Irritable bowel syndrome in children: Current knowledge, challenges and opportunities

The health benefits of dietary polyphenols on pediatric intestinal diseases: Mechanism of action, clinical evidence and future research progress

Pediatric intestinal development is immature, vulnerable to external influences and produce a variety of intestinal diseases. At present, breakthroughs have been made in the treatment of pediatric intestinal diseases, but there are still many challenges, such as toxic side effects, drug resistance, and the lack of more effective treatments and specific drugs. In recent years, dietary polyphenols derived from plants have become a research hotspot in the treatment of pediatric intestinal diseases due to their outstanding pharmacological activities such, as anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antioxidant and regulation of intestinal flora. This article reviewed the mechanism of action and clinical evidence of dietary polyphenols in the treatment of pediatric intestinal diseases, and discussed the influence of physiological characteristics of children on the efficacy of polyphenols, and finally prospected the new dosage forms of polyphenols in pediatrics.

Effect of the Low Fermentable Oligosaccharides, Disaccharides, Monosaccharides, and Polyols (FODMAP) Diet on Control of Pediatric Irritable Bowel Syndrome and Quality of Life Among a Sample of Egyptian Children: A Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial

BACKGROUND

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a pediatric pain-dominant functional gastrointestinal disorder that has a negative impact on all children's dimensions of quality of life. A dietary approach that focuses on limiting food elements with high fermentable oligosaccharides, disaccharides, monosaccharides, and polyols (FODMAP) can be used to decrease symptoms of IBS. This study aims to evaluate the effect of low FODMAP dietary intervention on health-related quality of life among a sample of Egyptian children.

METHODS

Eighty-four children aged 5-15 years old were randomly assigned to two groups, 42 patients in the low FODMAP diet group and 42 patients in the standard diet group. They received the diet for six weeks and were followed up weekly using a visual analog scale (VAS) for pain severity assessment, the Pediatric Quality of Life (PedsQL) Inventory Gastrointestinal (GI) Symptoms Module Scale, and the PedsQL Inventory Generic Core Scale to assess the physical and psychosocial functioning of the patients.

RESULTS

The VAS score decreased more in the low FODMAP group, which caused a significant difference between the two groups (p<0.001). The PedsQL Inventory GI Symptoms Module score increased more among the low FODMAP group, and this caused a significant difference between the two groups (p<0.001). PedsQL Inventory Generic Core score increased more among the low FODMAPs group, and this caused a significant difference between the two groups (p<0.001).

CONCLUSION

Low FODMAP dietary intervention in pediatrics for six weeks decreased abdominal pain severity, improved gastrointestinal symptoms, and improved the health-related quality of life of the affected children.

Safety and efficacy of linaclotide in children aged 7-17 years with irritable bowel syndrome with constipation

OBJECTIVES

Linaclotide, a guanylate cyclase-C agonist, was recently approved in the United States for the treatment of children 6-17 years old with functional constipation. This study evaluated the safety and efficacy of various linaclotide doses in children 7-17 years old with irritable bowel syndrome with constipation (IBS-C).

METHODS

In this 4-week, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group, Phase 2 study, children with IBS-C were randomized to once-daily placebo or linaclotide (Dose A: 18 or 36 µg, B: 36 or 72 µg, and C: 72 µg or 145 µg, or 290 µg); those aged 7-11 years in a 1:1:1:1 allocation based on weight (18 to <35 kg:18 µg, 36 µg, or 72 µg; or ≥35 kg: 36 µg, 72 µg, or 145 µg), and those aged 12-17 years in a 1:1:1:1:1 allocation (the higher option of Doses A-C or 290 µg). The primary efficacy endpoint was a change from baseline in 4-week overall spontaneous bowel movement (SBM) frequency rate over the treatment period. Adverse events and clinical laboratory measures were also assessed.

RESULTS

Efficacy, safety, and tolerability were assessed in 101 patients. In the intent-to-treat population, numerical improvement was observed in overall SBM frequency rate with increasing linaclotide doses (A: 1.62, B: 1.52, and C: 2.30, 290 µg: 3.26) compared with placebo. The most reported treatment-emergent adverse events were diarrhea and pain, with most cases being mild and none being severe.

CONCLUSIONS

Linaclotide was tolerated well in this pediatric population, showing numerical improvement in SBM frequency compared with placebo.

Nutraceuticals and biotics in pediatric gastrointestinal disorders

In recent years there has been growing interest in the use of nutraceuticals and biotics in both pediatric and adult clinical practice. The overlapping and often ambiguous symptoms of both functional and organic gastrointestinal disorders have led to a search for alternative therapeutic approaches that avoid the use of synthetic or chemical treatments. However, while nutraceuticals and natural supplements are widely used, their health benefits are often not supported by adequate scientific evidence, and an unregulated use of nutraceuticals can be potentially harmful. The correct use of nutraceuticals, prebiotics, and probiotics can optimize the results of drug therapy in some cases and reduce the risk of side effects. This review aims to provide clinicians with guidance on the use of complementary therapies for pediatric gastrointestinal symptoms and disorders, highlighting the scarcity of studies on the kinetics and dynamics of nutraceuticals and biotics. While it is generally difficult to associate their intakes with adverse events due to the often-coexisting pharmacological treatments, it is essential to avoid the abandonment of traditional drugs with proven efficacy in the treatment of single diseases. Overall, the use of nutraceuticals, prebiotics, and probiotics in pediatric gastroenterological practice requires caution and medical supervision. Further research is needed to determine the effects of alternative therapies on pediatric gastrointestinal symptoms and disorders, and to ensure their safe and effective use in the clinical practice.

Dorsoventral hippocampus distinctly modulates visceral sensitivity and anxiety behaviors in male IBS-like rats

Accumulating evidences suggest dysfunctions in the hippocampus are associated with chronic pain. Nevertheless, the role of hippocampal circuitry in pain memories and emotional responses is not yet fully understood. In this study, we utilized a comprehensive approach that combined electromyography (EMG), photochemical genetic techniques, and anxiety-related behavioral paradigms to investigate the involvement of dorsal hippocampus (DH) and ventral hippocampus (VH) in visceral sensitivity and anxiety behaviors in male rats. Our results demonstrated that IBS-like rats exhibited comorbid visceral hypersensitivity and anxiety, along with the number of activated neurons in the VH was higher than that in the DH. Manipulation of glutamatergic neurons in the hippocampus was identified as a crucial mechanism underlying the mediation of both visceral sensitivity and anxiety behaviors. Specifically, optogenetic activation of the DH induced both visceral hypersensitivity and anxiety, while activation of the VH induced anxiety but did not affect visceral sensitivity. Conversely, chemogenetic inhibition of the DH reduced both visceral hypersensitivity and anxiety, whereas inhibition of the VH alleviated anxiety but did not alleviate visceral hypersensitivity in IBS-like rats. Our study highlights the important role of early life stress in inducing visceral hypersensitivity and anxiety, and further elucidates the distinct functional contributions of the DH and VH to these behavioral changes. These findings provide a theoretical basis for the diagnosis and treatment of IBS, and suggest that targeting specific hippocampal neuron subtypes may represent a promising therapeutic approach.

The Use of Fibers, Herbal Medicines and Spices in Children with Irritable Bowel Syndrome: A Narrative Review

The pathophysiology of irritable bowel syndrome in children involves multiple factors. Thus, treatment options are variable, targeting both diet and the child's and parents' behavior via pharmacological and psychological interventions or neuromodulation. Parents are increasingly interested in complementary and alternative therapies for children with irritable bowel syndrome, especially when other treatments have been tried without relieving the child's symptoms. This paper examines current evidence for the benefits and side effects of herbal remedies and spices in pediatric patients with IBS. The benefits of peppermint oil, STW5, psyllium fiber, Curcuma, ginger, and other herbal medicines are discussed based on findings in the current literature.

Frequency of Irritable Bowel Syndrome Among Children Aged 4 to 9 Years: A Cross-Sectional Study

The purpose of this study is to determine the frequency of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and the influencing factors in children aged 4 to 9. The cross-sectional descriptive study included 1176 children between the ages of 4 and 9 who applied for Family Medicine Centers between March 1, 2017 and April 30, 2017 for various reasons. Pediatric Gastrointestinal Symptoms Questionnaire, Roma III Version (QPGS-RIII) was applied to the volunteers (children's parents or caregivers), and Beck Anxiety Scale was applied to the mothers accompanying their children. A total of 603 (51.9%) of the children included in the study were female and 559 (48.1%) were male. When the applied QPGS-RIII was evaluated with IBS diagnostic criteria, IBS was found in 137 children and IBS frequency was found to be 11.8% (95% confidence interval [CI]). Significant differences were found in socioeconomic level, eating habits, TV-watching habits, and IBS status (P < .05).

What is new with irritable bowel syndrome

PURPOSE OF REVIEW

This review aims to summarize the most up-to-date criteria for diagnosis of pediatric irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and treatment options. It also explores recent research that has been performed evaluating risk factors, pathophysiology, and treatment designed to improve quality of life for those who suffer from IBS. IBS is a common disorder in pediatrics and one of the most common causes of abdominal pain for children; thus, it can be quite debilitating for individuals to achieve a satisfactory quality of life on a routine basis. Reliable, available treatment is needed but can be challenging to find, given the variety of symptoms and triggers involved and lack of a clear understanding of how IBS develops.

RECENT FINDINGS

There are multiple pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic treatment options being explored and studied globally but further, larger, and well controlled studies are needed to confirm these outcomes.

SUMMARY

Because pediatric IBS is one of the most common functional disorders associated with abdominal pain and can be brought on by multiple factors, management often involves addressing these individual triggers with a multifaceted treatment plan, which could include dietary changes, probiotics, medication, or psychotherapy and should be tailored to each affected individual.

Unraveling Abdominal Migraine in Adults: A Comprehensive Narrative Review

Abdominal migraine is a condition characterized by recurrent episodes of abdominal pain accompanied by migraine-associated symptoms, primarily affecting pediatric populations. Its occurrence in adults is often overlooked due to limited literature on adult abdominal migraine. This article provides an overview of the current understanding and management of abdominal migraine in adult populations, including the diagnostic criteria, pathophysiology, differentiating features of other associated gastrointestinal pain syndromes, and various treatment approaches based on available literature. The review acknowledges the limitations, including the scarcity of literature on adult abdominal migraine and the absence of a systematic approach. It emphasizes the need for further research to enhance our understanding of this condition and establish evidence-based treatment guidelines specifically for adults. Accurate diagnosis and patient education are crucial for physicians in recognizing abdominal migraine as a differential diagnosis in cases of long-standing recurrent abdominal pain, promoting the importance of further research to advance our knowledge and improve patient outcomes.

Molecular signalling during cross talk between gut brain axis regulation and progression of irritable bowel syndrome: A comprehensive review

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a chronic functional disorder which alters gastrointestinal (GI) functions, thus leading to compromised health status. Pathophysiology of IBS is not fully understood, whereas abnormal gut brain axis (GBA) has been identified as a major etiological factor. Recent studies are suggestive for visceral hyper-sensitivity, altered gut motility and dysfunctional autonomous nervous system as the main clinical abnormalities in IBS patients. Bidirectional signalling interactions among these abnormalities are derived through various exogenous and endogenous factors, such as microbiota population and diversity, microbial metabolites, dietary uptake, and psychological abnormalities. Strategic efforts focused to study these interactions including probiotics, antibiotics and fecal transplantations in normal and germ-free animals are clearly suggestive for the pivotal role of gut microbiota in IBS etiology. Additionally, neurotransmitters act as communication tools between enteric microbiota and brain functions, where serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine) plays a key role in pathophysiology of IBS. It regulates GI motility, pain sense and inflammatory responses particular to mucosal and brain activity. In the absence of a better understanding of various interconnected crosstalks in GBA, more scientific efforts are required in the search of novel and targeted therapies for the management of IBS. In this review, we have summarized the gut microbial composition, interconnected signalling pathways and their regulators, available therapeutics, and the gaps needed to fill for a better management of IBS.

The microbiome in adolescents with irritable bowel syndrome and changes with percutaneous electrical nerve field stimulation

BACKGROUND

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), a disorder of the gut-brain axis, is affected by the microbiome. Microbial studies in pediatric IBS, especially for centrally mediated treatments, are lacking. We compared the microbiome between pediatric IBS patients and healthy controls (HC), in relation to symptom severity, and with percutaneous electrical nerve field stimulation (PENFS), a non-invasive treatment targeting central pain pathways.

METHODS

We collected a stool sample, questionnaires and a 1-2 week stool and pain diary from 11 to 18 years patients with IBS. A patient subset completed 4 weeks of PENFS and repeated data collection immediately after and/or 3 months after treatment. Stool samples were collected from HC. Samples underwent metagenomic sequencing to evaluate diversity, composition, and abundance of species and MetaCyc pathways.

KEY RESULTS

We included 27 cases (15.4 ± 2.5 year) and 34 HC (14.2 ± 2.9 year). Twelve species including Firmicutes spp., and carbohydrate degradation/long-chain fatty acid (LCFA) synthesis pathways, were increased in IBS but not statistically significantly associated with symptom severity. Seventeen participants (female) who completed PENFS showed improvements in pain (p = 0.012), disability (p = 0.007), and catastrophizing (p = 0.003). Carbohydrate degradation and LCFA synthesis pathways decreased post-treatment and at follow-up (FDR p-value <0.1).

CONCLUSIONS AND INFERENCES

Firmicutes, including Clostridiaceae spp., and LCFA synthesis pathways were increased in IBS patients suggesting pain-potentiating effects. PENFS led to marked improvements in abdominal pain, functioning, and catastrophizing, while Clostridial species and LCFA microbial pathways decreased with treatment, suggesting these as potential targets for IBS centrally mediated treatments.

Emerging role of the gut microbiome in post-infectious irritable bowel syndrome: A literature review

Post-infectious irritable bowel syndrome (PI-IBS) is a particular type of IBS, with symptom onset after an acute episode of infectious gastroenteritis. Despite infectious disease resolution and clearance of the inciting pathogen agent, 10% of patients will develop PI-IBS. In susceptible individuals, the exposure to pathogenic organisms leads to a marked shift in the gut microbiota with prolonged changes in host-microbiota interactions. These changes can affect the gut-brain axis and the visceral sensitivity, disrupting the intestinal barrier, altering neuromuscular function, triggering persistent low inflammation, and sustaining the onset of IBS symptoms. There is no specific treatment strategy for PI-IBS. Different drug classes can be used to treat PI-IBS similar to patients with IBS in general, guided by their clinical symptoms. This review summarizes the current evidence for microbial dysbiosis in PI-IBS and analyzes the available data regarding the role of the microbiome in mediating the central and peripheral dysfunctions that lead to IBS symptoms. It also discusses the current state of evidence on therapies targeting the microbiome in the management of PI-IBS. The results of microbial modulation strategies used in relieving IBS symptomatology are encouraging. Several studies on PI-IBS animal models reported promising results. However, published data that describe the efficacy and safety of microbial targeted therapy in PI-IBS patients are scarce. Future research is required.

Effects of a Low-FODMAP Diet on Irritable Bowel Syndrome in Both Children and Adults-A Narrative Review

Irritable bowel syndrome is a typical gastrointestinal disease that causes bloating, flatulence, abdominal pain, diarrhoea, constipation, or alteration of the last two in adults and children. A diet low in fermentable oligosaccharides, disaccharides, monosaccharides, and polyols (FODMAP) is one of the potential treatment strategies to reduce abdominal symptoms and increase the quality of life. The present narrative review aims to present a general overview of current studies that have evaluated the efficacy of a low-FODMAP diet against other diets in gastrointestinal symptoms, nutrient intake in adults and children, and lifestyle quality. The research was performed using seven searchable databases, which included the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (CDSR), Excerpta Medica Database (EMBASE), Medline, PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science, up to March 2023. In conclusion, there is significant evidence that the follow-up of a low-FODMAP diet might be a feasible first-line therapeutic strategy to reduce stomach discomfort, pain, bloating, and quality of life for patients with irritable bowel syndrome.

An overview of 5-HT3 receptor antagonists as a treatment option for irritable bowel syndrome with diarrhea

INTRODUCTION

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a functional gastrointestinal disorder characterized by abdominal pain, discomfort, and altered bowel habits, which affects the quality of life of approximately 10% of the worldwide population. IBS is classified into three types: IBS-D (diarrhea-predominant), IBS-C (constipation-predominant), and mixed or alternating IBS (IBS-M). Among potential interventions for IBS-D, the antagonism of the serotonin 5-HT₃ receptor has recently emerged as an effective treatment option. Serotonin (5-HT) is a neurotransmitter and an immunoregulatory factor which plays a key role in physiological and pathological processes of the human body, having an impact on intestinal motility and gland secretion, which assist in maintaining intestinal homeostasis.

AREAS COVERED

In this paper, the concept of 5-HT₃ antagonists in the treatment of individuals with IBS-D is discussed, with particular focus on mechanism of action and pre-clinical and clinical data. This study is based on pertinent papers that were retrieved by a selective search using relevant keywords in PubMed and ScienceDirect databases.

EXPERT OPINION

Recent clinical trial data has confirmed beyond doubt the value of 5-HT₃ antagonists. As for future directions, weak partial 5-HT₃ receptor agonism appears to be an appealing alternative to a silent antagonist for the treatment of IBS-D.

Current use of complementary and conventional medicine for treatment of pediatric patients with gastrointestinal disorders

Infants, children, and adolescents are at risk of experiencing a multitude of gastrointestinal disorders (GID). These disorders can adversely affect the quality of life or be life-threatening. Various interventions that span the conventional and complementary therapeutic categories have been developed. Nowadays, parents increasingly seek complementary options for their children to use concurrently with conventional therapies. Due to the high prevalence and morbidity of diarrhea, constipation, and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) in children, in this review, we decided to focus on the current state of the evidence for conventional and complementary therapies used for the treatment of these diseases in children. Diarrhea treatment focuses on the identification of the cause and fluid management. Oral rehydration with supplementation of deficient micronutrients, especially zinc, is well established and recommended. Some probiotic strains have shown promise in reducing the duration of diarrhea. For the management of constipation, available clinical trials are insufficient for conclusive recommendations of dietary modifications, including increased use of fruit juice, fiber, and fluid. However, the role of laxatives as conventional treatment is becoming more established. Polyethylene glycol is the most studied, with lactulose, milk of magnesia, mineral oil, bisacodyl, and senna presenting as viable alternatives. Conventional treatments of the abdominal pain associated with IBS are poorly studied in children. Available studies investigating the effectiveness of antidepressants on abdominal pain in children with IBS were inconclusive. At the same time, probiotics and peppermint oil have a fair record of benefits and safety. The overall body of evidence indicates that a careful balance of conventional and complementary treatment strategies may be required to manage gastrointestinal conditions in children.

Efficacy and Safety of the Adjuvant Use of Probiotic Bacillus clausii Strains in Pediatric Irritable Bowel Syndrome: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study

OBJECTIVES

Current irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) treatments have limited efficacy and probiotics like Bacillus clausii (B. clausii) were found to be effective in the management of several gastrointestinal disorders. This phase III trial assessed the efficacy and safety of adding B. clausii (four strains: O/C, N/R, SIN, T), versus placebo, to conventional treatment of pediatric IBS in Mexico.

METHODS

Patients aged 6-17 years 11 months with IBS (Rome IV) for at least 2 months were randomized to receive either B. clausii (oral suspension, total dose 4 billion spores/day) or placebo once daily for 8 weeks. All patients also received conventional treatment. The primary endpoint was the difference in the proportion of patients with clinical improvements at Week 8 (Global Assessment Questions [GAQ]). Secondary endpoints included responders by Subject's Global Assessment of Relief for Children with IBS (SGARC); number/consistency of stools; abdominal distention/bloating; abdominal pain/intensity; and IBS behavior.

RESULTS

73.6% (95% confidence interval [CI] 67.3-80.0; B. clausii n = 129) and 78.5% (95% CI 72.5-84.4; placebo n = 130) of patients had symptom improvement (p = 0.8182). For Week 8 SGARC, 19.2% (B. clausii) and 20.9% (placebo) reported complete symptom relief. Stool evaluations, bloating, abdominal pain/intensity, and IBS behavior were similar between groups. Both treatments were well tolerated.

CONCLUSION

No significant differences in efficacy between B. clausii and placebo were demonstrated in addition to conventional treatment. The sample size calculation was based on an expected placebo/conventional treatment response of 30-40%. However, the actual treatment response observed was 80% and, thus, a study with larger population would be warranted. In addition, this study was conducted during the COVID-19 pandemic, when such controlled social conditions may have resulted in better diet, greater family stability, less psychological stress, and lower risk of infections exacerbating IBS, thereby improving symptoms in both groups.

EUDRACT NUMBER

2018-004519-31.

Hypnotherapy and IBS: Implicit, long-term stress memory in the ENS?

The association between irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and psychiatric and mood disorders may be more fundamental than was previously believed. Prenatal, perinatal, postnatal, and early-age conditions can have a key role in the development of IBS. Subthreshold mental disorders (SMDs) could also be a significant source of countless diverse diseases and may be a cause of IBS development. We hypothesize that stress-induced implicit memories may persist throughout life by epigenetic processes in the enteric nervous system (ENS). These stress-induced implicit memories may play an essential role in the emergence and maintenance of IBS. In recent decades, numerous studies have proven that hypnosis can improve the primary symptoms of IBS and also reduce noncolonic symptoms such as anxiety and depression and improve quality of life and cognitive function. These significant beneficial effects of hypnosis on IBS may be because hypnosis allows access to unconscious brain processes.

Children And Adolescents With Irritable Bowel Syndrome: Treatment And Management

BACKGROUND

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a disorder that causes stomach pain in children and adolescents. It may also impact one's quality of life. IBS is linked to gastrointestinal issues such as diarrhoea and constipation. Despite the identification of several potential pathophysiological pathways, the aetiology of IBS remained unknown.

OBJECTIVE

The aim of this paper is to discuss the diagnosis, pathogenesis, case studies and treatment of Irritable bowel syndrome in children and adolescents.

METHOD

This systematic review covered relevant papers from the previous ten years that were accessible in Science Direct, Elsevier, NCBI, and Web of Science related to the pathophysiology and function of pharmacological drugs such as antidepressants, antispasmodics, prokinetics, and antibiotics in children with irritable bowel syndrome.

RESULT

Only a few prospective therapy techniques have been investigated in children, and even fewer of those have been demonstrated to be effective. This article presents case studies including 50-59 children, which demonstrate a favourable acceptable impact that is more effective than a placebo in terms of reducing symptoms and improving the overall quality of life in children who have irritable bowel syndrome. Furthermore, the majority of the pathophysiological explanations and treatment options discussed are based on adult studies. These major issues arose when treating paediatric IBS, and they must be addressed in order to properly treat children with IBS. Trials that focus on many combinations of pharmacological and non-pharmacological therapies seem to be more helpful.

DISCUSSION

In recent years, a number of systematic reviews have been conducted to evaluate the efficacy of medication treatments in children for IBS; however, the dependability of these systematic reviews needs to be further investigated owing to the various experimental designs and levels of evidence used. This article highlights paediatric therapy options, including pharmaceutical medications such as antidepressants, antispasmodics, prokinetics, and antibiotics. The goal is to alleviate IBS symptoms while also enhancing the quality of life for children with this illness.

The role of the gut microbiome in paediatric irritable bowel syndrome

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a common and disabling condition in children. The pathophysiology of IBS is thought to be multifactorial but remains incompletely understood. There is growing evidence implicating the gut microbiome in IBS. Intestinal dysbiosis has been demonstrated in paediatric IBS cohorts; however, no uniform or consistent pattern has been identified. The exact mechanisms by which this dysbiosis contributes to IBS symptoms remain unknown. Available evidence suggests the imbalance produces a functional dysbiosis, with altered production of gases and metabolites that interact with the intestinal wall to cause symptoms, and enrichment or depletion of certain metabolic pathways. Additional hypothesised mechanisms include increased intestinal permeability, visceral hypersensitivity and altered gastrointestinal motility; however, these remain speculative in paediatric patients, with studies limited to animal models and adult populations. Interaction between dietary components and intestinal microbiota, particularly with fermentable oligosaccharides, disaccharides, monosaccharides and polyols (FODMAPs), has drawn increasing attention. FODMAPs have been found to trigger and worsen IBS symptoms. This is thought to be related to products of their fermentation by a dysbiotic microbial population, although this remains to be proven. A low-FODMAP diet has shown promising success in ameliorating symptoms in some but not all patients. There remains much to be discovered about the role of the dysbiotic microbiome in paediatric IBS.

Early life events in functional abdominal pain disorders in children

Objectives

Functional abdominal pain disorders (FAPDs) are common gastrointestinal problems in children, and the pathophysiology is thought to be multifactorial. Adverse early life events (ELE) induce alterations in the central nervous system, perhaps predisposing individuals to develop FAPDs. We aimed to study the potential adverse ELE that are associated with FAPDs.

Methods

We steered a school-based survey involving 1000 children from 4 randomly selected schools. FAPDs were assessed using the translated Rome III questionnaire, and ELE were identified using a pre-tested, parental questionnaire. FAPDs were diagnosed using the Rome III criteria.

Results

Hundred and eighty-two (182) children had FAPDs (62.1% girls, mean age 8.5, SD 2.1). ELE of them were compared with 571 children without FAPDs (51.1% girls, mean age 8.8, SD 1.9). According to the binary logistic regression analysis, family members with abdominal pain, family member with chronic pain other than abdominal pain, prenatal maternal complications and interventional deliveries, were recognized as potential risk factors for the development of FAPDs. Breast feeding over two years has shown to reduce the prevalence of FAPDs.a.

Conclusions

Prenatal maternal medical problems are associated a with higher prevalence of FAPDs later in life. Prolonged breastfeeding and normal vaginal delivery could be considered as factors that reduce the vulnerability of developing FAPDs in children. Therefore, minimizing pregnancy-related complications, encouraging vaginal deliveries, and encouraging breastfeeding are potentially valuable measures to prevent FAPDs during childhood.

A Hypothetical Case Example Illustrating the Importance of a Multidisciplinary Approach to Treating Chronic/Functional Abdominal Pain in Pediatric Patients

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) can have a substantial impact on the physical, academic, and psychosocial functioning of pediatric patients. As a functional gastrointestinal disorder, pediatric patients with IBS are thought to benefit from a multidisciplinary approach to target the biopsychosocial factors of this condition. In this co-authored article by a Pediatric Gastroenterologist, Pediatric Pain and Palliative Care specialist and Pediatric GI Psychologist, we present a hypothetical case of a pediatric patient who will undergo evaluation and treatment by each of these specialists demonstrating how a collaborative effort amongst multidisciplinary specialists is the ideal approach to care.

Association between body mass index and fecal calprotectin levels in children and adolescents with irritable bowel syndrome

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a common pediatric functional gastrointestinal disorder. It is characterized by recurrent abdominal pain and changes in bowel habits and is more prevalent in obese patients. We investigated the association between obesity and IBS in pediatric patients through fecal calprotectin testing. Patients under 18 years of age with IBS who underwent fecal calprotectin testing from January 2015 through April 2020 were retrospectively investigated. The patients were divided into groups based on body mass index (BMI): group I (BMI < 85th percentile) and group II (BMI ≥ 85th percentile). Group II was divided into group IIa, overweight (85th percentile ≤ BMI < 95th percentile), and group IIb, obese (BMI ≥ 95th percentile). Among 277 included patients, 202 (72.9%) were in group I, and 75 (27.1%) were in group II (mean calprotectin levels, 75.60 ± 103.48 vs 45.89 ± 66.57 µg/g, respectively; P = .006). There were significant differences in mean calprotectin levels between groups I and IIa (75.60 ± 103.48 vs 45.45 ± 63.38 µg/g, respectively; P = .028) and groups I and IIb (75.60 ± 103.48 vs 46.22 ± 69.59 µg/g, respectively; P = .025). There was a significant difference in mean calprotectin levels between groups I and II (85.69 ± 142.13 vs 32.04 ± 28.17 µg/g, respectively; P = .029) among patients between 6 and 12 years of age but not among adolescents aged between 12 and 18 years (P = .139). Fecal calprotectin was lower when moderate-to-severe fatty livers were observed by ultrasound compared with normal livers (68.52 ± 97.22 vs 18.53 ± 18.56 µg/g, respectively; P = .017). Fecal calprotectin levels were higher in normal-weight pediatric IBS patients than in their obese counterparts, and this difference was more prominent in younger patients. In young children, IBS symptoms are thought to be influenced more by factors other than intestinal inflammation.

Physical Complaints Decrease after Following a Few-Foods Diet in Children with ADHD

Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms may significantly decrease after following a few-foods diet (FFD). The results of a small randomised controlled trial (RCT) showed that co-occurring physical complaints in children with ADHD decreased as well. To further investigate the effect of an FFD on physical complaints, we analysed unpublished data from previously published studies (i.e., 'Impact of Nutrition on Children with ADHD' [INCA], an RCT, and 'Biomarker Research in ADHD: the Impact of Nutrition' [BRAIN], an open-label trial). In both trials, the association between an FFD, ADHD, and 21 individual physical complaints was assessed. Children either followed a 5-week FFD (the INCA FFD group and BRAIN participants) or received healthy food advice (the INCA control group). The ADHD rating scale and a physical complaint questionnaire were filled in at the start and end of the trials. The INCA results showed, for 10 of 21 complaints, a clinically relevant reduction in the FFD group compared to the control group. The open-label BRAIN results confirmed the outcomes of the FFD group. No association was detected between the decrease in physical complaints and the decrease in ADHD symptoms. The results point toward an association between the FFD and a decrease in thermoregulation problems, gastrointestinal complaints, eczema, and sleep problems.

Effects of adherence to the Mediterranean diet in children and adolescents with irritable bowel syndrome

BACKGROUND

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a highly prevalent gastrointestinal disorder in children and adults, which increased over the past twenty years. The Mediterranean diet is a well-known diet full of antioxidants and anti-inflammatory ingredients.

AIM

To evaluate the safety, tolerability, and effects of adherence to the Mediterranean diet on disease patterns in children and adolescents with IBS.

METHODS

This prospective, cross-sectional case-controlled study included 100 consecutive IBS patients diagnosed according to Rome IV criteria, aged 12-18 years. Patients were subdivided into two groups (50 patients each); Group I received a Mediterranean diet, and Group II on their regular diet for six months. Besides IBS scores (IBS-SSS, IBS-QoL, and total score), different clinical and laboratory parameters were evaluated at the start and end of the study.

RESULTS

The Mediterranean diet was safe and well-tolerated in IBS patients. IBS children and adolescents with good adherence to the Mediterranean diet (KIDMED Score ≥ 8 points); group I showed significant improvement in IBS scores. IBS-SSS in the Mediterranean diet group was 237.2 ± 65 at the beginning of the study and decreased to 163.2 ± 33.8 at the end of the study (P < 0.001). It did not show a significant improvement in the group with a regular diet (248.3 ± 71.1 at the beginning of the study compared to 228.5 ± 54.3 at the study end with P < 0.05). The mean IBS-SSS in the Mediterranean diet group significantly improved compared with the group with a regular diet. Mean IBS-QoL in group I improved from 57.3 ± 12.9 at the start of the study to 72.4 ± 11.2 at the study end (P < 0.001) and significantly improved when compared to its level in group II at the study end (59.2 ± 12.7 with P < 0.001), while group II showed no significant improvement in IBS-QoL at the study end when compared to the beginning of the study (59.2 ± 11.7 with P >0.05). The mean total IBS score in group I became 28.8 ± 11.2 at the end of our study compared to 24.1 ± 10.4 at the start (P < 0.05) and significantly improved when compared to its level in group II at the end of the study (22.1 ± 12.5 with P < 0.05), while in group II, non-significant improvement in the total score at the end of our study compared to its mean level at the start of the study (22.8 ± 13.5 with P > 0.05).

CONCLUSION

The Mediterranean diet was safe and associated with significant improvement in IBS scores in children and adolescent patients with IBS.

Global Research Trends in Irritable Bowel Syndrome: A Bibliometric and Visualized Study

Background

There are about 10–23% of adults worldwide suffering from irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). Over the past few decades, there are many aspects of uncertainty regarding IBS leading to an ongoing interest in the topic as reflected by a vast number of publications, whose heterogeneity and variable quality may challenge researchers to measure their scientific impact, to identify collaborative networks, and to grasp actively researched themes. Accordingly, with help from bibliometric approaches, our goal is to assess the structure, evolution, and trends of IBS research between 2007 and 2022.

Methods

The documents exclusively focusing on IBS from 2007 to 2022 were retrieved from the Science Citation Index Expanded of the Web of Science Core Collection. The annual productivity of IBS research, and the most prolific countries or regions, authors, journals and resource-, intellectual- and knowledge-sharing in IBS research, as well as co-citation analysis of references and keywords were analyzed through Microsoft Office Excel 2019, CiteSpace, and VOSviewer.

Results

In total, 4,092 publications were reviewed. The USA led the list of countries with the most publications (1,226, 29.96%). Mayo Clinic contributed more publications than any other institution (193, 4.71%). MAGNUS SIMREN stood out as the most active and impactful scholar with the highest number of publications and the greatest betweenness centrality value. The most high-yield journal in this field was Neurogastroenterology and motility: the official journal of the European Gastrointestinal Motility Society (275, 6.72%). Gastroenterology had the most co-citations (3,721, 3.60%). Keywords with the ongoing strong citation bursts were chromogranin A, rat model, peptide YY, gut microbiota, and low-FODMAP diet, etc.

Conclusion

Through bibliometric analysis, we gleaned deep insight into the current status of literature investigating IBS for the first time. These findings will be useful to scholars interested in understanding the key information in the field, as well as identifying possible research frontiers.

Correlation between Intestinal Microflora in Irritable Bowel Syndrome and Severity

Background

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a common chronic functional gastrointestinal disease accompanied by changes in intestinal microecology. This study investigated the relationship between gut microbiota and disease severity in patients with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS).

Methods

An observational study was performed on 60 IBS patients (study group) and 20 healthy controls admitted to our hospital from January 2013 to December 2014. Fecal samples were taken after admission to measure intestinal flora including Bifidobacterium, Lactobacillus, Enterobacter, and Enterococcus, and patient blood was collected to determine serum D-lactate and diamine oxidase (DAO) levels. The gut microbiota and serum markers of the two groups were analyzed. The correlation of gut microbiota index levels and serum markers with disease severity, as well as the correlation between gut microbiota index levels and serum markers, were analyzed.

Results

The levels of intestinal Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium were lower, while the levels of Enterococcus and Enterobacter and serum D-lactate were higher in the study group than those in the control group. The levels of intestinal Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium were lower, while the levels of Enterococcus and Enterobacter, serum D-lactate, and DAO were higher in patients with moderate IBS than those in patients with mild IBS. The levels of intestinal Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium were lower in patients with severe IBS than those with moderate IBS, while the levels of Enterococcus and Enterobacter, serum D-lactate, and DAO were higher in patients with severe IBS. There was a significant negative correlation between the levels of Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium and disease severity and a significant positive correlation between the levels of Enterococcus and Enterobacter, D-lactate, and DAO and disease severity. There was a significant negative correlation between the levels of Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium and serum D-lactate and DAO, while there was a significant positive correlation between the levels of Enterococcus and Enterobacter and serum D-lactate and DAO (P < 0.05).

Conclusion

Intestinal flora, D-lactate, and DAO were abnormal in IBS patients, and intestinal flora was closely correlated with disease severity, D-lactate, and DAO levels.

Effects of probiotic supplementation on abdominal pain severity in pediatric patients with irritable bowel syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials

BACKGROUND

Probiotic supplementation has been used to alleviate abdominal pain in children and adolescents with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), but the evidence is not compelling. Thus, a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials (RCTs) were performed to investigate the effects of probiotic supplementation on abdominal pain in pediatric patients with IBS.

METHODS

PubMed/MEDLINE, Web of Science, Scopus, Cochrane Library, and Embase were the available databases searched to find relevant randomized clinical trials up to April 2021. The effect size was expressed as weighted mean difference (WMD) and 95% confidence interval (CI).

RESULTS

Seven RCTs with 441 participants were included, from which the meta-analysis demonstrated that probiotic supplementation has a significant effect on reducing abdominal pain in pediatric patients with IBS (WMD = - 2.36; 95% CI - 4.12 to - 0.60; P = 0.009). Although our study involved children and adolescents (≤ 18 years), the effects of probiotic supplementation seem to be more potent in patients under 10 years old (WMD = - 2.55; 95% CI - 2.84 to - 2.27) compared to patients aged 10-18 years (WMD = - 1.70; 95% CI - 2.18 to - 1.22). The length of supplementation longer than four weeks was more effective (WMD = - 2.43; 95% CI - 2.76 to - 2.09).

CONCLUSION

Probiotic supplementation can reduce abdominal pain in pediatric patients with IBS.

Can Lactose Intolerance Be a Cause of Constipation? A Narrative Review

Lactose intolerance and constipation are common in children and impact everyday life, not only for patients but also their families. Both conditions can be comorbid with other diseases or form a part of their clinical presentation, but constipation is not usually associated with lactose intolerance. The typical symptoms of lactose intolerance include abdominal pain, bloating, flatus, diarrhoea, borborygmi, and less frequently nausea and vomiting. In approximately 30% of cases, constipation can be a symptom of lactose intolerance. Constipation is characterized by infrequent bowel movements, hard and/or large stools, painful defecation, and faecal incontinence, and is often accompanied by abdominal pain. This paper provides a narrative review on lactose intolerance, its epidemiology, pathogenesis, the correlation between lactose intolerance and constipation in children, and potential mechanisms of such association.

Gastric motility and pulmonary function in children with functional abdominal pain disorders and asthma: A pathophysiological study

Background

An association has been shown between functional abdominal pain disorders (FAPDs) and asthma. However, the exact reason for this association is obscured. The main objective of this study is to identify the possible underlying pathophysiological mechanisms for the association between FAPDs and asthma using gastric motility and lung function tests.

Methods

This was a cross-sectional comparative study that consisted of four study groups. Twenty-four children (age 7–12 years) each were recruited for four study groups; asthma only, FAPDs only, both asthma and FAPDs, and healthy controls. Asthma was diagnosed using the history and bronchodilator reversibility test. The diagnosis of FAPDs was made using Rome IV criteria. All subjects underwent ultrasound assessment of gastric motility and pulmonary function assessment by spirometry, using validated techniques.

Results

All gastric motility parameters, gastric emptying rate, amplitude of antral contraction, and antral motility index, were significantly impaired in children with FAPDs only, children with asthma only, and children with both asthma & FAPDs, compared to controls (p<0.05). Pulmonary function parameters indicating airway obstruction (FEV₁/FVC ratio, peak expiratory flow rate, FEF25-75%) were not impaired in children with FAPDs only compared to controls (p>0.05), but significantly impaired in children with asthma and children with both disorders. Antral motility index correlated with the FEV₁/FVC ratio (r = 0.60, p = 0.002) and FEF25%-75% (r = 0.49, p = 0.01) in children with both asthma and FAPDs.

Conclusions

Gastric motor functions were significantly impaired in children with asthma, children with FAPDs, and children with both disorders. Motility index, measuring overall gastric motor activity, showed a significant positive correlation with lung function parameters that measure airflow limitation. Therefore, these diseases might arise as a result of primary disturbance of smooth muscle activity in the airways and gastrointestinal wall, which could be a possible pathophysiological mechanism for this association between asthma and FAPDs.

Brain to Belly: Abdominal Variants of Migraine and Functional Abdominal Pain Disorders Associated With Migraine

Migraine is one of the most frequent causes of primary headache and 9% of children suffer from migraines. Most children will continue to experience migraine attacks as adults, therefore it is imperative that we have a thorough understanding of this major health issue. This article considers the so-called abdominal variants of migraine, which are more commonly seen in children rather than adults: abdominal migraine, cyclic vomiting syndrome, and infantile colic. Other functional abdominal pain disorders such as irritable bowel syndrome and functional dyspepsia have also been linked to migraine in clinical studies. The common pathophysiological root of these diseases seems to be the gut-brain axis mechanism. Abdominal variants of migraine are considered pediatric precursors of migraine whereas the functional abdominal pain disorders related to migraine seem to share a pathophysiological root with no temporarily link as for today. In this review we aim to describe the epidemiological background, the current pathophysiological theories and the relationship of each disease to migraine. This review is the first to compile abdominal variants of migraine and functional abdominal pain disorders associated with migraine and we endeavor to elucidate the broad spectrum of migraine-related episodes in children.

Vardenafil oral jellies as a potential approach for management of pediatric irritable bowel syndrome

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS); a widespread disorder in gastrointestinal tract especially in children, burdens their healthcare systems and upsets families. Great attention was paid to understand the pathophysiological cause of disorder. However, developing a convenient treatment especially for children remains a challenge. Phosphodiesterase inhibitors were recently introduced for IBS management. Vardenafil (VDF), a phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitor, exhibiting limited bioavailability when taken orally due to extensive first-pass effect, was the choice for study. This study aimed to formulate VDF jellies as a buccal dosage form to improve pediatric compliance and achieve maximum drug efficacy. VDF oral jellies were prepared by heat and congeal method, and were evaluated for their pH, content uniformity, physical stability, general appearance, and in-vitro drug release. VDF jellies (F1), with satisfactory organoleptic properties and highest percent of drug released compared to other formulations was selected as a master formula for further study to ensure in-vivo efficacy. cyclic Guanosine Mono Phosphate (cGMP), used as indicator of VDF concentration in blood, was highly increased after administration of VDF jellies (F1), compared to oral VDF suspension. Increased defecation with improved fecal consistency strongly favored oral jellies as a potential alternative route for VDF for IBS management with high pediatric acceptance.

Medical Insights from Posts About Irritable Bowel Syndrome by Adolescent Patients and Their Parents: Topic Modeling and Social Network Analysis

Background

Adolescents with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) are increasingly seeking and sharing information about their symptoms in web-based health care forums. Their posts and those from their parents contain critical insights that can be used by patients, physicians, and caregivers to manage IBS symptoms.

Objective

The aim of this study is to examine the posts from adolescent patients and their parents in a health forum, IBS Group, to better understand the key challenges, concerns, and issues of interest to young patients with IBS and their caregivers.

Methods

Using topic modeling and social network analysis, in this study, we analyzed all the messages (over 750 topics and 3400 replies) posted on the IBS Group forum from 2010-2019 by adolescents with IBS aged 13-17 years and parents having children with IBS. We first detected 6 major topics in the posts by adolescent patients and parents on teenagers’ IBS symptoms and the interaction between the topics. Social network analysis was then performed to gain insights into the nature of web-based interaction patterns among patients and caregivers.

Results

Using the Latent Dirichlet Allocation algorithm and a latent Dirichlet allocation visualization tool, this study revealed 6 leading topics of concern in adolescents with IBS: school life, treatment or diet, symptoms, boys’ ties to doctors, social or friend issues, and girls’ ties to doctors. The top 6 topics in the parents’ discussions were school life, girls’ issues, boys’ issues, diet choice, symptoms, and stress. The analyses show that the adolescent patients themselves are most concerned about the effect of IBS on their everyday activities and social lives. For parents having daughters with IBS, their top concerns were related to the girls’ school performance and how much help they received at school. For their sons, the parents were more concerned about the pain and suffering that their sons had to endure. Both parents and adolescents gained social support from the web-based platform. Topic modeling shows that IBS affects teenagers the most in the areas of pain and school life. Furthermore, the issues raised by parents suggest that girls are bothered more by school performance over pain, whereas boys show exactly the opposite: pain is of greater concern than school performance.

Conclusions

This study represents the first attempt to leverage both machine learning approaches and social network analysis to identify top IBS concerns from the perspectives of adolescent patients and caregivers in the same health forum. Young patients with IBS must face the challenges of social influences and anxiety associated with this health disorder in addition to physical pain and other symptoms. Boys and girls are affected differently by pain and school performance and view the IBS impacts differently from the parents.

Influence of Family History on Children With Irritable Bowel Syndrome

The influence of family history on children with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is unknown. We conducted a retrospective study to compare the clinical profile and management differences between children with a family history of IBS (FH-IBS) versus without. A total of 251 children were included in the study, 75 (30%) had FH-IBS and 176 (70%) did not. No significant differences were observed between the 2 groups in sex composition, age at initial visit, age of IBS diagnosis, dietary modifications, supplements, laxatives, antispasmodics, antidiarrheals, and cyproheptadine use. Children with FH-IBS were, however, more like to have psychological comorbidities (41% vs 23%, P = 0.003), and were more likely to receive psychological counseling (49% vs 23%, P < 0.001) and antidepressant treatment (36% vs 15%, P < 0.001) versus children without. We concluded that children with FH-IBS are more likely to have underlying psychological disorders and receive psychological interventions.

Irritable bowel syndrome in Indonesian adolescents

OBJECTIVE

Irritable bowel syndrome is a frequent functional gastrointestinal disorder. The aims of this study were to investigate its epidemiology, focusing on the role of intestinal mucosal integrity and to evaluate the impact on the quality of life.

METHODS

A community-based survey applying a comparative cross sectional approach was conducted in six high schools in Palembang. Subjects were recruited using multistage random sampling divided in two groups. Rome III criteria were used to establish a diagnosis of IBS in combination with a questionnaire to determine risk factors. Determination of fecal alpha-1-antitrypsin and calprotectin levels was performed to determine impaired intestinal mucosal integrity. A questionnaire was used to evaluate how quality of life was affected by irritable bowel syndrome.

RESULTS

The survey was performed in 454 14-18years old adolescents, of whom 30.2% fulfilled the Rome III criteria for IBS, with the following subtypes: 36.5% diarrhea, 18.9% constipation, 21.9% mixed, and 22.6% unclassified. Major risk factors were female gender, bullying, age 14-16 years, history of constipation and diarrhea, eating nuts, and drinking coffee, tea, and soft drinks. There was a significant association with intestinal inflammation (p=0.013). A significantly impaired quality of life was found (p=0.001).

CONCLUSIONS

The prevalence of irritable bowel syndrome in adolescents was high, with bullying, female gender, age 14-16 years, constipation and diarrhea, and dietary consumption of soft drinks, coffee, and tea as risk factors. A significant association with intestinal inflammation was found.

[Role of vitamin D in pediatric irritable bowel syndrome]

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a common functional gastrointestinal disease in children and has the clinical manifestations of recurrent abdominal pain with the changes in defecation frequency or stool form. Many studies have shown that children with IBS have a significantly lower vitamin D level than the healthy population, and vitamin D supplementation can significantly improve the clinical symptoms and quality of life of the children, suggesting that vitamin D supplementation may play a role in the treatment of IBS. This article reviews the association between vitamin D and IBS in children and elaborates on the possible mechanism of action of vitamin D.

Altered thiol/disulfide homeostasis and ischemia-modified albumin levels in children with irritable bowel syndrome

BACKGROUND

In this study, we assessed thiol/disulfide homeostasis (TDH) parameters and ischemia-modified albumin (IMA) levels in children with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) compared with healthy children.

METHODS

Fifty-six children with IBS and 53 healthy children were included in the study after assessment of inclusion and exclusion criteria. Plasma thiol/disulfide and IMA levels were compared between children with and without IBS.

RESULTS

The mean values of native thiol, total thiol, and disulfide were 343.779 ± 138.654 μmol/L, 365.398 ± 140.148 μmol/L, and 23.190 ± 4.978 μmol/L, respectively, in the IBS group and 409.908 ± 69.288 μmol/L, 433.481 ± 76.891 μmol/L, and 20.090 ± 4.252 μmol/L, respectively, in the control group. Native thiol and total thiol values were significantly reduced in the IBS group compared with the control group. The mean IMA values were 0.835 ± 0.083 (g/L) and 0.778 ± 0.072 in the IBS and control groups, respectively. The IMA value was significantly increased in the IBS group.

CONCLUSION

Impaired thiol/disulfide homeostasis and increased IMA levels can be considered etiological factors in children with IBS.

The Use of Linaclotide in Children with Functional Constipation or Irritable Bowel Syndrome: A Retrospective Chart Review

BACKGROUND

Linaclotide is a well-tolerated and effective agent for adults with functional constipation (FC) or irritable bowel syndrome with constipation (IBS-C). However, data in children are lacking. The aim of this study is to examine the efficacy and safety of linaclotide in children.

METHODS

We performed a retrospective review of children < 18 years old who started linaclotide at our institution (Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio). We excluded children already using linaclotide or whom had an organic cause of constipation or abdominal pain. We recorded information on patient characteristics, medical and surgical history, symptoms, clinical response, course of treatment, and adverse events at baseline, first follow-up, and after 1 year of linaclotide use. A positive clinical response was based on the physician's global assessment of symptoms at the time of the visit as documented.

RESULTS

We included 93 children treated with linaclotide for FC (n = 60) or IBS-C (n = 33); 60% were female; median age was 14.7 years (IQR 13.2-16.6). Forty-five percent of patients with FC and 42% with IBS-C had a positive clinical response at first follow-up a median of 2.5 and 2.4 months after starting linaclotide, respectively. Approximately a third of patients experienced adverse events and eventually 27% stopped using linaclotide due to adverse events. The most common adverse events were diarrhea, abdominal pain, nausea, and bloating.

CONCLUSION

Nearly half of children with FC or IBS-C benefited from linaclotide, but adverse events were relatively common. Further prospective, controlled studies are needed to confirm these findings and to identify which patients are most likely to benefit from linaclotide.

Functional abdominal pain disorders and asthma: two disorders, but similar pathophysiology?

INTRODUCTION

Functional abdominal pain disorders (FAPDs) and asthma are common ailments affecting both children and adults worldwide. Multiple studies have demonstrated an association between these two disorders. However, the exact reason for this observed association is not apparent.

AREAS COVERED

The current review has explored available literature and outlined multiple underlying pathophysiological mechanisms, common to both asthma and FAPDs, as possible reasons for this association.

EXPERT OPINION

Smooth muscle dysfunction, hypersensitivity and hyper-responsiveness, mucosal inflammation, and barrier dysfunction involving gastrointestinal and respiratory tracts are the main underlying pathophysiological mechanisms described for the generation of symptoms in FAPDs and asthma. In addition, alterations in neuroendocrine regulatory functions, immunological dysfunction, and microbial dysbiosis have been described in both disorders. We believe that the pathophysiological processes that were explored in this article would be able to expand the mechanisms of the association. The in-depth knowledge is needed to be converted to therapeutic and preventive strategies to improve the quality of care of children suffering from FAPDs and asthma.

Gut-focused hypnotherapy for children and adolescents with irritable bowel syndrome

OBJECTIVE

Severe irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) in school children and adolescents often leads to stigmatisation, social withdrawal, disrupted education and psychological distress. While there are few effective treatment options for IBS in this age group, gut-focused hypnotherapy (GFH) has shown promise in several trials. Unfortunately, GFH is not widely available, and clinical data outside of trials are scarce. Here, we evaluated outcomes from GFH in patients with IBS, aged ≤18 years, from a tertiary referral centre.

DESIGN/METHOD

Consecutive patients aged ≤18 years with severe IBS received 12 sessions of GFH, at weekly intervals, using the Manchester Protocol. Clinical outcomes data, including IBS Symptom Severity Score (IBS-SSS), Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), Non-colonic Symptom Score and Quality-of-Life (QoL) score, were collected prospectively, and compared pre-GFH and post-GFH. Clinical response was defined as ≥50 point reduction in IBS-SSS.

RESULTS

32 young patients fulfilling Rome III diagnostic criteria for IBS (median age 16 (range 8-18) years, n=23/32 (72%) female individuals) completed GFH. At baseline, the mean duration of IBS was 5.9±0.9 years, and the mean IBS-SSS was 313±14. After GFH, 28/32 (88%) responded, with a mean overall reduction in IBS-SSS -159±16 (p<0.0001), and 24/32 (75%) achieved ≥30% reduction in abdominal pain scores. GFH also improved: non-colonic symptoms (p<0.0001), HADS-anxiety (p<0.0001), HADS-depression (p=0.0002) and QoL Scores (p<0.0001).

CONCLUSION

GFH is highly effective in children and adolescents with IBS. Early intervention with GFH in childhood IBS may reduce the subsequent burden of this problem in adults.

Paediatric functional abdominal pain disorders

Paediatric functional abdominal pain disorders, currently referred to as disorders of gut-brain interaction, comprise irritable bowel syndrome, functional dyspepsia, abdominal migraine and functional abdominal pain not otherwise specified, as defined by the Rome IV diagnostic criteria. Functional abdominal pain disorders are common disorders with a prevalence of 3-16% depending on country, age and sex. A greater understanding of aetiopathogenesis and pathophysiology is emerging and includes intestinal components (inflammation, motility and the microbiota), central factors (psychological aspects, sensitization and/or differences in connectivity or activity of certain brain regions) as well as extrinsic factors (infections). In particular, the timing of disruption of the microbiota-gut-brain axis seems to be important. Diagnosis is challenging but is primarily based on clinical symptoms and exclusion of other organic causes, with an emphasis on avoiding unnecessary invasive diagnostic procedures. The available pharmacological interventions are limited in children and, therefore, management has focused on combined approaches, including mind-targeted interventions (hypnotherapy and cognitive behavioural therapy), diet (probiotics) and percutaneous electrical nerve field stimulation. The evidence for their clinical efficacy, although limited, is favourable, with positive impacts on symptoms and overall quality of life. The coming decades hold promise for improved understanding and management of these enigmatic disorders.

Shaoyao-Gancao Decoction Relieves Visceral Hyperalgesia in TNBS-Induced Postinflammatory Irritable Bowel Syndrome via Inactivating Transient Receptor Potential Vanilloid Type 1 and Reducing Serotonin Synthesis

Postinflammatory irritable bowel syndrome (PI-IBS) is a common functional gastrointestinal disorder, which is characterized by abdominal pain, low-grade inflammation, and visceral hypersensitivity. Shaoyao-Gancao decoction (SGD) has been used to improve the clinical symptoms of abdominal spasmodic pain accompanying acute gastroenteritis, but the underlying therapeutic mechanism has not been fully elucidated. In the present study, a rat model of PI-IBS was established via rectal administration of TNBS. Rats were scored daily for 28 days using disease activity index (DAI). Abdominal withdrawal reflex (AWR) was used to measure the pain threshold. After SGD (6.25, 12.5, and 25 g/kg/d) treatment for 14 days, rat colonic tissue was collected for histopathological grading, enterochromaffin (EC) cell count, and 5-HT content measurement. RT-qPCR and western blot analyses were employed to detect the gene and protein level of tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH), serotonin reuptake transporter (SERT), and transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1). To further validate the effect of SGD on TRPV1, another experiment was performed in cells. The results revealed that visceral hyperalgesia, reflected by increased DAI, AWR, pathological injury score, 5-HT content, and EC cell count in PI-IBS rats, was significantly ameliorated by SGD. In cells, SGD markedly inhibited the expression and function of TRPV1. Moreover, the expression levels of TPH were also repressed by SGD. The findings of the present study indicated that the therapeutic effect of SGD on visceral hyperalgesia may be closely associated with the regulatory role of TRPV1 and 5-HT signaling pathways.

Increased serum BDNF and ProBDNF levels in children with irritable bowel syndrome

OBJECTIVE

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is one of the most common functional gastrointestinal disorders among the pediatric population. Recently, neurotrophins have been suggested to be etiological factors or causes of symptoms of IBS. In the present study, the aim was to research the serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and proBDNF levels in children with IBS.

METHODS

The study group was selected from pediatric gastroenterology outpatient clinic and control group was recruited from healthy children outpatient clinic. Based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 29 children with IBS and 55 healthy children were included in the study. The data were obtained from all participants, and if needed, from their parents. All participants were assessed in terms of anthropometric measurements. The serum (BDNF) and proBDNF levels were compared between the groups.

RESULTS

The proBDNF levels in IBS patients were higher compared with the control group in covariance analysis (IBS patients group mean 492.4, SD 534.1; control group mean 332.8, SD 406.7) (p = 0.02; Cohen's d = 0.45). The serum BDNF levels of IBS patients were also higher compared with the control group (IBS patients group mean 3.1, SD 4.3; control group mean 1.7, SD 2.7) (p = 0.02; Cohen's d = 0.51).

CONCLUSIONS

The present study is the first to demonstrate that there is a higher level of serum BDNF in children with IBS. Moreover, it is the first to demonstrate an increased level of proBDNF in IBS. Additional research is needed to confirm the preliminary results.

The relationship between mucosal inflammatory cells, specific symptoms, and psychological functioning in youth with irritable bowel syndrome

Both mucosal inflammation and psychologic dysfunction have been implicated in irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). While some relationships between inflammation (mast cells and eosinophils) and depression have been reported in adults with IBS, relationships between inflammation and psychologic function have not been studied in children and adolescents. The aims of the current study were to: (1) assess densities of colonic mast cells, eosinophils, and TH17 cells in youth with IBS; and, (2) explore relationships between these cells and specific IBS symptoms and psychologic functioning. Utilizing previously obtained biopsies from the descending and rectosigmoid colons, densities were determined for mast cells, eosinophils, and TH17 cells, respectively, in 37 youth with IBS and 10 controls. In IBS patients, densities were assessed in relation to specific IBS symptoms and in relation to self-report anxiety and depression scores. In both the descending and rectosigmoid colons, densities of mast cells, eosinophils, and TH17 cells were higher in IBS patients as compared to controls. In IBS patients, rectosigmoid mast cell density was higher in those reporting pain relief with defecation. Also, in IBS patients, rectosigmoid eosinophilia was associated with higher anxiety scores and eosinophil density correlated with depression scores. In the descending colon, eosinophil and mast cell densities both correlated with depression scores. In conclusion, mucosal inflammation (mast cells and eosinophils) is associated with pain relief with defecation and with anxiety and depression in youth with IBS.

Literature Review: Dietary Intervention Adherence and Adherence Barriers in Functional Gastrointestinal Disorder Studies

Dietary management is key in controlling functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGIDs) symptoms. However, the degree to which patients with FGIDs in clinical studies adhere to dietary recommendations is unknown. Our aim was to evaluate adherence, dietary education, and adherence-related factors in FGIDs dietary intervention trials. A literature search was performed using MEDLINE, Google Scholar, and SCOPUS for clinical trials evaluating dietary management of FGIDs. Full manuscripts published from January 2000 through August 2018 were reviewed. Data including definitions of adherence and rates, study design, dietary education, use of a dietitian, provision of study foods, potential adherence barriers, and dropouts were captured. A total of 21 publications were included. Fifteen (67%) focused on the low fermentable oligosaccharides, disaccharides, monosaccharides, and polyols (FODMAP) diet, 5 (24%) on fiber supplementation, and 1 (9%) on a low carbohydrate diet. Fifteen (71%) were randomized controlled trials. Meals/supplements were provided to the study participants in 27%, 80%, and 100%, of the low FODMAP, fiber, and low carbohydrate studies, respectively, which appeared to significantly enhance adherence (P<0.03). Eighteen studies (81%) provided either written or oral diet information to study participants. Overall, only 10 publications (48%) provided adherence data. Nine (60%) of the low FODMAP studies provided adherence data (range, 30% to 100%); ranges could not be calculated for the other dietary trials. The most common method to measure adherence was via food diaries. Therefore, adherence is not often measured in FGIDs dietary intervention clinical trials; when reported, rates of adherence range widely. Studies providing food had the highest adherence rates.

Ileocolonic Lymphonodular Hyperplasia in Children Related to Etiologies Ranging from Food Hypersensitivity to Familial Mediterranean Fever

OBJECTIVE

We aimed to share our observations on the demographics, clinical characteristics, and outcomes of lymphonodular hyperplasia (LNH) in children.

SUBJECTS AND METHODS

The study included children on whom colonoscopy was performed between January 2015 and May 2018 (n = 361). Demographics, treatment modalities, and outcomes of the patients with LNH were recorded.

RESULTS

LNH was found in 66 patients (18.3%; mean age 8.6 ± 5.96 years, 59.1% male). We found that the etiologic factors were food hypersensitivity (FH) in 25 (37.8%), nonspecific colitis in 12 (18.2%), irritable bowel syndrome in 10 (15.2%), familial Mediter-ranean fever in 7 (10.6%), primary immunodeficiency in 4 (6.1%), and intestinal dysmotility, oxyuriasis, Crohn's disease, and giardiasis in 1 (1.5%) patient. Additionally, in the genetic analysis of patients with idiopathic LNH (n = 4), we detected heterozygote MEFV mutations in all. Cow's milk and egg (25%) were the most common allergens in patients with FH. Symptoms of all patients (n = 25) improved after an elimination diet.

CONCLUSIONS

LNH is a common finding in pediatric colonoscopies with a variety of etiologies ranging from FH and familial Mediterranean fever to immunodeficiency.

Low fermentable oligosaccharides, disaccharides, monosaccharides, and polyols diet in children

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a lifelong condition with a high prevalence among children and adults. As the diet is a frequent factor that triggers the symptoms, it has been assumed that by avoiding the consumption of fermentable oligosaccharides, disaccharides, monosaccharides and polyols (FODMAP), the symptoms might be improved. Therefore, in the past decade, low FODMAP diet has been intensively investigated in the management of IBS. The capacity of FODMAPs to trigger the symptoms in patients with IBS was related to the stimulation of mechanoreceptors in the small and large intestine. This stimulation appears as a response to a combination of increased luminal water (the osmotic effect) and the release of gases (carbon dioxide and hydrogen) due to the fermentation of oligosaccharides and malabsorption of fructose, lactose and polyols. Numerous studies have been published regarding the efficacy of a low FODMAP diet compared to a traditional diet in releasing the IBS symptoms in adults, but there are only a few studies in the juvenile population. The aim of this review is to analyze the current data on both low FODMAP diet in children with IBS and the effects on their nutritional status and physiological development, given the fact that it is a restrictive diet.

Utility of Diagnostic Tests in Children With Functional Abdominal Pain Disorders

Functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGIDs) and functional abdominal pain disorders (FAPDs) are common in pediatric patients. The prevalence of FGIDs using the Rome IV criteria ranges from 21.1% to 25.0% in children. The Rome IV criteria specify that the decision of testing is left to the clinician, giving him or her freedom to decide on the necessary workup. The clinician should consider all of the functional and organic diseases that manifest with chronic abdominal pain, as well as alarm features that should prompt testing. Societal guidelines and reports do not recommend routine evaluations for FAPDs, particularly in the absence of alarm features. Studies have reported variable results upon assessing the diagnostic yields of different tests. Furthermore, these evaluations considerably increase costs for the health care system. This article examines the current evidence on the utility of diagnostic testing in pediatric patients with FAPDs.

Association of the Vitamin D Level and Quality of School Life in Adolescents with Irritable Bowel Syndrome

There is no treatment of choice for irritable bowel syndrome, which affects up to 20% of school-aged children. This cross-sectional study evaluated the difference in the average vitamin D level between subtypes of irritable bowel syndrome, and the relationship between the vitamin D level as well as the severity of irritable bowel syndrome symptoms. We included 124 adolescents aged 10–17 years (68 boys, 56 girls; mean age 12.29 ± 1.92 years) from 2014 to 2016. Patients with irritable bowel syndrome were diagnosed by Rome III criteria and classified by clinical manifestation: irritable bowel syndrome with constipation (n = 29), irritable bowel syndrome with diarrhea (n = 63), and irritable bowel syndrome with constipation and diarrhea (n = 32). The severity of irritable bowel syndrome symptoms and school absence were evaluated. Vitamin D levels were measured by serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D. The chi-square test and analysis of variance were used. The patients’ average vitamin D level was 16.25 ± 6.58 ng/mL. There was a significant negative association of the 25-hydroxyvitamin D level with symptom severity and school absence (p = 0.022 and p < 0.001, respectively). Vitamin D supplementation could be considered as a choice of therapeutic method.