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Kalinin V, Padnya P, Stoikov I. Romanowsky staining: history, recent advances and future prospects from a chemistry perspective. Biotech Histochem 2024; 99:1-20. [PMID: 37929609 DOI: 10.1080/10520295.2023.2273860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Romanowsky staining was an important methodological breakthrough in diagnostic hematology and cytopathology during the late 19th and early 20th centuries; it has facilitated for decades the work of biologists, hematologists and pathologists working with blood cells. Despite more than a century of studying Romanowsky staining, no systematic review has been published that explains the chemical processes that produce the "Romanowsky effect" or "Romanowsky-Giemsa effect" (RGE), i.e., a purple coloration arising from the interaction of an azure dye with eosin and not due merely to their simultaneous presence. Our review is an attempt to build a bridge between chemists and biomedical scientists and to summarize the available data on methylene blue (MB) demethylation as well as the related reduction and decomposition of MB to simpler compounds by both light and enzyme systems and microorganisms. To do this, we analyze modern data on the mechanisms of MB demethylation both in the presence of acids and bases and by disproportionation due to the action of light. We also offer an explanation for why the RGE occurs only when azure B, or to a lesser extent, azure A is present by applying experimental and calculated physicochemical parameters including dye-DNA binding constants and electron density distributions in the molecules of these ligands. Finally, we discuss modern techniques for obtaining new varieties of Romanowsky dyes by modifying previously known ones. We hope that our critical literature study will help scientists understand better the chemical and physicochemical processes and mechanisms of cell staining with such dyes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeriy Kalinin
- A.M. Butlerov' Chemistry Institute, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia
| | - Pavel Padnya
- A.M. Butlerov' Chemistry Institute, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia
| | - Ivan Stoikov
- A.M. Butlerov' Chemistry Institute, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia
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Silva JPL, Donaires FS, Gutierrez-Rodrigues F, Martins DJ, Carvalho VS, Santana BA, Cunha RLG, Kajigaya S, Menck CFM, Young NS, Kjeldsen E, Calado RT. RecQ helicase expression in patients with telomeropathies. Mol Biol Rep 2024; 51:754. [PMID: 38874681 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-024-09678-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Telomeropathies are a group of inherited disorders caused by germline pathogenic variants in genes involved in telomere maintenance, resulting in excessive telomere attrition that affects several tissues, including hematopoiesis. RecQ and RTEL1 helicases contribute to telomere maintenance by unwinding telomeric structures such as G-quadruplexes (G4), preventing replication defects. Germline RTEL1 variants also are etiologic in telomeropathies. METHODS AND RESULTS Here we investigated the expression of RecQ (RECQL1, BLM, WRN, RECQL4, and RECQL5) and RTEL1 helicase genes in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from human telomeropathy patients. The mRNA expression levels of all RecQ helicases, but not RTEL1, were significantly downregulated in patients' primary cells. Reduced RecQ expression was not attributable to cell proliferative exhaustion, as RecQ helicases were not attenuated in T cells exhausted in vitro. An additional fifteen genes involved in DNA damage repair and RecQ functional partners also were downregulated in the telomeropathy cells. CONCLUSION These findings indicate that the expression of RecQ helicases and functional partners involved in DNA repair is downregulated in PBMCs of telomeropathy patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Paulo L Silva
- Department of Medical Imaging, Hematology, and Oncology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes, 3900 - 7 o andar, sala 743 - HCRP, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Flávia S Donaires
- Department of Medical Imaging, Hematology, and Oncology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes, 3900 - 7 o andar, sala 743 - HCRP, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14049-900, Brazil
| | | | - Davi J Martins
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Vinicius S Carvalho
- Department of Medical Imaging, Hematology, and Oncology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes, 3900 - 7 o andar, sala 743 - HCRP, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Barbara A Santana
- Department of Medical Imaging, Hematology, and Oncology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes, 3900 - 7 o andar, sala 743 - HCRP, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Renato L G Cunha
- Department of Medical Imaging, Hematology, and Oncology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes, 3900 - 7 o andar, sala 743 - HCRP, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Sachiko Kajigaya
- Hematology Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Carlos F M Menck
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Neal S Young
- Hematology Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Eigil Kjeldsen
- Department of Hematology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Rodrigo T Calado
- Department of Medical Imaging, Hematology, and Oncology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes, 3900 - 7 o andar, sala 743 - HCRP, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14049-900, Brazil.
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Nawaz S, Hussain S, Bilal M, Syed N, Liaqat K, Ullah I, Akil AAS, Fakhro KA, Ahmad W. A variant in sperm-specific glycolytic enzyme enolase 4 (ENO4) causes human male infertility. J Gene Med 2024; 26:e3583. [PMID: 37640479 DOI: 10.1002/jgm.3583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although defects in sperm morphology and physiology lead to male infertility, in many instances, the exact disruption of molecular pathways in a given patient is often unknown. The glycolytic pathway is an essential process to supply energy in sperm cell motility. Enolase 4 (ENO4) is crucial for the glycolytic process, which provides the energy for sperm cells in motility. ENO4 is located in the sperm principal piece and is essential for the motility and organization of the sperm flagellum. In the present study, we characterized a family with asthenozoospermia and abnormal sperm morphology as a result of a variant in the enolase 4 (ENO4) gene. METHODS Computer-assisted semen analysis, papanicolaou smear staining and scanning electron microscopy were used to examine sperm motility and morphology for semen analysis in patients. For genetic analysis, whole-exome sequencing followed by Sanger sequencing was performed. RESULTS Two brothers in a consanguineous family were being clinically investigated for sperm motility and morphology issues. Genetic analysis by whole-exome sequencing revealed a homozygous variant [c.293A>G, p.(Lys98Arg)] in the ENO4 gene that segregated with infertility in the family, shared by affected but not controls. CONCLUSIONS In view of the association of asthenozoospermia and abnormal sperm morphology in Eno4 knockout mice, we consider this to be the first report describing the involvement of ENO4 gene in human male infertility. We also explore the possible involvement of another variant in explaining other phenotypic features in this family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoaib Nawaz
- Department of Human Genetics-Precision Medicine Program, Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Shabir Hussain
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan
- Clinical And Molecular Metabolism Research (CAMM) Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Muhammad Bilal
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Agha Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Najeeb Syed
- Department of Human Genetics-Precision Medicine Program, Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar
| | - Khurram Liaqat
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan
- Center for Statistical Genetics, Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center, and the Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Imran Ullah
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Ammira Al-Shabeeb Akil
- Department of Human Genetics-Precision Medicine Program, Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar
- Precision Medicine in Diabetes Prevention Lab, Population Genetics, Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar
| | - Khalid A Fakhro
- Department of Human Genetics-Precision Medicine Program, Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, Doha, Qatar
- College of Health and Life Sciences, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Wasim Ahmad
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan
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Mollard R, Mahony M. Cell culture and karyotypic description of Pseudophrynecoriacea (Keferstein, 1868) (Amphibia, Anura) from the New South Wales Central Coast. COMPARATIVE CYTOGENETICS 2023; 17:263-272. [PMID: 38026094 PMCID: PMC10656613 DOI: 10.3897/compcytogen.17.113526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
The karyotype of the IUCN least concern red-backed toadlet Pseudophryne (P.) coriacea (Keferstein, 1868) from the New South Wales Central Coast is described following tissue culture of toe clipping macerates and conventional DAPI staining. The diploid number is 2n = 24. The karyotype is represented by six large and five small chromosomal pairs and one very small chromosomal pair. The very small chromosome 12 is 12% the size of chromosome 1. One of the large chromosomes is subtelocentric, two of the large chromosomes are submetacentric and the remaining chromosomes are metacentric. The putative nucleolus organiser region (NOR) is observed on chromosome 4. The diploid number and location of the putative NOR correlates to that of the previously published IUCN critically endangered P.corroboree (Moore 1953) and unpublished descriptions of the P.coriacea karyotype. This is the first described cell culture of a species from the genus Pseudophryne Fitzinger, 1843, first published analysis of the P.coriacea karyotype and the first published analysis of centromeric allocation of this genus. Globally there exists a large inventory of tissue samples in cryobanks that are not associated with known recovery mechanisms such as basic cell culture techniques. Detailed cytogenetic analyses of these cryobanked samples are therefore not possible. This work therefore enables: (i) a comparison of the P.coriacea karyotype with that of the critically endangered P.corroboree and (ii) a benchmark for repeat and future cytogenetic and genomic analyses of cryostored samples of this genus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Mollard
- Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3052, AustraliaThe University of MelbourneMelbourneAustralia
- Amphicell Pty Ltd, Cairns, Queensland, AustraliaAmphicell Pty LtdCairnsAustralia
| | - Michael Mahony
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, 2308, AustraliaUniversity of NewcastleCallaghanAustralia
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Ghelli Luserna Di Rorà A, Ghetti M, Ledda L, Ferrari A, Bocconcelli M, Padella A, Napolitano R, Fontana MC, Liverani C, Imbrogno E, Bochicchio MT, Paganelli M, Robustelli V, Sanogo S, Cerchione C, Fumagalli M, Rondoni M, Imovilli A, Musuraca G, Martinelli G, Simonetti G. Exploring the ATR-CHK1 pathway in the response of doxorubicin-induced DNA damages in acute lymphoblastic leukemia cells. Cell Biol Toxicol 2023; 39:795-811. [PMID: 34519926 PMCID: PMC10406704 DOI: 10.1007/s10565-021-09640-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Doxorubicin (Dox) is one of the most commonly used anthracyclines for the treatment of solid and hematological tumors such as B-/T cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Dox compromises topoisomerase II enzyme functionality, thus inducing structural damages during DNA replication and causes direct damages intercalating into DNA double helix. Eukaryotic cells respond to DNA damages by activating the ATM-CHK2 and/or ATR-CHK1 pathway, whose function is to regulate cell cycle progression, to promote damage repair, and to control apoptosis. We evaluated the efficacy of a new drug schedule combining Dox and specific ATR (VE-821) or CHK1 (prexasertib, PX) inhibitors in the treatment of human B-/T cell precursor ALL cell lines and primary ALL leukemic cells. We found that ALL cell lines respond to Dox activating the G2/M cell cycle checkpoint. Exposure of Dox-pretreated ALL cell lines to VE-821 or PX enhanced Dox cytotoxic effect. This phenomenon was associated with the abrogation of the G2/M cell cycle checkpoint with changes in the expression pCDK1 and cyclin B1, and cell entry in mitosis, followed by the induction of apoptosis. Indeed, the inhibition of the G2/M checkpoint led to a significant increment of normal and aberrant mitotic cells, including those showing tripolar spindles, metaphases with lagging chromosomes, and massive chromosomes fragmentation. In conclusion, we found that the ATR-CHK1 pathway is involved in the response to Dox-induced DNA damages and we demonstrated that our new in vitro drug schedule that combines Dox followed by ATR/CHK1 inhibitors can increase Dox cytotoxicity against ALL cells, while using lower drug doses. • Doxorubicin activates the G2/M cell cycle checkpoint in acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) cells. • ALL cells respond to doxorubicin-induced DNA damages by activating the ATR-CHK1 pathway. • The inhibition of the ATR-CHK1 pathway synergizes with doxorubicin in the induction of cytotoxicity in ALL cells. • The inhibition of ATR-CHK1 pathway induces aberrant chromosome segregation and mitotic spindle defects in doxorubicin-pretreated ALL cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Ghelli Luserna Di Rorà
- Biosciences Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Romagnolo per lo Studio dei Tumori (IRST) "Dino Amadori", Via Piero Maroncelli, 40, 47014, Meldola, FC, Italy.
| | - Martina Ghetti
- Biosciences Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Romagnolo per lo Studio dei Tumori (IRST) "Dino Amadori", Via Piero Maroncelli, 40, 47014, Meldola, FC, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Ledda
- Biosciences Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Romagnolo per lo Studio dei Tumori (IRST) "Dino Amadori", Via Piero Maroncelli, 40, 47014, Meldola, FC, Italy
| | - Anna Ferrari
- Biosciences Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Romagnolo per lo Studio dei Tumori (IRST) "Dino Amadori", Via Piero Maroncelli, 40, 47014, Meldola, FC, Italy
| | - Matteo Bocconcelli
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, Institute of Hematology "L. e A. Seràgnoli", University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Antonella Padella
- Biosciences Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Romagnolo per lo Studio dei Tumori (IRST) "Dino Amadori", Via Piero Maroncelli, 40, 47014, Meldola, FC, Italy
| | - Roberta Napolitano
- Biosciences Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Romagnolo per lo Studio dei Tumori (IRST) "Dino Amadori", Via Piero Maroncelli, 40, 47014, Meldola, FC, Italy
| | - Maria Chiara Fontana
- Biosciences Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Romagnolo per lo Studio dei Tumori (IRST) "Dino Amadori", Via Piero Maroncelli, 40, 47014, Meldola, FC, Italy
| | - Chiara Liverani
- Biosciences Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Romagnolo per lo Studio dei Tumori (IRST) "Dino Amadori", Via Piero Maroncelli, 40, 47014, Meldola, FC, Italy
| | - Enrica Imbrogno
- Biosciences Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Romagnolo per lo Studio dei Tumori (IRST) "Dino Amadori", Via Piero Maroncelli, 40, 47014, Meldola, FC, Italy
| | - Maria Teresa Bochicchio
- Biosciences Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Romagnolo per lo Studio dei Tumori (IRST) "Dino Amadori", Via Piero Maroncelli, 40, 47014, Meldola, FC, Italy
| | - Matteo Paganelli
- Biosciences Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Romagnolo per lo Studio dei Tumori (IRST) "Dino Amadori", Via Piero Maroncelli, 40, 47014, Meldola, FC, Italy
| | - Valentina Robustelli
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, Institute of Hematology "L. e A. Seràgnoli", University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Seydou Sanogo
- Biosciences Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Romagnolo per lo Studio dei Tumori (IRST) "Dino Amadori", Via Piero Maroncelli, 40, 47014, Meldola, FC, Italy
| | - Claudio Cerchione
- Hematology Unit, IRCCS Istituto Romagnolo per lo Studio dei Tumori (IRST) "Dino Amadori", Meldola, FC, Italy
| | - Monica Fumagalli
- Hematology Division and Bone Marrow Transplantation Unit, San Gerardo Hospital, Monza, Italy
| | - Michela Rondoni
- Hematology Unit, Ospedale Santa Maria delle Croci, Ravenna, Italy
| | | | - Gerardo Musuraca
- Hematology Unit, IRCCS Istituto Romagnolo per lo Studio dei Tumori (IRST) "Dino Amadori", Meldola, FC, Italy
| | - Giovanni Martinelli
- Scientific Directorate, IRCCS Istituto Romagnolo per lo Studio dei Tumori (IRST) "Dino Amadori", Meldola, FC, Italy
| | - Giorgia Simonetti
- Biosciences Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Romagnolo per lo Studio dei Tumori (IRST) "Dino Amadori", Via Piero Maroncelli, 40, 47014, Meldola, FC, Italy
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Raman MD, Abd Rahman N, Elumalai S, Murugaiyah V, Ong MT. Hevea brasiliensis latex dialysed C-serum precipitate subfraction exerts a negligible level of genotoxicity in the Ames test, mouse lymphoma assay and micronucleus assay. J RUBBER RES 2023; 26:139-153. [DOI: 10.1007/s42464-023-00201-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
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Mathur A, Chinnadurai V, Bhalla PJS, Chandna S. Induction of epithelial-mesenchymal transition in thyroid follicular cells is associated with cell adhesion alterations and low-dose hyper-radiosensitivity. Tumour Biol 2023; 45:95-110. [PMID: 37742670 DOI: 10.3233/tub-220027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is associated with altered cellular adhesion. We previously demonstrated that cellular adhesion influences Low-dose Hyper-Radiosensitivity (HRS) in a variety of tumor cells. However, the relationship of low-dose HRS with the phenotypic plasticity incurred by EMT during the neoplastic transformation remains to be elucidated. OBJECTIVE To investigate whether acquisition of EMT phenotype during progressive neoplastic transformation may affect low-dose radiation sensitivity. METHODS Primary thyroid cells obtained from a human cystic thyroid nodule were first subjected to nutritional stress. This yielded immortalized INM-Thy1 cell strain, which was further treated with either multiple γ-radiation fractions (1.5 Gy each) or repetitive cycles of 3-methylcholanthrene and phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate, yielding two progressive transformants, viz., INM-Thy1R and INM-Thy1C. Morphological alterations, chromosomal double-minutes, cell adhesion proteins, anchorage dependency, tumorigenicity in nude mice and cellular radiosensitivity were studied in these strains. RESULTS Both transformants (INM-Thy1R, INM-Thy1C) displayed progressive tumorigenic features, viz., soft agar colony growth and solid tumor growth in nude mice, coupled with features of epithelial-mesenchymal transition and activated Wnt pathway. Incidentally, the chemical-induced transformant (INM-Thy1C) displayed a prominent HRS (αs/αr = 29.35) which remained unaffected at high cell density. However, the parental (INM-Thy1) cell line as well as radiation-induced transformant (INM-Thy1R) failed to show this hypersensitivity. CONCLUSION The study shows that induction of EMT in thyroid follicular cells may accompany increased susceptibility to low-dose ionizing radiation, which was attenuated by adaptive resistance acquired during radiation-induced transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankit Mathur
- Division of Radiation Biosciences, Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences, Brig. S.K. Mazumdar Road, Timarpur, Delhi, India
| | - Vijayakumar Chinnadurai
- Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences, Brig. S.K. Mazumdar Road, Timarpur, Delhi, India
| | - Param Jit Singh Bhalla
- Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences, Brig. S.K. Mazumdar Road, Timarpur, Delhi, India
| | - Sudhir Chandna
- Division of Radiation Biosciences, Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences, Brig. S.K. Mazumdar Road, Timarpur, Delhi, India
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8
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Pantazis CB, Yang A, Lara E, McDonough JA, Blauwendraat C, Peng L, Oguro H, Kanaujiya J, Zou J, Sebesta D, Pratt G, Cross E, Blockwick J, Buxton P, Kinner-Bibeau L, Medura C, Tompkins C, Hughes S, Santiana M, Faghri F, Nalls MA, Vitale D, Ballard S, Qi YA, Ramos DM, Anderson KM, Stadler J, Narayan P, Papademetriou J, Reilly L, Nelson MP, Aggarwal S, Rosen LU, Kirwan P, Pisupati V, Coon SL, Scholz SW, Priebe T, Öttl M, Dong J, Meijer M, Janssen LJM, Lourenco VS, van der Kant R, Crusius D, Paquet D, Raulin AC, Bu G, Held A, Wainger BJ, Gabriele RMC, Casey JM, Wray S, Abu-Bonsrah D, Parish CL, Beccari MS, Cleveland DW, Li E, Rose IVL, Kampmann M, Calatayud Aristoy C, Verstreken P, Heinrich L, Chen MY, Schüle B, Dou D, Holzbaur ELF, Zanellati MC, Basundra R, Deshmukh M, Cohen S, Khanna R, Raman M, Nevin ZS, Matia M, Van Lent J, Timmerman V, Conklin BR, Johnson Chase K, Zhang K, Funes S, Bosco DA, Erlebach L, Welzer M, Kronenberg-Versteeg D, Lyu G, Arenas E, Coccia E, Sarrafha L, Ahfeldt T, Marioni JC, Skarnes WC, Cookson MR, Ward ME, Merkle FT. A reference human induced pluripotent stem cell line for large-scale collaborative studies. Cell Stem Cell 2022; 29:1685-1702.e22. [PMID: 36459969 PMCID: PMC9782786 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2022.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) lines are a powerful tool for studying development and disease, but the considerable phenotypic variation between lines makes it challenging to replicate key findings and integrate data across research groups. To address this issue, we sub-cloned candidate human iPSC lines and deeply characterized their genetic properties using whole genome sequencing, their genomic stability upon CRISPR-Cas9-based gene editing, and their phenotypic properties including differentiation to commonly used cell types. These studies identified KOLF2.1J as an all-around well-performing iPSC line. We then shared KOLF2.1J with groups around the world who tested its performance in head-to-head comparisons with their own preferred iPSC lines across a diverse range of differentiation protocols and functional assays. On the strength of these findings, we have made KOLF2.1J and its gene-edited derivative clones readily accessible to promote the standardization required for large-scale collaborative science in the stem cell field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline B Pantazis
- Center for Alzheimer's and Related Dementias (CARD), National Institute on Aging and National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Andrian Yang
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SD, UK; Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; Wellcome Trust - Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK; Wellcome Trust - Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK
| | - Erika Lara
- Center for Alzheimer's and Related Dementias (CARD), National Institute on Aging and National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - Cornelis Blauwendraat
- Center for Alzheimer's and Related Dementias (CARD), National Institute on Aging and National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA; Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Lirong Peng
- Center for Alzheimer's and Related Dementias (CARD), National Institute on Aging and National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA; Data Tecnica International LLC, Washington, DC, USA; Integrated Research Facility, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Hideyuki Oguro
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA; Department of Cell Biology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Jitendra Kanaujiya
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA; Department of Cell Biology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Jizhong Zou
- iPS Cell Core Facility, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Marianita Santiana
- Center for Alzheimer's and Related Dementias (CARD), National Institute on Aging and National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Faraz Faghri
- Center for Alzheimer's and Related Dementias (CARD), National Institute on Aging and National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA; Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA; Data Tecnica International LLC, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Mike A Nalls
- Center for Alzheimer's and Related Dementias (CARD), National Institute on Aging and National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA; Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA; Data Tecnica International LLC, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Daniel Vitale
- Center for Alzheimer's and Related Dementias (CARD), National Institute on Aging and National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA; Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA; Data Tecnica International LLC, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Shannon Ballard
- Center for Alzheimer's and Related Dementias (CARD), National Institute on Aging and National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA; Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA; Data Tecnica International LLC, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Yue A Qi
- Center for Alzheimer's and Related Dementias (CARD), National Institute on Aging and National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Daniel M Ramos
- Center for Alzheimer's and Related Dementias (CARD), National Institute on Aging and National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Kailyn M Anderson
- Center for Alzheimer's and Related Dementias (CARD), National Institute on Aging and National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Julia Stadler
- Center for Alzheimer's and Related Dementias (CARD), National Institute on Aging and National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Priyanka Narayan
- Center for Alzheimer's and Related Dementias (CARD), National Institute on Aging and National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA; Genetics and Biochemistry Branch, NIDDK, NINDS, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Jason Papademetriou
- Center for Alzheimer's and Related Dementias (CARD), National Institute on Aging and National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Luke Reilly
- Center for Alzheimer's and Related Dementias (CARD), National Institute on Aging and National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Matthew P Nelson
- Center for Alzheimer's and Related Dementias (CARD), National Institute on Aging and National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Sanya Aggarwal
- Wellcome Trust - Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK; Wellcome Trust - Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK
| | - Leah U Rosen
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SD, UK
| | - Peter Kirwan
- Wellcome Trust - Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK; Wellcome Trust - Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK
| | - Venkat Pisupati
- Wellcome Trust - Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK; John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0PY, UK
| | - Steven L Coon
- Molecular Genomics Core, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Sonja W Scholz
- Neurodegenerative Diseases Research Unit, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD, USA; Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Theresa Priebe
- Department of Functional Genomics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam Neuroscience, VU University Amsterdam de Boelelaan 1087, 1081 HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Miriam Öttl
- Department of Functional Genomics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam Neuroscience, VU University Amsterdam de Boelelaan 1087, 1081 HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jian Dong
- Department of Functional Genomics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam Neuroscience, VU University Amsterdam de Boelelaan 1087, 1081 HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Marieke Meijer
- Department of Functional Genomics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam Neuroscience, VU University Amsterdam de Boelelaan 1087, 1081 HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Lara J M Janssen
- Department of Functional Genomics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam Neuroscience, VU University Amsterdam de Boelelaan 1087, 1081 HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Vanessa S Lourenco
- Department of Functional Genomics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam Neuroscience, VU University Amsterdam de Boelelaan 1087, 1081 HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Rik van der Kant
- Department of Functional Genomics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam Neuroscience, VU University Amsterdam de Boelelaan 1087, 1081 HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Alzheimer Center Amsterdam, Department of Neurology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Dennis Crusius
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Dominik Paquet
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), 81377 Munich, Germany
| | | | - Guojun Bu
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Aaron Held
- Department of Neurology, Sean M. Healey & AMG Center for ALS, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Brian J Wainger
- Department of Neurology, Sean M. Healey & AMG Center for ALS, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA; Broad Institute of Harvard University and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Rebecca M C Gabriele
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Jackie M Casey
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Selina Wray
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Dad Abu-Bonsrah
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience & Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; Department of Pediatrics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Clare L Parish
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience & Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Melinda S Beccari
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine and Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Don W Cleveland
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine and Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Emmy Li
- Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases and Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Indigo V L Rose
- Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases and Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Martin Kampmann
- Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases and Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Carles Calatayud Aristoy
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain & Disease Research, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; KU Leuven, Department of Neurosciences, Leuven Brain Institute, Mission Lucidity, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Patrik Verstreken
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain & Disease Research, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; KU Leuven, Department of Neurosciences, Leuven Brain Institute, Mission Lucidity, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Laurin Heinrich
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Max Y Chen
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Birgitt Schüle
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Dan Dou
- Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Erika L F Holzbaur
- Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Maria Clara Zanellati
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Richa Basundra
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Mohanish Deshmukh
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Sarah Cohen
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Richa Khanna
- Department of Developmental Molecular and Chemical Biology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Malavika Raman
- Department of Developmental Molecular and Chemical Biology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | | | - Jonas Van Lent
- Peripheral Neuropathy Research Group, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp 2610, Belgium
| | - Vincent Timmerman
- Peripheral Neuropathy Research Group, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp 2610, Belgium
| | | | | | - Ke Zhang
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Salome Funes
- Department of Neurology, UMass Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Daryl A Bosco
- Department of Neurology, UMass Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Lena Erlebach
- Department of Cellular Neurology, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen, Germany
| | - Marc Welzer
- Department of Cellular Neurology, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen, Germany
| | - Deborah Kronenberg-Versteeg
- Department of Cellular Neurology, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen, Germany
| | - Guochang Lyu
- Division of Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ernest Arenas
- Division of Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Elena Coccia
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience; Departments of Neurology and Cell, Developmental and Regenerative Biology; Ronald M. Loeb Center for Alzheimer's Disease; Friedman Brain Institute; Black Family Stem Cell Institute at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Lily Sarrafha
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience; Departments of Neurology and Cell, Developmental and Regenerative Biology; Ronald M. Loeb Center for Alzheimer's Disease; Friedman Brain Institute; Black Family Stem Cell Institute at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Tim Ahfeldt
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience; Departments of Neurology and Cell, Developmental and Regenerative Biology; Ronald M. Loeb Center for Alzheimer's Disease; Friedman Brain Institute; Black Family Stem Cell Institute at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - John C Marioni
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SD, UK; Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, UK
| | | | - Mark R Cookson
- Center for Alzheimer's and Related Dementias (CARD), National Institute on Aging and National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA; Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Michael E Ward
- Center for Alzheimer's and Related Dementias (CARD), National Institute on Aging and National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Florian T Merkle
- Wellcome Trust - Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK; Wellcome Trust - Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK.
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Establishment and characterization of chemotherapy-enriched sphere-forming cells with stemness phenotypes as a new cell line (BAG 50) of gastric carcinoma. MEDICAL ONCOLOGY (NORTHWOOD, LONDON, ENGLAND) 2022; 39:201. [PMID: 36175578 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-022-01742-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Gastric cancer is a malignancy with a high mortality rate worldwide. Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are a small subpopulation of tumor cells that possess the tumor-initiating ability, self-renewal capacity, and high resistance to conventional therapies. Due to the diversity and complexity of human tumors, new cell lines are urgently needed to supply clinically and physiologically relevant cancer models. Here, we report establishing a novel cell line (BAG50) with stemness properties. Chemotherapy-enriched sphere-forming cells with CSC properties isolated from a patient with GC were cultured in a serum-containing medium and passaged for up to 51 passages. The colony-forming ability and tumor-forming capacity of BAG50 cells were evaluated in vitro and in vivo. mRNA upregulation of stemness-related transcriptional factors using real-time PCR as well as expression of CSC markers using flow cytometry was investigated. Finally, STR profiling and chromosome studies were performed. BAG50 cells formed floating spheroid colonies in a serum-free medium. Subcutaneous injection of these cells generated xenograft tumors in nude mice. Pluripotency markers (SOX-2, OCT4, and Cripto-1) in them were upregulated compared with normal gastric cells. The majority of them expressed CSC markers of CD44, CD54, and EpCAM, and stemness marker of oct-4. STR profiling showed a unique DNA fingerprint. Karyotype also demonstrated multiple aneuploidies and chromosomal translocations. We suggested that the highly tumorigenic BAG50 cell line with stem cell-like phenotypes may provide a valuable in vitro tool to support new diagnostic, prognostic, and predictive biomarkers as well as the development of more effective treatment strategies.
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ChromoEnhancer: An Artificial-Intelligence-Based Tool to Enhance Neoplastic Karyograms as an Aid for Effective Analysis. Cells 2022; 11:cells11142244. [PMID: 35883687 PMCID: PMC9324748 DOI: 10.3390/cells11142244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytogenetics laboratory tests are among the most important procedures for the diagnosis of genetic diseases, especially in the area of hematological malignancies. Manual chromosomal karyotyping methods are time consuming and labor intensive and, hence, expensive. Therefore, to alleviate the process of analysis, several attempts have been made to enhance karyograms. The current chromosomal image enhancement is based on classical image processing. This approach has its limitations, one of which is that it has a mandatory application to all chromosomes, where customized application to each chromosome is ideal. Moreover, each chromosome needs a different level of enhancement, depending on whether a given area is from the chromosome itself or it is just an artifact from staining. The analysis of poor-quality karyograms, which is a difficulty faced often in preparations from cancer samples, is time consuming and might result in missing the abnormality or difficulty in reporting the exact breakpoint within the chromosome. We developed ChromoEnhancer, a novel artificial-intelligence-based method to enhance neoplastic karyogram images. The method is based on Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs) with a data-centric approach. GANs are known for the conversion of one image domain to another. We used GANs to convert poor-quality karyograms into good-quality images. Our method of karyogram enhancement led to robust routine cytogenetic analysis and, therefore, to accurate detection of cryptic chromosomal abnormalities. To evaluate ChromoEnahancer, we randomly assigned a subset of the enhanced images and their corresponding original (unenhanced) images to two independent cytogeneticists to measure the karyogram quality and the elapsed time to complete the analysis, using four rating criteria, each scaled from 1 to 5. Furthermore, we compared the enhanced images with our method to the original ones, using quantitative measures (PSNR and SSIM metrics).
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11
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Gatua M, Navari M, Ong’ondi M, Onyango N, Kaggia S, Rogena E, Visani G, Abinya NA, Piccaluga PP. Molecular Profiling of Kenyan Acute Myeloid Leukemia Patients. Front Genet 2022; 13:843705. [PMID: 35836575 PMCID: PMC9274457 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.843705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is an infrequent disease, and it is associated with high morbidity and mortality. It harbors a unique configuration of cytogenetic abnormalities and molecular mutations that can be detected using microscopic and molecular methods respectively. These genetic tests are core elements of diagnosis and prognostication in high-income countries. They are routinely incorporated in clinical decision making, allowing for the individualization of therapy. However, these tests are largely inaccessible to most patients in Kenya and therefore no data has been reported on this group of patients. The main purpose of this study is to describe the cytogenetic and molecular abnormalities of acute myeloid leukemia patients seen at the hemato-oncology unit of Kenyatta National Hospital. A cross-sectional descriptive study was carried out over a 3-month period on ten patients with a diagnosis of AML. Social demographics and clinical data were collected through a study proforma. A peripheral blood sample was collected for conventional metaphase G-banding technique and next generation sequencing. Particularly, targeted DNA sequencing (Illumina myeloid panel) and whole exome sequencing (WES) were performed. Cytogenetic analysis failed in 10/10 cases. Targeted sequencing was successfully obtained in 8 cases, whereas WES in 7. Cytogenetic studies yielded no results. There were 20 mutations detected across 10 commonly mutated genes. All patients had at least one clinically relevant mutation. Based on ELN criteria, NGS identified three patients with high-risk mutations, affecting TP53 (n = 2) and RUNX1 (n = 1). One patient was classified as favorable (PML-RARA) while 4 were standard risk. However, WT1 mutations associated with unfavorable prognosis were recorded in additional 2 cases. WES showed concordant results with targeted sequencing while unveiling more mutations that warrant further attention. In conclusion, we provide the first molecular profiling study of AML patients in Kenya including application of advanced next generation sequencing technologies, highlighting current limitations of AML diagnostics and treatment while confirming the relevance of NGS in AML characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mercy Gatua
- Biobank of Research, IRCCS S. Orsola-Malpighi Academic Hospital, Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, Institute of Hematology and Medical Oncology “L. and A. Seràgnoli”, University of Bologna School of Medicine, Bologna, Italy
- Kenyatta National Hospital, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Mohsen Navari
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Paramedical Sciences, Torbat Heydariyeh University of Medical Sciences, Torbat Heydariyeh, Iran
- Bioinformatics Research Group, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Research Center of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Torbat Heydariyeh University of Medical Sciences, Torbat Heydariyeh, Iran
| | | | - Noel Onyango
- Nairobi Hospital, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Serah Kaggia
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Juja, Kenya
| | - Emily Rogena
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Juja, Kenya
| | - Giuseppe Visani
- Hematology and Stem Cell Transplantation, AORMN, Pesaro, Italy
| | | | - Pier Paolo Piccaluga
- Biobank of Research, IRCCS S. Orsola-Malpighi Academic Hospital, Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, Institute of Hematology and Medical Oncology “L. and A. Seràgnoli”, University of Bologna School of Medicine, Bologna, Italy
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Juja, Kenya
- Istituto Euro-Mediterraneo di Scienza e Tecnologia (IEMEST), Palermo, Italy
- Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
- *Correspondence: Pier Paolo Piccaluga,
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12
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CCAR2 controls mitotic progression through spatiotemporal regulation of Aurora B. Cell Death Dis 2022; 13:534. [PMID: 35672287 PMCID: PMC9174277 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-022-04990-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
CCAR2 (cell cycle and apoptosis regulator 2) is a multifaceted protein involved in cell survival and death following cytotoxic stress. However, little is known about the physiological functions of CCAR2 in regulating cell proliferation in the absence of external stimuli. The present study shows that CCAR2-deficient cells possess multilobulated nuclei, suggesting a defect in cell division. In particular, the duration of mitotic phase was perturbed. This disturbance of mitotic progression resulted from premature loss of cohesion with the centromere, and inactivation of the spindle assembly checkpoint during prometaphase and metaphase. It resulted in the formation of lagging chromosomes during anaphase, leading ultimately to the activation of the abscission checkpoint to halt cytokinesis. The CCAR2-dependent mitotic progression was related to spatiotemporal regulation of active Aurora B. In conclusion, the results suggest that CCAR2 governs mitotic events, including proper chromosome segregation and cytokinetic division, to maintain chromosomal stability.
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13
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Parashar D, Geethadevi A, Mittal S, McAlarnen LA, George J, Kadamberi IP, Gupta P, Uyar DS, Hopp EE, Drendel H, Bishop EA, Bradley WH, Bone KM, Rader JS, Pradeep S, Chaluvally-Raghavan P. Patient-Derived Ovarian Cancer Spheroids Rely on PI3K-AKT Signaling Addiction for Cancer Stemness and Chemoresistance. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14040958. [PMID: 35205706 PMCID: PMC8870411 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14040958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) is the most fatal gynecological cancer with poor survival rates and high mortality. EOC patients respond to standard platinum-based chemotherapy in the beginning, but relapse often due to chemoresistance. Ovarian cancer cells disseminate from the ovarian tumors and spread within the abdomen, where ascites fluid supports the growth and transition. Malignant ascites is present in a third of patients at diagnosis and is considered as a major source of chemoresistance, recurrence, poor survival, and mortality. Malignant ascites is a complex fluid that contains a pro-tumorigenic environment with disseminated cancer cells in 3D spheroids form. In this study, we established an ovarian cancer cell line and identified that 3D spheroids develop from the 2D monolayer, and the platinum-resistant phenotype develops due to the aberrant PI3K-AKT signaling in tumor cells. Furthermore, when we used a combinatorial approach of cisplatin with LY-294002 (a PI3K-AKT dual kinase inhibitor) to treat the cisplatin version of both MCW-OV-SL-3 and A-2780 cell lines, it prevented the 3D spheroid formation ability and also sensitized the cells for cisplatin. In brief, our results provided evidence to advance therapeutic approaches to treat cisplatin resistance in ovarian cancer patients. Abstract Ovarian cancer is the most lethal gynecological malignancy among women worldwide and is characterized by aggressiveness, cancer stemness, and frequent relapse due to resistance to platinum-based therapy. Ovarian cancer cells metastasize through ascites fluid as 3D spheroids which are more resistant to apoptosis and chemotherapeutic agents. However, the precise mechanism as an oncogenic addiction that makes 3D spheroids resistant to apoptosis and chemotherapeutic agents is not understood. To study the signaling addiction mechanism that occurs during cancer progression in patients, we developed an endometrioid subtype ovarian cancer cell line named ‘MCW-OV-SL-3’ from the ovary of a 70-year-old patient with stage 1A endometrioid adenocarcinoma of the ovary. We found that the cell line MCW-OV-SL-3 exhibits interstitial duplication of 1q (q21–q42), where this duplication resulted in high expression of the PIK3C2B gene and aberrant activation of PI3K-AKT-ERK signaling. Using short tandem repeat (STR) analysis, we demonstrated that the cell line exhibits a unique genetic identity compared to existing ovarian cancer cell lines. Notably, the MCW-OV-SL-3 cell line was able to form 3D spheroids spontaneously, which is an inherent property of tumor cells when plated on cell culture dishes. Importantly, the tumor spheroids derived from the MCW-OV-SL-3 cell line expressed high levels of c-Kit, PROM1, ZEB1, SNAI, VIM, and Twist1 compared to 2D monolayer cells. We also observed that the hyperactivation of ERK and PI3K/AKT signaling in these cancer cells resulted in resistance to cisplatin. In summary, the MCW-OV-SL3 endometrioid cell line is an excellent model to study the mechanism of cancer stemness and chemoresistance in endometrioid ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepak Parashar
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA; (D.P.); (A.G.); (S.M.); (L.A.M.); (J.G.); (I.P.K.); (P.G.); (D.S.U.); (E.E.H.); (E.A.B.); (W.H.B.); (J.S.R.); (S.P.)
| | - Anjali Geethadevi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA; (D.P.); (A.G.); (S.M.); (L.A.M.); (J.G.); (I.P.K.); (P.G.); (D.S.U.); (E.E.H.); (E.A.B.); (W.H.B.); (J.S.R.); (S.P.)
| | - Sonam Mittal
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA; (D.P.); (A.G.); (S.M.); (L.A.M.); (J.G.); (I.P.K.); (P.G.); (D.S.U.); (E.E.H.); (E.A.B.); (W.H.B.); (J.S.R.); (S.P.)
| | - Lindsey A. McAlarnen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA; (D.P.); (A.G.); (S.M.); (L.A.M.); (J.G.); (I.P.K.); (P.G.); (D.S.U.); (E.E.H.); (E.A.B.); (W.H.B.); (J.S.R.); (S.P.)
| | - Jasmine George
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA; (D.P.); (A.G.); (S.M.); (L.A.M.); (J.G.); (I.P.K.); (P.G.); (D.S.U.); (E.E.H.); (E.A.B.); (W.H.B.); (J.S.R.); (S.P.)
| | - Ishaque P. Kadamberi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA; (D.P.); (A.G.); (S.M.); (L.A.M.); (J.G.); (I.P.K.); (P.G.); (D.S.U.); (E.E.H.); (E.A.B.); (W.H.B.); (J.S.R.); (S.P.)
| | - Prachi Gupta
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA; (D.P.); (A.G.); (S.M.); (L.A.M.); (J.G.); (I.P.K.); (P.G.); (D.S.U.); (E.E.H.); (E.A.B.); (W.H.B.); (J.S.R.); (S.P.)
| | - Denise S. Uyar
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA; (D.P.); (A.G.); (S.M.); (L.A.M.); (J.G.); (I.P.K.); (P.G.); (D.S.U.); (E.E.H.); (E.A.B.); (W.H.B.); (J.S.R.); (S.P.)
| | - Elizabeth E. Hopp
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA; (D.P.); (A.G.); (S.M.); (L.A.M.); (J.G.); (I.P.K.); (P.G.); (D.S.U.); (E.E.H.); (E.A.B.); (W.H.B.); (J.S.R.); (S.P.)
| | - Holli Drendel
- Department of Pathology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA; (H.D.); (K.M.B.)
| | - Erin A. Bishop
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA; (D.P.); (A.G.); (S.M.); (L.A.M.); (J.G.); (I.P.K.); (P.G.); (D.S.U.); (E.E.H.); (E.A.B.); (W.H.B.); (J.S.R.); (S.P.)
| | - William H. Bradley
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA; (D.P.); (A.G.); (S.M.); (L.A.M.); (J.G.); (I.P.K.); (P.G.); (D.S.U.); (E.E.H.); (E.A.B.); (W.H.B.); (J.S.R.); (S.P.)
| | - Kathleen M. Bone
- Department of Pathology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA; (H.D.); (K.M.B.)
| | - Janet S. Rader
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA; (D.P.); (A.G.); (S.M.); (L.A.M.); (J.G.); (I.P.K.); (P.G.); (D.S.U.); (E.E.H.); (E.A.B.); (W.H.B.); (J.S.R.); (S.P.)
| | - Sunila Pradeep
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA; (D.P.); (A.G.); (S.M.); (L.A.M.); (J.G.); (I.P.K.); (P.G.); (D.S.U.); (E.E.H.); (E.A.B.); (W.H.B.); (J.S.R.); (S.P.)
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
- Cancer Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Pradeep Chaluvally-Raghavan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA; (D.P.); (A.G.); (S.M.); (L.A.M.); (J.G.); (I.P.K.); (P.G.); (D.S.U.); (E.E.H.); (E.A.B.); (W.H.B.); (J.S.R.); (S.P.)
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
- Cancer Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
- Correspondence:
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14
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Rajan A, Varghese GR, Yadev I, Anandan J, Latha NR, Patra D, Krishnan N, Kuppusamy K, Warrier AV, Bhushan S, Nadhan R, Ram Kumar RM, Srinivas P. Modulation of BRCA1 mediated DNA damage repair by deregulated ER-α signaling in breast cancers. Am J Cancer Res 2022; 12:17-47. [PMID: 35141003 PMCID: PMC8822286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BRCA1 mutation carriers have a greater risk of developing cancers in hormone-responsive tissues like breasts and ovaries. However, this tissue-specific incidence of BRCA1 related cancers remains elusive. The majority of the BRCA1 mutated breast cancers exhibit typical histopathological features of high-grade tumors, with basal epithelial phenotype, classified as triple-negative molecular subtype and have a higher percentage of DNA damage and chromosomal abnormality. Though there are many studies relating BRCA1 with ER-α (Estrogen receptor-α), it has not been reported whether E2 (Estrogen) -ER-α signaling can modulate the DNA repair activities of BRCA1. The present study analyzes whether deregulation of ER-α signaling, arising as a result of E2/ER-α deficiency, could impact the BRCA1 dependent DDR (DNA Damage Response) pathways, predominantly those of DNA-DSB (Double Strand break) repair and oxidative damage response. We demonstrate that E2/E2-stimulated ER-α can augment BRCA1 mediated high fidelity repairs like HRR (Homologous Recombination Repair) and BER (Base Excision Repair) in breast cancer cells. Conversely, a condition of ER-α deficiency itself or any interruption in ligand-dependent ER-α transactivation resulted in delayed DNA damage repair, leading to persistent activation of γH2AX and retention of unrepaired DNA lesions, thereby triggering tumor progression. ER-α deficiency not only limited the HRR in cells but also facilitated the DSB repair through error prone pathways like NHEJ (Non Homologous End Joining). ER-α deficiency associated persistence of DNA lesions and reduced expression of DDR proteins were validated in human mammary tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arathi Rajan
- Cancer Research Program, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for BiotechnologyThiruvananthapuram 695014, Kerala, India
- Department of Biotechnology, University of KeralaThiruvananthapuram 695011, Kerala, India
| | - Geetu R Varghese
- Cancer Research Program, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for BiotechnologyThiruvananthapuram 695014, Kerala, India
| | - Induprabha Yadev
- Goverment Medical CollegeThiruvananthapuram 695011, Kerala, India
| | - Jaimie Anandan
- Goverment Medical CollegeThiruvananthapuram 695011, Kerala, India
| | - Neetha R Latha
- Cancer Research Program, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for BiotechnologyThiruvananthapuram 695014, Kerala, India
| | - Dipyaman Patra
- Cancer Research Program, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for BiotechnologyThiruvananthapuram 695014, Kerala, India
| | - Neethu Krishnan
- Cancer Research Program, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for BiotechnologyThiruvananthapuram 695014, Kerala, India
| | - Krithiga Kuppusamy
- Cancer Research Program, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for BiotechnologyThiruvananthapuram 695014, Kerala, India
| | - Arathy V Warrier
- Cancer Research Program, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for BiotechnologyThiruvananthapuram 695014, Kerala, India
| | - Satej Bhushan
- Cancer Research Program, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for BiotechnologyThiruvananthapuram 695014, Kerala, India
| | - Revathy Nadhan
- Cancer Research Program, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for BiotechnologyThiruvananthapuram 695014, Kerala, India
- OU Health Stephenson Cancer CentreOklahoma, United State
| | - Ram Mohan Ram Kumar
- Cancer Research Program, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for BiotechnologyThiruvananthapuram 695014, Kerala, India
| | - Priya Srinivas
- Cancer Research Program, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for BiotechnologyThiruvananthapuram 695014, Kerala, India
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15
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Jalil S, Keskinen T, Maldonado R, Sokka J, Trokovic R, Otonkoski T, Wartiovaara K. Simultaneous high-efficiency base editing and reprogramming of patient fibroblasts. Stem Cell Reports 2021; 16:3064-3075. [PMID: 34822772 PMCID: PMC8693657 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2021.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) allow in vitro study of genetic diseases and hold potential for personalized stem cell therapy. Gene editing, precisely modifying specifically targeted loci, represents a valuable tool for different hiPSC applications. This is especially useful in monogenic diseases to dissect the function of unknown mutations or to create genetically corrected, patient-derived hiPSCs. Here we describe a highly efficient method for simultaneous base editing and reprogramming of fibroblasts employing a CRISPR-Cas9 adenine base editor. As a proof of concept, we apply this approach to generate gene-edited hiPSCs from skin biopsies of four patients carrying a Finnish-founder pathogenic point mutation in either NOTCH3 or LDLR genes. We also show LDLR activity restoration after the gene correction. Overall, this method yields tens of gene-edited hiPSC monoclonal lines with unprecedented efficiency and robustness while considerably reducing the cell culture time and thus the risk for in vitro alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sami Jalil
- Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00290 Helsinki, Uusimaa, Finland
| | - Timo Keskinen
- Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00290 Helsinki, Uusimaa, Finland
| | - Rocío Maldonado
- Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00290 Helsinki, Uusimaa, Finland
| | - Joonas Sokka
- Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00290 Helsinki, Uusimaa, Finland
| | - Ras Trokovic
- Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00290 Helsinki, Uusimaa, Finland
| | - Timo Otonkoski
- Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00290 Helsinki, Uusimaa, Finland; Department of Pediatrics, Helsinki University Hospital, 00290 Helsinki, Uusimaa, Finland
| | - Kirmo Wartiovaara
- Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00290 Helsinki, Uusimaa, Finland; Department of Clinical Genetics, Helsinki University Hospital, 00290 Helsinki, Uusimaa, Finland.
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16
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Rozario AM, Duwé S, Elliott C, Hargreaves RB, Moseley GW, Dedecker P, Whelan DR, Bell TDM. Nanoscale characterization of drug-induced microtubule filament dysfunction using super-resolution microscopy. BMC Biol 2021; 19:260. [PMID: 34895240 PMCID: PMC8665533 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-021-01164-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The integrity of microtubule filament networks is essential for the roles in diverse cellular functions, and disruption of its structure or dynamics has been explored as a therapeutic approach to tackle diseases such as cancer. Microtubule-interacting drugs, sometimes referred to as antimitotics, are used in cancer therapy to target and disrupt microtubules. However, due to associated side effects on healthy cells, there is a need to develop safer drug regimens that still retain clinical efficacy. Currently, many questions remain open regarding the extent of effects on cellular physiology of microtubule-interacting drugs at clinically relevant and low doses. Here, we use super-resolution microscopies (single-molecule localization and optical fluctuation based) to reveal the initial microtubule dysfunctions caused by nanomolar concentrations of colcemid. RESULTS We identify previously undetected microtubule (MT) damage caused by clinically relevant doses of colcemid. Short exposure to 30-80 nM colcemid results in aberrant microtubule curvature, with a trend of increased curvature associated to increased doses, and curvatures greater than 2 rad/μm, a value associated with MT breakage. Microtubule fragmentation was detected upon treatment with ≥ 100 nM colcemid. Remarkably, lower doses (< 20 nM after 5 h) led to subtle but significant microtubule architecture remodelling characterized by increased curvature and suppression of microtubule dynamics. CONCLUSIONS Our results support the emerging hypothesis that microtubule-interacting drugs induce non-mitotic effects in cells, and establish a multi-modal imaging assay for detecting and measuring nanoscale microtubule dysfunction. The sub-diffraction visualization of these less severe precursor perturbations compared to the established antimitotic effects of microtubule-interacting drugs offers potential for improved understanding and design of anticancer agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley M Rozario
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, 3800, Australia
| | - Sam Duwé
- Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, 3590, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Cade Elliott
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, 3800, Australia
| | | | - Gregory W Moseley
- Department of Microbiology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Clayton, 3800, Australia
| | - Peter Dedecker
- Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, 3001, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Donna R Whelan
- La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bendigo, 3552, Australia.
| | - Toby D M Bell
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, 3800, Australia.
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17
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Dutta M, Mahanta P, Basumatary B, Konwar R. A Case-Control Study on Chromosomal Anomalies in Parents Experiencing Repeated Spontaneous Abortions From Northern India. Cureus 2021; 13:e19819. [PMID: 34853771 PMCID: PMC8608847 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.19819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Many women lose their fetuses through miscarriage due to a variety of causes. The incidence of three or more consecutive pregnancy losses is often classified as repeated spontaneous abortion (RSA) and is considered the most frustrating and complex area in reproductive medicine. Parental chromosomal abnormalities, underlying medical condition, heritable or acquired thrombophilias, immunologic abnormalities, infections, and environmental factors are reported to be possible etiologies responsible for RSA. Gametes with unbalanced chromosomes, which are formed when abnormalities exist in parent chromosomes, are one such cause and are responsible for about 50-60% of first-trimester pregnancy loss. This paper aims to identify whether there is an association between chromosomal anomalies in parents and RSA. Method A case-control study was performed on a total sample size of 600 individuals, including 150 couples with a history of RSA and 150 fertile couples as control. The participants were cytogenetically analyzed using G-banding. Associations between variables were tested using Chi-square and Fisher’s exact test (a p-value<0.05 was considered significant). Informed consent from participants and institutional ethical clearance was obtained before the research began. Results Chromosomal anomalies were detected in 21 individuals (7%) with a history of RSA. Female preponderance was observed with a female to male ratio of 2.5:1. Structural chromosomal aberrations (SCAs) were detected in 17 patients, with nine (53%) cases showing balanced reciprocal translocation (involving chromosomes 1,3,6,8,12,13,15,16,18,22 and X) and three (17.65%) cases of Robertsonian translocation (exclusively in males). Mosaicism was observed in four (19.05%) cases. A statistically significant positive association (p-value <0.05) was observed between the presence of parental chromosomal anomalies and RSA. Conclusion These results support an association between RSA and parental chromosomal abnormalities. Currently, clinicians treating cases of RSA face challenging clinical conditions. Identifying a cytogenetic cause for RSA may be of great help to clinicians who manage affected couples.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Putul Mahanta
- Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Assam Medical College and Hospital, Dibrugarh, IND
| | - Bharati Basumatary
- Radiology, Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed Medical College (FAAMC) and Hospital, Barpeta, IND
| | - Ranjumoni Konwar
- Radiology, Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed Medical College (FAAMC) and Hospital, Barpeta, IND
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18
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Khampang S, Cho IK, Punyawai K, Gill B, Langmo JN, Nath S, Greeson KW, Symosko KM, Fowler KL, Tian S, Statz JP, Steves AN, Parnpai R, White MA, Hennebold JD, Orwig KE, Simerly CR, Schatten G, Easley CA. Blastocyst development after fertilization with in vitro spermatids derived from nonhuman primate embryonic stem cells. F&S SCIENCE 2021; 2:365-375. [PMID: 34970648 PMCID: PMC8716017 DOI: 10.1016/j.xfss.2021.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To demonstrate that functional spermatids can be derived in vitro from nonhuman primate pluripotent stem cells. DESIGN Green fluorescent protein-labeled, rhesus macaque nonhuman primate embryonic stem cells (nhpESCs) were differentiated into advanced male germ cell lineages using a modified serum-free spermatogonial stem cell culture medium. In vitro-derived round spermatid-like cells (rSLCs) from differentiated nhpESCs were assessed for their ability to fertilize rhesus oocytes by intracytoplasmic sperm(atid) injection. SETTING Multiple academic laboratory settings. PATIENTS Not applicable. INTERVENTIONS Intracytoplasmic sperm(atid) injection of in vitro-derived spermatids from nhpESCs into rhesus macaque oocytes. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Differentiation into spermatogenic cell lineages was measured through multiple assessments including ribonucleic acid sequencing and immunocytochemistry for various spermatogenic markers. In vitro spermatids were assessed for their ability to fertilize oocytes by intracytoplasmic sperm(atid) injection by assessing early fertilization events such as spermatid deoxyribonucleic acid decondensation and pronucleus formation/apposition. Preimplantation embryo development from the one-cell zygote stage to the blastocyst stage was also assessed. RESULTS Nonhuman primate embryonic stem cells can be differentiated into advanced germ cell lineages, including haploid rSLCs. These rSLCs undergo deoxyribonucleic acid decondensation and pronucleus formation/apposition when microinjected into rhesus macaque mature oocytes, which, after artificial activation and coinjection of ten-eleven translocation 3 protein, undergo embryonic divisions with approximately 12% developing successfully into expanded blastocysts. CONCLUSIONS This work demonstrates that rSLCs, generated in vitro from primate pluripotent stem cells, mimic many of the capabilities of in vivo round spermatids and perform events essential for preimplantation development. To our knowledge, this work represents, for the first time, that functional spermatid-like cells can be derived in vitro from primate pluripotent stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujittra Khampang
- Division of Neuropharmacology and Neurologic Diseases; Yerkes National Primate Research Center; Atlanta, Georgia.,Embryo Technology and Stem Cell Research Center, School of Biotechnology, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand
| | - In Ki Cho
- Division of Neuropharmacology and Neurologic Diseases; Yerkes National Primate Research Center; Atlanta, Georgia.,Department of Environmental Health Science, College of Public Health, University of Georgia; Athens, Georgia.,Regenerative Bioscience Center; University of Georgia; Athens, Georgia
| | - Kanchana Punyawai
- Division of Neuropharmacology and Neurologic Diseases; Yerkes National Primate Research Center; Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Brittany Gill
- Department of Environmental Health Science, College of Public Health, University of Georgia; Athens, Georgia.,Regenerative Bioscience Center; University of Georgia; Athens, Georgia
| | - Jacqueline N Langmo
- Department of Environmental Health Science, College of Public Health, University of Georgia; Athens, Georgia.,Regenerative Bioscience Center; University of Georgia; Athens, Georgia
| | - Shivangi Nath
- Department of Genetics, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
| | - Katherine W Greeson
- Department of Environmental Health Science, College of Public Health, University of Georgia; Athens, Georgia.,Regenerative Bioscience Center; University of Georgia; Athens, Georgia
| | - Krista M Symosko
- Department of Environmental Health Science, College of Public Health, University of Georgia; Athens, Georgia.,Regenerative Bioscience Center; University of Georgia; Athens, Georgia
| | - Kristen L Fowler
- Department of Environmental Health Science, College of Public Health, University of Georgia; Athens, Georgia.,Regenerative Bioscience Center; University of Georgia; Athens, Georgia
| | - Siran Tian
- Division of Neuropharmacology and Neurologic Diseases; Yerkes National Primate Research Center; Atlanta, Georgia
| | - John P Statz
- Division of Reproductive and Developmental Sciences, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, Oregon.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Alyse N Steves
- Division of Neuropharmacology and Neurologic Diseases; Yerkes National Primate Research Center; Atlanta, Georgia.,Regenerative Bioscience Center; University of Georgia; Athens, Georgia
| | - Rangsun Parnpai
- Embryo Technology and Stem Cell Research Center, School of Biotechnology, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand
| | - Michael A White
- Department of Genetics, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
| | - Jon D Hennebold
- Division of Reproductive and Developmental Sciences, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, Oregon.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Kyle E Orwig
- Magee-Womens Research Institute and Departments of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Cell Biology and Bioengineering; University of Pittsburgh; Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Calvin R Simerly
- Magee-Womens Research Institute and Departments of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Cell Biology and Bioengineering; University of Pittsburgh; Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Gerald Schatten
- Magee-Womens Research Institute and Departments of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Cell Biology and Bioengineering; University of Pittsburgh; Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Charles A Easley
- Division of Neuropharmacology and Neurologic Diseases; Yerkes National Primate Research Center; Atlanta, Georgia.,Department of Environmental Health Science, College of Public Health, University of Georgia; Athens, Georgia.,Regenerative Bioscience Center; University of Georgia; Athens, Georgia
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19
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Panwar U, Mishra K, Patel P, Bharadva S, Vaniawala S, Shah A, Vundinti BR, Kothari SL, Ghosh K. Assessment of Long-Term in vitro Multiplied Human Wharton's Jelly-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells prior to Their Use in Clinical Administration. Cells Tissues Organs 2021; 210:239-249. [PMID: 34521091 DOI: 10.1159/000517423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The quantity of mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) required for a particular therapy demands their subsequent expansion through ex vivo culture. During in vitro multiplication, they undergo replicative senescence which may alter their genetic stability. Therefore, this study was aimed to analyze cellular, molecular, and chromosomal alterations in Wharton's jelly-derived MSCs (WJ-MSCs) during their in vitro sequential passages, where WJ-MSCs were sequentially passaged up to P14 and cells were evaluated at an interval of P2, P6, P10, and P14. They were examined for their morphology, tumorigenicity, surface markers, stemness markers, DNA damage, chromosomal aberration, and telomere length. We have processed five full-term delivered human umbilical cord samples to obtain WJ-MSCs. Morphological appearance observed at initial stages was small fine spindle-shaped WJ-MSCs which were transformed to flat, long, and broader cells in later passages. The cell proliferation rate was gradually decreased after the 10th passage. WJ-MSCs have expressed stemness markers OCT-4 and NANOG, while they showed high expression of positive surface markers CD90 and CD105 and lower expression of CD34 and CD45. They were non-tumorigenic with slow cellular aging during subsequent passages. There was no chromosomal abnormality up to the 14th passage, while increase in comet score and decrease in telomere length were observed in later passages. Hence, our study suggests that early and middle passaged (less than P10) WJ-MSCs are good candidates for clinical administration for treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urvi Panwar
- Surat Raktadan Kendra and Research Centre, Surat, India, .,Amity University Rajasthan, Jaipur, India,
| | | | - Parizad Patel
- Surat Raktadan Kendra and Research Centre, Surat, India
| | | | | | - Anjali Shah
- ICMR - National Institute of Immunohaematology, Mumbai, India
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20
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Fagerstedt KW, Böhling T, Sihto H, Salonen T, Zhao F, Kero M, Andersson LC, Arola J. GNEN-1: a spontaneously immortalized cell line from gastric neuroendocrine neoplasia. Endocr Connect 2021; 10:1055-1064. [PMID: 34348234 PMCID: PMC8428042 DOI: 10.1530/ec-21-0206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Mixed neuroendocrine-non-neuroendocrine neoplasms (MINEN) are rare tumors that consist of at least 30% of both neuroendocrine and non-neuroendocrine components. The data concerning the pathogenesis of MINEN suggest a monoclonal origin. We describe a spontaneously immortalized cell line derived from gastric MINEN called GNEN-1. Primary tumor consisted of components of high-grade neuroendocrine carcinoma and adenocarcinoma. The GNEN-1 cell line was initiated from metastatic tumor cells of peritoneal fluid and expresses a purely neuroendocrine phenotype. The GNEN-1 cell line grows as monolayers and has retained the neuroendocrine phenotype with positivity for chromogranin A in immunohistochemistry. Electron microscopy showed cytoplasmic dense core granules and axon hillocks. The karyotype revealed alterations typical of both adenocarcinoma and neuroendocrine carcinoma such as trisomy 7 and 8. GNEN-1 cells were also positive for stanniocalcin-1, a marker of poor prognosis in gastric carcinomas. Expression of several markers related to neuroendocrine tumors was found. There have been only a few studies on the pathogenesis of MINEN and management of the disease due to the rarity of this tumor type. Here we describe for the first time an immortalized cell line derived from mixed gastric NEN. The GNEN-1 line offers a tool for future research on gastric NEN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaus W Fagerstedt
- Department of Pathology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Correspondence should be addressed to K W Fagerstedt:
| | - Tom Böhling
- Department of Pathology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- HUH Diagnostic Center and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Harri Sihto
- Department of Pathology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tarja Salonen
- HUH Diagnostic Center and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Fang Zhao
- Department of Pathology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mia Kero
- Department of Pathology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- HUH Diagnostic Center and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Leif C Andersson
- Department of Pathology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Johanna Arola
- Department of Pathology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- HUH Diagnostic Center and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
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21
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Tenan MR, Nicolle A, Moralli D, Verbouwe E, Jankowska JD, Durin MA, Green CM, Mandriota SJ, Sappino AP. Aluminum Enters Mammalian Cells and Destabilizes Chromosome Structure and Number. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22179515. [PMID: 34502420 PMCID: PMC8431747 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22179515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Chromosome instability (CIN) consists of high rates of structural and numerical chromosome abnormalities and is a well-known hallmark of cancer. Aluminum is added to many industrial products of frequent use. Yet, it has no known physiological role and is a suspected human carcinogen. Here, we show that V79 cells, a well-established model for the evaluation of candidate chemical carcinogens in regulatory toxicology, when cultured in presence of aluminum—in the form of aluminum chloride (AlCl3) and at concentrations in the range of those measured in human tissues—incorporate the metal in a dose-dependent manner, predominantly accumulating it in the perinuclear region. Intracellular aluminum accumulation rapidly leads to a dose-dependent increase in DNA double strand breaks (DSB), in chromosome numerical abnormalities (aneuploidy) and to proliferation arrest in the G2/M phase of the cell cycle. During mitosis, V79 cells exposed to aluminum assemble abnormal multipolar mitotic spindles and appear to cluster supernumerary centrosomes, possibly explaining why they accumulate chromosome segregation errors and damage. We postulate that chronic aluminum absorption favors CIN in mammalian cells, thus promoting carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirna R. Tenan
- Laboratoire de Cancérogenèse Environnementale, Fondation des Grangettes, 1224 Chêne-Bougeries, Switzerland; (A.N.); (E.V.); (S.J.M.); (A.-P.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +41-22-3050480
| | - Adeline Nicolle
- Laboratoire de Cancérogenèse Environnementale, Fondation des Grangettes, 1224 Chêne-Bougeries, Switzerland; (A.N.); (E.V.); (S.J.M.); (A.-P.S.)
| | - Daniela Moralli
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK; (D.M.); (J.D.J.); (M.-A.D.); (C.M.G.)
| | - Emeline Verbouwe
- Laboratoire de Cancérogenèse Environnementale, Fondation des Grangettes, 1224 Chêne-Bougeries, Switzerland; (A.N.); (E.V.); (S.J.M.); (A.-P.S.)
| | - Julia D. Jankowska
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK; (D.M.); (J.D.J.); (M.-A.D.); (C.M.G.)
| | - Mary-Anne Durin
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK; (D.M.); (J.D.J.); (M.-A.D.); (C.M.G.)
| | - Catherine M. Green
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK; (D.M.); (J.D.J.); (M.-A.D.); (C.M.G.)
| | - Stefano J. Mandriota
- Laboratoire de Cancérogenèse Environnementale, Fondation des Grangettes, 1224 Chêne-Bougeries, Switzerland; (A.N.); (E.V.); (S.J.M.); (A.-P.S.)
| | - André-Pascal Sappino
- Laboratoire de Cancérogenèse Environnementale, Fondation des Grangettes, 1224 Chêne-Bougeries, Switzerland; (A.N.); (E.V.); (S.J.M.); (A.-P.S.)
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22
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Shetty D, Jain H, Rohil Y, Khattry N, Sengar M, Bagal B, Jain H, Gokarn A, Punatar S, Avinash Bonda VN, Subramanian PG. Role of cytogenetic abnormalities detected by fluorescence in situ hybridization as a prognostic marker: Pathogenesis & clinical course in patients with B-chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. Indian J Med Res 2021; 153:475-483. [PMID: 34380794 PMCID: PMC8354055 DOI: 10.4103/ijmr.ijmr_2257_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background & objectives: B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (B-CLL) is one of the most common forms of adult leukaemia, with a highly variable clinical course. Specific chromosomal and genetic aberrations are used clinically to predict prognosis, independent from conventional clinical markers. Molecular cytogenetic methods such as fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) detect aberrations in up to 80 per cent B-CLL patients. This study was conducted to score the frequencies of recurrent aberrations, i.e., del(13q14), trisomy 12, del(11q22), del(17p13), del(6q21) and IgH (immunoglobulin heavy chain) translocations and to understand their role in prognostication and risk stratification. Methods: FISH studies were performed on bone marrow aspirate or peripheral blood of 280 patients using commercially available disease-specific probe set. The data were correlated with clinical and haematological parameters such as low haemoglobin, splenomegaly and lymphadenopathy. Results: Chromosomal aberrations were detected in 79 per cent of patients, with del(13q14) (57%) as the most common cytogenetic aberration, followed by trisomy 12 (27%), del(11q22) (22%), t(14q32) (19%), del(17p13) (18%) and del(6q21) (9%). Single or in coexistence with other aberration del(13q14) had a favourable outcome in comparison to del(11q22), t(14q32), del(17p13) and del(6q21) which were associated with advanced stages of the disease. Trisomy 12 had a variable clinical course. Interpretation & conclusions: FISH was found to be a sensitive and efficient technique in detecting the prevalence of recurrent cytogenetic abnormalities. Each of these aberrations is an important independent predictor of disease progression and survival which aids in designing risk-adapted treatment strategies for better disease management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhanlaxmi Shetty
- Department of Cancer Cytogenetics, Advanced Centre for Training, Research & Education in Cancer, Tata Memorial Centre, Kharghar, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Hemani Jain
- Department of Cancer Cytogenetics, Advanced Centre for Training, Research & Education in Cancer, Tata Memorial Centre, Kharghar, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Yogita Rohil
- Department of Cancer Cytogenetics, Advanced Centre for Training, Research & Education in Cancer, Tata Memorial Centre, Kharghar, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Navin Khattry
- Department of Medical Oncology, Advanced Centre for Training, Research & Education in Cancer, Tata Memorial Centre, Kharghar; Homi Bhabha National Institute (HBNI), Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Manju Sengar
- Department of Medical Oncology, Tata Memorial Hospital, Tata Memorial Centre, Parel; Homi Bhabha National Institute (HBNI), Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Bhausaheb Bagal
- Department of Medical Oncology, Tata Memorial Hospital, Tata Memorial Centre, Parel; Homi Bhabha National Institute (HBNI), Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Hasmukh Jain
- Department of Medical Oncology, Tata Memorial Hospital, Tata Memorial Centre, Parel; Homi Bhabha National Institute (HBNI), Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Anant Gokarn
- Department of Medical Oncology, Advanced Centre for Training, Research & Education in Cancer, Tata Memorial Centre, Kharghar; Homi Bhabha National Institute (HBNI), Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Sachin Punatar
- Department of Medical Oncology, Advanced Centre for Training, Research & Education in Cancer, Tata Memorial Centre, Kharghar; Homi Bhabha National Institute (HBNI), Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Venkata Naga Avinash Bonda
- Department of Medical Oncology, Tata Memorial Hospital, Tata Memorial Centre, Parel; Homi Bhabha National Institute (HBNI), Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - P G Subramanian
- Department of Hematopathology, Advanced Centre for Training, Research & Education in Cancer, Tata Memorial Centre, Kharghar; Homi Bhabha National Institute (HBNI), Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
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23
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Saito Y, Kanemaki MT. Targeted Protein Depletion Using the Auxin-Inducible Degron 2 (AID2) System. Curr Protoc 2021; 1:e219. [PMID: 34370399 DOI: 10.1002/cpz1.219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Targeted protein depletion using a conditional degron is a powerful method to probe the role of proteins in living cells because of the speed with which depletion can be induced and its reversibility. The auxin-inducible degron (AID) is one of the most common degron-based technologies used in cell biology. We recently established an improved system, called AID2, which involves expressing a mutant E3 ligase subunit, OsTIR1(F74G), and fusing a protein of interest to the mini-AID (mAID) tag, and that employs a new and more potent ligand, 5-phenyl-indole-3-acetic acid (5-Ph-IAA). The AID2 system overcomes some of the drawbacks associated with the original AID system, i.e., leaky degradation without auxin and the requirement of high auxin doses. With AID2 it is, therefore, now possible to control a degron-fused protein more precisely, enabling target proteins to be degraded with a half-life of 10 to 45 min via the addition of a low dose of 5-Ph-IAA. Importantly, in AID2, it is not necessary to control the expression of OsTIR1(F74G) for suppressing leaky degradation and a parental cell line constitutively expressing OsTIR1(F74G) can be used for the generation of multiple mAID-tagged proteins. Here, we describe a protocol for the tagging of endogenous proteins with mAID in diploid HCT116 cells. Our protocol can be applied to other mammalian cell lines and will enhance the utility of AID2 for studying protein functions in living cells. © 2021 Wiley Periodicals LLC. Basic Protocol 1: Generation of a parental HCT116 cell line expressing OsTIR1(F74G) Basic Protocol 2: Construction of CRISPR and donor plasmids for tagging endogenous genes Basic Protocol 3: Generation of cell lines expressing a protein of interest fused with mAID.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuichiro Saito
- Department of Chromosome Science, National Institute of Genetics, Research Organization of Information and Systems, Mishima, Japan
| | - Masato T Kanemaki
- Department of Chromosome Science, National Institute of Genetics, Research Organization of Information and Systems, Mishima, Japan.,Department of Genetics, SOKENDAI, Mishima, Japan
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24
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Bajpai M, Panda A, Birudaraju K, Van Gurp J, Chak A, Das KM, Javidian P, Aviv H. Recurring Translocations in Barrett's Esophageal Adenocarcinoma. Front Genet 2021; 12:674741. [PMID: 34178034 PMCID: PMC8220202 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.674741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Barrett's esophagus (BE) is a premalignant metaplasia in patients with chronic gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). BE can progress to esophageal adenocarcinoma (EA) with less than 15% 5-year survival. Chromosomal aneuploidy, deletions, and duplication are early events in BE progression to EA, but reliable diagnostic assays to detect chromosomal markers in premalignant stages of EA arising from BE are lacking. Previously, we investigated chromosomal changes in an in vitro model of acid and bile exposure-induced Barrett's epithelial carcinogenesis (BEC). In addition to detecting changes already known to occur in BE and EA, we also reported a novel recurring chromosomal translocation t(10:16) in the BE cells at an earlier time point before they undergo malignant transformation. In this study, we refine the chromosomal event with the help of fluorescence microscopy techniques as a three-way translocation between chromosomes 2, 10, and 16, t(2:10;16) (p22;q22;q22). We also designed an exclusive fluorescent in situ hybridization for esophageal adenocarcinoma (FISH-EA) assay that detects these chromosomal breakpoints and fusions. We validate the feasibility of the FISH-EA assay to objectively detect these chromosome events in primary tissues by confirming the presence of one of the fusions in paraffin-embedded formalin-fixed human EA tumors. Clinical validation in a larger cohort of BE progressors and non-progressors will confirm the specificity and sensitivity of the FISH-EA assay in identifying malignant potential in the early stages of EA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manisha Bajpai
- Department of Medicine-Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, United States.,Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, United States
| | - Anshuman Panda
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, United States
| | - Kristen Birudaraju
- Cytogenetics Laboratory, Department of Pathology, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, United States
| | - James Van Gurp
- Department of Pathology, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, United States
| | - Amitabh Chak
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Kiron M Das
- Department of Medicine-Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, United States.,Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, United States
| | - Parisa Javidian
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, United States.,Department of Pathology, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, United States
| | - Hana Aviv
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, United States.,Cytogenetics Laboratory, Department of Pathology, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, United States
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25
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Isolation and Establishment of a Highly Proliferative, Cancer Stem Cell-Like, and Naturally Immortalized Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Cell Line, KAIMRC2. Cells 2021; 10:cells10061303. [PMID: 34073849 PMCID: PMC8225085 DOI: 10.3390/cells10061303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In vitro studies of a disease are key to any in vivo investigation in understanding the disease and developing new therapy regimens. Immortalized cancer cell lines are the best and easiest model for studying cancer in vitro. Here, we report the establishment of a naturally immortalized highly tumorigenic and triple-negative breast cancer cell line, KAIMRC2. This cell line is derived from a Saudi Arabian female breast cancer patient with invasive ductal carcinoma. Immunocytochemistry showed a significant ratio of the KAIMRC2 cells’ expressing key breast epithelial and cancer stem cells (CSCs) markers, including CD47, CD133, CD49f, CD44, and ALDH-1A1. Gene and protein expression analysis showed overexpression of ABC transporter and AKT-PI3Kinase as well as JAK/STAT signaling pathways. In contrast, the absence of the tumor suppressor genes p53 and p73 may explain their high proliferative index. The mice model also confirmed the tumorigenic potential of the KAIMRC2 cell line, and drug tolerance studies revealed few very potent candidates. Our results confirmed an aggressive phenotype with metastatic potential and cancer stem cell-like characteristics of the KAIMR2 cell line. Furthermore, we have also presented potent small molecule inhibitors, especially Ryuvidine, that can be further developed, alone or in synergy with other potent inhibitors, to target multiple cancer-related pathways.
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26
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Kahraman S, Cetinkaya M, Yuksel B, Yesil M, Pirkevi Cetinkaya C. The birth of a baby with mosaicism resulting from a known mosaic embryo transfer: a case report. Hum Reprod 2021; 35:727-733. [PMID: 32155260 PMCID: PMC7105348 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/dez309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mosaic embryos have the potential to implant and develop into healthy babies. The transfer of mosaic embryos is now considered to be a possible option for women undergoing ART with preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidies and in the absence of euploid embryos, particularly those with diminished ovarian reserve and/or advanced maternal age. It can aid in avoiding the discard of potentially viable embryos, which might otherwise result in healthy babies. In over 500 studies on mosaicism, there have been no reports of mosaicism in babies born following the transfer of mosaic embryos. Here, we present a case report of a 39-year-old woman with diminished ovarian reserve with only one blastocyst available for trophectoderm biopsy. The transfer of the embryo, which showed 35% mosaicism of monosomy 2, resulted in pregnancy. Amniocentesis revealed a mosaic trisomic mos46,XX(98)/47,XX,+2(2) karyotype. There were no pathological findings in detailed ultrasonography, and the fetus showed a normal fetal growth with no evidence of intrauterine growth retardation. A healthy female baby was born at Week 37. The peripheral blood chromosome analysis validated with fluorescence in situ hybridization showed 2% mosaic monosomy 2 [mos45,XX,-2(2)/46,XX(98)]. This is the first reported case of true fetal mosaicism resulting in a live birth following the transfer of a known mosaic embryo. Worldwide, prenatal diagnosis has shown the depletion of mosaicism in embryos transferred after they have been reported as mosaics. Our case demonstrates the need for close prenatal monitoring and diagnosis by early amniocentesis, preferably at >14 weeks gestation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Semra Kahraman
- Istanbul Memorial Hospital, Assisted Reproductive Technologies and Reproductive Genetics Center, Piyale Pasa Bulvari 34385, Sisli, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Murat Cetinkaya
- Istanbul Memorial Hospital, Assisted Reproductive Technologies and Reproductive Genetics Center, Piyale Pasa Bulvari 34385, Sisli, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Beril Yuksel
- Istanbul Memorial Hospital, Assisted Reproductive Technologies and Reproductive Genetics Center, Piyale Pasa Bulvari 34385, Sisli, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Mesut Yesil
- Istanbul Memorial Hospital, Assisted Reproductive Technologies and Reproductive Genetics Center, Piyale Pasa Bulvari 34385, Sisli, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Caroline Pirkevi Cetinkaya
- Istanbul Memorial Hospital, Assisted Reproductive Technologies and Reproductive Genetics Center, Piyale Pasa Bulvari 34385, Sisli, Istanbul, Turkey
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27
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Hwang JY, Nawaz S, Choi J, Wang H, Hussain S, Nawaz M, Lopez-Giraldez F, Jeong K, Dong W, Oh JN, Bilguvar K, Mane S, Lee CK, Bystroff C, Lifton RP, Ahmad W, Chung JJ. Genetic Defects in DNAH2 Underlie Male Infertility With Multiple Morphological Abnormalities of the Sperm Flagella in Humans and Mice. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:662903. [PMID: 33968937 PMCID: PMC8103034 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.662903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Asthenozoospermia accounts for over 80% of primary male infertility cases. Reduced sperm motility in asthenozoospermic patients are often accompanied by teratozoospermia, or defective sperm morphology, with varying severity. Multiple morphological abnormalities of the flagella (MMAF) is one of the most severe forms of asthenoteratozoospermia, characterized by heterogeneous flagellar abnormalities. Among various genetic factors known to cause MMAF, multiple variants in the DNAH2 gene are reported to underlie MMAF in humans. However, the pathogenicity by DNAH2 mutations remains largely unknown. In this study, we identified a novel recessive variant (NM_020877:c.12720G > T;p.W4240C) in DNAH2 by whole-exome sequencing, which fully co-segregated with the infertile male members in a consanguineous Pakistani family diagnosed with asthenozoospermia. 80-90% of the sperm from the patients are morphologically abnormal, and in silico analysis models reveal that the non-synonymous variant substitutes a residue in dynein heavy chain domain and destabilizes DNAH2. To better understand the pathogenicity of various DNAH2 variants underlying MMAF in general, we functionally characterized Dnah2-mutant mice generated by CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing. Dnah2-null males, but not females, are infertile. Dnah2-null sperm cells display absent, short, bent, coiled, and/or irregular flagella consistent with the MMAF phenotype. We found misexpression of centriolar proteins and delocalization of annulus proteins in Dnah2-null spermatids and sperm, suggesting dysregulated flagella development in spermiogenesis. Scanning and transmission electron microscopy analyses revealed that flagella ultrastructure is severely disorganized in Dnah2-null sperm. Absence of DNAH2 compromises the expression of other axonemal components such as DNAH1 and RSPH3. Our results demonstrate that DNAH2 is essential for multiple steps in sperm flagella formation and provide insights into molecular and cellular mechanisms of MMAF pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Yeon Hwang
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Shoaib Nawaz
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Jungmin Choi
- Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Huafeng Wang
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Shabir Hussain
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Mehboob Nawaz
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | | | - Kyungjo Jeong
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Weilai Dong
- Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Jong-Nam Oh
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Kaya Bilguvar
- Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
- Yale Center for Genome Analysis, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Shrikant Mane
- Yale Center for Genome Analysis, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Chang-Kyu Lee
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Designed Animal and Transplantation Research Institute, Institutes of Green Bio Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang-gun, South Korea
| | - Christopher Bystroff
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, United States
| | - Richard P. Lifton
- Laboratory of Human Genetics and Genomics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Wasim Ahmad
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Jean-Ju Chung
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
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28
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Chakraborty S, Singhmar S, Singh D, Maulik M, Patil R, Agrawal SK, Mishra A, Ghazi M, Vats A, Natarajan VT, Juvekar S, Prasher B, Mukerji M. Baseline cell proliferation rates and response to UV differ in lymphoblastoid cell lines derived from healthy individuals of extreme constitution types. Cell Cycle 2021; 20:903-913. [PMID: 33870855 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2021.1909884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Differences in human phenotypes and susceptibility to complex diseases are an outcome of genetic and environmental interactions. This is evident in diseases that progress through a common set of intermediate patho-endophenotypes. Precision medicine aims to delineate molecular players for individualized and early interventions. Functional studies of lymphoblastoid cell line (LCL) model of phenotypically well-characterized healthy individuals can help deconvolute and validate these molecular mechanisms. In this study, LCLs are developed from eight healthy individuals belonging to three extreme constitution types, deep phenotyped on the basis of Ayurveda. LCLs were characterized by karyotyping and immunophenotyping. Growth characteristics and response to UV were studied in these LCLs. Significant differences in cell proliferation rates were observed between the contrasting groups such that one type (Kapha) proliferates significantly slower than the other two (Vata, Pitta). In response to UV, one of the fast growing groups (Vata) shows higher cell death but recovers its numbers due to an inherent higher rates of proliferation. This study reveals that baseline differences in cell proliferation could be a key to understanding the survivability of cells under UV stress. Variability in baseline cellular phenotypes not only explains the cellular basis of different constitution types but can also help set priors during the design of an individualized therapy with DNA damaging agents. This is the first study of its kind that shows variability of intermediate patho-phenotypes among healthy individuals with potential implications in precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumita Chakraborty
- Centre of Excellence for Applied Development of Ayurveda Prakriti and Genomics, CSIR-Institute of Genomics & Integrative Biology, New Delhi, India.,CSIR Ayurgenomics Unit-TRISUTRA, CSIR-Institute of Genomics & Integrative Biology, New Delhi, India.,Genomics and Molecular Medicine, CSIR-Institute of Genomics & Integrative Biology, New Delhi, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Sunanda Singhmar
- Centre of Excellence for Applied Development of Ayurveda Prakriti and Genomics, CSIR-Institute of Genomics & Integrative Biology, New Delhi, India.,CSIR Ayurgenomics Unit-TRISUTRA, CSIR-Institute of Genomics & Integrative Biology, New Delhi, India.,Genomics and Molecular Medicine, CSIR-Institute of Genomics & Integrative Biology, New Delhi, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Dayanidhi Singh
- Centre of Excellence for Applied Development of Ayurveda Prakriti and Genomics, CSIR-Institute of Genomics & Integrative Biology, New Delhi, India.,CSIR Ayurgenomics Unit-TRISUTRA, CSIR-Institute of Genomics & Integrative Biology, New Delhi, India.,Genomics and Molecular Medicine, CSIR-Institute of Genomics & Integrative Biology, New Delhi, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Mahua Maulik
- CSIR Ayurgenomics Unit-TRISUTRA, CSIR-Institute of Genomics & Integrative Biology, New Delhi, India.,Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education & Research, IISER Kolkata, Mohanpur, Nadia, West Bengal, India
| | - Rutuja Patil
- Vadu Rural Health Program, KEM Hospital Research Centre, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Satyam Kumar Agrawal
- Centre of Excellence for Applied Development of Ayurveda Prakriti and Genomics, CSIR-Institute of Genomics & Integrative Biology, New Delhi, India.,CSIR Ayurgenomics Unit-TRISUTRA, CSIR-Institute of Genomics & Integrative Biology, New Delhi, India.,School of Pharmacy and Emerging Sciences (SPES), Baddi University of Emerging Science and Technology (BUEST), Baddi, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Anushree Mishra
- Genomics and Molecular Medicine, CSIR-Institute of Genomics & Integrative Biology, New Delhi, India
| | - Madeeha Ghazi
- Genomics and Molecular Medicine, CSIR-Institute of Genomics & Integrative Biology, New Delhi, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Archana Vats
- Centre of Excellence for Applied Development of Ayurveda Prakriti and Genomics, CSIR-Institute of Genomics & Integrative Biology, New Delhi, India.,CSIR Ayurgenomics Unit-TRISUTRA, CSIR-Institute of Genomics & Integrative Biology, New Delhi, India
| | - Vivek T Natarajan
- Genomics and Molecular Medicine, CSIR-Institute of Genomics & Integrative Biology, New Delhi, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Sanjay Juvekar
- Vadu Rural Health Program, KEM Hospital Research Centre, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Bhavana Prasher
- Centre of Excellence for Applied Development of Ayurveda Prakriti and Genomics, CSIR-Institute of Genomics & Integrative Biology, New Delhi, India.,CSIR Ayurgenomics Unit-TRISUTRA, CSIR-Institute of Genomics & Integrative Biology, New Delhi, India.,Genomics and Molecular Medicine, CSIR-Institute of Genomics & Integrative Biology, New Delhi, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Mitali Mukerji
- Centre of Excellence for Applied Development of Ayurveda Prakriti and Genomics, CSIR-Institute of Genomics & Integrative Biology, New Delhi, India.,CSIR Ayurgenomics Unit-TRISUTRA, CSIR-Institute of Genomics & Integrative Biology, New Delhi, India.,Genomics and Molecular Medicine, CSIR-Institute of Genomics & Integrative Biology, New Delhi, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
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29
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Mehta P, Singh P, Gupta NJ, Sankhwar SN, Chakravarty B, Thangaraj K, Rajender S. Mutations in the desert hedgehog (DHH) gene in the disorders of sexual differentiation and male infertility. J Assist Reprod Genet 2021; 38:1871-1878. [PMID: 33712994 DOI: 10.1007/s10815-021-02140-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To identify the contribution of mutations in the Desert Hedgehog (DHH) gene to the disorders of sexual differentiation (DSD) and male infertility. METHODS The study included a total 430 subjects, including 47 gonadal dysgenesis cases, 6 patients with undescended testis and infertility characterized by azoospermia, 125 infertile male patients characterized by oligoasthenozoospermia, 24 patients with oligoasthenoteratozoospermia, and 200 ethnically matched normozoospermic fertile men who had fathered a child in the last two years. Sequencing of the complete coding region of the DHH gene was undertaken to find its contribution to the DSD and male infertility. RESULTS We observed four novel mutations in the DHH gene in the cases with different reproductive anomalies. A synonymous substitution, c. 543C>T (p.His181His) was observed in 6.6% oligoasthenozoospermic infertile males and 1.5% normozoospermic fertile control samples (RR = 4.4077, 95%CI 1.19-16.29). Another synonymous substitution, c.990G>A (p.Ala330Ala) was observed in an infertile patient with unilateral undescended testis (case #12). Insertion of G at c.1156insG (p.Arg385fs) was observed in a case with bilateral undescended testis and azoospermia (case #23). In gonadal dysgenesis category, two mutations, insertion of G at c.1156insG (p.Arg385fs) and c.997A>G (p.Thr333Ala) substitution were observed in one case (case #34). These mutations were completely absent in control samples. CONCLUSION Mutations in the DHH gene impact reproduction with mild mutations affecting fertility, and severe or multiple mutations resulting in gonadal dysgenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poonam Mehta
- Division of Endocrinology, Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India
- Academy of Scientific and Industrial Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | | | | | | | | | - Kumarasamy Thangaraj
- Academy of Scientific and Industrial Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
- Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, India
- Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics (CDFD), Hyderabad, India
| | - Singh Rajender
- Division of Endocrinology, Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India.
- Academy of Scientific and Industrial Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India.
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30
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Manotas MC, García-Acero M, González DM, Moreno OM, Suárez-Obando F, Céspedes C, Forero C, Pérez J, Fernández N, Rojas A. Clinical and Molecular Cytogenetic Characteristics of Five Cases with Isodicentric Y Chromosome. Sex Dev 2021; 14:12-20. [PMID: 33677455 DOI: 10.1159/000512803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Isodicentric Y chromosome [idic(Y)] is one of the most common structural abnormalities of the Y chromosome and has been observed in patients with reproductive disorders and in patients with disorders of sexual development. Most idic(Y) chromosomes are found in mosaic form with a 45,X cell line. These chromosomes are highly unstable during mitosis due to the presence of 2 centromers, which explains their probable loss in early mitosis or mitosis of the embryo and therefore the presence of the 45,X line. It has been hypothesized that the proportion of 45,X cells in various tissues probably influences the phenotypic sex of individuals carrying an idic(Y) chromosome, ranging from infertile men, hypospadias, ambiguous genitalia, and Turner syndrome to sex reversal. In this article we present 5 cases of patients with idic(Y) referred for suspected disorder of sex development (DSD), 3 with a male assignment and 2 with a female assignment. All cases have variable clinical characteristics, which were assessed by the transdisciplinary group of Disorders of Sex Development of the Hospital Universitario San Ignacio, Bogotá, Colombia. Patients were analyzed by conventional and molecular cytogenetics using high-resolution G-band and FISH techniques. Our findings highlight the importance of cytogenetic studies in the diagnosis of DSD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- María C Manotas
- Institute of Human Genetics, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Mary García-Acero
- Institute of Human Genetics, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Daniel M González
- Institute of Human Genetics, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Olga M Moreno
- Institute of Human Genetics, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Fernando Suárez-Obando
- Institute of Human Genetics, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia.,Clinical Genetics, Hospital Universitario San Ignacio, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Camila Céspedes
- School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia.,Pediactric Endocrinology, Hospital Universitario San Ignacio, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Catalina Forero
- School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia.,Pediactric Endocrinology, Hospital Universitario San Ignacio, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Jaime Pérez
- School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia.,Division of Urology, Hospital Universitario San Ignacio, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Nicolás Fernández
- School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia.,Division of Urology, Hospital Universitario San Ignacio, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Adriana Rojas
- Institute of Human Genetics, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia,
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31
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Luxton JJ, McKenna MJ, Lewis AM, Taylor LE, Jhavar SG, Swanson GP, Bailey SM. Telomere Length Dynamics and Chromosomal Instability for Predicting Individual Radiosensitivity and Risk via Machine Learning. J Pers Med 2021; 11:188. [PMID: 33800260 PMCID: PMC8002073 DOI: 10.3390/jpm11030188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to predict a cancer patient's response to radiotherapy and risk of developing adverse late health effects would greatly improve personalized treatment regimens and individual outcomes. Telomeres represent a compelling biomarker of individual radiosensitivity and risk, as exposure can result in dysfunctional telomere pathologies that coincidentally overlap with many radiation-induced late effects, ranging from degenerative conditions like fibrosis and cardiovascular disease to proliferative pathologies like cancer. Here, telomere length was longitudinally assessed in a cohort of fifteen prostate cancer patients undergoing Intensity Modulated Radiation Therapy (IMRT) utilizing Telomere Fluorescence in situ Hybridization (Telo-FISH). To evaluate genome instability and enhance predictions for individual patient risk of secondary malignancy, chromosome aberrations were assessed utilizing directional Genomic Hybridization (dGH) for high-resolution inversion detection. We present the first implementation of individual telomere length data in a machine learning model, XGBoost, trained on pre-radiotherapy (baseline) and in vitro exposed (4 Gy γ-rays) telomere length measurements, to predict post radiotherapy telomeric outcomes, which together with chromosomal instability provide insight into individual radiosensitivity and risk for radiation-induced late effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jared J. Luxton
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA; (J.J.L.); (M.J.M.); (A.M.L.); (L.E.T.)
- Cell and Molecular Biology Program, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Miles J. McKenna
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA; (J.J.L.); (M.J.M.); (A.M.L.); (L.E.T.)
- Cell and Molecular Biology Program, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Aidan M. Lewis
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA; (J.J.L.); (M.J.M.); (A.M.L.); (L.E.T.)
| | - Lynn E. Taylor
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA; (J.J.L.); (M.J.M.); (A.M.L.); (L.E.T.)
| | - Sameer G. Jhavar
- Baylor Scott & White Medical Center, Temple, TX 76508, USA; (S.G.J.); (G.P.S.)
| | - Gregory P. Swanson
- Baylor Scott & White Medical Center, Temple, TX 76508, USA; (S.G.J.); (G.P.S.)
| | - Susan M. Bailey
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA; (J.J.L.); (M.J.M.); (A.M.L.); (L.E.T.)
- Cell and Molecular Biology Program, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
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32
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Landers CC, Rabeler CA, Ferrari EK, D'Alessandro LR, Kang DD, Malisa J, Bashir SM, Carone DM. Ectopic expression of pericentric HSATII RNA results in nuclear RNA accumulation, MeCP2 recruitment, and cell division defects. Chromosoma 2021; 130:75-90. [PMID: 33585981 PMCID: PMC7889552 DOI: 10.1007/s00412-021-00753-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 01/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Within the pericentric regions of human chromosomes reside large arrays of tandemly repeated satellite sequences. Expression of the human pericentric satellite HSATII is prevented by extensive heterochromatin silencing in normal cells, yet in many cancer cells, HSATII RNA is aberrantly expressed and accumulates in large nuclear foci in cis. Expression and aggregation of HSATII RNA in cancer cells is concomitant with recruitment of key chromatin regulatory proteins including methyl-CpG binding protein 2 (MeCP2). While HSATII expression has been observed in a wide variety of cancer cell lines and tissues, the effect of its expression is unknown. We tested the effect of stable expression of HSATII RNA within cells that do not normally express HSATII. Ectopic HSATII expression in HeLa and primary fibroblast cells leads to focal accumulation of HSATII RNA in cis and triggers the accumulation of MeCP2 onto nuclear HSATII RNA bodies. Further, long-term expression of HSATII RNA leads to cell division defects including lagging chromosomes, chromatin bridges, and other chromatin defects. Thus, expression of HSATII RNA in normal cells phenocopies its nuclear accumulation in cancer cells and allows for the characterization of the cellular events triggered by aberrant expression of pericentric satellite RNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine C Landers
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut , Storrs, CT, USA
| | | | | | | | - Diana D Kang
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacology College of Pharmacy, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Jessica Malisa
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Safia M Bashir
- Department of Biology, Swarthmore College, Swarthmore, PA, USA
| | - Dawn M Carone
- Department of Biology, Swarthmore College, Swarthmore, PA, USA.
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33
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A Rapid PCR-Free Next-Generation Sequencing Method for the Detection of Copy Number Variations in Prenatal Samples. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:life11020098. [PMID: 33525582 PMCID: PMC7911416 DOI: 10.3390/life11020098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Next-generation sequencing (NGS) is emerging as a new method for the detection of clinically significant copy number variants (CNVs). In this study, we developed and validated rapid CNV-sequencing (rCNV-seq) for clinical application in prenatal diagnosis. Low-pass whole-genome sequencing was performed on PCR libraries prepared from amniocyte genomic DNA. From 10-40 ng of input DNA, PCR-free libraries consistently produced sequencing data with high unique read mapping ratios, low read redundancy, low coefficient of variation for all chromosomes and high genomic coverage. In validation studies, reliable and accurate CNV detection using PCR-free-based rCNV-seq was demonstrated for a range of common trisomies and sex chromosome aneuploidies as well as microdeletion and duplication syndromes. In reproducibility studies, CNV copy number and genomic intervals closely matched those defined by chromosome microarray analysis. Clinical testing of genomic DNA samples from 217 women referred for prenatal diagnosis identified eight samples (3.7%) with known chromosome disorders. We conclude that PCR-free-based rCNV-seq is a sensitive, specific, reproducible and efficient method that can be used in any NGS-based diagnostic laboratory for detection of clinically significant CNVs.
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Atli EI, Gurkan H, Atli E, Kirkizlar HO, Yalcintepe S, Demir S, Demirci U, Eker D, Mail C, Kalkan R, Demir AM. The Importance of Targeted Next-Generation Sequencing Usage in Cytogenetically Normal Myeloid Malignancies. Mediterr J Hematol Infect Dis 2021; 13:e2021013. [PMID: 33489052 PMCID: PMC7813283 DOI: 10.4084/mjhid.2021.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Advanced diagnostic methods give an advantage for the identification of abnormalities in myeloid malignancies. Various researchers have shown the potential importance of genetic tests before the disease's onset and in remission. Large testing panels prevent false-negative results in myeloid malignancies. However, the critical question is how the results of conventional cytogenetic and molecular cytogenetic techniques can be merged with NGS technologies. In this paper, we drew an algorithm for the evaluation of myeloid malignancies. To evaluate genetic abnormalities, we performed cytogenetics, molecular cytogenetics, and NGS testing in myeloid malignancies. In this study, we analyzed 100 patients admitted to the Medical Genetics Laboratory with different myeloid malignancies. We highlighted the possible diagnostic algorithm for cytogenetically normal cases. We applied NGS 141 gene panel for cytogenetically normal patients, and we detected two or more pathogenic variations in 61 out of 100 patients (61%). NGS's pathogenic variation detection rate varies in disease groups: they were present in 85% of A.M.L. and 23% of M.D.S. Here, we identified 24 novel variations out of total pathogenic variations in myeloid malignancies. A total of 18 novel variations were identified in A.M.L., and 6 novel variations were identified in M.D.S. Despite long turnaround times, conventional techniques are still a golden standard for myeloid malignancies but sometimes cryptic gene fusions or complex abnormalities cannot be easily identified by conventional techniques. In these conditions, advanced technologies like NGS are highly recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emine Ikbal Atli
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Genetics, Edirne, Trakya University, Edirne, Turkey
| | - Hakan Gurkan
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Genetics, Edirne, Trakya University, Edirne, Turkey
| | - Engin Atli
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Genetics, Edirne, Trakya University, Edirne, Turkey
| | - Hakki Onur Kirkizlar
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Hematology, Trakya University, Edirne, Turkey
| | - Sinem Yalcintepe
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Genetics, Edirne, Trakya University, Edirne, Turkey
| | - Selma Demir
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Genetics, Edirne, Trakya University, Edirne, Turkey
| | - Ufuk Demirci
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Hematology, Trakya University, Edirne, Turkey
| | - Damla Eker
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Genetics, Edirne, Trakya University, Edirne, Turkey
| | - Cisem Mail
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Genetics, Edirne, Trakya University, Edirne, Turkey
| | - Rasime Kalkan
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Genetics, Near East University, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Ahmet Muzaffer Demir
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Hematology, Trakya University, Edirne, Turkey
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35
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High Risk α-HPV E6 Impairs Translesion Synthesis by Blocking POLη Induction. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 13:cancers13010028. [PMID: 33374731 PMCID: PMC7793514 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13010028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Cervical cancers (CaCx) are caused by the expression of human papillomavirus oncogenes (HPV E6 and E7). Here, in vitro assays, computational approaches and immunohistochemical analysis of cervical biopsies show that HPV oncogenes impair translesion synthesis (TLS). This limits the pathway’s ability to prevent replication stress from causing fork collapse and DNA damage. As a result, HPV oncogenes make cells more sensitive to replication stressing agents, such as Cisplatin. Mechanistically, HPV E6 prevents replication stress from triggering the accumulation of a TLS-specific polymerase (POLη). Supplying exogenous POLη to CaCx cells rescues TLS and lowers Cisplatin toxicity. Abstract High risk genus α human papillomaviruses (α-HPVs) express two versatile oncogenes (α-HPV E6 and E7) that cause cervical cancer (CaCx) by degrading tumor suppressor proteins (p53 and RB). α-HPV E7 also promotes replication stress and alters DNA damage responses (DDR). The translesion synthesis pathway (TLS) mitigates DNA damage by preventing replication stress from causing replication fork collapse. Computational analysis of gene expression in CaCx transcriptomic datasets identified a frequent increased expression of TLS genes. However, the essential TLS polymerases did not follow this pattern. These data were confirmed with in vitro and ex vivo systems. Further interrogation of TLS, using POLη as a representative TLS polymerase, demonstrated that α-HPV16 E6 blocks TLS polymerase induction by degrading p53. This doomed the pathway, leading to increased replication fork collapse and sensitivity to treatments that cause replication stress (e.g., UV and Cisplatin). This sensitivity could be overcome by the addition of exogenous POLη.
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36
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Repeat Sequence Mapping Shows Different W Chromosome Evolutionary Pathways in Two Caprimulgiformes Families. BIRDS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/birds1010004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Although birds belonging to order Caprimulgiformes show extensive karyotype variation, data concerning their genomic organization is still scarce, as most studies have presented only results obtained from conventional staining analyses. Nevertheless, some interesting findings have been observed, such as the W chromosome of the Common Potoo, Nyctibius griseus (2n = 86), which has the same morphology and size of the Z chromosome, a rare feature in Neognathae birds. Hence, we aimed to investigate the process by which the W chromosome of this species was enlarged. For that, we analyzed comparatively the chromosome organization of the Common Potoo and the Scissor-tailed Nightjar, Hydropsalis torquata (2n = 74), which presents the regular differentiated sex chromosomes, by applying C-banding, G-banding and mapping of repetitive DNAs (microsatellite repeats and 18S rDNA). Our results showed an accumulation of constitutive heterochromatin in the W chromosome of both species. However, 9 out of 11 microsatellite sequences hybridized in the large W chromosome in the Common Potoo, while none of them hybridized in the W chromosome of the Scissor-tailed Nightjar. Therefore, we can conclude that the accumulation of microsatellite sequences, and consequent increase in constitutive heterochromatin, was responsible for the enlargement of the W chromosome in the Common Potoo. Based on these results, we conclude that even though these two species belong to the same order, their W chromosomes have gone through different evolutionary histories, with an extra step of accumulation of repetitive sequences in the Common Potoo.
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37
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Yatsenko SA, Quesada-Candela C, Saller DN, Beck S, Jaffe R, Kostadinov S, Yanowitz J, Rajkovic A. Cytogenetic signatures of recurrent pregnancy losses. Prenat Diagn 2020; 41:70-78. [PMID: 33015842 DOI: 10.1002/pd.5838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the incidence of chromosomal abnormalities in the products of conception (POC) of patients with spontaneous miscarriages (SM) and with recurrent pregnancy losses (RPL) and to determine biological mechanisms contributing to RPL. METHODS During a 20-year period, 12 096 POC samples underwent classical chromosome analysis. Cytogenetic findings were compared between the SM and RPL cohorts. RESULTS Analysis of RPL cohort has identified an increased incidence of inherited and de novo structural chromosome abnormalities, recurrent polyploid conceptions, and complex mosaic alterations. These abnormalities are the signature of genomic instability, posing a high risk of genetic abnormalities to offspring independent of maternal age. Predominance of male conceptions in the RPL cohort points toward an X-linked etiology and gender-specific intolerance for certain genetic abnormalities. CONCLUSIONS Our study showed several possible genetic etiologies of RPL, including parental structural chromosome rearrangements, predisposition to meiotic nondisjunction, and genomic instability. Loss of karyotypically normal fetuses might be attributed to defects in genes essential for fetal development, as well as aberrations affecting the X chromosome. Molecular studies of parental and POC genomes will help to identify inherited defects in genes involved in meiotic divisions and DNA repair to confirm our hypotheses, and to discover novel fetal-essential genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana A Yatsenko
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Magee-Womens Research Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Cristina Quesada-Candela
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Magee-Womens Research Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Devereux N Saller
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Stacy Beck
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ronald Jaffe
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Stefan Kostadinov
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Judith Yanowitz
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Magee-Womens Research Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Aleksandar Rajkovic
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Pathology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.,Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.,Institute of Human Genetics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
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38
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Dacus D, Riforgiate E, Wallace NA. β-HPV 8E6 combined with TERT expression promotes long-term proliferation and genome instability after cytokinesis failure. Virology 2020; 549:32-38. [PMID: 32818730 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2020.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a family of viruses divided into five genera: alpha, beta, gamma, mu, and nu. There is an ongoing discussion about whether beta genus HPVs (β-HPVs) contribute to cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC). The data presented here add to this conversation by determining how a β-HPV E6 protein (β-HPV 8E6) alters the cellular response to cytokinesis failure. Specifically, cells were observed after cytokinesis failure was induced by dihydrocytochalasin B (H2CB). β-HPV 8E6 attenuated the immediate toxicity associated with H2CB but did not promote long-term proliferation after H2CB. Immortalization by telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) activation also rarely allowed cells to sustain proliferation after H2CB exposure. In contrast, TERT expression combined with β-HPV 8E6 expression allowed cells to proliferate for months following cytokinesis failure. However, this continued proliferation comes with genome destabilizing consequences. Cells that survived H2CB-induced cytokinesis failure suffered from changes in ploidy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalton Dacus
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
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39
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Chien ML, Lai JH, Lin TF, Yang WS, Juang YL. NUP62 is required for the maintenance of the spindle assembly checkpoint and chromosomal stability. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2020; 128:105843. [PMID: 32905854 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2020.105843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The nuclear pore protein NUP62 localizes to spindle poles in mitosis and plays a role in maintaining centrosome homeostasis. In this study, we found that NUP62-depleted cells exhibited a defective spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) and that depletion of NUP62 caused a slight decrease in MAD2 protein levels after nocodazole treatment. However, depletion of NUP62 did not cause a failure in kinetochore localization of the SAC proteins BUBR1, MAD1, and MAD2 in prometaphase. NUP62 depletion slightly prolonged mitotic timing but did not affect cell doubling time. In addition, NUP62 depletion caused a SAC defect and induced aneuploidy in human neural stem cells. Furthermore, overexpression of NUP62Q391P, a mutant protein causing autosomal recessive infantile bilateral striatal necrosis, resulted in a defect in the SAC, indicating that the amino acid residue Q391 in NUP62 is crucial for its effect on the SAC. Overall, we conclude that NUP62 maintains the SAC downstream of kinetochores and thereby ensures maintenance of chromosomal stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man-Ling Chien
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Mackay Medical College, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Jian-Han Lai
- Department of Medicine, Mackay Medical College, New Taipei City, Taiwan; Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Mackay Medicine, Nursing and Management College, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ting-Fong Lin
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Mackay Medical College, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Wan-Syuan Yang
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Mackay Medical College, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Yue-Li Juang
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Mackay Medical College, New Taipei City, Taiwan.
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40
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Soifer L, Fong NL, Yi N, Ireland AT, Lam I, Sooknah M, Paw JS, Peluso P, Concepcion GT, Rank D, Hastie AR, Jojic V, Ruby JG, Botstein D, Roy MA. Fully Phased Sequence of a Diploid Human Genome Determined de Novo from the DNA of a Single Individual. G3 (BETHESDA, MD.) 2020; 10:2911-2925. [PMID: 32631951 PMCID: PMC7466960 DOI: 10.1534/g3.119.400995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, improved sequencing technology and computational tools have made de novo genome assembly more accessible. Many approaches, however, generate either an unphased or only partially resolved representation of a diploid genome, in which polymorphisms are detected but not assigned to one or the other of the homologous chromosomes. Yet chromosomal phase information is invaluable for the understanding of phenotypic trait inheritance in the cases of compound heterozygosity, allele-specific expression or cis-acting variants. Here we use a combination of tools and sequencing technologies to generate a de novo diploid assembly of the human primary cell line WI-38. First, data from PacBio single molecule sequencing and Bionano Genomics optical mapping were combined to generate an unphased assembly. Next, 10x Genomics linked reads were combined with the hybrid assembly to generate a partially phased assembly. Lastly, we developed and optimized methods to use short-read (Illumina) sequencing of flow cytometry-sorted metaphase chromosomes to provide phase information. The final genome assembly was almost fully (94%) phased with the addition of approximately 2.5-fold coverage of Illumina data from the sequenced metaphase chromosomes. The diploid nature of the final de novo genome assembly improved the resolution of structural variants between the WI-38 genome and the human reference genome. The phased WI-38 sequence data are available for browsing and download at wi38.research.calicolabs.com. Our work shows that assembling a completely phased diploid genome de novo from the DNA of a single individual is now readily achievable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Llya Soifer
- Calico Life Sciences LLC, South San Francisco, CA 94080
| | - Nicole L Fong
- Calico Life Sciences LLC, South San Francisco, CA 94080
| | - Nelda Yi
- Calico Life Sciences LLC, South San Francisco, CA 94080
| | | | - Irene Lam
- Calico Life Sciences LLC, South San Francisco, CA 94080
| | | | | | | | | | - David Rank
- Pacific Biosciences, Menlo Park, CA 94025
| | | | | | - J Graham Ruby
- Calico Life Sciences LLC, South San Francisco, CA 94080
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41
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Park YJ, Jeon SH, Kim HK, Suh EJ, Choi SJ, Kim S, Kim HO. Human induced pluripotent stem cell line banking for the production of rare blood type erythrocytes. J Transl Med 2020; 18:236. [PMID: 32532292 PMCID: PMC7291485 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-020-02403-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The in vitro production of mature human red blood cells (RBCs) from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) has been the focus of research to meet the high demand for blood transfusions. However, limitations like high costs and technological requirements restrict the use of RBCs produced by iPSC differentiation to specific circumstances, such as for patients with rare blood types or alloimmunized patients. In this study, we developed a detailed protocol for the generation of iPSC lines derived from peripheral blood of donors with O D-positive blood and rare blood types (D–and Jr(a-)) and subsequent erythroid differentiation. Methods Mononuclear cells separated from the peripheral blood of O D-positive and rare blood type donors were cultured to produce and expand erythroid progenitors and reprogrammed into iPSCs. A 31-day serum-free, xeno-free erythroid differentiation protocol was used to generate reticulocytes. The stability of iPSC lines was confirmed with chromosomal analysis and RT-PCR. Morphology and cell counts were determined by microscopy observations and flow cytometry. Results Cells from all donors were successfully used to generate iPSC lines, which were differentiated into erythroid precursors without any apparent chromosomal mutations. This differentiation protocol resulted in moderate erythrocyte yield per iPSC. Conclusions It has previously only been hypothesized that erythroid differentiation from iPSCs could be used to produce RBCs for transfusion to patients with rare blood types or who have been alloimmunized. Our results demonstrate the feasibility of producing autologous iPSC-differentiated RBCs for clinical transfusions in patients without alternative options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Jin Park
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, Armed Forces Yangju Hospital, Yangju-si, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - Su-Hee Jeon
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Kyung Kim
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Jung Suh
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Jun Choi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Sinyoung Kim
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Ok Kim
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea.
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Abstract
Endometrial cancer is one of the most common gynaecological malignancies worldwide. One type of research in this field is the growing of cell lines (CLs) and cultures, which can be used to explore the biological mechanisms of cancer. The purpose of this review is to offer an overview of the current literature and highlight the importance of correct CL studies. We carried out a literature analysis of more than 60 articles from the Pubmed, Medline databases that were almost exclusively published in indexed journals in the last 10 years as well as the primary originating scientific studies of specific CLs. We then summarized the newest findings and recommendations. Cell lines are becoming widely used as in vitro tumour models. Recent work has shown inconsistencies in nomenclature and culturing of CLs. Their genomic evolution leads to a high degree of variation across CL strains therefore it is of the utmost importance to recognize the variability within laboratory cancer models. Laboratories must adapt, incorporate additional characterisation techniques and view this situation as an opportunity to improve the reproducibility of pre-clinical cancer research. The authors offer a comprehensive literature review about endometrial cancer CLs, a review of the current literature and advice on culturing CLs.
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Cechova M, Harris RS, Tomaszkiewicz M, Arbeithuber B, Chiaromonte F, Makova KD. High Satellite Repeat Turnover in Great Apes Studied with Short- and Long-Read Technologies. Mol Biol Evol 2019; 36:2415-2431. [PMID: 31273383 PMCID: PMC6805231 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msz156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Revised: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Satellite repeats are a structural component of centromeres and telomeres, and in some instances, their divergence is known to drive speciation. Due to their highly repetitive nature, satellite sequences have been understudied and underrepresented in genome assemblies. To investigate their turnover in great apes, we studied satellite repeats of unit sizes up to 50 bp in human, chimpanzee, bonobo, gorilla, and Sumatran and Bornean orangutans, using unassembled short and long sequencing reads. The density of satellite repeats, as identified from accurate short reads (Illumina), varied greatly among great ape genomes. These were dominated by a handful of abundant repeated motifs, frequently shared among species, which formed two groups: 1) the (AATGG)n repeat (critical for heat shock response) and its derivatives; and 2) subtelomeric 32-mers involved in telomeric metabolism. Using the densities of abundant repeats, individuals could be classified into species. However, clustering did not reproduce the accepted species phylogeny, suggesting rapid repeat evolution. Several abundant repeats were enriched in males versus females; using Y chromosome assemblies or Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization, we validated their location on the Y. Finally, applying a novel computational tool, we identified many satellite repeats completely embedded within long Oxford Nanopore and Pacific Biosciences reads. Such repeats were up to 59 kb in length and consisted of perfect repeats interspersed with other similar sequences. Our results based on sequencing reads generated with three different technologies provide the first detailed characterization of great ape satellite repeats, and open new avenues for exploring their functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Cechova
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
| | - Robert S Harris
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
| | | | | | - Francesca Chiaromonte
- Department of Statistics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
- EMbeDS, Sant’Anna School of Advanced Studies, Pisa, Italy
- Center for Medical Genomics, Penn State, University Park, PA
| | - Kateryna D Makova
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
- Center for Medical Genomics, Penn State, University Park, PA
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44
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Lipiec E, Ruggeri FS, Benadiba C, Borkowska AM, Kobierski JD, Miszczyk J, Wood BR, Deacon GB, Kulik A, Dietler G, Kwiatek WM. Infrared nanospectroscopic mapping of a single metaphase chromosome. Nucleic Acids Res 2019; 47:e108. [PMID: 31562528 PMCID: PMC6765102 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkz630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Revised: 07/07/2019] [Accepted: 07/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The integrity of the chromatin structure is essential to every process occurring within eukaryotic nuclei. However, there are no reliable tools to decipher the molecular composition of metaphase chromosomes. Here, we have applied infrared nanospectroscopy (AFM-IR) to demonstrate molecular difference between eu- and heterochromatin and generate infrared maps of single metaphase chromosomes revealing detailed information on their molecular composition, with nanometric lateral spatial resolution. AFM-IR coupled with principal component analysis has confirmed that chromosome areas containing euchromatin and heterochromatin are distinguishable based on differences in the degree of methylation. AFM-IR distribution of eu- and heterochromatin was compared to standard fluorescent staining. We demonstrate the ability of our methodology to locate spatially the presence of anticancer drug sites in metaphase chromosomes and cellular nuclei. We show that the anticancer 'rule breaker' platinum compound [Pt[N(p-HC6F4)CH2]2py2] preferentially binds to heterochromatin, forming localized discrete foci due to condensation of DNA interacting with the drug. Given the importance of DNA methylation in the development of nearly all types of cancer, there is potential for infrared nanospectroscopy to be used to detect gene expression/suppression sites in the whole genome and to become an early screening tool for malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewelina Lipiec
- Institute of Nuclear Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, PL-31342 Krakow, Poland
- Institute of Physics, Laboratory of Physics of Living Matter, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Centre for Biospectroscopy and School of Chemistry, Monash University, 3800 Victoria, Australia
| | - Francesco S Ruggeri
- Institute of Physics, Laboratory of Physics of Living Matter, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, CB21EW, UK
| | - Carine Benadiba
- Institute of Physics, Laboratory of Physics of Living Matter, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Anna M Borkowska
- Institute of Nuclear Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, PL-31342 Krakow, Poland
| | - Jan D Kobierski
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biophysics, Faculty of Pharmacy Jagiellonian University Medical College, PL-31007 Cracow, Poland
| | - Justyna Miszczyk
- Institute of Nuclear Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, PL-31342 Krakow, Poland
| | - Bayden R Wood
- Centre for Biospectroscopy and School of Chemistry, Monash University, 3800 Victoria, Australia
| | - Glen B Deacon
- School of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Monash University, 3800 Victoria, Australia
| | - Andrzej Kulik
- Institute of Physics, Laboratory of Physics of Living Matter, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Giovanni Dietler
- Institute of Physics, Laboratory of Physics of Living Matter, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Wojciech M Kwiatek
- Institute of Nuclear Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, PL-31342 Krakow, Poland
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45
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Adtani P, Narasimhan M, Ranganathan K, Punnoose A, Prasad P, Natarajan PM. Characterization of oral fibroblasts: An in vitro model for oral fibrosis. J Oral Maxillofac Pathol 2019; 23:198-202. [PMID: 31516223 PMCID: PMC6714264 DOI: 10.4103/jomfp.jomfp_28_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Oral submucous fibrosis (OSMF) is a chronic debilitating condition of the oral mucosa that has been classified as a potentially malignant disorder with a malignant transformation rate of 2%–8%. Several in vitro and in vivo experiments have been performed to formulate a treatment modality for OSMF, yet no ideal in vitro primary oral fibroblast model has been developed. Aim: To establish an in vitro primary oral fibroblast model. Setting and Design: In vitro laboratory setting. Materials and Methodology: Primary cell culture protocol was performed after obtaining normal oral tissue. Karyotyping was performed to rule out chromosomal abnormalities. Immunofluorescence staining was carried with a panel of fibroblast-specific markers (vimentin, phalloidin, transforming growth factor-β receptor 1 [TGFβR1] and s100a4) and Masson trichrome staining (MTS) to demonstrate the presence of extracellular matrix (ECM) qualitatively. Results: A monolayer of oral fibroblasts was observed on the 9th-day postseeding. No chromosomal abnormality was observed in the patient samples. Positive staining was observed with vimentin, phalloidin, TGFβR1 and s100a4, thereby confirming the cell type. MTS revealed fibroblasts with spindle morphology and scanty ECM. Conclusion: The present study lays down a protocol to design and characterize primary buccal fibroblast cell culture model that would aid researchers in performing in vitro preliminary experiments in areas concerning fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooja Adtani
- Department of Oral Pathology, College of Dentistry, Gulf Medical University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
| | - Malathi Narasimhan
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Dental Sciences, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Kannan Ranganathan
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Ragas Dental College, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Alan Punnoose
- Research Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Central Research Facility, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Prathibha Prasad
- Department of Oral Pathology, College of Dentistry, Gulf Medical University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
| | - Prabhu Manickam Natarajan
- Department of Periodontics, College of Dentistry, Gulf Medical University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
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46
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Binz RL, Tian E, Sadhukhan R, Zhou D, Hauer-Jensen M, Pathak R. Identification of novel breakpoints for locus- and region-specific translocations in 293 cells by molecular cytogenetics before and after irradiation. Sci Rep 2019; 9:10554. [PMID: 31332273 PMCID: PMC6646394 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-47002-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The human kidney embryonic 293 cell line (293 cells) is extensively used in biomedical and pharmaceutical research. These cells exhibit a number of numerical and structural chromosomal anomalies. However, the breakpoints responsible for these structural chromosomal rearrangements have not been comprehensively characterized. In addition, it is not known whether chromosomes with structural rearrangement are more sensitive to external toxic agents, such as ionizing radiation. We used G-banding, spectral karyotyping (SKY), and locus- and region-specific fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) probes designed in our lab or obtained from commercial vendor to address this gap. Our G-banding analysis revealed that the chromosome number varies from 66 to 71, with multiple rearrangements and partial additions and deletions. SKY analysis confirmed 3 consistent rearrangements, two simple and one complex in nature. Multicolor FISH analysis identified an array of breakpoints responsible for locus- and region-specific translocations. Finally, SKY analysis revealed that radio-sensitivity of structurally rearranged chromosomes is dependent on radiation dose. These findings will advance our knowledge in 293 cell biology and will enrich the understanding of radiation biology studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regina L Binz
- Division of Radiation Health, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Erming Tian
- Myeloma Center, Winthrop P. Rockefeller Cancer Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Ratan Sadhukhan
- Division of Radiation Health, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Daohong Zhou
- Division of Radiation Health, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA.,Department of Pharmacodynamics, College of Pharmacy, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Martin Hauer-Jensen
- Division of Radiation Health, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Rupak Pathak
- Division of Radiation Health, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA.
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47
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Huo P, Luo Q, Li J, Jiao B, Rong L, Zhang J, Wu X. High accuracy of quantitative fluorescence polymerase chain reaction combined with non-invasive pre-natal testing for mid-pregnancy diagnosis of common fetal aneuploidies: A single-center experience in China. Exp Ther Med 2019; 18:711-721. [PMID: 31281451 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2019.7625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Quantitative fluorescence polymerase chain reaction (QF-PCR) may be used as a mid-pregnancy test to confirm the diagnosis of common fetal aneuploidies, but its use is controversial. The present study aimed to determine the value of QF-PCR for diagnostic confirmation of karyotyping and the impact of parental origin and meiosis stage on the detected aneuploidy. The present prospective cohort study included pregnant women (age, 21-45 years; gestational age, 17-25 weeks) who consulted between May 2015 and December 2016. Women were screened and only consecutive high-risk individuals were included (n=428). QF-PCR analysis of amniocytes was performed. Karyotype analysis was considered the gold standard. Parental karyotyping was performed if the embryo exhibited any aneuploidy. GeneMapper 3.2 was used for data analysis. There were no false-negative or false-positive QF-PCR results, with 100% concordance with the karyotype. The aneuploidy distribution (n=105) was 68.6% for trisomy 21, 19.0% for trisomy 18, 7.6% for sex chromosome aneuploidy, 3.8% for trisomy 13 and 1.0% for 48,XXX,+18. Regarding trisomy 21, most cases (86.1%) were of maternal origin, 8.3% paternal and 6.5% undefined. Trisomy 18 was 88.2% maternal and 11.8% paternal. Maternal meiosis stage errors in trisomy 21 mainly occurred in meiosis I, while the origin of trisomy 18 exhibited similar proportions between meiosis I and II. The combination of non-invasive pre-natal testing and QF-PCR may become a rapid and effective method for fetal aneuploidy detection. QF-PCR may provide more genetic information for clinical diagnosis and treatment than karyotyping alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Huo
- Department of Reproductive Genetics, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050051, P.R. China
| | - Qiuyan Luo
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, Tianjin Amcare Women and Children's Hospital, Tianjin 300381, P.R. China
| | - Juan Li
- Department of Reproductive Genetics, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050051, P.R. China
| | - Baoquan Jiao
- Department of Reproductive Genetics, Bethune International Peace Hospital of The People's Liberation Army, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050082, P.R. China
| | - Limin Rong
- Department of Reproductive Genetics, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050051, P.R. China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Department of Reproductive Genetics, Bethune International Peace Hospital of The People's Liberation Army, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050082, P.R. China
| | - Xiaohua Wu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Teaching and Research, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050017, P.R. China
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48
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Wayhelova M, Oppelt J, Smetana J, Hladilkova E, Filkova H, Makaturova E, Nikolova P, Beharka R, Gaillyova R, Kuglik P. Novel de novo frameshift variant in the ASXL3 gene in a child with microcephaly and global developmental delay. Mol Med Rep 2019; 20:505-512. [PMID: 31180560 PMCID: PMC6579994 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2019.10303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
De novo sequence variants, including truncating and splicing variants, in the additional sex-combs like 3 gene (ASXL3) have been described as the cause of Bainbridge-Ropers syndrome (BRS). This pathology is characterized by delayed psychomotor development, severe intellectual disability, growth delay, hypotonia and facial dimorphism. The present study reports a case of a girl (born in 2013) with severe global developmental delay, central hypotonia, microcephaly and poor speech. The proband was examined using a multi-step molecular diagnostics algorithm, including karyotype and array-comparative genomic hybridization analysis, with negative results. Therefore, the proband and her unaffected parents were enrolled for a pilot study using targeted next-generation sequencing technology (NGS) with gene panel ClearSeq Inherited DiseaseXT and subsequent validation by Sanger sequencing. A novel de novo heterozygous frameshift variant in the ASXL3 gene (c.3006delT, p.R1004Efs*21), predicted to result in a premature termination codon, was identified. In conclusion, the present study demonstrated that targeted NGS using a suitable, gene-rich panel may provide a conclusive molecular genetics diagnosis in children with severe global developmental delays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marketa Wayhelova
- Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Oppelt
- CEITEC‑Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Smetana
- Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Hladilkova
- Department of Medical Genetics, University Hospital Brno, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Hana Filkova
- Department of Medical Genetics, University Hospital Brno, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Makaturova
- Department of Medical Genetics, University Hospital Brno, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Petra Nikolova
- Department of Medical Genetics, University Hospital Brno, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Rastislav Beharka
- Department of Medical Genetics, University Hospital Brno, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Renata Gaillyova
- Department of Medical Genetics, University Hospital Brno, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Kuglik
- Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic
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49
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Ruf-Zamojski F, Ge Y, Pincas H, Shan J, Song Y, Hines N, Kelley K, Montagna C, Nair P, Toufaily C, Bernard DJ, Mellon PL, Nair V, Turgeon JL, Sealfon SC. Cytogenetic, Genomic, and Functional Characterization of Pituitary Gonadotrope Cell Lines. J Endocr Soc 2019; 3:902-920. [PMID: 31020055 PMCID: PMC6469952 DOI: 10.1210/js.2019-00064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
LβT2 and αT3-1 are important, widely studied cell line models for the pituitary gonadotropes that were generated by targeted tumorigenesis in transgenic mice. LβT2 cells are more mature gonadotrope precursors than αT3-1 cells. Microsatellite authentication patterns, chromosomal characteristics, and their intercellular variation have not been reported. We performed microsatellite and cytogenetic analysis of both cell types at early passage numbers. Short tandem repeat (STR) profiling was consistent with a mixed C57BL/6J × BALB/cJ genetic background, with distinct patterns for each cell type. Spectral karyotyping in αT3-1 cells revealed cell-to-cell variation in chromosome composition and pseudodiploidy. In LβT2 cells, chromosome counting and karyotyping demonstrated pseudotriploidy and high chromosomal variation among cells. Chromosome copy number variation was confirmed by single-cell DNA sequencing. Chromosomal compositions were consistent with a male sex for αT3-1 and a female sex for LβT2 cells. Among LβT2 stocks used in multiple laboratories, we detected two genetically similar but distinguishable lines via STR authentication, LβT2a and LβT2b. The two lines differed in morphological appearance, with LβT2a having significantly smaller cell and nucleus areas. Analysis of immediate early gene and gonadotropin subunit gene expression revealed variations in basal expression and responses to continuous and pulsatile GnRH stimulation. LβT2a showed higher basal levels of Egr1, Fos, and Lhb but lower Fos induction. Fshb induction reached significance only in LβT2b cells. Our study highlights the heterogeneity in gonadotrope cell line genomes and provides reference STR authentication patterns that can be monitored to improve experimental reproducibility and facilitate comparisons of results within and across laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederique Ruf-Zamojski
- Department of Neurology, Center for Advanced Research on Diagnostic Assays, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Yongchao Ge
- Department of Neurology, Center for Advanced Research on Diagnostic Assays, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Hanna Pincas
- Department of Neurology, Center for Advanced Research on Diagnostic Assays, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Jidong Shan
- Molecular Cytogenetic Core, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Yinghui Song
- Molecular Cytogenetic Core, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Nika Hines
- Mouse Genetics and Gene Targeting CoRE, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Kevin Kelley
- Mouse Genetics and Gene Targeting CoRE, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Cristina Montagna
- Molecular Cytogenetic Core, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Pranav Nair
- Department of Neurology, Center for Advanced Research on Diagnostic Assays, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Chirine Toufaily
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Daniel J Bernard
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Pamela L Mellon
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Venugopalan Nair
- Department of Neurology, Center for Advanced Research on Diagnostic Assays, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Judith L Turgeon
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California
| | - Stuart C Sealfon
- Department of Neurology, Center for Advanced Research on Diagnostic Assays, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
- Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
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50
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McKenna MJ, Robinson E, Taylor L, Tompkins C, Cornforth MN, Simon SL, Bailey SM. Chromosome Translocations, Inversions and Telomere Length for Retrospective Biodosimetry on Exposed U.S. Atomic Veterans. Radiat Res 2019; 191:311-322. [PMID: 30714852 PMCID: PMC6492561 DOI: 10.1667/rr15240.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
It has now been over 60 years since U.S. nuclear testing was conducted in the Pacific islands and Nevada, exposing military personnel to varying levels of ionizing radiation. Actual doses are not well-established, as film badges in the 1950s had many limitations. We sought a means of independently assessing dose for comparison with historical film badge records and dose reconstruction conducted in parallel. For the purpose of quantitative retrospective biodosimetry, peripheral blood samples from 12 exposed veterans and 12 age-matched (>80 years) veteran controls were collected and evaluated for radiation-induced chromosome damage utilizing directional genomic hybridization (dGH), a cytogenomics-based methodology that facilitates simultaneous detection of translocations and inversions. Standard calibration curves were constructed from six male volunteers in their mid-20s to reflect the age range of the veterans at time of exposure. Doses were estimated for each veteran using translocation and inversion rates independently; however, combining them by a weighted-average generally improved the accuracy of dose estimations. Various confounding factors were also evaluated for potential effects on chromosome aberration frequencies. Perhaps not surprisingly, smoking and age-associated increases in background frequencies of inversions were observed. Telomere length was also measured, and inverse relationships with both age and combined weighted dose estimates were observed. Interestingly, smokers in the non-exposed control veteran cohort displayed similar telomere lengths as those in the never-smoker exposed veteran group, suggesting that chronic smoking had as much effect on telomere length as a single exposure to radioactive fallout. Taken together, we find that our approach of combined chromosome aberration-based retrospective biodosimetry provided reliable dose estimation capability, particularly on a group average basis, for exposures above statistical detection limits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miles J. McKenna
- Cell and Molecular Biology Program Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
- KromaTiD, Inc., Fort Collins, Colorado
| | | | - Lynn Taylor
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | | | - Michael N. Cornforth
- Cell and Molecular Biology Program Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Steven L. Simon
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Susan M. Bailey
- Cell and Molecular Biology Program Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
- KromaTiD, Inc., Fort Collins, Colorado
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