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Moseman K, Ahmed A, Ruhren A, Swierk JR. What's in My Ink: An Analysis of Commercial Tattoo Ink on the US Market. Anal Chem 2024; 96:3906-3913. [PMID: 38387033 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c05687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
As tattoos continue to rise in popularity, the demand for tattoo ink has surged. Historically, tattoo inks have been underregulated in the US market. This study analyzes inks from nine different brands that are common in the United States, ranging from major to small manufacturers. Out of 54 inks, 45 contained unlisted additives and/or pigments. Major, unlisted adulterants include poly(ethylene glycol), propylene glycol, and higher alkanes. Many of the adulterants pose possible allergic or other health risks. Taken together, the results from this study highlight the potential for a significant issue around inaccurate tattoo ink labeling in the United States.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelli Moseman
- Department of Chemistry, Binghamton University, Binghamton, New York 13902, United States
| | - Ahshabibi Ahmed
- Department of Chemistry, Binghamton University, Binghamton, New York 13902, United States
| | - Alexander Ruhren
- Department of Chemistry, Binghamton University, Binghamton, New York 13902, United States
| | - John R Swierk
- Department of Chemistry, Binghamton University, Binghamton, New York 13902, United States
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2
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Pires AM, Carvalho L, Santos AC, Vilaça AM, Coelho AR, Oliveira C, Costa C, Fernandes F, Moreira L, Lima J, Vieira R, Ferraz MJ, Silva M, Silva P, Matias R, Zorro S, Costa S, Sarandão S, Barros AF. Radiation Therapy Skin Marking with Lancets Versus Electric Marking Pen (COMFORTATTOO)-6 Months Results on Cosmesis, Fading, and Patients' Satisfaction From a Randomized, Double-Blind Trial. Adv Radiat Oncol 2024; 9:101404. [PMID: 38292889 PMCID: PMC10823085 DOI: 10.1016/j.adro.2023.101404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose Most of radiation oncology centers rely on set-up skin markings for patient setup during treatment delivery. Permanent dark-ink tattooing is the most popular marking method. COMFORTATTOO is a unicentric, randomized trial testing 2 permanent methods: lancets against an electric marking pen (Comfort Marker 2.0, CM). One substudy was undertaken to test if using the CM translates into a cosmesis, fading, or satisfaction benefit compared with the lancets. Methods and Materials Patients aged 18 years or older referred to our department to receive RT were recruited. They were randomly assigned, in a 1:1 ratio, to receive set-up markings using lancets or CM. This substudy aimed to recruit all the living participants included in the main study. The primary endpoints were tattoos cosmesis, tattoos fading, and patients' satisfaction 6 months after finishing the RT. Cosmetic and fading assessments were scored on a 5-point ascending scale and patients' satisfaction on a 10-point ascending scale. The trial is registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (number NCT05371795). Results Between April and September 2022, 92 patients were enrolled (45 assigned to lancets and 47 to CM) and assessed for the outcomes. Patients receiving CM had significantly better cosmetic markings, with a median score of 4.4 (vs 3.7 for lancets, P<.001). On the fading assessment, the CM was associated with lower scores compared with the lancets (median score of 1.3 and 3.3, respectively; P<.001). No differences in patients' satisfaction were observed with either method (median score of 10 for both arms, P=.952). Conclusions Our substudy results demonstrated that, 6 months after the end of RT, the CM produces better cosmetic markings with less fading compared with the lancets. These differences didn't translate into patients' satisfaction superiority toward any method.
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Affiliation(s)
- André M. Pires
- Radiation Oncology Department, Portuguese Institute of Oncology of Porto, R. Dr António Bernardino de Almeida, Porto, Portugal
| | - Luísa Carvalho
- Radiation Oncology Department, Portuguese Institute of Oncology of Porto, R. Dr António Bernardino de Almeida, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana C. Santos
- Radiation Oncology Department, Portuguese Institute of Oncology of Porto, R. Dr António Bernardino de Almeida, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana M. Vilaça
- Radiation Oncology Department, Portuguese Institute of Oncology of Porto, R. Dr António Bernardino de Almeida, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana R. Coelho
- Radiation Oncology Department, Portuguese Institute of Oncology of Porto, R. Dr António Bernardino de Almeida, Porto, Portugal
| | - Celeste Oliveira
- Radiation Oncology Department, Portuguese Institute of Oncology of Porto, R. Dr António Bernardino de Almeida, Porto, Portugal
| | - Céline Costa
- Radiation Oncology Department, Portuguese Institute of Oncology of Porto, R. Dr António Bernardino de Almeida, Porto, Portugal
| | - Flávia Fernandes
- Radiation Oncology Department, Portuguese Institute of Oncology of Porto, R. Dr António Bernardino de Almeida, Porto, Portugal
| | - Liliana Moreira
- Radiation Oncology Department, Portuguese Institute of Oncology of Porto, R. Dr António Bernardino de Almeida, Porto, Portugal
| | - João Lima
- Radiation Oncology Department, Portuguese Institute of Oncology of Porto, R. Dr António Bernardino de Almeida, Porto, Portugal
| | - Rafaela Vieira
- Radiation Oncology Department, Portuguese Institute of Oncology of Porto, R. Dr António Bernardino de Almeida, Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria J. Ferraz
- Radiation Oncology Department, Portuguese Institute of Oncology of Porto, R. Dr António Bernardino de Almeida, Porto, Portugal
| | - Marta Silva
- Radiation Oncology Department, Portuguese Institute of Oncology of Porto, R. Dr António Bernardino de Almeida, Porto, Portugal
| | - Pedro Silva
- Radiation Oncology Department, Portuguese Institute of Oncology of Porto, R. Dr António Bernardino de Almeida, Porto, Portugal
| | - Rafael Matias
- Radiation Oncology Department, Portuguese Institute of Oncology of Porto, R. Dr António Bernardino de Almeida, Porto, Portugal
| | - Sara Zorro
- Radiation Oncology Department, Portuguese Institute of Oncology of Porto, R. Dr António Bernardino de Almeida, Porto, Portugal
| | - Susana Costa
- Radiation Oncology Department, Portuguese Institute of Oncology of Porto, R. Dr António Bernardino de Almeida, Porto, Portugal
| | - Susana Sarandão
- Radiation Oncology Department, Portuguese Institute of Oncology of Porto, R. Dr António Bernardino de Almeida, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana F. Barros
- Radiation Oncology Department, Portuguese Institute of Oncology of Porto, R. Dr António Bernardino de Almeida, Porto, Portugal
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Lin C, Marquardt Y, Rütten S, Liao L, Rahimi K, Haraszti T, Baron JM, Bartneck M. Macrophage-like rapid uptake and toxicity of tattoo ink in human monocytes. Immunology 2024; 171:388-401. [PMID: 37964593 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophages play a critical role for the persistence of tattoo ink in human skin. However, a comparison to other skin-resident and blood circulating immune cells and a profound analysis of REACH-compliant tattoo ink are unmet medical needs. We hence characterized the size distribution of ink particles using physicochemical methods. We studied the uptake of tattoo ink by key human skin cells and blood-derived immune cells using optical and electron microscopy as well as flow cytometry. Scanning electron microscopy of ink revealed its crystalline structure, and a tendency towards aggregations was indicated by size changes upon diluting it. Flow cytometric analyses of skin and immune cells after incubation with tattoo ink demonstrated an increase in cellular granularity upon uptake and red ink additionally evoked fluorescent signals. Human macrophages were most potent in internalizing ink in full thickness 3D skin models. Macrophage cultures demonstrated that the ink did not lead to elevated inflammatory mediators, and showed no indications for toxicity, even after nice days. Strikingly, monocytes were most efficient in ink uptake, but displayed reduced viability, whereas granulocytes and lymphocytes showed only temporary ink uptake with flow cytometric signals declining after 1 day. Mechanistic studies on ink retention by corticosteroids or dexpanthenol in macrophage cultures demonstrated that these compounds do not lead to ink excretion, but even slightly increase the ink load in macrophages. The highly motile monocytes, precursors of macrophages, may play an underrated role for tattoo ink translocation from dermal blood vessels into internal organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Lin
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
- Department of Rheumatology and Shanghai Institute of Rheumatology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yvonne Marquardt
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Medical School, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Stefan Rütten
- Electron Microscopy Facility, Institute of Pathology, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
| | - Liangliang Liao
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
- Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Khosrow Rahimi
- DWI-Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, Aachen, Germany
- Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Tamas Haraszti
- DWI-Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, Aachen, Germany
- Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Jens Malte Baron
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Medical School, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Matthias Bartneck
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
- DWI-Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, Aachen, Germany
- Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
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4
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Blando JD, Guigni BA. Potential chemical risks from tattoos and their relevance to military health policy in the United States. J Public Health Policy 2023; 44:242-254. [PMID: 36914711 PMCID: PMC10232601 DOI: 10.1057/s41271-023-00403-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
Abstract
We summarize and consolidate disparate sources of information about the practice of tattooing and its potential implications for military population health and policy. Each branch of the United States military has policies about tattoos for service members, but these have varied over time and do not cover health protection. The number of veterans receiving disability payments and the cost of those payments has been rising over time; the broad category of skin conditions accounts for 11% of disability claims. Any additional factor, such as tattoos that may increase the occurrence of adverse skin reactions, can substantially impact veteran benefit expenses and budgets. This may be a consideration for the military as it evaluates its policies related to tattoos among service members.
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Affiliation(s)
- James D Blando
- School of Community and Environmental Health, Old Dominion University, 4608 Hampton Blvd, Norfolk, VA, 23529, USA.
| | - Blas A Guigni
- Toxicology Directorate, Army Public Health Center, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, 21010, USA
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Liu L, Zhao W, Ma Q, Gao Y, Wang W, Zhang X, Dong Y, Zhang T, Liang Y, Han S, Cao J, Wang X, Sun W, Ma H, Sun Y. Functional nano-systems for transdermal drug delivery and skin therapy. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2023; 5:1527-1558. [PMID: 36926556 PMCID: PMC10012846 DOI: 10.1039/d2na00530a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Transdermal drug delivery is one of the least intrusive and patient-friendly ways for therapeutic agent administration. Recently, functional nano-systems have been demonstrated as one of the most promising strategies to treat skin diseases by improving drug penetration across the skin barrier and achieving therapeutically effective drug concentrations in the target cutaneous tissues. Here, a brief review of functional nano-systems for promoting transdermal drug delivery is presented. The fundamentals of transdermal delivery, including skin biology and penetration routes, are introduced. The characteristics of functional nano-systems for facilitating transdermal drug delivery are elucidated. Moreover, the fabrication of various types of functional transdermal nano-systems is systematically presented. Multiple techniques for evaluating the transdermal capacities of nano-systems are illustrated. Finally, the advances in the applications of functional transdermal nano-systems for treating different skin diseases are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijun Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Qingdao University Qingdao 266071 China
- The Shandong Consortium in the Yellow River Basin for Prevention, Treatment and Drug Development for Primary Diseases Related to Alcoholism, Qingdao University Qingdao 266021 China
| | - Wenbin Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, Qingdao University Qingdao 266071 China
- The Shandong Consortium in the Yellow River Basin for Prevention, Treatment and Drug Development for Primary Diseases Related to Alcoholism, Qingdao University Qingdao 266021 China
| | - Qingming Ma
- School of Pharmacy, Qingdao University Qingdao 266071 China
- The Shandong Consortium in the Yellow River Basin for Prevention, Treatment and Drug Development for Primary Diseases Related to Alcoholism, Qingdao University Qingdao 266021 China
| | - Yang Gao
- School of Pharmacy, Qingdao University Qingdao 266071 China
| | - Weijiang Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Qingdao University Qingdao 266071 China
- The Shandong Consortium in the Yellow River Basin for Prevention, Treatment and Drug Development for Primary Diseases Related to Alcoholism, Qingdao University Qingdao 266021 China
| | - Xuan Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Qingdao University Qingdao 266071 China
| | - Yunxia Dong
- School of Pharmacy, Qingdao University Qingdao 266071 China
| | - Tingting Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Qingdao University Qingdao 266071 China
| | - Yan Liang
- School of Pharmacy, Qingdao University Qingdao 266071 China
| | - Shangcong Han
- School of Pharmacy, Qingdao University Qingdao 266071 China
| | - Jie Cao
- School of Pharmacy, Qingdao University Qingdao 266071 China
| | - Xinyu Wang
- Institute of Thermal Science and Technology, Shandong University Jinan 250061 China
| | - Wentao Sun
- School of Health and Life Sciences, University of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences Qingdao 266113 China
| | - Haifeng Ma
- Department of Geriatrics, Zibo Municipal Hospital Zibo 255400 China
| | - Yong Sun
- School of Pharmacy, Qingdao University Qingdao 266071 China
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Cosio T, Coniglione F, Flaminio V, Gaziano R, Coletta D, Petruccelli R, Dika E, Bianchi L, Campione E. Pyodermitis during Nivolumab Treatment for Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer: A Case Report and Review of the Literature. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24054580. [PMID: 36902013 PMCID: PMC10003408 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24054580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy in oncology is replacing traditional therapies due to it specific action and limited side effects. Despite the high efficacy of immunotherapy, side effects such as bacterial infection have been reported. Bacterial skin and soft tissue infections represent one of the most important differential diagnoses in patients presenting with reddened and swollen skin and soft tissue. Among these infections, cellulitis (phlegmon) and abscesses are the most frequent. In most cases, these infections occur locally with possible contiguous spread, or as a multifocal manifestation, especially in immunocompromised patients. Herein, we report a case of pyodermitis in an immunocompromised district in a patient treated with nivolumab for non-small cell lung cancer. A 64-year-old, smoker male patient showed cutaneous lesions at a different evolution level in the left arm, all in a tattooed area, with one phlegmon and two ulcerated lesions. Microbiological cultures and gram staining revealed an infection caused by a methicillin-susceptible but erythromycin-resistant (ER-R), clindamycin-resistant (CL-R), and gentamicin-resistant (GE-R) Staphylococcus aureus strain. Despite immunotherapy becoming a milestone in oncologic treatment, more than the spectrum of immune-mediated toxicities of these agents needs to be investigated. This report highlights the importance of considering lifestyle and cutaneous background before starting immunotherapy for cancer treatment, with an emphasis on pharmacogenomics and the possibility of modified skin microbiota predisposing to cutaneous infections in patients treated with PD-1 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terenzio Cosio
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, 00133 Rome, Italy
- Dermatologic Unit, Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Viale Oxford, 81, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Filadelfo Coniglione
- Department of Surgical Sciences, University Nostra Signora del Buon Consiglio, 1000 Tirana, Albania
| | - Valeria Flaminio
- Medical Oncology Unit, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Viale Oxford, 81, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Roberta Gaziano
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Deborah Coletta
- Medical Oncology Unit, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Viale Oxford, 81, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Rosalba Petruccelli
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Microbiology and Virology Lab, Tor Vergata University Hospital, V. le Oxford, 81, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Emi Dika
- Melanoma Center, Dermatology, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
- Unit of Dermatology, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, DIMEC, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Luca Bianchi
- Dermatologic Unit, Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Viale Oxford, 81, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Elena Campione
- Dermatologic Unit, Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Viale Oxford, 81, 00133 Rome, Italy
- Correspondence:
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7
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Pires AM, Carvalho L, Santos AC, Vilaça AM, Coelho AR, Fernandes F, Moreira L, Lima J, Vieira R, Ferraz MJ, Silva M, Silva P, Matias R, Zorro S, Costa S, Sarandão S, Barros AF. Radiotherapy skin marking with lancets versus electric marking pen - Comfort, satisfaction, effectiveness and cosmesis results from the randomized, double-blind COMFORTATTOO trial. Radiography (Lond) 2023; 29:171-177. [PMID: 36410128 DOI: 10.1016/j.radi.2022.10.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Set-up skin markings are performed, in several centers, for radiotherapy (RT) treatments. This study aimed to compare two permanent methods: lancets and an electric marking pen, the Comfort Marker 2.0® (CM). METHODS This was a prospective, unicentric, randomized study. Patients aged 18 years or older referred to our department to receive RT were recruited. Patients were randomly assigned, in a 1:1 ratio, to receive set-up markings using lancets or CM. The markings arrangement followed our departmental protocols. The coprimary endpoints were patients' comfort and effectiveness. Secondary endpoints included radiation therapists (RTTs) satisfaction and cosmesis. RESULTS Between October 2021 and January 2022, 100 patients were enrolled (50 received lancets and 50 CM) and assessed for the comfort and satisfaction outcomes. CM was significantly less painful than the lancets, with 44% and 16% of the patients, respectively, considering the tattooing process painless (RR = 2.75; 95% IC: 1.36 - 5.58). On the RTT-reported satisfaction, CM had significantly easier processes than lancets (98.0% vs. 78.0%, respectively; RR = 1.26; 95% CI: 1.08 - 1.46). For effectiveness and cosmesis assessment, 98 patients were analyzed (48 received lancets and 50 CM). Patients receiving CM had a significantly higher proportion of markings graded as good and excellent compared to those receiving lancets (98.0% and 50.0%, respectively, had ≥75% of the tattoos assessed as good/excellent, RR = 1.96; 95% CI: 1.47 - 2.61). On the cosmetic evaluation, patients receiving CM had significantly better cosmetic markings, with a median score of 4.4 (vs. 3.5 for lancets, p <0.001). CONCLUSION The trial results demonstrated that tattooing with the CM is significantly less painful, more effective, easier to apply, and cosmetically superior to tattooing with lancets. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE Tattooing with CM allows for better results regarding pain, quality, ease and cosmesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Pires
- Radiation Oncology Department, Portuguese Institute of Oncology of Porto, R. Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida 865, 4200-072, Porto, Portugal.
| | - L Carvalho
- Radiation Oncology Department, Portuguese Institute of Oncology of Porto, R. Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida 865, 4200-072, Porto, Portugal
| | - A C Santos
- Radiation Oncology Department, Portuguese Institute of Oncology of Porto, R. Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida 865, 4200-072, Porto, Portugal
| | - A M Vilaça
- Radiation Oncology Department, Portuguese Institute of Oncology of Porto, R. Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida 865, 4200-072, Porto, Portugal
| | - A R Coelho
- Radiation Oncology Department, Portuguese Institute of Oncology of Porto, R. Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida 865, 4200-072, Porto, Portugal
| | - F Fernandes
- Radiation Oncology Department, Portuguese Institute of Oncology of Porto, R. Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida 865, 4200-072, Porto, Portugal
| | - L Moreira
- Radiation Oncology Department, Portuguese Institute of Oncology of Porto, R. Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida 865, 4200-072, Porto, Portugal
| | - J Lima
- Radiation Oncology Department, Portuguese Institute of Oncology of Porto, R. Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida 865, 4200-072, Porto, Portugal
| | - R Vieira
- Radiation Oncology Department, Portuguese Institute of Oncology of Porto, R. Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida 865, 4200-072, Porto, Portugal
| | - M J Ferraz
- Radiation Oncology Department, Portuguese Institute of Oncology of Porto, R. Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida 865, 4200-072, Porto, Portugal
| | - M Silva
- Radiation Oncology Department, Portuguese Institute of Oncology of Porto, R. Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida 865, 4200-072, Porto, Portugal
| | - P Silva
- Radiation Oncology Department, Portuguese Institute of Oncology of Porto, R. Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida 865, 4200-072, Porto, Portugal
| | - R Matias
- Radiation Oncology Department, Portuguese Institute of Oncology of Porto, R. Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida 865, 4200-072, Porto, Portugal
| | - S Zorro
- Radiation Oncology Department, Portuguese Institute of Oncology of Porto, R. Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida 865, 4200-072, Porto, Portugal
| | - S Costa
- Radiation Oncology Department, Portuguese Institute of Oncology of Porto, R. Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida 865, 4200-072, Porto, Portugal
| | - S Sarandão
- Radiation Oncology Department, Portuguese Institute of Oncology of Porto, R. Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida 865, 4200-072, Porto, Portugal
| | - A F Barros
- Radiation Oncology Department, Portuguese Institute of Oncology of Porto, R. Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida 865, 4200-072, Porto, Portugal
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Tattoo-Related Allergic Contact Dermatitis. CURRENT DERMATOLOGY REPORTS 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s13671-022-00371-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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9
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UTKU TÜRK EG, JANNUZZI AT, ALPERTUNGA B. Determination of the Phototoxicity Potential of Commercially Available Tattoo Inks Using the 3T3-neutral Red Uptake Phototoxicity Test. Turk J Pharm Sci 2022; 19:70-75. [DOI: 10.4274/tjps.galenos.2021.86344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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10
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Probert SJ, Maynard P, Berry R, Mallett X, Seckiner D. Changes in the morphometric characteristics of tattoos in human remains. AUST J FORENSIC SCI 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/00450618.2021.2010438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Savannah J. Probert
- Centre for Forensic Science, University of Technology, Sydney, Ultimo, Australia
| | - Philip Maynard
- Centre for Forensic Science, University of Technology, Sydney, Ultimo, Australia
| | - Rachel Berry
- School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Xanthé Mallett
- School of Humanities and Social Science, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, Australia
- Honorary Associate in the Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo
| | - Dilan Seckiner
- Centre for Forensic Science, University of Technology, Sydney, Ultimo, Australia
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Cutaneous Malignancies in Tattoos, a Case Series of Six Patients. Curr Oncol 2021; 28:4721-4737. [PMID: 34898571 PMCID: PMC8628776 DOI: 10.3390/curroncol28060398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: A variety of side effects following the tattooing of the skin were reported over the years. Analytical studies showed that some tattoo inks contain harmful compounds. Methods: We presented six patient cases with cutaneous malignancies in tattooed skin and performed an extensive literature research. Results: Two patients with black ink tattoos that were diagnosed with malignant melanoma raises the number of described cases to 36 patients. One of the patients developed an immunologic reaction limited to the tattoo area after treatment with a targeted immune therapy. In the other patient, the malignancy (malignant melanoma) was fatal. Basal cell carcinoma was seen in four patients with tattoos containing varying ink colors (black, green, red). This increased the number of described patient cases to 18. Although some ink components and their cleavage products have carcinogenic properties, epidemiological evidence for a causative correlation fails. Further epidemiologic studies on tattoos and malignancies, as well as on the appearance of naevi in tattoos, are necessary. Determining the type of mutation might be helpful to separate sun-induced tumors from skin cancers due to other pathogenic mechanisms.
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12
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Pazos MD, Hu Y, Elani Y, Browning KL, Jiang N, Yetisen AK. Tattoo Inks for Optical Biosensing in Interstitial Fluid. Adv Healthc Mater 2021; 10:e2101238. [PMID: 34510804 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202101238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The persistence of traditional tattoo inks presents an advantage for continuous and long-term health monitoring in point of care devices. The replacement of tattoo pigments with optical biosensors aims a promising alternative for monitoring blood biomarkers. Tattoo inks functionalization enables the control of interstitial biomarkers with correlated concentrations in plasma, to diagnose diseases, evaluate progression, and prevent complications associated with physio pathological disorders or medication mismatches. The specific biomarkers in interstitial fluid provide a new source of information, especially for skin diseases. The study of tattoo inks displays insufficient regulation in their composition, a lack of reports of the related complications, and a need for further studies on their degradation kinetics. This review focuses on tattoo optical biosensors for monitoring dermal interstitial biomarkers and discusses the clinical advantages and main challenges for in vivo implantation. Tattoo functionalization provides a minimally invasive, reversible, biocompatible, real-time sensing with long-term permanence and multiplexing capabilities for the control, diagnosis, and prevention of illness; it enables self-controlling management by the patient, but also the possibility of sending the records to the doctor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martalu D Pazos
- Department of Chemical Engineering, South Kensington Campus, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
- Leo Foundation Center for Cutaneous Drug Delivery, Department of Pharmacy, Copenhagen University, Copenhagen, 2100, Denmark
| | - Yubing Hu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, South Kensington Campus, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Yuval Elani
- Department of Chemical Engineering, South Kensington Campus, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Kathryn L Browning
- Leo Foundation Center for Cutaneous Drug Delivery, Department of Pharmacy, Copenhagen University, Copenhagen, 2100, Denmark
| | - Nan Jiang
- West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Ali K Yetisen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, South Kensington Campus, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
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Sadura F, Wróbel MS, Karpienko K. Colored Tattoo Ink Screening Method with Optical Tissue Phantoms and Raman Spectroscopy. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14123147. [PMID: 34201157 PMCID: PMC8227768 DOI: 10.3390/ma14123147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Due to the increasing popularity of tattoos among the general population, to ensure their safety and quality, there is a need to develop reliable and rapid methods for the analysis of the composition of tattoo inks, both in the ink itself and in already existing tattoos. This paper presents the possibility of using Raman spectroscopy to examine tattoo inks in biological materials. We have developed optical tissue phantoms mimicking the optical scattering coefficient typical for human dermis as a substitute for an in vivo study. The material employed herein allows for mimicking the tattoo-making procedure. We investigated the effect of the scattering coefficient of the matrix in which the ink is located, as well as its chemical compositions on the spectra. Raman surface line scanning has been carried out for each ink in the skin phantom to establish the spatial gradient of ink concentration distribution. This ensures the ability to detect miniature concentrations for a tattoo margin assessment. An analysis and comparison of the spectra of the inks and the tattooed inks in the phantoms are presented. We recommend the utilization of Raman spectroscopy as a screening method to enforce the tattoo ink safety legislations as well as an early medical diagnostic screening tool.
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14
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Li J, Yang X, Zhang Z, Xiao H, Sun W, Huang W, Li Y, Chen C, Sun Y. Aggregation kinetics of diesel soot nanoparticles in artificial and human sweat solutions: Effects of sweat constituents, pH, and temperature. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 403:123614. [PMID: 32829227 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.123614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Soot nanoparticles (SNPs) are airborne contaminants that could potentially penetrate skin, but their aggregation after contact with sweat may lower their health risks. This study investigated SNP aggregation kinetics in 4 artificial sweat standards and 21 human sweat samples. Effects of sweat inorganic (NaCl, Na2HPO4, and NaH2PO4) and organic (L-histidine, lactic acid, and urea) constituents, pH, temperature, and concentrations were examined. Results showed that SNP aggregation rates in 4 standards followed American Association of Textile Chemists and Colorists (AATCC) > British Standard (EN) > International Standard Organization (ISO) pH 5.5 > ISO pH 8.0, and could be described by the Derjaguin-Landau-Verwey-Overbeek (DLVO) theory. The aggregation rates increased with concentrations of SNPs, inorganic salts, L-histidine, and lactic acid, decreased with increasing pH and concentration of urea, and were weakly influenced by temperature. Systematic characterizations revealed SNP adsorption for organic sweat constituents. SNPs aggregated rapidly to ∼1000 nm in AATCC, but remained stable in ISO pH 8.0 and > 14/21 human sweat fluids over 20 min. The SNP aggregation rates correlated negatively with pH (r = -0.531*) and |ζ potential| (r = -0.464*) of human sweat samples. Sweat evaporation could promote aggregation of SNPs, hence lowering their potential harm via dermal exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Li
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510642, China; College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030024, China
| | - Xingjian Yang
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510642, China
| | - Zhen Zhang
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510642, China
| | - Harry Xiao
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510642, China
| | - Weimin Sun
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Integrated Agro-Environmental Pollution Control and Management, Guangdong Institute of Eco-environmental Science & Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510650, China
| | - Weilin Huang
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA
| | - Yongtao Li
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510642, China
| | - Chengyu Chen
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510642, China.
| | - Yan Sun
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Integrated Agro-Environmental Pollution Control and Management, Guangdong Institute of Eco-environmental Science & Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510650, China; Agricultural Environmental Protection and Rural Energy Station, Department of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510500, China
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15
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Cytotoxicity and Genotoxicity of Metal Oxide Nanoparticles in Human Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Fibroblasts. COATINGS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/coatings11010107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Advances in the use of nanoparticles (NPs) has created promising progress in biotechnology and consumer-care based industry. This has created an increasing need for testing their safety and toxicity profiles. Hence, efforts to understand the cellular responses towards nanomaterials are needed. However, current methods using animal and cancer-derived cell lines raise questions on physiological relevance. In this aspect, in the current study, we investigated the use of pluripotent human embryonic stem cell- (hESCs) derived fibroblasts (hESC-Fib) as a closer representative of the in vivo response as well as to encourage the 3Rs (replacement, reduction and refinement) concept for evaluating the cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of zinc oxide (ZnO), titanium dioxide (TiO2) and silicon-dioxide (SiO2) NPs. Cytotoxicity assays demonstrated that the adverse effects of respective NPs were observed in hESC-Fib beyond concentrations of 200 µg/mL (SiO2 NPs), 30 µg/mL (TiO2 NPs) and 20 µg/mL (ZnO NPs). Flow cytometry results correlated with increased apoptosis upon increase in NP concentration. Subsequently, scratch wound assays showed ZnO (10 µg/mL) and TiO2 (20 µg/mL) NPs inhibit the rate of wound coverage. DNA damage assays confirmed TiO2 and ZnO NPs are genotoxic. In summary, hESC-Fib could be used as an alternative platform to understand toxicity profiles of metal oxide NPs.
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Study of Tattoo Colorants in Skin by Conventional and Polarized Light Microscopy. Am J Dermatopathol 2020; 42:932-938. [PMID: 33055540 DOI: 10.1097/dad.0000000000001824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Tattoos are a common practice in the 21st century. Although most modern pigments are organic and made of vegetable or plastic compounds, they still sometimes elicit an adverse reaction in the skin. Identifying the tattoo pigment in such biopsies is not always an easy task. To study how tattoo inks appear in the skin, we injected 14 different colors of commercial tattoo ink into normal skin obtained from a mastectomy specimen. One unstained section was obtained from each case, as well as one section stained with hematoxylin-eosin from each case. All sections were observed under the microscope. Stained and unstained sections were also examined under polarized light. We did not observe any modification of the ink color with the staining process with hematoxylin-eosin. However, some pigments appeared differently in stained and unstained sections than in the vial. Pink was the most difficult color to identify from the eosinophilic tissue. None of the colors showed any birefringent particles. However, in some unstained slides under polarized light, the color of the pigment appeared more similar to the one in the vial than in the stained slide.
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17
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Tatouage et réaction sarcoïdosique. BULLETIN DE L'ACADÉMIE NATIONALE DE MÉDECINE 2020; 204:611-615. [PMID: 32322103 PMCID: PMC7172666 DOI: 10.1016/j.banm.2020.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
La pratique du tatouage se développe de plus en plus dans le monde entier. Les infections sont connues, mais les réactions inflammatoires chroniques ont souvent donné lieu à des manifestations cliniques variées. À côté des réactions allergiques, les réactions non allergiques prévalent dans les tatouages noirs et se manifestent sous la forme de lésions « papulo-nodulaires ». L’importance de la biopsie des lésions papulo-nodulaires pour confirmer le diagnostic doit être soulignée. Les nanoparticules de noir de carbone s’agglomèrent dans le derme avec le temps pour former des granulomes sarcoïdosiques. Granulome à corps étranger lié au pigment et sarcoïdose sont souvent difficiles à distinguer. La couleur noire semble la plus fréquente. D’autres étiologies que le pigment sont évoquées, tel que le rôle d’un agent infectieux, mais à ce jour aucun n’a été identifié, un terrain génétique particulier, qu’il reste à définir. Des localisations systémiques étant possible, le bilan d’extension est important à réaliser. Le traitement est le même que la sarcoïdose classique. Certains médicaments favoriseraient le développement d’une sarcoïdose sur tatouage. Ils doivent donc être recherchés systématiquement. Il est aussi important à titre préventif, que les sujets et leur médecin traitant soient informés de ce risque potentiel lié à ces médicaments indiqués dans des pathologies graves spécifiques.
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18
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Strandt H, Voluzan O, Niedermair T, Ritter U, Thalhamer J, Malissen B, Stoecklinger A, Henri S. Macrophages and Fibroblasts Differentially Contribute to Tattoo Stability. Dermatology 2020; 237:296-302. [PMID: 32344413 DOI: 10.1159/000506540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Little information is available about the complexity and function of skin cells contributing to the high stability of tattoos. It has been shown that dermal macrophages play an important role in the storage and maintenance of pigment particles. By contrast, the impact of dermal fibroblasts, forming the connective tissue of the skin, on the stability of the tattoo is not known. METHOD In this study, we compared the cell number and the particle load in dermal macrophages versus dermal fibroblasts, isolated from tail skin of tattooed mice. RESULTS Microscopic analysis revealed that both cell populations contained the tattoo particles, although in largely different amounts. A small number of macrophages with high side scatter intensity contained a large quantity of pigment particles, whereas a high number of dermal fibroblasts harbored only a few pigment particles. Using the CD64dtr mouse model that allows for selective, diphtheria toxin-mediated depletion of macrophages, we have previously shown that macrophages hold the tattoo in place by capture-release and recapture cycles. In the tattooed skin of macrophage-depleted mice, the content of pigment particles in fibroblasts did not change; however, the total number of fibroblasts carrying particles increased. CONCLUSION The present study demonstrates that dermal macrophages and fibroblasts contribute in different ways to the tattoo stability and further improves our knowledge on tattoo persistence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Strandt
- Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Odessa Voluzan
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Aix Marseille Université, INSERM, CNRS, Marseille, France
| | - Tanja Niedermair
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Uwe Ritter
- Department of Immunology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Josef Thalhamer
- Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Bernard Malissen
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Aix Marseille Université, INSERM, CNRS, Marseille, France.,Centre d'Immunophénomique, Aix Marseille Université, INSERM, CNRS, Marseille, France
| | | | - Sandrine Henri
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Aix Marseille Université, INSERM, CNRS, Marseille, France,
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Battistini B, Petrucci F, De Angelis I, Failla CM, Bocca B. Quantitative analysis of metals and metal-based nano- and submicron-particles in tattoo inks. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 245:125667. [PMID: 31877461 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.125667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Revised: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to metals and metal-based nano- (NPs, 1-100 nm) and submicron-particles (SPs, 0.1-1 μm) contained in tattoo inks and related health safety is currently receiving a great deal of interest. Twenty inks of different brands and colours were sampled in Italy in 2019. The SemiQuant Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) analysis allowed quantifying the concentration of 18 metals (Al, As, Ba, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, Sb, Se, Sn, Ti, Zn) in inks. The Single Particle ICP-MS was used to detect the diameters and concentration of NPs and SPs of 9 metals (Al, Co, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, Ti and Zn). Concentration of metals in tattoo inks were below the recommended concentrations reported in the Resolution ResAP (2008)1 indicating ink production have shifted to purer materials and best manufacturing practices. Regarding particles, Al was found at nano- (62-80 nm) and submicron-sizes (105-140 nm). Sizes of Cr, Cu, Pb and Zn were in the intervals 42-62 nm, 44-96 nm, 26-28 nm and 26-59 nm, respectively. Titanium was at submicron-diameters (166-383 nm). In addition, Cr and Ti particles accounted for the 47% and 80% of their total concentration, respectively. Tattooing practice exposed humans to metal-based NPs and SPs and the presence of a combination of particles of different metals and/or their dynamics (e.g., dissolution) may change their bioavailability and toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatrice Battistini
- Department of Environment and Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Petrucci
- Department of Environment and Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Isabella De Angelis
- Department of Environment and Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Cristina Maria Failla
- Experimental Immunology Laboratory, Istituto Dermopatico dell'Immacolata, Via Monti di Creta 104, 00167, Roma, Italy
| | - Beatrice Bocca
- Department of Environment and Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy.
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20
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Tran PHL, Duan W, Lee BJ, Tran TTD. Nanogels for Skin Cancer Therapy via Transdermal Delivery: Current Designs. Curr Drug Metab 2020; 20:575-582. [PMID: 31237201 DOI: 10.2174/1389200220666190618100030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2019] [Revised: 05/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recently, several strategies have been proposed for skin cancer therapy by transdermal delivery, and particularly the use of nanotechnology. METHODS This process disrupts the stratum corneum to deliver a drug through the skin, allowing it to accumulate at the tumor site. RESULTS Nanogels are drug delivery systems that can be applied to many diseases. Nanogel engineering has been widely studied for use in drug delivery, particularly in cancer theranostics. This review summarizes specific strategies for using nanogels to treat skin cancer, a topic that is limited in recent literature. CONCLUSION Advanced techniques for effective skin cancer therapy based on the nanogel's penetration and cellular uptake abilities will be discussed. Moreover, techniques for penetrating the skin, as well as drug release, permeation studies, and microscopic observations, will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wei Duan
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Beom-Jin Lee
- Bioavailability Control Laboratory, College of Pharmacy, Ajou University, Suwon, Korea
| | - Thao T D Tran
- Department for Management of Science and Technology Development, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.,Faculty of Pharmacy, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
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Abstract
Introduction: The improvement of percutaneous absorption represents a clear dermatopharmaceutical aim. Recently, the hair follicle was recognized to be an important penetration pathway. Especially nanoparticles show an enhanced intrafollicular penetration and can be utilized to target specific cell populations within the hair follicle.Areas covered: The present review briefly summarizes the recent advances in follicular drug delivery of nanoparticles. Moreover, the particularities of the hair follicle as a penetration pathway are summarized which include its structure and specific barrier properties. Recently, the mechanism of the follicular penetration process has been clarified.In the meantime, different strategies have been developed to successfully improve follicular drug delivery of nanoparticles. One approach is to equip the nanocarriers with a triggered release system enabling them to release their drug load at the right time and place.Expert opinion: Follicular drug delivery with smart nanocarrier-based drug delivery systems represents a promising approach to increase the percutaneous absorption of topically applied substances. Although technical achievements and efficacy proofs concerning an increased penetration of substances are already available, the practical implementation into clinical application still represents an additional challenge and should be in the focus of interest in future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexa Patzelt
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Center of Experimental and Applied Cutaneous Physiology (CCP), Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Juergen Lademann
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Center of Experimental and Applied Cutaneous Physiology (CCP), Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
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22
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Hutton Carlsen K, Larsen G, Serup J. Tattoo pigment agglomerates measured in skin biopsies by computerised light microscopy: Study of 161 patients with adverse reactions in black and red tattoos. Skin Res Technol 2019; 26:284-291. [PMID: 31799768 DOI: 10.1111/srt.12798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Black tattoo reactions are suggested to be foreign body reactions manifested as papulo-nodular inflammation that is associated with active sarcoidosis. AIM To study the morphology of black and red pigment agglomerates in skin biopsies from tattoo reactions, referenced to clinical diagnoses. METHOD Agglomerate count, area, width, height, circumference and circularity were measured in 161 patients by light microscopy (Olympus BX51™); 161 unstained skin biopsies from 64 black tattoo reactions and 97 reactions in red tattoos with allergy. Images (Jenoptic Gryphax RGB camera) were taken through a 40× objective using immersion oil. Computerised analysis of agglomerates was performed using ImageJ software. Student t test, chi-square test, Fisher Exact test, ANOVA and Bonferroni tests were applied. RESULTS Comparison of black and red pigment agglomerates showed no overall differences in count, area, width, height or circumference. However, in black tattoo reactions, the count of agglomerates was higher in patients with sarcoidosis (P = .009) vs no sarcoidosis. Black agglomerates were more circular shaped as compared to red, P = .023. In red tattoo reactions, agglomerates in patients with allergic cross-reactivity were slightly more circular (P = .036) vs patients with milder allergy. The count of red agglomerates was lower in patients clinically typed excessive hyperkeratosis (P = .041) compared with other clinical types of allergy. CONCLUSION Patients with reactions in black tattoos associated with sarcoidosis have increased count of pigment agglomerates vs those without associated sarcoidosis indicating that black pigment agglomeration is one among a number of factors triggering sarcoid tattoo complication. Circular shape of agglomerates may code for bioactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrina Hutton Carlsen
- Department of Dermatology, The "Tattoo Clinic", Bispebjerg University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Jørgen Serup
- Department of Dermatology, The "Tattoo Clinic", Bispebjerg University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Hutton Carlsen K, Larsen G, Serup J. Tattoo pigment agglomerates measured in commercial ink stock products by computerised light microscopy. Skin Res Technol 2019; 26:292-300. [PMID: 31762137 DOI: 10.1111/srt.12799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The incidence of clinical complications such as granuloma formation and sarcoidosis is often seen in black tattoos and may be associated with agglomeration of black pigment. AIM To measure count and dimensions of agglomerates in black tattoo inks vs red inks and to compare old inks and new inks of identical brands. METHOD Examination was performed by light microscopy (Olympus BX51™ ) with magnification 40X, immersion oil. Photographs (Jenoptik Gryphax RGB camera) were taken of each ink sample and analysed by ImageJ software; count, area, width, height, circumference and circularity index were measured. Agglomerates were defined as width and height of objects above 800 nm. Twenty-one new unopened black inks and 17 new unopened red inks were compared. Furthermore, five old black inks and five old red inks, that had been opened and stocked for over 2 years, were compared with new products of the same brands. RESULTS Black agglomerates were area wise and with respect to width, height and circumference significantly larger compared with red agglomerates and more circularly shaped. Count of agglomerates was lower in black inks than in red inks, in accordance with bigger dimensions of black agglomerates. Comparison of old and new inks indicated old inks have larger agglomerates but variable bottle size and storage conditions may have confounded results. CONCLUSION Pigment agglomerates in black tattoo ink stock products were sized larger than agglomerates in red inks. Agglomerates found directly in black inks may predispose to granuloma formation in black tattoos causing sarcoid reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrina Hutton Carlsen
- Department of Dermatology, The "Tattoo Clinic", Bispebjerg University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Jørgen Serup
- Department of Dermatology, The "Tattoo Clinic", Bispebjerg University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Arl M, Nogueira DJ, Schveitzer Köerich J, Mottim Justino N, Schulz Vicentini D, Gerson Matias W. Tattoo inks: Characterization and in vivo and in vitro toxicological evaluation. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2019; 364:548-561. [PMID: 30388639 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2018.10.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Revised: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Tattoo inks represent a growing market in the world economy, but this growth is associated with an increase in reports of adverse effects caused by the use of this product. In this study, four commercial tattoo inks (blue, green, red and black) were studied to characterize the composition and particle size and identify possible in vivo and in vitro toxicological effects on Daphnia magna and HaCaT cells, respectively. Compositional analysis confirmed the functional groups in the vehicles and organic pigments. The presence of nanoparticles was confirmed by image analysis. The toxicological evaluation indicated distinct results for blue and green inks for the parameters tested, despite the presence of similar levels of metals. The red ink, followed by the green, presented the highest toxicity, which may be related to pigments containing azo compounds and not to the metal fraction. Black ink was found to be the safest toxicologically. This paper provides an overview of the composition of tattoo inks and their toxicological effects in epidermal cells and in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Arl
- Department of Sanitary and Environmental Engineering, Federal University of Santa Catarina State, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Diego José Nogueira
- Department of Sanitary and Environmental Engineering, Federal University of Santa Catarina State, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Jéssica Schveitzer Köerich
- Department of Sanitary and Environmental Engineering, Federal University of Santa Catarina State, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Naiara Mottim Justino
- Department of Sanitary and Environmental Engineering, Federal University of Santa Catarina State, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Denice Schulz Vicentini
- Department of Sanitary and Environmental Engineering, Federal University of Santa Catarina State, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - William Gerson Matias
- Department of Sanitary and Environmental Engineering, Federal University of Santa Catarina State, Florianópolis, Brazil.
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25
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Smith JR, Olusanya TOB, Lamprou DA. Characterization of drug delivery vehicles using atomic force microscopy: current status. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2018; 15:1211-1221. [PMID: 30417712 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2018.1546693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The field of nanomedicine, utilizing nano-sized vehicles (nanoparticles and nanofibers) for targeted local drug delivery, has a promising future. This is dependent on the ability to analyze the chemical and physical properties of these drug carriers at the nanoscale and hence atomic force microscopy (AFM), a high-resolution imaging and local force-measurement technique, is ideally suited. AREAS COVERED Following a brief introduction to the technique, the review describes how AFM has been used in selected publications from 2015 to 2018 to characterize nanoparticles and nanofibers as drug delivery vehicles. These sections are ordered into areas of increasing AFM complexity: imaging/particle sizing, surface roughness/quantitative analysis of images, and analysis of force curves (to extract nanoindentation and adhesion data). EXPERT OPINION AFM imaging/sizing is used extensively for the characterization of nanoparticle and nanofiber drug delivery vehicles, with surface roughness and nanomechanical/adhesion data acquisition being less common. The field is progressing into combining AFM with other techniques, notably SEM, ToF-SIMS, Raman, Confocal, and UV. Current limitations include a 50 nm resolution limit of nanoparticles imaged within live cells and AFM tip-induced activation of cytoskeleton proteins. Following drug release real-time with AFM-spectroscopic techniques and studying drug interactions on cell receptors appear to be on the horizon.
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Affiliation(s)
- James R Smith
- a School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences , University of Portsmouth , Portsmouth , UK
| | - Temidayo O B Olusanya
- b Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Applied Sciences , University of Sunderland , Sunderland , UK
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Gubala V, Johnston LJ, Krug HF, Moore CJ, Ober CK, Schwenk M, Vert M. Engineered nanomaterials and human health: Part 2. Applications and nanotoxicology (IUPAC Technical Report). PURE APPL CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1515/pac-2017-0102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
AbstractResearch on engineered nanomaterials (ENM) has progressed rapidly from the very early stages of studying their unique, size-dependent physicochemical properties and commercial exploration to the development of products that influence our everyday lives. We have previously reviewed various methods for synthesis, surface functionalization, and analytical characterization of ENM in a publication titled ‘Engineered Nanomaterials: Preparation, Functionalization and Characterization’. In this second, inter-linked document, we first provide an overview of important applications of ENM in products relevant to human healthcare and consumer goods, such as food, textiles, and cosmetics. We then highlight the challenges for the design and development of new ENM for bio-applications, particularly in the rapidly developing nanomedicine sector. The second part of this document is dedicated to nanotoxicology studies of ENM in consumer products. We describe the various biological targets where toxicity may occur, summarize the four nanotoxicology principles, and discuss the need for careful consideration of the biodistribution, degradation, and elimination routes of nanosized materials before they can be safely used. Finally, we review expert opinions on the risk, regulation, and ethical aspects of using engineered nanomaterials in applications that may have direct or indirect impact on human health or our environment.
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KWON Y, LEE DG. Considering an Approach for Assessing the Relevance of Tattoo-associated Health Risk from an Overall Toxicological Perspective. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH 2018; 47:755-756. [PMID: 29922620 PMCID: PMC6005968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Behzadi S, Serpooshan V, Tao W, Hamaly MA, Alkawareek MY, Dreaden EC, Brown D, Alkilany AM, Farokhzad OC, Mahmoudi M. Cellular uptake of nanoparticles: journey inside the cell. Chem Soc Rev 2017; 46:4218-4244. [PMID: 28585944 PMCID: PMC5593313 DOI: 10.1039/c6cs00636a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1397] [Impact Index Per Article: 199.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Nanoscale materials are increasingly found in consumer goods, electronics, and pharmaceuticals. While these particles interact with the body in myriad ways, their beneficial and/or deleterious effects ultimately arise from interactions at the cellular and subcellular level. Nanoparticles (NPs) can modulate cell fate, induce or prevent mutations, initiate cell-cell communication, and modulate cell structure in a manner dictated largely by phenomena at the nano-bio interface. Recent advances in chemical synthesis have yielded new nanoscale materials with precisely defined biochemical features, and emerging analytical techniques have shed light on nuanced and context-dependent nano-bio interactions within cells. In this review, we provide an objective and comprehensive account of our current understanding of the cellular uptake of NPs and the underlying parameters controlling the nano-cellular interactions, along with the available analytical techniques to follow and track these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahed Behzadi
- Center for Nanomedicine and Department of Anesthesiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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Vogt A, Wischke C, Neffe AT, Ma N, Alexiev U, Lendlein A. Nanocarriers for drug delivery into and through the skin — Do existing technologies match clinical challenges? J Control Release 2016; 242:3-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2016.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Revised: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 07/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Thakur BK, Verma S. Tattoo Practices in North-East India: A Hospital-based Cross-sectional Study. J Cutan Aesthet Surg 2016; 9:172-176. [PMID: 27761087 PMCID: PMC5064681 DOI: 10.4103/0974-2077.191651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Tattooing has become increasingly popular, particularly among young people. However, little is known about the tattoo practices in North-East India. Objectives: The primary objective of this study was to know the reasons and motivations of tattoo application and tattoo removal in individuals asking for tattoo removal. The secondary objective was to identify the demography, methods and safety of tattoo practices in these tattooed individuals. Materials and Methods: A hospital-based cross-sectional study was carried out in 212 consecutive individuals seeking tattoo removal. Chi-square and Fisher's exact tests were performed for intergroup comparisons. Results: There were 178 (84%) males and 34 (16%) females. The mean ± standard deviation (SD) age of individuals seeking tattoo removal was 21.8 ± 4 years. The mean ± SD age of doing tattoo was 15.8 ± 3 years. Most individuals possessed an amateur tattoo (94.3%), 4.2% a professional one and 1.4% had a combination. Sewing needle was the most common instrument used for making tattoos in 51.4%. The individuals made their tattoos in an unsterile manner in 49.1%. The most common reason for doing tattoo was for fashion in 87.7%. The participants wanted tattoo removal to qualify for jobs, especially in armed forces in 49.5% and due to regret in 21.7%. Black was the most preferred colour in 37.3% followed by green in 28.3%. The fabric ink was the choice of ink in maximum number of individuals, i.e. 93.9%. Limitations: It was a hospital-based study done only on individuals seeking tattoo removal. It needs caution to generalise the findings in population. In addition, there may be recall bias in the participants. Conclusion: The tattoo was done mostly below 18 years of age in a crude unsterile way. The individuals had poor risk perceptions about various infections and complications of tattooing. There is an urgent need to caution and educate the youngsters and school-going children about safe tattooing and consequences of tattooing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binod Kumar Thakur
- Department of Dermatology and STD, North Eastern Indira Gandhi Regional Institute of Health and Medical Sciences, Shillong, Meghalaya, India
| | - Shikha Verma
- Department of Dermatology and STD, North Eastern Indira Gandhi Regional Institute of Health and Medical Sciences, Shillong, Meghalaya, India
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