasthan, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
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13
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Zhang L, Liu F, Xue J, Lee SA, Liu L, Riordan SM. Bacterial Species Associated With Human Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Their Pathogenic Mechanisms. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:801892. [PMID: 35283816 PMCID: PMC8908260 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.801892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic inflammatory condition of the gastrointestinal tract with unknown etiology. The pathogenesis of IBD results from immune responses to microbes in the gastrointestinal tract. Various bacterial species that are associated with human IBD have been identified. However, the microbes that trigger the development of human IBD are still not clear. Here we review bacterial species that are associated with human IBD and their pathogenic mechanisms to provide an updated broad understanding of this research field. IBD is an inflammatory syndrome rather than a single disease. We propose a three-stage pathogenesis model to illustrate the roles of different IBD-associated bacterial species and gut commensal bacteria in the development of human IBD. Finally, we recommend microbe-targeted therapeutic strategies based on the three-stage pathogenesis model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhang
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- *Correspondence: Li Zhang,
| | - Fang Liu
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Jessica Xue
- Faculty of Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Seul A. Lee
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Lu Liu
- School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Stephen M. Riordan
- Gastrointestinal and Liver Unit, Prince of Wales Hospital, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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14
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Sun D, Ge X, Tang S, Liu Y, Sun J, Zhou Y, Luo L, Xu Z, Zhou W, Sheng J. Bacterial Characteristics of Intestinal Tissues From Patients With Crohn's Disease. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:711680. [PMID: 34869050 PMCID: PMC8635149 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.711680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aims It is believed that intestinal bacteria play an indispensable role in promoting intestinal inflammation. However, the characteristics of these tissue-associated bacteria remain elusive. The aim of this study is to explore the bacterial loads, compositions, and structures in the noninflamed mucosa, inflamed mucosa, and creeping fat taken from patients with Crohn’s disease (CD). Methods Noninflamed mucosa, inflamed mucosa, and creeping fat samples were obtained from 10 surgical patients suffering from CD. Total bacterial DNA was extracted in a sterile environment using aseptic techniques. The V3–V4 regions of bacterial 16S rDNA were amplified and analysed using standard microbiological methods. qPCR was used to confirm the change in abundance of specific species in additional 30 independent samples. Results Inflamed mucosa exhibited the highest bacterial load (3.8 and 12 times more than that of non-inflamed mucosa and creeping fat) and species diversity. The relative abundance of Proteobacteria was dominant in most samples and was negatively associated with Firmicutes. Moreover, the relative abundances of Methylobacterium and Leifsonia in creeping fat significantly increased more than twice as much as other tissue types. The bacterial community structure analysis showed that the bacterial samples from the same individual clustered more closely. Conclusion This study reveals the significant differences in bacterial load, species diversity, and composition among different intestinal tissue types of CD patients and confirms that the bacterial samples from the same individual are highly correlated. Our findings will shed light on fully revealing the characteristics of tissue-associated bacteria and their roles in CD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Desen Sun
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China.,Institute of Environmental Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Medical School of Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Xiaolong Ge
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China.,Department of General Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shasha Tang
- Department of General Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yaxin Liu
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jun Sun
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuping Zhou
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Liang Luo
- Department of Gastroenterology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhengping Xu
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wei Zhou
- Department of General Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jinghao Sheng
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Department of General Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
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15
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Di Re A, Liang Y, Gosselink MP, Ctercteko G. Acute Gastroenteritis in the Etiology of Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. CROHN'S & COLITIS 360 2021; 3:otab065. [PMID: 36777279 PMCID: PMC9802281 DOI: 10.1093/crocol/otab065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) consists of a spectrum of disorders including ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease, with a rising incidence worldwide. However, despite this prevalence the etiology of IBD remains uncertain. It has been suggested that an episode of gastroenteritis may precipitate IBD. Methods Studies were identified using a literature search of Pubmed/Medline and Embase/Ovid. This review was performed according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines. The primary outcome was incidence of new-onset IBD after gastroenteritis. Secondary outcomes included incidence of IBD after bacterial, viral, and parasitic gastrointestinal infections. Results Eleven studies (n = 923 608 patients) were included. Four studies assessed patients with gastroenteritis, subsequently developing IBD as the primary outcome. Patients with gastroenteritis had a higher incidence of subsequent IBD but this did not reach statistical significance (odds ratio [OR] 3.81, 95% CI 0.52-27.85, P = .19). Seven studies examined the incidence of antecedent gastroenteritis (primary outcome) in patients with a confirmed diagnosis of IBD, compared to the controlled population. There was no difference between incidence of antecedent gastroenteritis across the 2 population groups (OR 1.07, 95% CI 0.55-2.08, P = .85). There was no association between IBD and bacterial, viral, or parasitic infections. Conclusions In summary, our meta-analysis has shown that there is considerable heterogeneity in the literature regarding the role of gastroenteritis in the development of IBD. Further higher quality studies need to be performed to ascertain the true nature of this.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelina Di Re
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia,School of Medicine, University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia,Address correspondence to: Angelina Di Re, MBBS, MS, Department of Colorectal Surgery, Westmead Hospital, Cnr Hawkesbury Rd and Darcy Rd, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia ()
| | - Yi Liang
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia,Department of General Surgery, Blacktown Hospital, Blacktown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Martijn Pieter Gosselink
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia,Department of Colorectal Surgery, Dr. Horacio E Oduber Hospital, Caya Punta Brabo, Aruba
| | - Grahame Ctercteko
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia,School of Medicine, University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
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16
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Shaw AM, Qasem A, Naser SA. Modulation of PTPN2/22 Function by Spermidine in CRISPR-Cas9-Edited T-Cells Associated with Crohn's Disease and Rheumatoid Arthritis. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:8883. [PMID: 34445589 PMCID: PMC8396355 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Crohn's Disease (CD) and Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) share some single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in protein tyrosine phosphatase non-receptor types 2 and 22 (PTPN2/22). Recently, we reported that clinical samples from CD and RA patients associated with PTPN2:rs478582 or PTPN22:rs2476601 genotypes were linked to overactive immune response and exacerbation of inflammation. Here, we investigated in vitro the effects of these SNPs in Jurkat T-cells using CRISPR-Cas9. All cells were evaluated for PTPN22/22 loss of function and effects on cell response. We measured gene expression via RT-qPCR and cytokines by ELISA. We also measured cell proliferation using a BrdU labeling proliferation ELISA, and T-cell activation using CD-25 fluorescent immunostaining. In PTPN2 SNP-edited cells, PTPN2 expression decreased by 3.2-fold, and proliferation increased by 10.2-fold compared to control. Likewise, expression of PTPN22 decreased by 2.4-fold and proliferation increased by 8.4-fold in PTPN22 SNP-edited cells. IFN-γ and TNF-α secretions increased in both edited cell lines. CD25 expression (cell activation) was 80.32% in PTPN2 SNP-edited cells and 85.82% in PTPN22 SNP-edited cells compared to 70.48% in unedited Jurkat T-cells. Treatment of PTPN2 and PTPN22-edited cells with a maximum 20 μM spermidine restored PTPN2/22 expression and cell response including cell proliferation, activation, and cytokines secretion. Most importantly, the effect of spermidine on edited cells restored normal expression and secretion of IFN-γ and TNF-α. The data clearly demonstrated that edited SNPs in PTPN2 or PTPN22 were associated with reduced gene expression, which resulted in an increase in cell proliferation and activation and overactive immune response. The data validated our earlier observations in CD and RA clinical samples. Surprisingly, spermidine restored PTPN2/22 expression in edited Jurkat T-cells and the consequent beneficial effect on cell response and inflammation. The study supports the use of polyamines dietary supplements for management of CD and in RA patients.
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MESH Headings
- Arthritis, Rheumatoid/genetics
- CRISPR-Cas Systems
- Crohn Disease/genetics
- Gene Expression Regulation, Leukemic/drug effects
- Genetic Predisposition to Disease
- Humans
- Jurkat Cells
- Leukemia, T-Cell/drug therapy
- Leukemia, T-Cell/genetics
- Leukemia, T-Cell/pathology
- Lymphocyte Activation
- Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide
- Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase, Non-Receptor Type 2/antagonists & inhibitors
- Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase, Non-Receptor Type 2/genetics
- Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase, Non-Receptor Type 2/metabolism
- Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase, Non-Receptor Type 22/antagonists & inhibitors
- Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase, Non-Receptor Type 22/genetics
- Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase, Non-Receptor Type 22/metabolism
- Spermidine/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Saleh A. Naser
- Division of Molecular Microbiology, Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, 4110 Libra Drive, Orlando, FL 32816, USA; (A.M.S.); (A.Q.)
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17
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Kravitz A, Pelzer K, Sriranganathan N. The Paratuberculosis Paradigm Examined: A Review of Host Genetic Resistance and Innate Immune Fitness in Mycobacterium avium subsp. Paratuberculosis Infection. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:721706. [PMID: 34485444 PMCID: PMC8414637 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.721706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Paratuberculosis, or Johne's Disease (JD) is a debilitating chronic enteritis mainly affecting ruminants caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP). This organism causes worldwide economic losses to the livestock industry, and is of public health importance due to the potential zoonotic risk between MAP and Crohn's disease (CD) in humans. Without economical treatments, or a vaccine capable of preventing infection without causing cross-reactions with bovine tuberculosis, test-and-cull methods for disease control are imperative. Unfortunately, difficulties in diagnostics and long subclinical stage hinder adequate control and is further complicated by variation in MAP exposure outcome. Interestingly, the majority of infections result in asymptomatic presentation and never progress to clinical disease. One contributing factor is host genetics, where polymorphisms in innate immune genes have been found to influence resistance and susceptibility to disease. Candidate genes identified across studies overlap with those found in CD and tuberculosis including; Solute carrier family 11 member 1 gene (SLC11A1), Nucleotide-binding-oligomerization domain containing gene 2 (NOD2), Major histocompatibility complex type II (MHC-II), and Toll-like receptor (TLR) genes. This review will highlight evidence supporting the vital role of these genes in MAP infection outcome, associated challenges, and implications for the future of JD research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Kravitz
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Center for One Health Research, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Kevin Pelzer
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Nammalwar Sriranganathan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Center for One Health Research, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, United States
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18
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Park HT, Park WB, Kim S, Lim JS, Nah G, Yoo HS. Revealing immune responses in the Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis-infected THP-1 cells using single cell RNA-sequencing. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0254194. [PMID: 34214113 PMCID: PMC8253428 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0254194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) is a causative agent of Johne’s disease, which is a chronic and debilitating disease in ruminants. MAP is also considered to be a possible cause of Crohn’s disease in humans. However, few studies have focused on the interactions between MAP and human macrophages to elucidate the pathogenesis of Crohn’s disease. We sought to determine the initial responses of human THP-1 cells against MAP infection using single-cell RNA-seq analysis. Clustering analysis showed that THP-1 cells were divided into seven different clusters in response to phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA) treatment. The characteristics of each cluster were investigated by identifying cluster-specific marker genes. From the results, we found that classically differentiated cells express CD14, CD36, and TLR2, and that this cell type showed the most active responses against MAP infection. The responses included the expression of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines such as CCL4, CCL3, IL1B, IL8, and CCL20. In addition, the Mreg cell type, a novel cell type differentiated from THP-1 cells, was discovered. Thus, it is suggested that different cell types arise even when the same cell line is treated under the same conditions. Overall, analyzing gene expression patterns via scRNA-seq classification allows a more detailed observation of the response to infection by each cell type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Tae Park
- Department of Infectious Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Woo Bin Park
- Department of Infectious Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Suji Kim
- Department of Infectious Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jong-Sung Lim
- Genome Analysis Center, National Instrumentation Center for Environmental Management, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Gyoungju Nah
- Genome Analysis Center, National Instrumentation Center for Environmental Management, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Han Sang Yoo
- Department of Infectious Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
- * E-mail:
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19
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Links IJ, Denholm LJ, Evers M, Kingham LJ, Greenstein RJ. Is vaccination a viable method to control Johne's disease caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis? Data from 12 million ovine vaccinations and 7.6 million carcass examinations in New South Wales, Australia from 1999-2009. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0246411. [PMID: 34125838 PMCID: PMC8202914 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0246411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) causes Johne's disease (or paratuberculosis), a chronic wasting disease of ruminants and other animals resulting from granulomatous enteritis. There are increasing concerns that MAP is zoonotic. The prevalence of Johne's disease is increasing worldwide. In an attempt to control an epidemic of ovine Johne's disease (OJD) in New South Wales (NSW), a government/industry sponsored voluntary vaccination/on-farm management program commenced in 2000. We report herein an observational study of changes in disease prevalence as vaccination progressed, based on abattoir surveillance data for OJD from 1999 to 2009. We also discuss the epidemiological, policy, regulatory, research, economic and sociological elements that contributed to the development of a mature control program, whose aim was to halt the epidemic spread of OJD in a naïve sheep population. METHODS NSW was divided into areas of "High" (HPA), "Medium" (MPA) and "Low" (LPA) OJD prevalence. A killed whole cell vaccine (Gudair®) was administered to sheep from 2000 to 2009. Trained examiners evaluated the viscera of adult sheep carcasses at slaughter for gross evidence of OJD. MAP infection was confirmed by histopathology. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS From 2000-2009, 12 million vaccine doses were administered in NSW (91%; 10.9 million in the HPA). Many of the vaccinated flocks were suffering > 5% annual mortality in adult sheep, with some individual flocks with 10-15% losses attributable to OJD. A total of 7.6 million carcasses were examined (38%; 2.9 million from the HPA). Overall, 16% of slaughter consignments (sheep consigned to the abattoir from a single vendor) were positive for OJD, of which 94% were from the HPA. In the HPA, the percentage of animals with lesions attributable to OJD at slaughter fell progressively from 2.4% (10,406/432,860) at commencement of vaccination in 2000 to 0.8% (1,573/189,564) by 2009. Herd immunity from vaccination in the HPA was estimated at 70% by 2009, the target commonly espoused for an effective control program based on vaccination. This coincided with a progressive decrease in reports of clinical disease and mortalities in vaccinated flocks. SIGNIFICANCE We show a decrease in the prevalence of lesions attributable to OJD in NSW concomitant with initiation of voluntary vaccination, on-farm management plans, abattoir monitoring and feedback of animal prevalence data to sheep producers. We conclude that a target of ≤ 1% regional prevalence of OJD affected sheep at slaughter is achievable using these interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian J. Links
- Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation (An alliance of Charles Sturt University and NSW Department of Primary Industries), Wagga Wagga, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Laurence J. Denholm
- Strategy and Delivery Group, NSW Department of Premier and Cabinet, Orange, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Marilyn Evers
- Formerly NSW Department of Primary Industries, Orange, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Lloyd J. Kingham
- NSW Department of Primary Industries, Orange, New South Wales, Australia
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20
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AlQasrawi D, Naser E, Naser SA. Nicotine Increases Macrophage Survival through α7nAChR/NF-κB Pathway in Mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis Infection. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9051086. [PMID: 34070119 PMCID: PMC8158352 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9051086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, we reported that nicotine plays a role in the failure of the macrophage in the clearance of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) during infection in Crohn’s disease smokers. We also demonstrated that nicotine enhances macrophages cellular survival during MAP infection. Blocking α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α7nAChR) with the pharmacological antagonist—mecamylamine—subverted the anti-inflammatory effect of nicotine in macrophages. Yet, it is still unknown how α7nAChR is involved in the modulation of the macrophage response during MAP infection. Here, we studied the mechanistic role of nicotine-α7nAChR interaction in modulating NF-ĸB survival pathway, autophagy, and effect on cathelicidin production in MAP-infected macrophages using THP-1 cell lines. Our results showed that nicotine upregulated α7nAChR expression by 5-folds during MAP infection compared to controls. Bcl-2 expression was also significantly increased after nicotine exposure. Moreover, Nicotine inhibited autophagosome formation whereas infection with MAP in absence of nicotine has significantly increased LC-3b in macrophages. Nicotine also further upregulated NF-ĸB subunits expression including Rel-B and p100, and increased nuclear translocation of p52 protein. We also discovered that cathelicidin production was significantly suppressed in MAP-infected macrophages, treatment with nicotine showed no effect. Overall, the study provides new insight toward understanding the cellular role of nicotine through α7nAChR/NF-ĸB p100/p52 signaling pathway in inducing anti-apoptosis and macrophage survival during MAP infection in Crohn’s disease smokers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dania AlQasrawi
- Division of Molecular Microbiology, Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, USA
| | - Ebraheem Naser
- College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Saleh A Naser
- Division of Molecular Microbiology, Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, USA
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21
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Axelrad JE, Cadwell KH, Colombel JF, Shah SC. The role of gastrointestinal pathogens in inflammatory bowel disease: a systematic review. Therap Adv Gastroenterol 2021; 14:17562848211004493. [PMID: 33868457 PMCID: PMC8020742 DOI: 10.1177/17562848211004493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), comprising Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), are chronic, progressive, inflammatory conditions of the gastrointestinal tract. Imbalance in the gut microbial community, or dysbiosis, and the subsequent immune response, represent the critical relationship between genetic susceptibility, microbes, and environment factors, that result in IBD. Gastrointestinal pathogens - a common cause of dysbiosis - have been implicated as an environmental trigger in new onset IBD, as well as flare of existing IBD. In this article, we systematically review clinical data regarding the association between specific gastrointestinal pathogens and IBD. Numerous bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites have been implicated in the pathogenesis of IBD, and exacerbations of existing disease. In this article, we will also specifically discuss the less recognized microbes that have an inverse association with IBD, including certain bacterial pathogens, such as Helicobacter pylori, and parasites, such as Trichuris species. Future prospective and experimental studies are required to establish causality and clarify potential mechanisms of enteric pathogens in modifying the risk and course of IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ken H. Cadwell
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA,Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine at the Skirball Institute, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA,Department of Microbiology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jean-Frederic Colombel
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Shailja C. Shah
- Section of Gastroenterology, Veterans Affairs Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN,San Diego Health System, La Jolla, CA, USA,Division of Gastroenterology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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22
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Proietti E, Fuhler GM, Peppelenbosch MP. Mycobacterium Avium Subspecies Paratuberculosis Infection and Biological Treatment of IBD: Cause or Consequence? J Crohns Colitis 2021; 15:1247-1249. [PMID: 33735385 PMCID: PMC8328286 DOI: 10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjab027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- E Proietti
- Erasmus MC, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - G M Fuhler
- Erasmus MC, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - M P Peppelenbosch
- Erasmus MC, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Rotterdam, The Netherlands,Corresponding author: M. P. Peppelenbosch, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus University Medical Center, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands. Tel: 0031 10 703292;
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23
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Qi C, Wang P, Fu T, Lu M, Cai Y, Chen X, Cheng L. A comprehensive review for gut microbes: technologies, interventions, metabolites and diseases. Brief Funct Genomics 2021; 20:42-60. [PMID: 33554248 DOI: 10.1093/bfgp/elaa029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Gut microbes have attracted much more attentions in the recent decade since their essential roles in the development of metabolic diseases, cancer and neurological diseases. Considerable evidence indicates that the metabolism of gut microbes exert influences on intestinal homeostasis and human diseases. Here, we first reviewed two mainstream sequencing technologies involving 16s rRNA sequencing and metagenomic sequencing for gut microbes, and data analysis methods assessing alpha and beta diversity. Next, we introduced some observational studies reflecting that many factors, such as lifestyle and intake of diets, drugs, contribute to gut microbes' quantity and diversity. Then, metabolites produced by gut microbes were presented to understand that gut microbes exert on host homeostasis in the intestinal epithelium and immune system. Finally, we focused on the molecular mechanism of gut microbes on the occurrence and development of several common diseases. In-depth knowledge of the relationship among interventions, gut microbes and diseases might provide new insights in to disease prevention and treatment.
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Agrawal G, Aitken J, Hamblin H, Collins M, Borody TJ. Putting Crohn's on the MAP: Five Common Questions on the Contribution of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis to the Pathophysiology of Crohn's Disease. Dig Dis Sci 2021; 66:348-358. [PMID: 33089484 PMCID: PMC7577843 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-020-06653-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
For decades, Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) has been linked to the pathogenesis of Crohn's disease. Despite many investigations and research efforts, there remains no clear unifying explanation of its pathogenicity to humans. Proponents argue Crohn's disease shares many identical features with a granulomatous infection in ruminants termed Johne's disease and similarities with ileo-cecal tuberculosis. Both are caused by species within the Mycobacterium genus. Sceptics assert that since MAP is found in individuals diagnosed with Crohn's disease as well as in healthy population controls, any association with CD is coincidental. This view is supported by the uncertain response of patients to antimicrobial therapy. This report aims to address the controversial aspects of this proposition with information and knowledge gathered from several disciplines, including microbiology and veterinary medicine. The authors hope that this discussion will stimulate further research aimed at confirming or refuting the contribution of MAP to the pathogenesis of Crohn's disease and ultimately lead to advanced targeted clinical therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaurav Agrawal
- Gastroenterology and Infectious Diseases, Centre for Digestive Diseases, Sydney, Australia.
- Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust & King's College, London, UK.
| | - John Aitken
- Microbiology, Otakaro Pathways, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Harrison Hamblin
- Gastroenterology and Infectious Diseases, Centre for Digestive Diseases, Sydney, Australia
| | - Michael Collins
- Veterinary Microbiology, Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, USA
| | - Thomas J Borody
- Gastroenterology and Infectious Diseases, Centre for Digestive Diseases, Sydney, Australia
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25
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van der Sloot KWJ, Voskuil MD, Blokzijl T, Dinkla A, Ravesloot L, Visschedijk MC, van Dullemen HM, Festen EAM, Alizadeh BZ, van Leer-Buter C, Weersma RK, van Goor H, Koets AP, Dijkstra G. Isotype-specific Antibody Responses to Mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis Antigens Are Associated With the Use of Biologic Therapy in Inflammatory Bowel Disease. J Crohns Colitis 2020; 15:1253-1263. [PMID: 33378524 PMCID: PMC8496491 DOI: 10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjaa263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The role of Mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis [MAP] in inflammatory bowel disease [IBD], especially Crohn's disease [CD] is controversial due conflicting results and lack of reproducibility and standardised tests. The current study focuses on the role of MAP in disease progression and genetic susceptibility, as MAP is likely one of many factors involved in the complex pathogenesis of IBD, potentially affecting a subgroup depending on genetic susceptibility. METHODS Serum from 812 patients was evaluated with seven immunoglobulin [Ig] isotype-specific serology tests assessing humoral response to three different MAP antigens. For each of these in total 21 tests, the intra-assay and inter-assay coefficients were used to evaluate test accuracy. Reliable assays were subsequently analysed in relation to disease characteristics and need for biologic therapy/surgery. Genome-wide genotyping was available for all participants. Genetic determinants of humoral response to MAP antigens were evaluated using genome-wide association analysis and polygenic risk scores [PRS]. RESULTS High IgA or IgM response to MAP2609 was associated with increased use of biologic therapy in CD and ulcerative colitis [UC] [odds ratios 2.69; 95% confidence interval 1.44-5.01; and 2.60, 1.46-4.64, respectively]. No associations were seen for risk of surgery [p-values > 0.29]. We could not identify genetic determinants nor polygenic risk scores for MAP response with genome-wide significance. CONCLUSIONS Extensive assays for serological response to MAP were evaluated using stringent criteria for reliability. Increased IgA and IgM response to MAP antigens was seen in patients exposed to biologic therapy, but no genetic determinants underlying this humoral response were found.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberley W J van der Sloot
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Groningen and
University Medical Center, Groningen, The Netherlands,Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen and University Medical
Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands,Corresponding author: Kimberley W. J. van der Sloot, Department of
Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center
Groningen, PO Box 30.001, 9700RB Groningen, The Netherlands. Tel.: +31 50 361 61 61;
| | - Michiel D Voskuil
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Groningen and
University Medical Center, Groningen, The Netherlands,Department of Genetics, University of Groningen and University Medical Center
Groningen, Groningen, The
Netherlands
| | - Tjasso Blokzijl
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Groningen and
University Medical Center, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Annemieke Dinkla
- Department of Bacteriology and Epidemiology, Wageningen Bioveterinary
Research, Lelystad, The
Netherlands
| | - Lars Ravesloot
- Department of Bacteriology and Epidemiology, Wageningen Bioveterinary
Research, Lelystad, The
Netherlands
| | - Marijn C Visschedijk
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Groningen and
University Medical Center, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Hendrik M van Dullemen
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Groningen and
University Medical Center, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Eleonora A M Festen
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Groningen and
University Medical Center, Groningen, The Netherlands,Department of Genetics, University of Groningen and University Medical Center
Groningen, Groningen, The
Netherlands
| | - Behrooz Z Alizadeh
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen and University Medical
Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Coretta van Leer-Buter
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Groningen and University
Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Rinse K Weersma
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Groningen and
University Medical Center, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Harry van Goor
- Department of Pathology, University of Groningen and University Medical Center
Groningen, Groningen, The
Netherlands
| | - Ad P Koets
- Department of Bacteriology and Epidemiology, Wageningen Bioveterinary
Research, Lelystad, The
Netherlands,Department of Population Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine,
Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Gerard Dijkstra
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Groningen and
University Medical Center, Groningen, The Netherlands
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26
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Collyer R, Clancy A, Agrawal G, Borody TJ. Crohn’s strictures open with anti-mycobacterial antibiotic therapy: A retrospective review. World J Gastrointest Endosc 2020; 12:542-554. [PMID: 33362907 PMCID: PMC7739142 DOI: 10.4253/wjge.v12.i12.542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Medical therapy for strictures is limited and first-line treatment consists of endoscopic balloon dilatation, strictureplasty or surgical resection. Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Helicobacter pylori and Streptococcus can all cause stenosis, for which antibiotic treatment achieves stricture resolution. Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis is a suspected causative agent in Crohn’s disease (CD). Thus, specialized antimicrobial treatment, in particular, anti-mycobacterial antibiotic therapy (AMAT) has been proposed as a potential treatment option. To our knowledge, the opening of CD strictures has not been recorded using any form of antibiotic therapy. We hypothesized that AMAT would resolve strictures in patients with CD.
AIM To investigate the effect and outcomes of AMAT in a cohort of CD patients with an ileal stricture.
METHODS A single center, retrospective, medical record case review was conducted on an observational cohort of patients with CD who had an ileal stricture on colonoscopy and were treated with AMAT. Forty patients meeting the inclusion criteria were identified from the internal medical database. Thirty (75%) patients had follow-up colonoscopy and clinical data available. The AMAT regimen was prescribed after the initial colonoscopy for a duration of at least six months until follow-up colonoscopy with the attending gastroenterologist. Patient demographics, symptoms, colonoscopy reports, inflammatory serum markers and concurrent medications were recorded at pre-treatment and follow-up between January 1995 and June 2018.
RESULTS Of the patients that returned for follow-up after > 24 mo of AMAT, twenty (67%) had complete resolution (CR) of their ileal strictures, three (10%) had partial resolution and seven (23%) had no resolution. Irrespective of stricture outcome, 21 patients (70%) demonstrated clinical response to AMAT and there was a statistically significant reduction in inflammatory serum markers C-reactive protein (P < 0.0001) and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (P = 0.04) from pre-treatment to follow-up. It was observed that 11 (37%) patients experienced side effects, but no serious adverse effects were attributable to AMAT. At follow-up there were 26 (87%) patients on concomitant medication for CD and a statistically significant association between CR and AMAT with a concomitant immunomodulator (P = 0.02).
CONCLUSION This study demonstrated a high rate of stricture resolution (67%) similar to that seen in tuberculosis strictures (70%), suggesting a shared mycobacterial origin of strictures, and perhaps disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhys Collyer
- Centre for Digestive Diseases, Five Dock 2046, NSW, Australia
| | - Annabel Clancy
- Centre for Digestive Diseases, Five Dock 2046, NSW, Australia
| | - Gaurav Agrawal
- Centre for Digestive Diseases, Five Dock 2046, NSW, Australia
| | - Thomas J Borody
- Centre for Digestive Diseases, Five Dock 2046, NSW, Australia
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Nicotine Modulates MyD88-Dependent Signaling Pathway in Macrophages during Mycobacterial Infection. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8111804. [PMID: 33212859 PMCID: PMC7698335 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8111804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, we reported that cigarette smoking, and especially nicotine, increases susceptibility to mycobacterial infection and exacerbates inflammation in patients with Crohn’s disease (CD). The macrophagic response to Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) in CD and Mycobacteria tuberculosis (MTB) continues to be under investigation. The role of toll-like-receptors (TLRs) and cytoplasmic adaptor protein (MyD88) in proinflammatory response during Mycobacterial infection has been suggested. However, the mechanism of how nicotine modulates macrophage response during infection in CD and exacerbates inflammatory response remain unclear. In this study, we elucidated the mechanistic role of nicotine in modulating MyD88-dependent/TLR pathway signaling in a macrophage system during mycobacterial infection. The data demonstrated that MAP infection in THP-1 derived macrophages was mediated through TLR2 and MyD88 leading to increase in IL-8 in expression and production. On the other hand, LPS-representing, Gram-negative bacteria mediated macrophage response through TLR4. Blocking TLR2 and TLR4 with antagonists voided the effect of MAP, and LPS, respectively in macrophages and reversed response with decrease in expression of iNOS, TNF-α and IL-8. Interestingly, nicotine in infected macrophages significantly (1) downregulated TLR2 and TLR4 expression, (2) activated MyD88, (3) increased M1/M2 ratio, and (4) increased expression and secretion of proinflammatory cytokines especially IL-8, as seen in CD smokers. We also discovered that blocking macrophages during MAP infection with MyD88 antagonist significantly decreased response which illustrates the key role for MyD88 during infection. Surprisingly, dual treatment of MAP-infected macrophages with MyD88 antagonist and nicotine absolutely impaired immune response and decreased MAP viability, which clearly validate the inflammatory role of nicotine in macrophages through TLR2/MyD88 pathway during infection. This is the first report to describe the mechanism by which nicotine modulates TLR2/MyDD88 and exacerbates inflammation in CD smokers associated with infection.
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Gholam-Mostafaei FS, Yadegar A, Aghdaei HA, Azimirad M, Daryani NE, Zali MR. Anti-TNF containing regimens may be associated with increased risk of Clostridioides difficile infection in patients with underlying inflammatory bowel disease. Curr Res Transl Med 2020; 68:125-130. [DOI: 10.1016/j.retram.2020.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Revised: 03/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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29
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Honap S, Johnston E, Agrawal G, Al-Hakim B, Hermon-Taylor J, Sanderson J. Anti- Mycobacterium paratuberculosis (MAP) therapy for Crohn's disease: an overview and update. Frontline Gastroenterol 2020; 12:397-403. [PMID: 35401965 PMCID: PMC8989010 DOI: 10.1136/flgastro-2020-101471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) in the pathogenesis of Crohn's disease (CD) has been strongly debated for many years. MAP is the known aetiological agent of Johne's disease, a chronic enteritis affecting livestock. At present, due to the paucity of high-quality data, anti-MAP therapy (AMT) is not featured in international guidelines as a treatment for CD. Although the much-quoted randomised trial of AMT did not show sustained benefits over placebo, questions have been raised regarding trial design, antibiotic dosing and the formulation used. There are several lines of evidence supporting the CD and MAP association with uncontrolled and controlled trials demonstrating effectiveness, including a retrospective review of cases treated at our own institution. Here, we provide an overview of the evidence supporting and refuting AMT in CD before focussing on updates of the current research in the field, including the ongoing trials with the novel RHB-104 formulation and the MAP vaccine trial. While controversial, gastroenterologists are often asked about long-term combination antibiotic therapy for CD. There has been broadcast and social media coverage surrounding this, particularly with regard to current trials. Although patients should not be deterred from treatments of proven effectiveness, this review aims to help with commonly asked questions and highlights our own approach for the use of anti-MAP in specific circumstances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sailish Honap
- IBD Centre, Guy's and Saint Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Emma Johnston
- Department of Gastroenterology, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Gaurav Agrawal
- IBD Centre, Guy's and Saint Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK,Department of Nutritional Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Bahij Al-Hakim
- IBD Centre, Guy's and Saint Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | | | - Jeremy Sanderson
- IBD Centre, Guy's and Saint Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK,Department of Nutritional Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
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30
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Rees WD, Lorenzo-Leal AC, Steiner TS, Bach H. Mycobacterium avium Subspecies paratuberculosis Infects and Replicates within Human Monocyte-Derived Dendritic Cells. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8070994. [PMID: 32635236 PMCID: PMC7409171 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8070994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP), a member of the mycobacteriaceae family, causes Johne's disease in ruminants, which resembles Crohn's disease (CD) in humans. MAP was proposed to be one of the causes of human CD, but the evidence remains elusive. Macrophages were reported to be the only cell where MAP proliferates in ruminants and humans and is likely the major producer of TNFα-associated inflammation. However, whether human dendritic cells (DCs), another major antigen-presenting cell (APC), have the ability to harbor MAP and disseminate infection, remains unknown. METHODS Human monocyte-derived dendritic cells (moDCs) were infected with MAP and phagocytosis and intracellular survival were quantified by immunofluorescence (IF) and colony counts, respectively. MoDC cytokine expression was measured via ELISA and their activation state was measured via flow cytometry. RESULTS We showed that MAP can infect and replicate in human moDCs as means to evade the immune system for successful infection, through inhibition of the phago-lysosome fusion via the secretion of protein tyrosine phosphatase PtpA. This mechanism initially led to a state of tolerance in moDCs and then subsequently caused a pro-inflammatory response as infection persisted, characterized by the upregulation of IL-6 and TNFα, and downregulation of IL-10. Moreover, we showed that moDCs have the ability to phagocytose up to 18% of MAP, when exposed at a multiplicity of infection of 1:1. CONCLUSION Infection and subsequent proliferation of MAP within moDCs could provide a unique means for the dissemination of MAP to lymphoid tissue, while altering immune responses to facilitate the persistence of infection of host tissues in CD.
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Affiliation(s)
- William D. Rees
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V5Z3J5, Canada; (W.D.R.); (A.C.L.-L.)
- BC Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC V6H3N1, Canada
| | - Ana C. Lorenzo-Leal
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V5Z3J5, Canada; (W.D.R.); (A.C.L.-L.)
- Chemical and Food Engineering Department, Universidad de las Americas Puebla, San Andres Cholula, Puebla 72810, Mexico
| | - Theodore S. Steiner
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V5Z3J5, Canada; (W.D.R.); (A.C.L.-L.)
- BC Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC V6H3N1, Canada
- Correspondence: (T.S.S.); (H.B.)
| | - Horacio Bach
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V5Z3J5, Canada; (W.D.R.); (A.C.L.-L.)
- Correspondence: (T.S.S.); (H.B.)
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31
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AlQasrawi D, Abdelli LS, Naser SA. Mystery Solved: Why Smoke Extract Worsens Disease in Smokers with Crohn's Disease and Not Ulcerative Colitis? Gut MAP! Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8050666. [PMID: 32370298 PMCID: PMC7284734 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8050666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cigarette smoke (CS) exacerbates symptoms in Crohn’s disease (CD) patients while protecting those with ulcerative colitis (UC). CD has been associated with immuno-dysregulation, mucosal dysfunction, and infection. Among the CD-debated pathogens are Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP), adherent invasive Escherichia coli (AIEC), and Klebsiella pneumoniae. The mechanism of how CS modulates nicotinic acetylcholine receptor-α7 (α7nAChR) and elicits inflammatory response in CD-like macrophages is unknown. Here, we investigated the effect of CS/nicotine on macrophages infected with CD-associated pathogens. We measured apoptosis, bacterial viability, macrophage polarization, and gene expression/cytokine levels involved in macrophage response to nicotine/CS extracts from Havana-Leave extract (HLE-nicotine rich) and germplasm line of Maryland tobacco (LAMD-nicotine less). Nicotine (4 µg/mL) and HLE extracts (0.18%) significantly favored anti-inflammatory response in macrophages (increased CD-206 (M2) and IL-10, and decreased M1/M2 ratio; p < 0.05). While macrophages infected with MAP or treated with LPS promoted pro-inflammatory response. Further treatment of these macrophages with nicotine or HLE extracts caused higher inflammatory response (increased iNOS (M1), TNF-α, IL-6, and M1/M2 ratio, p < 0.05), increased MAP burden, and decreased apoptosis. Pre-conditioning macrophages with nicotine ahead of infection resulted in lower pro-inflammatory response. Blocking α7nAChR with an antagonist voided the effect of nicotine on macrophages. Overall, the study provides an insight toward understanding the contradictory effect of nicotine on Inflammatory Bowel Disease patients and about the mechanistic role of α7nAChR in modulation of macrophages in tobacco smokers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Saleh A. Naser
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-407-823-0955; Fax: +1-407-823-0956
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32
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Swift BMC, Meade N, Barron ES, Bennett M, Perehenic T, Hughes V, Stevenson K, Rees CED. The development and use of Actiphage ® to detect viable mycobacteria from bovine tuberculosis and Johne's disease-infected animals. Microb Biotechnol 2020; 13:738-746. [PMID: 31793754 PMCID: PMC7111073 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.13518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Revised: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Here, we describe the development of a method that exploits bacteriophage D29 as a lysis agent for efficient DNA extraction from low numbers of mycobacterial cells. This method (Actiphage® ) used in combination with PCR achieved rapid and sensitive (LOD ≤ 10 cell ml-1 ) detection and identification of viable, pathogenic mycobacteria in blood samples within 6 h. We demonstrate that mycobacteriophage D29 can be used to detect a range of mycobacteria from clinical blood samples including both Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex and Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis without the need for culture and confirms our earlier observations that a low-level bacteraemia is associated with these infections in cattle. In a study of M. bovis-infected cattle (n = 41), the sensitivity of the Actiphage® method was 95 % (95 % CI; 0.84-0.99) and specificity was 100 % (95% CI; 0.92-1). We further used Actiphage® to demonstrate viable Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis is present in the blood of Johne's infected cattle. This method provides a revolutionary new tool for the study of infections caused by these difficult to grow pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin M. C. Swift
- Pathobiology and Population SciencesRoyal Veterinary CollegeHawksheadHertsAL9 7TAUK
| | - Nathan Meade
- School of BiosciencesUniversity of NottinghamSutton Bonington CampusLoughboroughLeicsLE12 5RDUK
| | - Elsa Sandoval Barron
- School of Veterinary and Medicine ScienceUniversity of NottinghamSutton Bonington CampusLoughboroughLeicsLE12 5RDUK
| | - Malcolm Bennett
- School of Veterinary and Medicine ScienceUniversity of NottinghamSutton Bonington CampusLoughboroughLeicsLE12 5RDUK
| | - Tania Perehenic
- School of BiosciencesUniversity of NottinghamSutton Bonington CampusLoughboroughLeicsLE12 5RDUK
| | - Valerie Hughes
- Moredun Research InstitutePentlands Science ParkPenicuikEH26 0PZUK
| | - Karen Stevenson
- Moredun Research InstitutePentlands Science ParkPenicuikEH26 0PZUK
| | - Catherine E. D. Rees
- School of BiosciencesUniversity of NottinghamSutton Bonington CampusLoughboroughLeicsLE12 5RDUK
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33
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Acharya KR, Plain KM, Whittington RJ, Dhand NK. Australian Veterinarians' Perceptions Regarding the Zoonotic Potential of Mycobacterium avium Subspecies Paratuberculosis. Vet Sci 2020; 7:vetsci7010033. [PMID: 32204515 PMCID: PMC7157240 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci7010033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Public concerns over exposure to Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) or MAP components via foods of animal origin could have negative trade consequences, despite the absence of conclusive scientific evidence of a causal association between Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) and Crohn’s disease (CD). This study was conducted among Australian veterinarians to understand (a) their perceptions regarding the role of MAP in the causation of CD (an ordinal outcome), and (b) their consideration of the adoption of the precautionary principle against Johne’s disease (JD; a binary outcome). Ordinal and binary logistic regression analyses were performed to evaluate the association of explanatory variables with the above outcomes, respectively. Almost one-third of the respondents (32.2%) considered that MAP was likely to be involved in the causation of CD whereas more than two-thirds (69.8%) agreed with the adoption of the precautionary principle against JD. Veterinarians who were concerned about exposure to and/or getting infected with MAP were more likely to consider MAP as a causative agent of CD (odds ratio: 7.63; 95% CI: 1.55, 37.63) and favor the adoption of the precautionary principle against JD (odds ratio: 6.20; 95% CI: 1.90, 20.25). Those perceiving MAP as a causative agent of CD were also more likely to favor the adoption of the precautionary principle against JD (odds ratio: 13.2; 95% CI: 1.26, 138.90). The results suggest that Australian veterinarians, particularly those who consider MAP as a causative agent of CD are concerned about exposure to MAP and favor the adoption of the precautionary principle against JD. These findings can be useful for animal health authorities for designing JD control programs and policies.
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Abdellrazeq GS, Mahmoud AH, Park KT, Fry LM, Elnaggar MM, Schneider DA, Hulubei V, Davis WC. relA is Achilles' heel for mycobacterial pathogens as demonstrated with deletion mutants in Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis and mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG). Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2020; 120:101904. [PMID: 32090858 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2020.101904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2019] [Revised: 12/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Studies with Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (Map) in cattle revealed deletion of relA, a global regulator gene, abrogated ability of the mutant to establish a persistent infection, attributed to development of an immune response that cleared infection. Analysis of the recall response demonstrated presence of CD8 cytotoxic T cells that kill intracellular bacteria. Replication of the primary response demonstrated the CTL response could be elicited with the ΔMap/relA mutant or the target of the immune response, a 35 kD membrane protein. Follow up comparative studies with Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) and a BCG relA (ΔBCG/relA) deletion mutant revealed deletion of relA enhanced the CTL response compared to BCG. Analysis of the cytokine profile of cells proliferating in response to stimulation with BCG or BCG/relA showed increased expression of IFN-γ, TNF-α, and IL-17 by cells stimulated with ΔBCG/relA in comparison with BCG. The proliferative and CTL responses were markedly reduced in response to stimulation with heat killed BCG or ΔBCG/relA. Intracellular bacterial killing was mediated through the perforin, granzyme B (GnzB), and the granulysin pathway. The data indicate relA is the Achilles' heel for pathogenic mycobacteria and deletion may be key to improving efficacy of attenuated vaccines for mycobacterial pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaber S Abdellrazeq
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA; Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Egypt
| | - Asmaa H Mahmoud
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA; Veterinary Quarantine of Alexandria, General Organization for Veterinary Services, Ministry of Agriculture and Land Reclamation, Egypt
| | - Kun-Taek Park
- Department of Biotechnology, Inje University, Injero 197, Kimhae-si, Gyeongsangnam-do, South Korea
| | - Lindsay M Fry
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA; USDA, ARS, Animal Disease Research Unit, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Mahmoud M Elnaggar
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA; Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Egypt
| | - David A Schneider
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA; USDA, ARS, Animal Disease Research Unit, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Victoria Hulubei
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - William C Davis
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA.
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Simultaneous cognate epitope recognition by bovine CD4 and CD8 T cells is essential for primary expansion of antigen-specific cytotoxic T-cells following ex vivo stimulation with a candidate Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis peptide vaccine. Vaccine 2020; 38:2016-2025. [PMID: 31902643 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.12.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Revised: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Studies in cattle show CD8 cytotoxic T cells (CTL), with the ability to kill intracellular bacteria, develop following stimulation of monocyte-depleted peripheral blood mononuclear cells (mdPBMC) with antigen presenting cells (APC, i.e. conventional dendritic cells [cDC] and monocyte-derived DC [MoDC]) pulsed with MMP, a membrane protein from Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (Map) encoded by MAP2121c. CTL activity was diminished if CD4 T cells were depleted from mdPBMC before antigen (Ag) presentation by APC, suggesting simultaneous cognate recognition of MMP epitopes presented by MHC I and MHC II molecules to CD4 and CD8 T cells is essential for development of CTL activity. To explore this possibility, studies were conducted with mdPBMC cultures in the presence of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) specific for MHC class I and MHC class II molecules. The CTL response of mdPBMC to MMP-pulsed APC was completely blocked in the presence of mAbs to both MHC I and II molecules and also blocked in the presence of mAbs to either MHC I or MHC II alone. The results demonstrate simultaneous cognate recognition of Ag by CD4 and CD8 T cells is essential for delivery of CD4 T cell help to CD8 T cells to elicit development of CTL.
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Franceschi V, Mahmoud AH, Abdellrazeq GS, Tebaldi G, Macchi F, Russo L, Fry LM, Elnaggar MM, Bannantine JP, Park KT, Hulubei V, Cavirani S, Davis WC, Donofrio G. Capacity to Elicit Cytotoxic CD8 T Cell Activity Against Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis Is Retained in a Vaccine Candidate 35 kDa Peptide Modified for Expression in Mammalian Cells. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2859. [PMID: 31921129 PMCID: PMC6917596 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Studies focused on development of an attenuated vaccine against Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (Map), the causative agent of paratuberculosis (Ptb) in cattle and other species, revealed that deletion of relA, a global gene regulator, abrogates the ability of Map to establish a persistent infection. In the absence of relA, cattle develop CD8 cytotoxic T cells (CTL) with the ability to kill intracellular bacteria. Analysis of the recall response to a relA mutant, Map/ΔrelA, with cells from a vaccinated steer demonstrated that a 35-kDa membrane peptide (MMP) is one of the targets of the response. This observation suggested that it might be possible to develop a peptide-based vaccine. As reported here, the gene encoding the hypothetical MMP ORF, MAP2121c, was modified for expression in mammalian cells as a first step in developing an expression cassette for incorporation into a mammalian expression vector. The modified sequence of MMP, tPA-MMP, was mutated to generate two additional sequences for the study, one with substitutions to replace five potential residues that could be glycosylated, tPA-MMP-5mut, and one with substitutions to replace the first two potential residues that could be glycosylated, tPA-MMP-2mut. The sequences were placed in an expression cassette to produce peptides for analysis. An ex vivo platform was used with flow cytometry and a bacterium viability assay to determine if modifications in the gene encoding MMP for expression in mammalian cells altered its capacity to elicit development of CD8 CTL, essential for its use in a peptide-based vaccine. Monocyte-depleted PBMC (mdPBMC) were stimulated with antigen-presenting cells (APC) pulsed with different MMP constructs. CD4 and CD8 T cells proliferated in response to stimulation with MMP (control) expressed in Escherichia coli (eMMP), tPA-MMP, and tPA-MMP-2mut. CD8 T cells retained the capacity to kill intracellular bacteria. The tPA-MMP-5mut failed to elicit a proliferative response and was not included in further studies. The data show that the expression cassettes containing MMP and MMP-2mut can be used to screen and select a mammalian expression vector for the development of an efficacious peptide-based vaccine against Ptb.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Asmaa H Mahmoud
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States.,Veterinary Quarantine of Alexandria, General Organization for Veterinary Services, Ministry of Agriculture, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Gaber S Abdellrazeq
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States.,Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Giulia Tebaldi
- Department of Medical-Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Francesca Macchi
- Department of Medical-Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Luca Russo
- Department of Medical-Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Lindsay M Fry
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States.,Animal Disease Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service (ARS), USDA, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - Mahmoud M Elnaggar
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States.,Veterinary Quarantine of Alexandria, General Organization for Veterinary Services, Ministry of Agriculture, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - John P Bannantine
- National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service (ARS), USDA, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Kun-Taek Park
- Department of Biotechnology, Inje University, Gimhae, South Korea
| | - Victoria Hulubei
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - Sandro Cavirani
- Department of Medical-Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - William C Davis
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - Gaetano Donofrio
- Department of Medical-Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
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Mataragka A, Sotirakoglou K, Gazouli M, Triantaphyllopoulos KA, Ikonomopoulos J. Parturition affects test-positivity in sheep with subclinical paratuberculosis; investigation following a preliminary analysis. JOURNAL OF KING SAUD UNIVERSITY - SCIENCE 2019; 31:1399-1403. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jksus.2019.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/11/2023]
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Fritsch J, Abreu MT. The Microbiota and the Immune Response: What Is the Chicken and What Is the Egg? Gastrointest Endosc Clin N Am 2019; 29:381-393. [PMID: 31078242 DOI: 10.1016/j.giec.2019.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The underlying factors driving the onset and progression of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) include the interplay between host genetics, microbiota, and mucosal inflammation. The same environmental triggers that are a risk factor for IBD also alter the microbiota, suggesting a link between the microbiome and IBD. Specific IBD-associated genetic polymorphisms change the microbiome linking host genetics to the microbiota. Microbial changes occur at least simultaneously with new onset IBD, and fecal microbial transplant can ameliorate certain types of IBD. A current debate in the field is which comes first, dysbiosis or inflammation? Can restitution of the microbiome "cure" IBD?
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Fritsch
- Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Crohn's and Colitis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 1011 North West 15th Street (D-149), Gautier Building, Suite 537B, Miami, FL USA
| | - Maria T Abreu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Crohn's & Colitis Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 1011 North West 15th Street (D-149), Gautier Building, Suite 510, Miami, FL USA.
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Mullan WMA. Are we closer to understanding why viable cells of
Mycobacterium avium
subsp.
paratuberculosis
are still being reported in pasteurised milk? INT J DAIRY TECHNOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/1471-0307.12617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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40
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Profiling of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis in the milk of lactating goats using antigen-antibody based assays. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2019; 64:53-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2019.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Revised: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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41
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Eslami M, Shafiei M, Ghasemian A, Valizadeh S, Al-Marzoqi AH, Shokouhi Mostafavi SK, Nojoomi F, Mirforughi SA. Mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis and Mycobacterium avium complex and related subspecies as causative agents of zoonotic and occupational diseases. J Cell Physiol 2019; 234:12415-12421. [PMID: 30673126 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.28076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) and Mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis (MAP) cause zoonotic infections transmitted by birds and livestock herds. These pathogens have remained as serious economic and health threats in most areas of the world. As zoonotic diseases, the risk of development of occupational disease and even death outcome necessitate implementation of control strategies to prevent its spread. Zoonotic MAP infections include Crohn's disease, inflammatory bowel disease, ulcerative colitis, sarcoidosis, diabetes mellitus, and immune-related diseases (such as Hashimoto's thyroiditis). Paratuberculosis has classified as type B epidemic zoonotic disease according to world health organization which is transmitted to human through consumption of dairy and meat products. In addition, MAC causes pulmonary manifestations and lymphadenitis in normal hosts and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) progression (by serotypes 1, 4, and 8). Furthermore, other subspecies have caused respiratory abscesses, neck lymph nodes, and disseminated osteomyelitis in children and ulcers. However, the data over the occupational relatedness of these subspecies is rare. These agents can cause occupational infections in susceptible herd breeders. Several molecular methods have been recognized as proper strategies for tracking the infection. In this study, some zoonotic aspects, worldwide prevalence and control strategies regarding infections due to MAP and MAC and related subspecies has been reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Majid Eslami
- Department of Bacteriology and Virology, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Morvarid Shafiei
- Department of Microbiology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abdolmajid Ghasemian
- Department of Biology, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saeid Valizadeh
- Department of Bacteriology and Virology, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | | | | | - Farshad Nojoomi
- Microbiology Department, Faculty of Medicine, AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyede Amene Mirforughi
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
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Zarei-Kordshouli F, Geramizadeh B, Khodakaram-Tafti A. Prevalence of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis IS 900 DNA in biopsy tissues from patients with Crohn's disease: histopathological and molecular comparison with Johne's disease in Fars province of Iran. BMC Infect Dis 2019; 19:23. [PMID: 30616527 PMCID: PMC6322312 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-018-3619-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Crohn's disease is a chronic enteritis of humans that affects the gastrointestinal tract, especially the terminal ileum, cecum and colon. The etiology of this disease is still unknown but seems to be multifactorial. There are reports about the potential link between Crohn's disease in humans and the causative agent of Johne's disease in ruminants. Because of the prevalence of Johne's disease in the Fars Province of Iran, the aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of MAP in the biopsy tissues of patients affected by Crohn's disease in this area. METHODS The study was performed from April 2015 to June 2017 at Namazi Hospital, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, and School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran. Intestinal biopsies of 30 patients (12 male and 18 female; mean age, 34 years; range 4-77 years) with the confirmed diagnosis of Crohn's disease and 30 patients diagnosed as non-inflammatory bowel disease (19 male and 11 female; mean age, 38 years; range 13-68 years) were studied by molecular, histopathological and histochemical methods. Also, similar numbers of adult goats affected by Johne's disease were studied, comparatively. DNA extractions of tissue specimens were subjected to PCR to amplify a 413-bp sequence of the IS900 gene. RESULTS Using IS900-PCR, the overall prevalence of MAP in patients affected by Crohn's disease and non-inflammatory bowel disease were 47 and 13%, respectively. In addition, the prevalence of MAP in goats affected by Johne's disease was 70%. Using acid-fast histochemical staining, only 7% of Crohn's disease patients were weakly positive as paucibacillary and 43% of Johne's disease cases were moderate to strongly positive as multibacillary. Histopathologically, granulomatous enteritis (83 and 90%), lymphoplasmacytic enteritis (17 and 14%), edema and lymphangiectasia (67 and 96%), and vasculitis (20 and 73%) were common findings in Crohn's and Johne's diseases, respectively. CONCLUSION Our findings demonstrate a remarkable association between MAP and CD in this population, and support an etiologic relationship between MAP infection in humans and the development of CD. MAP infection in human tissue may display species-specific pathologic findings, as occurs with other zoonotic pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Forough Zarei-Kordshouli
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, PO Box 71345-1731, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Bita Geramizadeh
- Department of Pathology, Transplant Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Azizollah Khodakaram-Tafti
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, PO Box 71345-1731, Shiraz, Iran
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Savarino E, Bertani L, Ceccarelli L, Bodini G, Zingone F, Buda A, Facchin S, Lorenzon G, Marchi S, Marabotto E, De Bortoli N, Savarino V, Costa F, Blandizzi C. Antimicrobial treatment with the fixed-dose antibiotic combination RHB-104 for Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis in Crohn's disease: pharmacological and clinical implications. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2019; 19:79-88. [PMID: 30574820 DOI: 10.1080/14712598.2019.1561852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Crohn's disease (CD) is an inflammatory bowel disease of unknown etiology. However, increasing evidence suggests Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) as a putative causative agent: 1) MAP is the etiological agent of Johne's disease, a granulomatous enteritis affecting ruminants, which shares clinical and pathological features with CD; 2) MAP has been detected in tissues and blood samples from CD patients; 3) case reports have documented a favorable therapeutic response to anti-MAP antibiotics. Area covered: This review provides an appraisal of current information on MAP characteristics, diagnostic methodologies and emerging drug treatments. The authors focus on RHB-104, a novel oral formulation containing a fixed-dose combination of clarithromycin, clofazimine and rifabutin, endowed with synergistic inhibitory activity on MAP strains isolated from CD patients. Expert opinion: Based on encouraging in vitro data, RHB-104 has entered recently the clinical phase of its development, and is being investigated in a randomized, placebo-controlled phase III trial aimed at evaluating its efficacy and safety in CD. Provided that the overall clinical development will support the suitability of RHB-104 for inducing disease remission in CD patients with documented MAP infection, this novel antibiotic combination will likely take a relevant position in the therapeutic armamentarium for CD management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edoardo Savarino
- a Gastrointestinal Unit, Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology , University of Padua , Padua , Italy
| | - Lorenzo Bertani
- b Gastrointestinal Unit, Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery , University of Pisa , Pisa , Italy
| | - Linda Ceccarelli
- b Gastrointestinal Unit, Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery , University of Pisa , Pisa , Italy
| | - Giorgia Bodini
- c Gastrointestinal Unit, Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties , University of Genoa , Genoa , Italy
| | - Fabiana Zingone
- a Gastrointestinal Unit, Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology , University of Padua , Padua , Italy
| | - Andrea Buda
- a Gastrointestinal Unit, Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology , University of Padua , Padua , Italy
| | - Sonia Facchin
- a Gastrointestinal Unit, Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology , University of Padua , Padua , Italy
| | - Greta Lorenzon
- a Gastrointestinal Unit, Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology , University of Padua , Padua , Italy
| | - Santino Marchi
- b Gastrointestinal Unit, Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery , University of Pisa , Pisa , Italy
| | - Elisa Marabotto
- c Gastrointestinal Unit, Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties , University of Genoa , Genoa , Italy
| | - Nicola De Bortoli
- b Gastrointestinal Unit, Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery , University of Pisa , Pisa , Italy
| | - Vincenzo Savarino
- c Gastrointestinal Unit, Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties , University of Genoa , Genoa , Italy
| | - Francesco Costa
- b Gastrointestinal Unit, Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery , University of Pisa , Pisa , Italy
| | - Corrado Blandizzi
- d Unit of Pharmacology and Pharmacovigilance, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine , University of Pisa , Pisa , Italy
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Balseiro A, Perez V, Juste RA. Chronic regional intestinal inflammatory disease: A trans-species slow infection? Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2018; 62:88-100. [PMID: 30711052 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2018.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Revised: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis in humans and paratuberculosis in domestic and wild ruminants can be defined as chronic regional intestinal inflammatory diseases (CRIID). This review is a literature overview on these diseases in humans, non-human primates, dogs, cats, rabbits, equids and ruminants with a focus on pathological and microbiological features aimed identifying common characteristics that could lead to a unified pathological classification for a better understanding of their mechanisms and causes. The result is a framework of inflammatory forms throughout the different species indicative of common mechanisms of the slow infection type characterized by a time course varying from weeks to months or even years, and where the inflammatory component would be more prominent in the intestinal interphase between host and environment and be morphologically characterized by an infiltrate ranging from lymphoplasmacytic to histiocytic. This should provide new insights for causation demonstration and therapeutic approaches in human IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Balseiro
- Centro de Biotecnología Animal, Servicio Regional de Investigación y Desarrollo Agroalimentario (SERIDA), 33394 Gijón, Asturias, Spain
| | - Valentin Perez
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Instituto de Ganadería de Montaña (CSIC-ULE), Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, 24071 León, Spain
| | - Ramon A Juste
- Direccion. Servicio Regional de Investigación y Desarrollo Agroalimentario (SERIDA), 33300 Villaviciosa, Asturias, Spain.
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Sharp RC, Naser ES, Alcedo KP, Qasem A, Abdelli LS, Naser SA. Development of multiplex PCR and multi-color fluorescent in situ hybridization ( m-FISH) coupled protocol for detection and imaging of multi-pathogens involved in inflammatory bowel disease. Gut Pathog 2018; 10:51. [PMID: 30534203 PMCID: PMC6280354 DOI: 10.1186/s13099-018-0278-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Several pathogens have been debated to play a role in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) including Crohn's disease (CD). None of these pathogens have been investigated together in same clinical samples. We developed a multiplex PCR and multi-color fluorescent in situ hybridization (m-FISH) protocols for simultaneous detection of CD-associated pathogens including Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP), Klebsiella pneumoniae, and adherent-invasive Escherichia coli strain LF82. Methods The multiplex PCR is based on 1-h DNAzol® extraction protocol modified for rapid extraction of bacterial DNA from culture, blood, and intestinal biopsies. Oligonucleotide primers sequences unique to these pathogens were evaluated individually and in combinations using bioinformatics and experimental approaches. m-FISH was based on fluorescent-tagged oligonucleotides and confocal scanning laser microscopy (CSLM). Results Following several attempts, the concentration of the oligonucleotide primers and DNA templates and the PCR annealing temperatures were optimized. Multiplex PCR analyses revealed excellent amplification signal in trials where a single primer set and combinations of two and three primers sets were tested against a mixture of DNA from three different bacteria or a mixture of three bacterial cultures mixed in one tube before DNA extraction. Slides with individual and mixtures of bacterial cultures and intestinal tissue sections from IBD patients were tested by m-FISH and the CSLM images verified multiplex PCR results detected on 3% agarose gel. Conclusion We developed a 4-h multiplex PCR protocol, which was validated by m-FISH images, capable of detecting up to four genes from major pathogens associated with CD. The new protocol should serve as an excellent tool to support efforts to study multi-pathogens involved in CD and other autoimmune disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert C Sharp
- Division of Molecular Microbiology, Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Florida College of Medicine, 4110 Libra Drive, Orlando, FL USA
| | - Ebraheem S Naser
- Division of Molecular Microbiology, Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Florida College of Medicine, 4110 Libra Drive, Orlando, FL USA
| | - Karel P Alcedo
- Division of Molecular Microbiology, Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Florida College of Medicine, 4110 Libra Drive, Orlando, FL USA
| | - Ahmad Qasem
- Division of Molecular Microbiology, Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Florida College of Medicine, 4110 Libra Drive, Orlando, FL USA
| | - Latifa S Abdelli
- Division of Molecular Microbiology, Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Florida College of Medicine, 4110 Libra Drive, Orlando, FL USA
| | - Saleh A Naser
- Division of Molecular Microbiology, Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Florida College of Medicine, 4110 Libra Drive, Orlando, FL USA
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46
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Kirkpatrick BW, Lett BM. Short communication: Heritability of susceptibility to infection by Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis in Holstein cattle. J Dairy Sci 2018; 101:11165-11169. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2018-15021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Gupta SK, Maclean PH, Ganesh S, Shu D, Buddle BM, Wedlock DN, Heiser A. Detection of microRNA in cattle serum and their potential use to diagnose severity of Johne's disease. J Dairy Sci 2018; 101:10259-10270. [PMID: 30197143 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2018-14785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) causes Johne's disease in ruminants, which is characterized by chronic progressive granulomatous enteritis. The infection leads to wasting and weight loss in the animals and eventually death, causing considerable production losses to the agricultural industry worldwide. Currently available ELISA- and PCR-based diagnostic tests have limited sensitivity and specificity during early MAP infection in cattle, suggesting that there is an urgent demand for alternative diagnostic tests. Circulating microRNA (miRNA) have recently gained attention as potential biomarkers for several diseases in humans. However, knowledge and use of miRNA as biomarkers in diseases of ruminants, including Johne's disease, are very limited. Here we used NanoString nCounter technology (NanoString, Seattle, WA), a digital platform for amplification-free and hybridization-based quantitative measurement of miRNA in the sera of noninfected and naturally MAP-infected cattle with different severity of infection. Using probes developed against human miRNA, 26 miRNA were detected in cattle serum; 13 of these miRNA were previously uncharacterized for cattle. Canonical discrimination analysis using 20 miRNA grouped animals into 4 distinct clusters based on their disease status, suggesting that the levels of these miRNA can reflect disease severity. A model was developed using a combination of 4 miRNA (miR-1976, miR-873-3p, miR-520f-3p, and miR-126-3p), which distinguished moderate and severely infected animals from noninfected animals. Our study demonstrated the ability of the NanoString nCounter technology to detect differential expression of circulating miRNA in cattle and contributes to widely growing evidence that miRNA can be used as biomarkers in infectious diseases in cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep K Gupta
- Animal Health, AgResearch, Hopkirk Research Institute, Grasslands Research Centre, Private Bag 11008, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand.
| | - Paul H Maclean
- Bioinformatics and Statistics, AgResearch, Lincoln Research Centre, Private Bag 4749, Lincoln 7608, New Zealand
| | - Siva Ganesh
- Bioinformatics and Statistics, AgResearch, Lincoln Research Centre, Private Bag 4749, Lincoln 7608, New Zealand
| | - Dairu Shu
- Animal Health, AgResearch, Hopkirk Research Institute, Grasslands Research Centre, Private Bag 11008, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - Bryce M Buddle
- Animal Health, AgResearch, Hopkirk Research Institute, Grasslands Research Centre, Private Bag 11008, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - D Neil Wedlock
- Animal Health, AgResearch, Hopkirk Research Institute, Grasslands Research Centre, Private Bag 11008, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - Axel Heiser
- Animal Health, AgResearch, Hopkirk Research Institute, Grasslands Research Centre, Private Bag 11008, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
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Cao BL, Qasem A, Sharp RC, Abdelli LS, Naser SA. Systematic review and meta-analysis on the association of tuberculosis in Crohn’s disease patients treated with tumor necrosis factor-α inhibitors (Anti-TNFα). World J Gastroenterol 2018; 24:2764-2775. [PMID: 29991880 PMCID: PMC6034143 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v24.i25.2764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Revised: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To perform a meta-analysis on the risk of developing Mycobacterium tuberculosis (TB) infection in Crohn’s disease (CD) patients treated with tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα) inhibitors.
METHODS A meta-analysis of randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials of TNFα inhibitors for treatment of CD in adults was conducted. Arcsine transformation of TB incidence was performed to estimate risk difference. A novel epidemiologically-based correction (EBC) enabling inclusions of studies reporting no TB infection cases in placebo and treatment groups was developed to estimate relative odds.
RESULTS Twenty-three clinical trial studies were identified, including 5669 patients. Six TB infection cases were reported across 5 studies, all from patients receiving TNFα inhibitors. Eighteen studies reported no TB infection cases in placebo and TNFα inhibitor treatment arms. TB infection risk was significantly increased among patients receiving TNFα inhibitors, with a risk difference of 0.028 (95%CI: 0.0011-0.055). The odds ratio was 4.85 (95%CI: 1.02-22.99) with EBC and 5.85 (95%CI: 1.13-30.38) without EBC.
CONCLUSION The risk of TB infection is higher among CD patients receiving TNFα inhibitors. Understanding the immunopathogenesis of CD is crucial, since using TNFα inhibitors in these patients could favor mycobacterial infections, particularly Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis, which ultimately could worsen their clinical condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brent L Cao
- Division of Molecular Microbiology, Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, United States
| | - Ahmad Qasem
- Division of Molecular Microbiology, Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, United States
| | - Robert C Sharp
- Division of Molecular Microbiology, Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, United States
| | - Latifa S Abdelli
- Division of Molecular Microbiology, Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, United States
| | - Saleh A Naser
- Division of Molecular Microbiology, Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, United States
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de Albuquerque PPF, de Melo RPB, de Farias Brito M, Bovino F, de Souza MA, Lima AMC, de Oliveira EAA, de Moraes Pereira H, Mota RA. First molecular epidemiological study of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in cattle and buffalo from different regions of Brazil. Trop Anim Health Prod 2018; 50:1929-1935. [PMID: 29946985 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-018-1650-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Paratuberculosis is an incurable disease in ruminants with great worldwide economic impact, caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP). The objective of this study was to carry out a study of the molecular epidemiology of the MAP using the restriction enzyme analysis (REA) technique of IS1311 MAP region in biological samples of feces, intestinal tissue, and mesenteric lymph nodes of cattle and buffaloes from six Brazilian states. In total, 109 samples of feces and tissues of cattle and buffaloes were collected from animal paratuberculosis suspected. Twenty-five samples were positive in the detection of the DNA of the IS900 region of MAP and it was possible to type 18 strains in the analysis of the region IS1311, being 100% of them identified as belonging to subtype Bison MAP strain. This is the first epidemiological molecular study of MAP in Brazil. The results indicate that paratuberculosis is widespread in cattle and in buffaloes in several regions of Brazil, and the subtype Bison MAP strain was the only one identified in the samples analyzed in this study, demonstrating the similarity between the strains from different states tested. These results provide the necessary support for the implementation of paratuberculosis control strategies in cattle and buffaloes in Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Marilene de Farias Brito
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Bovino
- Faculty of Agrarian Sciences of Andradina, Educational Foundation of Andradina, Andradina, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Rinaldo Aparecido Mota
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil
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50
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Garvey M. Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis: A possible causative agent in human morbidity and risk to public health safety. Open Vet J 2018; 8:172-181. [PMID: 29911021 PMCID: PMC5987349 DOI: 10.4314/ovj.v8i2.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis is a bacterial parasite and the causative agent of paratuberculosis, a disease predominately found in cattle and sheep. Infection with this microorganism results in substantial farming economic losses and animal morbidity. The link between infection with this pathogen and human disease has been theorised for many years with Crohn's disease being one of many suspected resultant conditions. Mycobacterium avium may be spread from animal to human hosts by water and foodborne transmission routes, where the foodborne route of exposure represents a significant risk for susceptible populations, namely children and the immune-compromised. Following colonisation of the host, the parasitic organism evades the host immune system by use of molecular mimicry, displaying peptide sequences similar to that of the host cells causing a disruption of self-verses non self-recognition. Theoretically, this failure to recognise the invading organism as distinct from host cells may result in numerous autoimmune conditions. Here, the author presents current information assessing the link between numerous diseases states in humans such inflammatory bowel disease, Type 1 diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, Hashimoto\'s thyroiditis, multiple sclerosis and autism following infection with Mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis. The possibility of zoonotic transmission of the organism and its significant risk to public health safety as a consequence is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Garvey
- Cellular Health and Toxicology Research Group, Institute of Technology, Sligo, Ash Lane, Sligo, Ireland
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