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Tulen CBM, Duistermaat E, Cremers JWJM, Klerx WNM, Fokkens PHB, Weibolt N, Kloosterboer N, Dentener MA, Gremmer ER, Jessen PJJ, Koene EJC, Maas L, Opperhuizen A, van Schooten FJ, Staal YCM, Remels AHV. Smoking-Associated Exposure of Human Primary Bronchial Epithelial Cells to Aldehydes: Impact on Molecular Mechanisms Controlling Mitochondrial Content and Function. Cells 2022; 11:3481. [PMID: 36359877 PMCID: PMC9655975 DOI: 10.3390/cells11213481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 09/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a devastating lung disease primarily caused by exposure to cigarette smoke (CS). During the pyrolysis and combustion of tobacco, reactive aldehydes such as acetaldehyde, acrolein, and formaldehyde are formed, which are known to be involved in respiratory toxicity. Although CS-induced mitochondrial dysfunction has been implicated in the pathophysiology of COPD, the role of aldehydes therein is incompletely understood. To investigate this, we used a physiologically relevant in vitro exposure model of differentiated human primary bronchial epithelial cells (PBEC) exposed to CS (one cigarette) or a mixture of acetaldehyde, acrolein, and formaldehyde (at relevant concentrations of one cigarette) or air, in a continuous flow system using a puff-like exposure protocol. Exposure of PBEC to CS resulted in elevated IL-8 cytokine and mRNA levels, increased abundance of constituents associated with autophagy, decreased protein levels of molecules associated with the mitophagy machinery, and alterations in the abundance of regulators of mitochondrial biogenesis. Furthermore, decreased transcript levels of basal epithelial cell marker KRT5 were reported after CS exposure. Only parts of these changes were replicated in PBEC upon exposure to a combination of acetaldehyde, acrolein, and formaldehyde. More specifically, aldehydes decreased MAP1LC3A mRNA (autophagy) and BNIP3 protein (mitophagy) and increased ESRRA protein (mitochondrial biogenesis). These data suggest that other compounds in addition to aldehydes in CS contribute to CS-induced dysregulation of constituents controlling mitochondrial content and function in airway epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christy B. M. Tulen
- School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Maastricht University Medical Center+, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Evert Duistermaat
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), 3721 MA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | | | - Walther N. M. Klerx
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), 3721 MA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Paul H. B. Fokkens
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), 3721 MA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Naömi Weibolt
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), 3721 MA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Nico Kloosterboer
- Department of Pediatrics, Maastricht University Medical Center+, 6229 HX Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Primary Lung Culture (PLUC) Facility, Maastricht University Medical Center+, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Mieke A. Dentener
- Primary Lung Culture (PLUC) Facility, Maastricht University Medical Center+, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
- School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Department of Respiratory Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center+, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Eric R. Gremmer
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), 3721 MA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Phyllis J. J. Jessen
- School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Maastricht University Medical Center+, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Evi J. C. Koene
- School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Maastricht University Medical Center+, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Lou Maas
- School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Maastricht University Medical Center+, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Antoon Opperhuizen
- School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Maastricht University Medical Center+, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Office of Risk Assessment and Research, Netherlands Food and Consumer Product Safety Authority (NVWA), 3511 GG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Frederik-Jan van Schooten
- School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Maastricht University Medical Center+, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Yvonne C. M. Staal
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), 3721 MA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Alexander H. V. Remels
- School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Maastricht University Medical Center+, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
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Cerimi K, Jäckel U, Meyer V, Daher U, Reinert J, Klar S. In Vitro Systems for Toxicity Evaluation of Microbial Volatile Organic Compounds on Humans: Current Status and Trends. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:75. [PMID: 35050015 PMCID: PMC8780961 DOI: 10.3390/jof8010075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbial volatile organic compounds (mVOC) are metabolic products and by-products of bacteria and fungi. They play an important role in the biosphere: They are responsible for inter- and intra-species communication and can positively or negatively affect growth in plants. But they can also cause discomfort and disease symptoms in humans. Although a link between mVOCs and respiratory health symptoms in humans has been demonstrated by numerous studies, standardized test systems for evaluating the toxicity of mVOCs are currently not available. Also, mVOCs are not considered systematically at regulatory level. We therefore performed a literature survey of existing in vitro exposure systems and lung models in order to summarize the state-of-the-art and discuss their suitability for understanding the potential toxic effects of mVOCs on human health. We present a review of submerged cultivation, air-liquid-interface (ALI), spheroids and organoids as well as multi-organ approaches and compare their advantages and disadvantages. Furthermore, we discuss the limitations of mVOC fingerprinting. However, given the most recent developments in the field, we expect that there will soon be adequate models of the human respiratory tract and its response to mVOCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kustrim Cerimi
- Unit 4.7 Biological Agents, Federal Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Nöldnerstraße 40–42, 10317 Berlin, Germany; (U.J.); (J.R.); (S.K.)
| | - Udo Jäckel
- Unit 4.7 Biological Agents, Federal Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Nöldnerstraße 40–42, 10317 Berlin, Germany; (U.J.); (J.R.); (S.K.)
| | - Vera Meyer
- Chair of Applied and Molecular Microbiology, Institute of Biotechnology, Technische Universität Berlin, Straße des 17. Juni 135, 10623 Berlin, Germany;
| | - Ugarit Daher
- BIH Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), BIH Stem Cell Core Facility, Berlin Institute of Health, Charité—Universitätsmedizin, 13353 Berlin, Germany;
| | - Jessica Reinert
- Unit 4.7 Biological Agents, Federal Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Nöldnerstraße 40–42, 10317 Berlin, Germany; (U.J.); (J.R.); (S.K.)
| | - Stefanie Klar
- Unit 4.7 Biological Agents, Federal Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Nöldnerstraße 40–42, 10317 Berlin, Germany; (U.J.); (J.R.); (S.K.)
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3
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Obernolte H, Niehof M, Braubach P, Fieguth HG, Jonigk D, Pfennig O, Tschernig T, Warnecke G, Braun A, Sewald K. Cigarette smoke alters inflammatory genes and the extracellular matrix - investigations on viable sections of peripheral human lungs. Cell Tissue Res 2021; 387:249-260. [PMID: 34820703 PMCID: PMC8821047 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-021-03553-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a complex chronic respiratory disorder often caused by cigarette smoke. Cigarette smoke contains hundreds of toxic substances. In our study, we wanted to identify initial mechanisms of cigarette smoke induced changes in the distal lung. Viable slices of human lungs were exposed 24 h to cigarette smoke condensate, and the dose–response profile was analyzed. Non-toxic condensate concentrations and lipopolysaccharide were used for further experiments. COPD-related protein and gene expression was measured. Cigarette smoke condensate did not induce pro-inflammatory cytokines and most inflammation-associated genes. In contrast, lipopolysaccharide significantly induced IL-1α, IL-1β, TNF-α and IL-8 (proteins) and IL1B, IL6, and TNF (genes). Interestingly, cigarette smoke condensate induced metabolism- and extracellular matrix–associated proteins and genes, which were not influenced by lipopolysaccharide. Also, a significant regulation of CYP1A1 and CYP1B1, as well as MMP9 and MMP9/TIMP1 ratio, was observed which resembles typical findings in COPD. In conclusion, our data show that cigarette smoke and lipopolysaccharide induce significant responses in human lung tissue ex vivo, giving first hints that COPD starts early in smoking history.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Obernolte
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine ITEM, Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Hannover, Germany
| | - Monika Niehof
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine ITEM, Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Hannover, Germany
| | - Peter Braubach
- Institute for Pathology, Hannover Medical School, Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Danny Jonigk
- Institute for Pathology, Hannover Medical School, Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Hannover, Germany
| | - Olaf Pfennig
- KRH Klinikum Siloah-Oststadt-Heidehaus, Hannover, Germany
| | - Thomas Tschernig
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Saarland University, Homburg Saar, Germany
| | - Gregor Warnecke
- Division of Cardiac, Thoracic, Transplantation, and Vascular Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Hannover, Germany
| | - Armin Braun
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine ITEM, Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Hannover, Germany
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Katherina Sewald
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine ITEM, Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Hannover, Germany.
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Polosa R, Emma R, Cibella F, Caruso M, Conte G, Benfatto F, Ferlito S, Gulino A, Malerba M, Caponnetto P. Impact of exclusive e-cigarettes and heated tobacco products use on muco-ciliary clearance. Ther Adv Chronic Dis 2021; 12:20406223211035267. [PMID: 34422253 PMCID: PMC8371723 DOI: 10.1177/20406223211035267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Tobacco smoking impairs mucociliary clearance (MCC) efficiency as shown by
prolonged saccharin test transit time (STTT). Avoiding exposure to tobacco
smoke from combustible cigarettes may restore MCC function and former
smokers have been shown to exhibit similar STTT as never smokers. The impact
on STTT of switching from smoking to combustion-free tobacco products such
as e-cigarettes (ECs) and heated tobacco products (HTPs) is not known. Methods: We report STTT of exclusive EC and HTP users. Test results were compared with
those obtained in current, former, and never smokers. Results: STTT were obtained from 39 current, 40 former, 40 never smokers, and from 20
EC and 20 HTP users. Comparison of STTT values showed significant difference
among the five study groups (p < 0.00001) with current
smokers having a median [interquartile range (IQR)] STTT of 13.15 min, which
was significantly longer compared with that of all other study groups. In
particular, compared with former (7.26 min) and never smokers (7.24 min),
exclusive EC users and exclusive HTP users had similar STTT at 7.00 and
8.00 min, respectively. Conclusion: Former smokers who have switched to exclusive regular use of combustion-free
nicotine delivery systems (i.e., ECs and HTPs) exhibit similar saccharin
transit time as never and former smokers. This suggests that combustion-free
nicotine delivery technologies are unlikely to have detrimental effects on
MCC function.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Polosa
- Centre for the Prevention and Treatment of Tobacco Addiction (CPCT), Teaching Hospital Policlinico - V. Emanuele, University of Catania, Catania, Italy Center of Excellence for the Acceleration of Harm Reduction (CoEHAR), University of Catania, Italy Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - R Emma
- Centre for the Prevention and Treatment of Tobacco Addiction (CPCT), Teaching Hospital Policlinico - V. Emanuele, University of Catania, Catania, Italy, Center of Excellence for the Acceleration of Harm Reduction (CoEHAR), University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - F Cibella
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Biomedicine and Molecular Immunology, Palermo, Italy
| | - M Caruso
- Centre for the Prevention and Treatment of Tobacco Addiction (CPCT), Teaching Hospital Policlinico - V. Emanuele, University of Catania, Catania, Italy, Center of Excellence for the Acceleration of Harm Reduction (CoEHAR), University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - G Conte
- Centre for the Prevention and Treatment of Tobacco Addiction (CPCT), Teaching Hospital Policlinico - V. Emanuele, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - F Benfatto
- Centre for the Prevention and Treatment of Tobacco Addiction (CPCT), Teaching Hospital Policlinico - V. Emanuele, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - S Ferlito
- Department of Medical Science, Surgical Science and advanced Technologies G.F, Ingrassia, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - A Gulino
- Department of Medical Science, Surgical Science and advanced Technologies G.F, Ingrassia, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - M Malerba
- Translational Medicine Department, Eastern Piedmont University (UPO), Novara, Italy
| | - P Caponnetto
- Centre for the Prevention and Treatment of Tobacco Addiction (CPCT), Teaching Hospital Policlinico - V. Emanuele, University of Catania, Catania, Italy, Center of Excellence for the Acceleration of Harm Reduction (CoEHAR), University of Catania, Catania, Italy
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Chen H, Chen X, Shen Y, Yin X, Liu F, Liu L, Yao J, Chu Q, Wang Y, Qi H, Timko MP, Fang W, Fan L. Signaling pathway perturbation analysis for assessment of biological impact of cigarette smoke on lung cells. Sci Rep 2021; 11:16715. [PMID: 34408184 PMCID: PMC8373939 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-95938-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure to cigarette smoke (CS) results in injury to the epithelial cells of the human respiratory tract and has been implicated as a causative factor in the development of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and lung cancers. The application of omics-scale methodologies has improved the capacity to understand cellular signaling processes underlying response to CS exposure. We report here the development of an algorithm based on quantitative assessment of transcriptomic profiles and signaling pathway perturbation analysis (SPPA) of human bronchial epithelial cells (HBEC) exposed to the toxic components present in CS. HBEC were exposed to CS of different compositions and for different durations using an ISO3308 smoking regime and the impact of exposure was monitored in 2263 signaling pathways in the cell to generate a total effect score that reflects the quantitative degree of impact of external stimuli on the cells. These findings support the conclusion that the SPPA algorithm provides an objective, systematic, sensitive means to evaluate the biological impact of exposures to CS of different compositions making a powerful comparative tool for commercial product evaluation and potentially for other known or potentially toxic environmental smoke substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyu Chen
- Department of Medical Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.,Institute of Crop Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Xi Chen
- Institute of Crop Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.,Institute of Bioinformatics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Yifei Shen
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Xinxin Yin
- Institute of Crop Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Fangjie Liu
- Institute of Bioinformatics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Lu Liu
- Institute of Crop Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Jie Yao
- Institute of Bioinformatics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Qinjie Chu
- Institute of Bioinformatics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Yaqin Wang
- Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Hongyan Qi
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Michael P Timko
- Department of Biology and Public Health Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22904, USA
| | - Weijia Fang
- Department of Medical Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
| | - Longjiang Fan
- Department of Medical Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China. .,Institute of Crop Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China. .,Institute of Bioinformatics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
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6
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Bennet TJ, Randhawa A, Hua J, Cheung KC. Airway-On-A-Chip: Designs and Applications for Lung Repair and Disease. Cells 2021; 10:1602. [PMID: 34206722 PMCID: PMC8304815 DOI: 10.3390/cells10071602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The lungs are affected by illnesses including asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and infections such as influenza and SARS-CoV-2. Physiologically relevant models for respiratory conditions will be essential for new drug development. The composition and structure of the lung extracellular matrix (ECM) plays a major role in the function of the lung tissue and cells. Lung-on-chip models have been developed to address some of the limitations of current two-dimensional in vitro models. In this review, we describe various ECM substitutes utilized for modeling the respiratory system. We explore the application of lung-on-chip models to the study of cigarette smoke and electronic cigarette vapor. We discuss the challenges and opportunities related to model characterization with an emphasis on in situ characterization methods, both established and emerging. We discuss how further advancements in the field, through the incorporation of interstitial cells and ECM, have the potential to provide an effective tool for interrogating lung biology and disease, especially the mechanisms that involve the interstitial elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanya J. Bennet
- School of Biomedical Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada; (T.J.B.); (A.R.); (J.H.)
- Centre for Blood Research, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Avineet Randhawa
- School of Biomedical Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada; (T.J.B.); (A.R.); (J.H.)
- Centre for Blood Research, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Jessica Hua
- School of Biomedical Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada; (T.J.B.); (A.R.); (J.H.)
- Centre for Blood Research, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Karen C. Cheung
- School of Biomedical Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada; (T.J.B.); (A.R.); (J.H.)
- Centre for Blood Research, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
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7
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Haswell LE, Smart D, Jaunky T, Baxter A, Santopietro S, Meredith S, Camacho OM, Breheny D, Thorne D, Gaca MD. The development of an in vitro 3D model of goblet cell hyperplasia using MUC5AC expression and repeated whole aerosol exposures. Toxicol Lett 2021; 347:45-57. [PMID: 33892128 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2021.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Goblet cell hyperplasia and overproduction of airway mucin are characteristic features of the lung epithelium of smokers and COPD patients. Tobacco heating products (THPs) are a potentially less risky alternative to combustible cigarettes, and through continued use solus THPs may reduce smoking-related disease risk. Using the MucilAir™ in vitro lung model, a 6-week feasibility study was conducted investigating the effect of repeated cigarette smoke (1R6F), THP aerosol and air exposure. Tissues were exposed to nicotine-matched whole aerosol doses 3 times/week. Endpoints assessed were dosimetry, tight-junction integrity, cilia beat frequency (CBF) and active area (AA), cytokine secretion and airway mucin MUC5AC expression. Comparison of incubator and air exposed controls indicated exposures did not have a significant effect on the transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER), CBF and AA of the tissues. Cytokine secretion indicated clear differences in secretion patterns in response to 1R6F and THP exposure. 1R6F exposure resulted in a significant decrease in the TEER and AA (p=0.000 and p=0.000, respectively), and an increase in MUC5AC positive cells (p=0.002). Repeated THP exposure did not result in a significant change in MUC5AC positive cells. This study demonstrates repeated cigarette smoke whole aerosol exposure can induce these morphological changes in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linsey E Haswell
- British American Tobacco, R&D, Southampton, Hampshire, SO15 8TL, UK.
| | - David Smart
- British American Tobacco, R&D, Southampton, Hampshire, SO15 8TL, UK
| | - Tomasz Jaunky
- British American Tobacco, R&D, Southampton, Hampshire, SO15 8TL, UK
| | - Andrew Baxter
- British American Tobacco, R&D, Southampton, Hampshire, SO15 8TL, UK
| | | | - Stuart Meredith
- British American Tobacco, R&D, Southampton, Hampshire, SO15 8TL, UK
| | - Oscar M Camacho
- British American Tobacco, R&D, Southampton, Hampshire, SO15 8TL, UK
| | - Damien Breheny
- British American Tobacco, R&D, Southampton, Hampshire, SO15 8TL, UK
| | - David Thorne
- British American Tobacco, R&D, Southampton, Hampshire, SO15 8TL, UK
| | - Marianna D Gaca
- British American Tobacco, R&D, Southampton, Hampshire, SO15 8TL, UK
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8
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Czekala L, Wieczorek R, Simms L, Yu F, Budde J, Trelles Sticken E, Rudd K, Verron T, Brinster O, Stevenson M, Walele T. Multi-endpoint analysis of human 3D airway epithelium following repeated exposure to whole electronic vapor product aerosol or cigarette smoke. Curr Res Toxicol 2021; 2:99-115. [PMID: 34345855 PMCID: PMC8320624 DOI: 10.1016/j.crtox.2021.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Smoking is a cause of serious diseases in smokers including chronic respiratory diseases. This study aimed to evaluate the tobacco harm reduction (THR) potential of an electronic vapor product (EVP, myblu™) compared to a Kentucky Reference Cigarette (3R4F), and assessed endpoints related to chronic respiratory diseases. Endpoints included: cytotoxicity, barrier integrity (TEER), cilia function, immunohistochemistry, and pro-inflammatory markers. In order to more closely represent the user exposure scenario, we have employed the in vitro 3D organotypic model of human airway epithelium (MucilAir™, Epithelix) for respiratory assessment. The model was repeatedly exposed to either whole aerosol of the EVP, or whole 3R4F smoke, at the air liquid interface (ALI), for 4 weeks to either 30, 60 or 90 puffs on 3-exposure-per-week basis. 3R4F smoke generation used the ISO 20778:2018 regime and EVP aerosol used the ISO 20768:2018 vaping regime. Exposure to undiluted whole EVP aerosol did not trigger any significant changes in the level of pro-inflammatory mediators, cilia beating function, barrier integrity and cytotoxicity when compared with air controls. In contrast, exposure to diluted (1:17) whole cigarette smoke caused significant changes to all the endpoints mentioned above. To our knowledge, this is the first study evaluating the effects of repeated whole cigarette smoke and whole EVP aerosol exposure to a 3D lung model at the ALI. Our results add to the growing body of scientific literature supporting the THR potential of EVPs relative to combustible cigarettes and the applicability of the 3D lung models in human-relevant product risk assessments.
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Key Words
- 2D, Two Dimensional
- 3D, Three Dimensional
- 3R4F, Scientific Reference Tobacco Cigarette (University of Kentucky)
- ALI, Air-Liquid Interface
- ANOVA, Analysis of Variance
- AOP, Adverse Outcome Pathway
- CAA, Cilia Active Area
- CBF, Cilia Beat Frequency
- COPD, Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
- CYP450, Cytochrome P450
- Cigarette
- Cilia
- DPBS, Dulbecco's phosphate-buffered saline containing Ca2+ and Mg2+
- EGFR, Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor
- EVP, Electronic Vapor Product
- Electronic vapor product
- FOX-J1, Forkhead Box J1 protein
- H&E, Hematoxylin and Eosin
- IIVS, Institute for In Vitro Sciences
- IL-13, Interleukin 13
- IL-1β, Interleukin 1 Beta
- IL-6, Interleukin-6
- IL-8, Interleukin-8
- ISO, International Organization for Standardization
- Immunohistochemistry
- KERs, Key Event Relationships
- KEs, Key Events
- LDH, Lactate Dehydrogenase
- MIE, Molecular Initiating Event
- MMP-1, Matrix Metalloproteinase-1
- MMP-3, Matrix Metalloproteinase-3
- MMP-9, Matrix Metalloproteinase-9
- MUC5AC, Mucin 5AC Protein
- MWP, Multi-Well Plate
- NKT, Natural Killer T Cells
- Organotypic tissue model
- PBS, Phosphate Buffered Saline
- PMN, polymorphonuclear
- Pro-inflammatory markers
- SAEIVS, Smoke Aerosol Exposure In Vitro System
- TEER, Transepithelial Electrical Resistance
- THR, Tobacco Harm Reduction
- TNF-α, Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha
- TPM, Total Particulate Matter
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukasz Czekala
- Imperial Brands PLC, 121 Winterstoke Road, Bristol BS3 2LL, United Kingdom
| | - Roman Wieczorek
- Reemtsma Cigarettenfabriken GmbH, An Imperial Brands PLC Company, Albert-EinsteinRing-7, D-22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Liam Simms
- Imperial Brands PLC, 121 Winterstoke Road, Bristol BS3 2LL, United Kingdom
| | - Fan Yu
- Imperial Brands PLC, 121 Winterstoke Road, Bristol BS3 2LL, United Kingdom
| | - Jessica Budde
- Reemtsma Cigarettenfabriken GmbH, An Imperial Brands PLC Company, Albert-EinsteinRing-7, D-22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Edgar Trelles Sticken
- Reemtsma Cigarettenfabriken GmbH, An Imperial Brands PLC Company, Albert-EinsteinRing-7, D-22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Kathryn Rudd
- Imperial Brands PLC, 121 Winterstoke Road, Bristol BS3 2LL, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas Verron
- Imperial Brands PLC, 121 Winterstoke Road, Bristol BS3 2LL, United Kingdom
| | - Oleg Brinster
- Reemtsma Cigarettenfabriken GmbH, An Imperial Brands PLC Company, Albert-EinsteinRing-7, D-22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Matthew Stevenson
- Imperial Brands PLC, 121 Winterstoke Road, Bristol BS3 2LL, United Kingdom
| | - Tanvir Walele
- Imperial Brands PLC, 121 Winterstoke Road, Bristol BS3 2LL, United Kingdom
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9
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Emma R, Caponnetto P, Cibella F, Caruso M, Conte G, Benfatto F, Ferlito S, Gulino A, Polosa R. Short and Long Term Repeatability of Saccharin Transit Time in Current, Former, and Never Smokers. Front Physiol 2020; 11:1109. [PMID: 33071804 PMCID: PMC7537769 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.01109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Smoking progressively damages the efficiency of mucociliary clearance (MCC) defense mechanisms, thus contributing to increased susceptibility to respiratory infections. Prolonged mucociliary clearance transit time (MCCTT) caused by chronic smoking has been investigated by saccharin test, but little data is available about its short- and long-term reproducibility. Moreover, it is not known if MCC impairment can be reversed when stopping smoking. Objective of the study is to investigate and compare short (3 days) and long term (30 days) repeatability of baseline saccharin transit time (STT) among current, former, and never smokers. STT results were analyzed in 39 current, 40 former, and 40 never smokers. Significant (p < 0.0001) short-term and long-term repeatability of STT were observed in current (R squared = 0.398 and 0.672, for short- and long-term, respectively) and former smokers (R squared = 0.714 and 0.595, for short- and long-term, respectively). Significant differences in MCCTT were observed among the three study groups (p < 0.0001); the median (IQR) MCCTT being 13.15 (10.24–17.25), 7.26 (6.18–9.17), and 7.24 (5.73–8.73) minutes for current, former and never smokers, respectively. Comparison between current smokers and former smokers was significantly different (p < 0.0001). There was no significant difference between former and never smokers. The Saccharin test was well tolerated by all participants. We have shown for the first time high level repeatability in both current and former smokers. Moreover, MCC impairment can be completely reversed, former smokers exhibiting similar STT as never smokers. Measurement of STT is a sensitive biomarker of physiological effect for the detection of early respiratory health changes and may be useful for clinical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosalia Emma
- Centre for the Prevention and Treatment of Tobacco Addiction (CPCT), Teaching Hospital "Policlinico-V. Emanuele", University of Catania, Catania, Italy.,Center of Excellence for the Acceleration of Harm Reduction (CoEHAR), Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Pasquale Caponnetto
- Centre for the Prevention and Treatment of Tobacco Addiction (CPCT), Teaching Hospital "Policlinico-V. Emanuele", University of Catania, Catania, Italy.,Center of Excellence for the Acceleration of Harm Reduction (CoEHAR), Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Fabio Cibella
- National Research Council, Institute of Biomedicine and Molecular Immunology, Palermo, Italy
| | - Massimo Caruso
- Centre for the Prevention and Treatment of Tobacco Addiction (CPCT), Teaching Hospital "Policlinico-V. Emanuele", University of Catania, Catania, Italy.,Center of Excellence for the Acceleration of Harm Reduction (CoEHAR), Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy.,Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Gianluca Conte
- Centre for the Prevention and Treatment of Tobacco Addiction (CPCT), Teaching Hospital "Policlinico-V. Emanuele", University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Francesca Benfatto
- Centre for the Prevention and Treatment of Tobacco Addiction (CPCT), Teaching Hospital "Policlinico-V. Emanuele", University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Salvatore Ferlito
- Department of Medical, Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies "G.F., Ingrassia", University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Alessandro Gulino
- Department of Medical, Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies "G.F., Ingrassia", University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Riccardo Polosa
- Centre for the Prevention and Treatment of Tobacco Addiction (CPCT), Teaching Hospital "Policlinico-V. Emanuele", University of Catania, Catania, Italy.,Center of Excellence for the Acceleration of Harm Reduction (CoEHAR), Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy.,Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
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10
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Ghosh B, Reyes-Caballero H, Akgün-Ölmez SG, Nishida K, Chandrala L, Smirnova L, Biswal S, Sidhaye VK. Effect of sub-chronic exposure to cigarette smoke, electronic cigarette and waterpipe on human lung epithelial barrier function. BMC Pulm Med 2020; 20:216. [PMID: 32787821 PMCID: PMC7425557 DOI: 10.1186/s12890-020-01255-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Taking into consideration a recent surge of a lung injury condition associated with electronic cigarette use, we devised an in vitro model of sub-chronic exposure of human bronchial epithelial cells (HBECs) in air-liquid interface, to determine deterioration of epithelial cell barrier from sub-chronic exposure to cigarette smoke (CS), e-cigarette aerosol (EC), and tobacco waterpipe exposures (TW). METHODS Products analyzed include commercially available e-liquid, with 0% or 1.2% concentration of nicotine, tobacco blend (shisha), and reference-grade cigarette (3R4F). In one set of experiments, HBECs were exposed to EC (0 and 1.2%), CS or control air for 10 days using 1 cigarette/day. In the second set of experiments, exposure of pseudostratified primary epithelial tissue to TW or control air exposure was performed 1-h/day, every other day, until 3 exposures were performed. After 16-18 h of last exposure, we investigated barrier function/structural integrity of the epithelial monolayer with fluorescein isothiocyanate-dextran flux assay (FITC-Dextran), measurements of trans-electrical epithelial resistance (TEER), assessment of the percentage of moving cilia, cilia beat frequency (CBF), cell motion, and quantification of E-cadherin gene expression by reverse-transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). RESULTS When compared to air control, CS increased fluorescence (FITC-Dextran assay) by 5.6 times, whereby CS and EC (1.2%) reduced TEER to 49 and 60% respectively. CS and EC (1.2%) exposure reduced CBF to 62 and 59%, and cilia moving to 47 and 52%, respectively, when compared to control air. CS and EC (1.2%) increased cell velocity compared to air control by 2.5 and 2.6 times, respectively. The expression of E-cadherin reduced to 39% of control air levels by CS exposure shows an insight into a plausible molecular mechanism. Altogether, EC (0%) and TW exposures resulted in more moderate decreases in epithelial integrity, while EC (1.2%) substantially decreased airway epithelial barrier function comparable with CS exposure. CONCLUSIONS The results support a toxic effect of sub-chronic exposure to EC (1.2%) as evident by disruption of the bronchial epithelial cell barrier integrity, whereas further research is needed to address the molecular mechanism of this observation as well as TW and EC (0%) toxicity in chronic exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baishakhi Ghosh
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Hermes Reyes-Caballero
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Sevcan Gül Akgün-Ölmez
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Present Address: Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Kristine Nishida
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Lakshmana Chandrala
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins Whiting School of Engineering, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Lena Smirnova
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Shyam Biswal
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Venkataramana K Sidhaye
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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11
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Intermittent exposure to whole cigarette smoke alters the differentiation of primary small airway epithelial cells in the air-liquid interface culture. Sci Rep 2020; 10:6257. [PMID: 32277131 PMCID: PMC7148343 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-63345-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cigarette smoke (CS) is the leading risk factor to develop COPD. Therefore, the pathologic effects of whole CS on the differentiation of primary small airway epithelial cells (SAEC) were investigated, using cells from three healthy donors and three COPD patients, cultured under ALI (air-liquid interface) conditions. The analysis of the epithelial physiology demonstrated that CS impaired barrier formation and reduced cilia beat activity. Although, COPD-derived ALI cultures preserved some features known from COPD patients, CS-induced effects were similarly pronounced in ALI cultures from patients compared to healthy controls. RNA sequencing analyses revealed the deregulation of marker genes for basal and secretory cells upon CS exposure. The comparison between gene signatures obtained from the in vitro model (CS vs. air) with a published data set from human epithelial brushes (smoker vs. non-smoker) revealed a high degree of similarity between deregulated genes and pathways induced by CS. Taken together, whole cigarette smoke alters the differentiation of small airway basal cells in vitro. The established model showed a good translatability to the situation in vivo. Thus, the model can help to identify and test novel therapeutic approaches to restore the impaired epithelial repair mechanisms in COPD, which is still a high medical need.
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12
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Sarlak S, Lalou C, Amoedo ND, Rossignol R. Metabolic reprogramming by tobacco-specific nitrosamines (TSNAs) in cancer. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2020; 98:154-166. [PMID: 31699542 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2019.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2019] [Revised: 08/25/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic reprogramming is a hallmark of cancer and the link between oncogenes activation, tumor supressors inactivation and bioenergetics modulation is well established. However, numerous carcinogenic environmental factors are responsible for early cancer initiation and their impact on metabolic reprogramming just starts to be deciphered. For instance, it was recently shown that UVB irradiation triggers metabolic reprogramming at the pre-cancer stage with implication for skin cancer detection and therapy. These observations foster the need to study the early changes in tissue metabolism following exposure to other carcinogenic events. According to the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), tobacco smoke is a major class I-carcinogenic environmental factor that contains different carcinogens, but little is known on the impact of tobacco smoke on tissue metabolism and its participation to cancer initiation. In particular, tobacco-specific nitrosamines (TSNAs) play a central role in tobacco-smoke mediated cancer initiation. Here we describe the recent advances that have led to a new hypothesis regarding the link between nitrosamines signaling and metabolic reprogramming in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saharnaz Sarlak
- INSERM U1211, 33000 Bordeaux, France; Bordeaux University, 146 rue Léo Saignat, 33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Claude Lalou
- INSERM U1211, 33000 Bordeaux, France; Bordeaux University, 146 rue Léo Saignat, 33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Nivea Dias Amoedo
- CELLOMET, Functional Genomics Center (CGFB), 146 rue Léo Saignat, 33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Rodrigue Rossignol
- INSERM U1211, 33000 Bordeaux, France; Bordeaux University, 146 rue Léo Saignat, 33000 Bordeaux, France; CELLOMET, Functional Genomics Center (CGFB), 146 rue Léo Saignat, 33000 Bordeaux, France.
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13
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Furubayashi T, Inoue D, Nishiyama N, Tanaka A, Yutani R, Kimura S, Katsumi H, Yamamoto A, Sakane T. Comparison of Various Cell Lines and Three-Dimensional Mucociliary Tissue Model Systems to Estimate Drug Permeability Using an In Vitro Transport Study to Predict Nasal Drug Absorption in Rats. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:pharmaceutics12010079. [PMID: 31963555 PMCID: PMC7023391 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12010079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Revised: 12/27/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, various types of cultured cells have been used to research the mechanisms of transport and metabolism of drugs. Although many studies using cultured cell systems have been published, a comparison of different cultured cell systems has never been reported. In this study, Caco-2, Calu-3, Madin–Darby canine kidney (MDCK), EpiAirway and MucilAir were used as popular in vitro cell culture systems, and the permeability of model compounds across these cell systems was evaluated to compare barrier characteristics and to clarify their usefulness as an estimation system for nasal drug absorption in rats. MDCK unexpectedly showed the best correlation (r = 0.949) with the fractional absorption (Fn) in rats. Secondly, a high correlation was observed in Calu-3 (r = 0.898). Also, Caco-2 (r = 0.787) and MucilAir (r = 0.750) showed a relatively good correlation with Fn. The correlation between Fn and permeability to EpiAirway was the poorest (r = 0.550). Because EpiAirway forms leakier tight junctions than other cell culture systems, the paracellular permeability was likely overestimated with this system. On the other hand, because MDCK formed such tight cellular junctions that compounds of paracellular model were less likely permeated, the paracellular permeability could be underestimated. Calu-3, Caco-2 and MucilAir form suitable cellular junctions and barriers, indicating that those cell systems enable the precise estimation of nasal drug absorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoyuki Furubayashi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, 4-19-1 Motoyamakitamachi, Higashinada-ku, Kobe 658-8558, Japan; (A.T.); (R.Y.)
- School of Pharmacy, Shujitsu University, 1-6-1 Nishigawara, Naka-ku, Okayama 703-8516, Japan; (D.I.); (N.N.)
- Correspondence: (T.F.); (T.S.); Tel.: +81-78-441-7531 (T.F.); +81-78-441-7530 (T.S.)
| | - Daisuke Inoue
- School of Pharmacy, Shujitsu University, 1-6-1 Nishigawara, Naka-ku, Okayama 703-8516, Japan; (D.I.); (N.N.)
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Noji-higashi, Kusatsu, Shiga 525-8577, Japan
| | - Noriko Nishiyama
- School of Pharmacy, Shujitsu University, 1-6-1 Nishigawara, Naka-ku, Okayama 703-8516, Japan; (D.I.); (N.N.)
| | - Akiko Tanaka
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, 4-19-1 Motoyamakitamachi, Higashinada-ku, Kobe 658-8558, Japan; (A.T.); (R.Y.)
| | - Reiko Yutani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, 4-19-1 Motoyamakitamachi, Higashinada-ku, Kobe 658-8558, Japan; (A.T.); (R.Y.)
| | - Shunsuke Kimura
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Doshisha Women’s College of Liberal Arts, Kodo, Kyotanabe, Kyoto 610-0395, Japan;
| | - Hidemasa Katsumi
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, 5 Misasagi Nakauchi-cho, Yamashina-ku, Kyoto 607-8414, Japan; (H.K.); (A.Y.)
| | - Akira Yamamoto
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, 5 Misasagi Nakauchi-cho, Yamashina-ku, Kyoto 607-8414, Japan; (H.K.); (A.Y.)
| | - Toshiyasu Sakane
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, 4-19-1 Motoyamakitamachi, Higashinada-ku, Kobe 658-8558, Japan; (A.T.); (R.Y.)
- Correspondence: (T.F.); (T.S.); Tel.: +81-78-441-7531 (T.F.); +81-78-441-7530 (T.S.)
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14
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Clippinger AJ, Allen D, Jarabek AM, Corvaro M, Gaça M, Gehen S, Hotchkiss JA, Patlewicz G, Melbourne J, Hinderliter P, Yoon M, Huh D, Lowit A, Buckley B, Bartels M, BéruBé K, Wilson DM, Indans I, Vinken M. Alternative approaches for acute inhalation toxicity testing to address global regulatory and non-regulatory data requirements: An international workshop report. Toxicol In Vitro 2017; 48:53-70. [PMID: 29277654 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2017.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2017] [Revised: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Inhalation toxicity testing, which provides the basis for hazard labeling and risk management of chemicals with potential exposure to the respiratory tract, has traditionally been conducted using animals. Significant research efforts have been directed at the development of mechanistically based, non-animal testing approaches that hold promise to provide human-relevant data and an enhanced understanding of toxicity mechanisms. A September 2016 workshop, "Alternative Approaches for Acute Inhalation Toxicity Testing to Address Global Regulatory and Non-Regulatory Data Requirements", explored current testing requirements and ongoing efforts to achieve global regulatory acceptance for non-animal testing approaches. The importance of using integrated approaches that combine existing data with in vitro and/or computational approaches to generate new data was discussed. Approaches were also proposed to develop a strategy for identifying and overcoming obstacles to replacing animal tests. Attendees noted the importance of dosimetry considerations and of understanding mechanisms of acute toxicity, which could be facilitated by the development of adverse outcome pathways. Recommendations were made to (1) develop a database of existing acute inhalation toxicity data; (2) prepare a state-of-the-science review of dosimetry determinants, mechanisms of toxicity, and existing approaches to assess acute inhalation toxicity; (3) identify and optimize in silico models; and (4) develop a decision tree/testing strategy, considering physicochemical properties and dosimetry, and conduct proof-of-concept testing. Working groups have been established to implement these recommendations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David Allen
- Integrated Laboratory Systems, contractor supporting the NTP Interagency Center for the Evaluation of Alternative Toxicological Methods, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States
| | - Annie M Jarabek
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, National Center for Environmental Assessment, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States
| | | | | | - Sean Gehen
- Dow AgroSciences, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | | | - Grace Patlewicz
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, National Center for Computational Toxicology, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States
| | | | | | - Miyoung Yoon
- Scitovation LLC, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States
| | - Dongeun Huh
- University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Anna Lowit
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Chemical Safety and Pollution Prevention, Office of Pesticide Programs, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Barbara Buckley
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, National Center for Environmental Assessment, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States
| | | | - Kelly BéruBé
- Cardiff University, School of Biosciences, Cardiff, Wales, UK
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15
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Iskandar AR, Martinez Y, Martin F, Schlage WK, Leroy P, Sewer A, Torres LO, Majeed S, Merg C, Trivedi K, Guedj E, Frentzel S, Mathis C, Ivanov NV, Peitsch MC, Hoeng J. Comparative effects of a candidate modified-risk tobacco product Aerosol and cigarette smoke on human organotypic small airway cultures: a systems toxicology approach. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2017; 6:930-946. [PMID: 30090554 PMCID: PMC6062162 DOI: 10.1039/c7tx00152e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 09/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Using an in vitro human small airway epithelium model, we assessed the biological impact of an aerosol from a candidate modified-risk tobacco product, the tobacco heating system (THS) 2.2, to investigate the potential reduced risk of THS2.2 aerosol exposure compared with cigarette smoke. Following the recommendations of the Institute of Medicine and the Tobacco Product Assessment Consortium, in which modified-risk tobacco products assessment should be performed in comparison with standard conventional products, the effects of the THS2.2 aerosol exposure on the small airway cultures were compared with those of 3R4F cigarette smoke. We used a systems toxicology approach whereby elucidation of toxic effects is derived not only from functional assay readouts but also from omics technologies. Cytotoxicity, ciliary beating function, secretion of pro-inflammatory mediators and histological assessment represented functional assays. The omics data included transcriptomic and miRNA profiles. Exposure-induced perturbations of causal biological networks were computed from the transcriptomic data. The results showed that THS2.2 aerosol exposure at the tested doses elicited lower cytotoxicity levels and lower changes in the secreted pro-inflammatory mediators than 3R4F smoke. Although THS2.2 exposure elicited alterations in the gene expression, a higher transcriptome-induced biological impact was observed following 3R4F smoke: The effects of THS2.2 aerosol exposure, if observed, were mostly transient and diminished more rapidly after exposure than those of 3R4F smoke. The study demonstrated that the systems toxicology approach can reveal changes at the cellular level that would be otherwise not detected from functional assays, thus increasing the sensitivity to detect potential toxicity of a treatment/exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita R Iskandar
- PMI R&D , Philip Morris Products S.A. (Part of Philip Morris International group of companies) , Quai Jeanrenaud 5 , CH-2000 Neuchâtel , Switzerland . ; ; Tel: +41 (58)242 2214
| | - Yannick Martinez
- PMI R&D , Philip Morris Products S.A. (Part of Philip Morris International group of companies) , Quai Jeanrenaud 5 , CH-2000 Neuchâtel , Switzerland . ; ; Tel: +41 (58)242 2214
| | - Florian Martin
- PMI R&D , Philip Morris Products S.A. (Part of Philip Morris International group of companies) , Quai Jeanrenaud 5 , CH-2000 Neuchâtel , Switzerland . ; ; Tel: +41 (58)242 2214
| | - Walter K Schlage
- Biology consultant , Max-Baermann-Str. 21 , 51429 Bergisch Gladbach , Germany
| | - Patrice Leroy
- PMI R&D , Philip Morris Products S.A. (Part of Philip Morris International group of companies) , Quai Jeanrenaud 5 , CH-2000 Neuchâtel , Switzerland . ; ; Tel: +41 (58)242 2214
| | - Alain Sewer
- PMI R&D , Philip Morris Products S.A. (Part of Philip Morris International group of companies) , Quai Jeanrenaud 5 , CH-2000 Neuchâtel , Switzerland . ; ; Tel: +41 (58)242 2214
| | - Laura Ortega Torres
- PMI R&D , Philip Morris Products S.A. (Part of Philip Morris International group of companies) , Quai Jeanrenaud 5 , CH-2000 Neuchâtel , Switzerland . ; ; Tel: +41 (58)242 2214
| | - Shoaib Majeed
- PMI R&D , Philip Morris Products S.A. (Part of Philip Morris International group of companies) , Quai Jeanrenaud 5 , CH-2000 Neuchâtel , Switzerland . ; ; Tel: +41 (58)242 2214
| | - Celine Merg
- PMI R&D , Philip Morris Products S.A. (Part of Philip Morris International group of companies) , Quai Jeanrenaud 5 , CH-2000 Neuchâtel , Switzerland . ; ; Tel: +41 (58)242 2214
| | - Keyur Trivedi
- PMI R&D , Philip Morris Products S.A. (Part of Philip Morris International group of companies) , Quai Jeanrenaud 5 , CH-2000 Neuchâtel , Switzerland . ; ; Tel: +41 (58)242 2214
| | - Emmanuel Guedj
- PMI R&D , Philip Morris Products S.A. (Part of Philip Morris International group of companies) , Quai Jeanrenaud 5 , CH-2000 Neuchâtel , Switzerland . ; ; Tel: +41 (58)242 2214
| | - Stefan Frentzel
- PMI R&D , Philip Morris Products S.A. (Part of Philip Morris International group of companies) , Quai Jeanrenaud 5 , CH-2000 Neuchâtel , Switzerland . ; ; Tel: +41 (58)242 2214
| | - Carole Mathis
- PMI R&D , Philip Morris Products S.A. (Part of Philip Morris International group of companies) , Quai Jeanrenaud 5 , CH-2000 Neuchâtel , Switzerland . ; ; Tel: +41 (58)242 2214
| | - Nikolai V Ivanov
- PMI R&D , Philip Morris Products S.A. (Part of Philip Morris International group of companies) , Quai Jeanrenaud 5 , CH-2000 Neuchâtel , Switzerland . ; ; Tel: +41 (58)242 2214
| | - Manuel C Peitsch
- PMI R&D , Philip Morris Products S.A. (Part of Philip Morris International group of companies) , Quai Jeanrenaud 5 , CH-2000 Neuchâtel , Switzerland . ; ; Tel: +41 (58)242 2214
| | - Julia Hoeng
- PMI R&D , Philip Morris Products S.A. (Part of Philip Morris International group of companies) , Quai Jeanrenaud 5 , CH-2000 Neuchâtel , Switzerland . ; ; Tel: +41 (58)242 2214
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16
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Abstract
Neisseria meningitidis is a harmless commensal bacterium finely adapted to humans. Unfortunately, under “privileged” conditions, it adopts a “devious” lifestyle leading to uncontrolled behavior characterized by the unleashing of molecular weapons causing potentially lethal disease such as sepsis and acute meningitis. Indeed, despite the lack of a classic repertoire of virulence genes in
N. meningitidis separating commensal from invasive strains, molecular epidemiology and functional genomics studies suggest that carriage and invasive strains belong to genetically distinct populations characterized by an exclusive pathogenic potential. In the last few years, “omics” technologies have helped scientists to unwrap the framework drawn by
N. meningitidis during different stages of colonization and disease. However, this scenario is still incomplete and would benefit from the implementation of physiological tissue models for the reproduction of mucosal and systemic interactions
in vitro. These emerging technologies supported by recent advances in the world of stem cell biology hold the promise for a further understanding of
N. meningitidis pathogenesis.
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17
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Boei JJWA, Vermeulen S, Klein B, Hiemstra PS, Verhoosel RM, Jennen DGJ, Lahoz A, Gmuender H, Vrieling H. Xenobiotic metabolism in differentiated human bronchial epithelial cells. Arch Toxicol 2017; 91:2093-2105. [PMID: 27738743 PMCID: PMC5399058 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-016-1868-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 10/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Differentiated human bronchial epithelial cells in air liquid interface cultures (ALI-PBEC) represent a promising alternative for inhalation studies with rodents as these 3D airway epithelial tissue cultures recapitulate the human airway in multiple aspects, including morphology, cell type composition, gene expression and xenobiotic metabolism. We performed a detailed longitudinal gene expression analysis during the differentiation of submerged primary human bronchial epithelial cells into ALI-PBEC to assess the reproducibility and inter-individual variability of changes in transcriptional activity during this process. We generated ALI-PBEC cultures from four donors and focussed our analysis on the expression levels of 362 genes involved in biotransformation, which are of primary importance for toxicological studies. Expression of various of these genes (e.g., GSTA1, ADH1C, ALDH1A1, CYP2B6, CYP2F1, CYP4B1, CYP4X1 and CYP4Z1) was elevated following the mucociliary differentiation of airway epithelial cells into a pseudo-stratified epithelial layer. Although a substantial number of genes were differentially expressed between donors, the differences in fold changes were generally small. Metabolic activity measurements applying a variety of different cytochrome p450 substrates indicated that epithelial cultures at the early stages of differentiation are incapable of biotransformation. In contrast, mature ALI-PBEC cultures were proficient in the metabolic conversion of a variety of substrates albeit with considerable variation between donors. In summary, our data indicate a distinct increase in biotransformation capacity during differentiation of PBECs at the air-liquid interface and that the generation of biotransformation competent ALI-PBEC cultures is a reproducible process with little variability between cultures derived from four different donors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan J. W. A. Boei
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Postal Zone S4-P, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Sylvia Vermeulen
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Postal Zone S4-P, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Binie Klein
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Postal Zone S4-P, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Pieter S. Hiemstra
- Department of Pulmonology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Renate M. Verhoosel
- Department of Pulmonology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Danyel G. J. Jennen
- Department of Toxicogenomics, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Agustin Lahoz
- Unidad de Hepatología Experimental, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria-Fundación Hospital La Fe, 46009 Valencia, Spain
| | | | - Harry Vrieling
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Postal Zone S4-P, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
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18
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Baxter A, Minet E. Mass Spectrometry and Luminogenic-based Approaches to Characterize Phase I Metabolic Competency of In Vitro Cell Cultures. J Vis Exp 2017. [PMID: 28448041 PMCID: PMC5564436 DOI: 10.3791/55502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes play a key function in the biotransformation of medicines and toxicants by adding functional groups that increase solubility and facilitate excretion. On some occasions those structural modifications lead to the formation of new toxic products. In order to reduce animal testing, chemical risk can be assessed using metabolically competent cells. The expression of metabolic enzymes, however, is not stable over time in many in vitro primary culture systems and is often partial or absent in cell lines. Therefore, the study of medicines, additives, and environmental pollutants metabolism in vitro should ideally be conducted in cell systems where metabolic activity has been characterized. We explain here an approach to measure the activity of a class of metabolic enzymes (Human Phase I) in 2D cell lines and primary 3D cultures using chemical probes and their metabolic products quantifiable by UPLC mass spectrometry and luminometry. The method can be implemented to test the metabolic activity in cell lines and primary cells derived from a variety of tissues.
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19
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Iskandar AR, Mathis C, Schlage WK, Frentzel S, Leroy P, Xiang Y, Sewer A, Majeed S, Ortega-Torres L, Johne S, Guedj E, Trivedi K, Kratzer G, Merg C, Elamin A, Martin F, Ivanov NV, Peitsch MC, Hoeng J. A systems toxicology approach for comparative assessment: Biological impact of an aerosol from a candidate modified-risk tobacco product and cigarette smoke on human organotypic bronchial epithelial cultures. Toxicol In Vitro 2017; 39:29-51. [PMID: 27865774 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2016.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Accepted: 11/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
This study reports a comparative assessment of the biological impact of a heated tobacco aerosol from the tobacco heating system (THS) 2.2 and smoke from a combustible 3R4F cigarette. Human organotypic bronchial epithelial cultures were exposed to an aerosol from THS2.2 (a candidate modified-risk tobacco product) or 3R4F smoke at similar nicotine concentrations. A systems toxicology approach was applied to enable a comprehensive exposure impact assessment. Culture histology, cytotoxicity, secreted pro-inflammatory mediators, ciliary beating, and genome-wide mRNA/miRNA profiles were assessed at various time points post-exposure. Series of experimental repetitions were conducted to increase the robustness of the assessment. At similar nicotine concentrations, THS2.2 aerosol elicited lower cytotoxicity compared with 3R4F smoke. No morphological change was observed following exposure to THS2.2 aerosol, even at nicotine concentration three times that of 3R4F smoke. Lower levels of secreted mediators and fewer miRNA alterations were observed following exposure to THS2.2 aerosol than following 3R4F smoke. Based on the computational analysis of the gene expression changes, 3R4F (0.13 mg nicotine/L) elicited the highest biological impact (100%) in the context of Cell Fate, Cell Proliferation, Cell Stress, and Inflammatory Network Models at 4 h post-exposure. Whereas, the corresponding impact of THS2.2 (0.14 mg nicotine/L) was 7.6%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita R Iskandar
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
| | - Carole Mathis
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
| | - Walter K Schlage
- Biology Consultant, Max-Baermann-Str. 21, 51429, Bergisch Gladbach, Germany.
| | - Stefan Frentzel
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
| | - Patrice Leroy
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
| | - Yang Xiang
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
| | - Alain Sewer
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
| | - Shoaib Majeed
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
| | - Laura Ortega-Torres
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
| | - Stephanie Johne
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
| | - Emmanuel Guedj
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
| | - Keyur Trivedi
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
| | - Gilles Kratzer
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
| | - Celine Merg
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
| | - Ashraf Elamin
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
| | - Florian Martin
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
| | - Nikolai V Ivanov
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
| | - Manuel C Peitsch
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
| | - Julia Hoeng
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
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20
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Banerjee A, Haswell LE, Baxter A, Parmar A, Azzopardi D, Corke S, Thorne D, Adamson J, Mushonganono J, Gaca MD, Minet E. Differential Gene Expression Using RNA Sequencing Profiling in a Reconstituted Airway Epithelium Exposed to Conventional Cigarette Smoke or Electronic Cigarette Aerosols. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1089/aivt.2016.0024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anisha Banerjee
- British American Tobacco R&D Centre, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | | | - Andrew Baxter
- British American Tobacco R&D Centre, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Aleesha Parmar
- British American Tobacco R&D Centre, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - David Azzopardi
- British American Tobacco R&D Centre, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah Corke
- British American Tobacco R&D Centre, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - David Thorne
- British American Tobacco R&D Centre, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Jason Adamson
- British American Tobacco R&D Centre, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | | | - Marianna D. Gaca
- British American Tobacco R&D Centre, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Emmanuel Minet
- British American Tobacco R&D Centre, Southampton, United Kingdom
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21
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Fields W, Maione A, Keyser B, Bombick B. Characterization and Application of the VITROCELL VC1 Smoke Exposure System and 3D EpiAirway Models for Toxicological and e-Cigarette Evaluations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1089/aivt.2016.0035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wanda Fields
- RAI Services Company, Scientific and Regulatory Affairs, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | | | - Brian Keyser
- RAI Services Company, Scientific and Regulatory Affairs, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Betsy Bombick
- RAI Services Company, Scientific and Regulatory Affairs, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
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22
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Evaluation of the Tobacco Heating System 2.2. Part 1: Description of the system and the scientific assessment program. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2016; 81 Suppl 2:S17-S26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2016.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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23
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Dalrymple A, Ordoñez P, Thorne D, Walker D, Camacho OM, Büttner A, Dillon D, Meredith C. Cigarette smoke induced genotoxicity and respiratory tract pathology: evidence to support reduced exposure time and animal numbers in tobacco product testing. Inhal Toxicol 2016; 28:324-38. [PMID: 27160659 PMCID: PMC4898166 DOI: 10.3109/08958378.2016.1170911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Revised: 03/03/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Many laboratories are working to develop in vitro models that will replace in vivo tests, but occasionally there remains a regulatory expectation of some in vivo testing. Historically, cigarettes have been tested in vivo for 90 days. Recently, methods to reduce and refine animal use have been explored. This study investigated the potential of reducing animal cigarette smoke (CS) exposure to 3 or 6 weeks, and the feasibility of separate lung lobes for histopathology or the Comet assay. Rats were exposed to sham air or CS (1 or 2 h) for 3 or 6 weeks. Respiratory tissues were processed for histopathological evaluation, and Alveolar type II cells (AEC II) isolated for the Comet assay. Blood was collected for Pig-a and micronucleus quantification. Histopathological analyses demonstrated exposure effects, which were generally dependent on CS dose (1 or 2 h, 5 days/week). Comet analysis identified that DNA damage increased in AEC II following 3 or 6 weeks CS exposure, and the level at 6 weeks was higher than 3 weeks. Pig-a mutation or micronucleus levels were not increased. In conclusion, this study showed that 3 weeks of CS exposure was sufficient to observe respiratory tract pathology and DNA damage in isolated AEC II. Differences between the 3 and 6 week data imply that DNA damage in the lung is cumulative. Reducing exposure time, plus analyzing separate lung lobes for DNA damage or histopathology, supports a strategy to reduce and refine animal use in tobacco product testing and is aligned to the 3Rs (replacement, reduction and refinement).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Patricia Ordoñez
- Vivotecnia Research S.L., Parque Científico de Madrid,
Tres Cantos,
Madrid,
Spain
| | - David Thorne
- British American Tobacco, R&D,
Southampton,
Hampshire,
UK
| | - David Walker
- British American Tobacco, R&D,
Southampton,
Hampshire,
UK
| | | | | | - Debbie Dillon
- British American Tobacco, R&D,
Southampton,
Hampshire,
UK
| | - Clive Meredith
- British American Tobacco, R&D,
Southampton,
Hampshire,
UK
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24
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Bardet G, Mignon V, Momas I, Achard S, Seta N. Human Reconstituted Nasal Epithelium, a promising in vitro model to assess impacts of environmental complex mixtures. Toxicol In Vitro 2015; 32:55-62. [PMID: 26631767 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2015.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Revised: 09/26/2015] [Accepted: 11/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Considering the impact of respiratory diseases around the world, appropriate experimental tools to help understand the mechanisms involved in such diseases are becoming essential. Our aim was to investigate the cellular and morphological reactivity of a human Reconstituted Nasal Epithelium (hRNE) to evaluate the impact of environmental complex mixture (ECM), with tobacco smoke as a model, after three weeks of repeated exposures. Staining of hRNE showed a multilayered ciliated epithelium, with a regular cilia beats, and a mucus production. When hRNE was exposed to ECM for 5 min once or twice a week, during 3 weeks, significant changes occurred: IL-8 production significantly increased 24h after the first exposure compared with Air-exposure and only during the first week, without any loss of tissue integrity. Immunostaining of F-actin cytoskeleton showed a modification in cellular morphology (number and diameter). Taken together our results indicate that hRNE is well suited to study the cellular and morphological effects of repeated exposures to an environmental complex mixture. Human reconstituted epithelium models are currently the best in vitro representation of human respiratory tract physiology, and also the most robust for performing repeated exposures to atmospheric pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaëlle Bardet
- Université Paris Descartes, Faculté de Pharmacie de Paris, EA 4064, Laboratoire de Santé Publique et Environnement, Paris, France; Agence de l'environnement et de la Maîtrise de l'Energie (ADEME), Angers, France.
| | - Virginie Mignon
- Université Paris Descartes, Faculté de Pharmacie de Paris, Cellular and Molecular Imaging Platform, UMS 3612 CNRS, US25 INSERM, Paris, France.
| | - Isabelle Momas
- Université Paris Descartes, Faculté de Pharmacie de Paris, EA 4064, Laboratoire de Santé Publique et Environnement, Paris, France.
| | - Sophie Achard
- Université Paris Descartes, Faculté de Pharmacie de Paris, EA 4064, Laboratoire de Santé Publique et Environnement, Paris, France.
| | - Nathalie Seta
- Université Paris Descartes, Faculté de Pharmacie de Paris, EA 4064, Laboratoire de Santé Publique et Environnement, Paris, France; AP-HP, Hôpital Bichat, Biochimie, Paris, France.
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