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Kristensen TN, Schönherz AA, Rohde PD, Sørensen JG, Loeschcke V. Selection for stress tolerance and longevity in Drosophila melanogaster have strong impacts on microbiome profiles. Sci Rep 2024; 14:17789. [PMID: 39090347 PMCID: PMC11294339 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-68753-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 07/26/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024] Open
Abstract
There is experimental evidence that microbiomes have a strong influence on a range of host traits. Understanding the basis and importance of symbiosis between host and associated microorganisms is a rapidly developing research field, and we still lack a mechanistic understanding of ecological and genetic pressures affecting host-microbiome associations. Here Drosophila melanogaster lines from a large-scale artificial selection experiment were used to investigate whether the microbiota differ in lines selected for different stress resistance traits and longevity. Following multiple generations of artificial selection all selection regimes and corresponding controls had their microbiomes assessed. The microbiome was interrogated based on 16S rRNA sequencing. We found that the microbiome of flies from the different selection regimes differed markedly from that of the unselected control regime, and microbial diversity was consistently higher in selected relative to control regimes. Several common Drosophila bacterial species showed differentially abundance in the different selection regimes despite flies being exposed to similar environmental conditions for two generations prior to assessment. Our findings provide strong evidence for symbiosis between host and microbiomes but we cannot reveal whether the interactions are adaptive, nor whether they are caused by genetic or ecological factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Torsten Nygaard Kristensen
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, Fredrik Bajers Vej 7H, 9220, Aalborg, Denmark.
| | - Anna A Schönherz
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Aarhus University, Tjele, Denmark
| | - Palle Duun Rohde
- Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
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2
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MacVittie S, Doroodian S, Alberto A, Sogin M. Microbiome depletion and recovery in the sea anemone, Exaiptasia diaphana, following antibiotic exposure. mSystems 2024; 9:e0134223. [PMID: 38757963 PMCID: PMC11237641 DOI: 10.1128/msystems.01342-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Microbial species that comprise host-associated microbiomes play an essential role in maintaining and mediating the health of plants and animals. While defining the role of individual or even complex communities is important toward quantifying the effect of the microbiome on host health, it is often challenging to develop causal studies that link microbial populations to changes in host fitness. Here, we investigated the impacts of reduced microbial load following antibiotic exposure on the fitness of the anemone, Exaiptasia diaphana and subsequent recovery of the host's microbiome. Anemones were exposed to two different types of antibiotic solutions for 3 weeks and subsequently held in sterilized seawater for a 3-week recovery period. Our results revealed that both antibiotic treatments reduced the overall microbial load during and up to 1 week post-treatment. The observed reduction in microbial load was coupled with reduced anemone biomass, halted asexual reproduction rates, and for one of the antibiotic treatments, the partial removal of the anemone's algal symbiont. Finally, our amplicon sequencing results of the 16S rRNA gene revealed that anemone bacterial composition only shifted in treated individuals during the recovery phase of the experiment, where we also observed a significant reduction in the overall diversity of the microbial community. Our work implies that the E. diaphana's microbiome contributes to host fitness and that the recovery of the host's microbiome following disturbance with antibiotics leads to a reduced, but stable microbial state.IMPORTANCEExaiptasia diaphana is an emerging model used to define the cellular and molecular mechanisms of coral-algal symbioses. E. diaphana also houses a diverse microbiome, consisting of hundreds of microbial partners with undefined function. Here, we applied antibiotics to quantify the impact of microbiome removal on host fitness as well as define trajectories in microbiome recovery following disturbance. We showed that reduction of the microbiome leads to negative impacts on host fitness, and that the microbiome does not recover to its original composition while held under aseptic conditions. Rather the microbiome becomes less diverse, but more consistent across individuals. Our work is important because it suggests that anemone microbiomes play a role in maintaining host fitness, that they are susceptible to disturbance events, and that it is possible to generate gnotobiotic individuals that can be leveraged in microbiome manipulation studies to investigate the role of individual species on host health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie MacVittie
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, University of California, Merced, California, USA
| | - Saam Doroodian
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, University of California, Merced, California, USA
| | - Aaron Alberto
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, University of California, Merced, California, USA
| | - Maggie Sogin
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, University of California, Merced, California, USA
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Massey C, Nosker ME, Gale J, Scott S, Walker CJ, Cluff A, Wilcox S, Morrison A, Gottfredson Morgan SJ, Beltz J, Schmidt P, Chaston JM. Humidity determines penetrance of a latitudinal gradient in genetic selection on the microbiota by Drosophila melanogaster. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.05.02.591907. [PMID: 38746372 PMCID: PMC11092659 DOI: 10.1101/2024.05.02.591907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
The fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster is a model for understanding how hosts and their microbial partners interact as the host adapts to wild environments. These interactions are readily interrogated because of the low taxonomic and numeric complexity of the flies' bacterial communities. Previous work has established that host genotype, the environment, diet, and interspecies microbial interactions can all influence host fitness and microbiota composition, but the specific processes and characters mediating these processes are incompletely understood. Here, we compared the variation in microbiota composition between wild-derived fly populations when flies could choose between the microorganisms in their diets and when flies were reared under environmental perturbation (different humidities). We also compared the colonization of the resident and transient microorganisms. We show that the ability to choose between microorganisms in the diet and the environmental condition of the flies can influence the relative abundance of the microbiota. There were also key differences in the abundances of the resident and transient microbiota. However, the microbiota only differed between populations when the flies were reared at humidities at or above 50% relative humidity. We also show that elevated humidity determined the penetrance of a gradient in host genetic selection on the microbiota that is associated with the latitude the flies were collected from. Finally, we show that the treatment-dependent variation in microbiota composition is associated with variation in host stress survival. Together, these findings emphasize that host genetic selection on the microbiota composition of a model animal host can be patterned with the source geography, and that such variation has the potential to influence their survival in the wild. Importance The fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster is a model for understanding how hosts and their microbial partners interact as hosts adapt in wild environments. Our understanding of what causes geographic variation in the fruit fly microbiota remains incomplete. Previous work has shown that the D. melanogaster microbiota has relatively low numerical and taxonomic complexity. Variation in the fly microbiota composition can be attributed to environmental characters and host genetic variation, and variation in microbiota composition can be patterned with the source location of the flies. In this work we explored three possible causes of patterned variation in microbiota composition. We show that host feeding choices, the host niche colonized by the bacteria, and a single environmental character can all contribute to variation in microbiota composition. We also show that penetrance of latitudinally-patterned host genetic selection is only observed at elevated humidities. Together, these results identify several factors that influence microbiota composition in wild fly genotypes and emphasize the interplay between environmental and host genetic factors in determining the microbiota composition of these model hosts.
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Guilhot R, Xuéreb A, Lagmairi A, Olazcuaga L, Fellous S. Microbiota acquisition and transmission in Drosophila flies. iScience 2023; 26:107656. [PMID: 37670792 PMCID: PMC10475513 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.107656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding the ecological and evolutionary dynamics of host-microbiota associations notably involves exploring how members of the microbiota assemble and whether they are transmitted along host generations. Here, we investigate the larval acquisition of facultative bacterial and yeast symbionts of Drosophila melanogaster and Drosophila suzukii in ecologically realistic setups. Fly mothers and fruit were major sources of symbionts. Microorganisms associated with adult males also contributed to larval microbiota, mostly in D. melanogaster. Yeasts acquired at the larval stage maintained through metamorphosis, adult life, and were transmitted to offspring. All these observations varied widely among microbial strains, suggesting they have different transmission strategies among fruits and insects. Our approach shows microbiota members of insects can be acquired from a diversity of sources and highlights the compound nature of microbiotas. Such microbial transmission events along generations should favor the evolution of mutualistic interactions and enable microbiota-mediated local adaptation of the insect host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Guilhot
- CBGP, INRAE, CIRAD, IRD, Montpellier SupAgro, University of Montpellier, 34000 Montpellier, France
| | - Anne Xuéreb
- CBGP, INRAE, CIRAD, IRD, Montpellier SupAgro, University of Montpellier, 34000 Montpellier, France
| | - Auxane Lagmairi
- CBGP, INRAE, CIRAD, IRD, Montpellier SupAgro, University of Montpellier, 34000 Montpellier, France
| | - Laure Olazcuaga
- CBGP, INRAE, CIRAD, IRD, Montpellier SupAgro, University of Montpellier, 34000 Montpellier, France
- Department of Agricultural Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Simon Fellous
- CBGP, INRAE, CIRAD, IRD, Montpellier SupAgro, University of Montpellier, 34000 Montpellier, France
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Zhou S, Lu Y, Chen J, Pan Z, Pang L, Wang Y, Zhang Q, Strand MR, Chen XX, Huang J. Parasite reliance on its host gut microbiota for nutrition and survival. THE ISME JOURNAL 2022; 16:2574-2586. [PMID: 35941172 PMCID: PMC9561699 DOI: 10.1038/s41396-022-01301-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Studying the microbial symbionts of eukaryotic hosts has revealed a range of interactions that benefit host biology. Most eukaryotes are also infected by parasites that adversely affect host biology for their own benefit. However, it is largely unclear whether the ability of parasites to develop in hosts also depends on host-associated symbionts, e.g., the gut microbiota. Here, we studied the parasitic wasp Leptopilina boulardi (Lb) and its host Drosophila melanogaster. Results showed that Lb successfully develops in conventional hosts (CN) with a gut microbiota but fails to develop in axenic hosts (AX) without a gut microbiota. We determined that developing Lb larvae consume fat body cells that store lipids. We also determined that much larger amounts of lipid accumulate in fat body cells of parasitized CN hosts than parasitized AX hosts. CN hosts parasitized by Lb exhibited large increases in the abundance of the bacterium Acetobacter pomorum in the gut, but did not affect the abundance of Lactobacillus fructivorans which is another common member of the host gut microbiota. However, AX hosts inoculated with A. pomorum and/or L. fructivorans did not rescue development of Lb. In contrast, AX larvae inoculated with A. pomorum plus other identified gut community members including a Bacillus sp. substantially rescued Lb development. Rescue was further associated with increased lipid accumulation in host fat body cells. Insulin-like peptides increased in brain neurosecretory cells of parasitized CN larvae. Lipid accumulation in the fat body of CN hosts was further associated with reduced Bmm lipase activity mediated by insulin/insulin-like growth factor signaling (IIS). Altogether, our results identify a previously unknown role for the gut microbiota in defining host permissiveness for a parasite. Our findings also identify a new paradigm for parasite manipulation of host metabolism that depends on insulin signaling and the gut microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sicong Zhou
- Institute of Insect Sciences, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Yueqi Lu
- Institute of Insect Sciences, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Jiani Chen
- Institute of Insect Sciences, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Zhongqiu Pan
- Institute of Insect Sciences, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Lan Pang
- Institute of Insect Sciences, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Institute of Insect Sciences, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Qichao Zhang
- Institute of Insect Sciences, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Michael R Strand
- Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA.
| | - Xue-Xin Chen
- Institute of Insect Sciences, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
- Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
- State Key Lab of Rice Biology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
| | - Jianhua Huang
- Institute of Insect Sciences, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
- Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
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Wang J, Zhu Y, Zhang C, Duan R, Kong F, Zheng X, Hua Y. A conserved role of bam in maintaining metabolic homeostasis via regulating intestinal microbiota in Drosophila. PeerJ 2022; 10:e14145. [PMID: 36248714 PMCID: PMC9559046 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.14145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Previous studies have proven that bag-of-marbles (bam) plays a pivotal role in promoting early germ cell differentiation in Drosophila ovary. However, whether it functions in regulating the metabolic state of the host remains largely unknown. Methods We utilized GC-MS, qPCR, and some classical kits to examine various metabolic profiles and gut microbial composition in bam loss-of-function mutants and age-paired controls. We performed genetic manipulations to explore the tissue/organ-specific role of bam in regulating energy metabolism in Drosophila. The DSS-induced mouse colitis was generated to identify the role of Gm114, the mammalian homolog of bam, in modulating intestinal homeostasis. Results We show that loss of bam leads to an increased storage of energy in Drosophila. Silence of bam in intestines results in commensal microbial dysbiosis and metabolic dysfunction of the host. Moreover, recovery of bam expression in guts almost rescues the obese phenotype in bam loss-of-function mutants. Further examinations of mammalian Gm114 imply a similar biological function in regulating the intestinal homeostasis and energy storage with its Drosophila homolog bam. Conclusion Our studies uncover a novel biological function of bam/Gm114 in regulating the host lipid homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiale Wang
- Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | | | - Chao Zhang
- Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | | | | | - Xianrui Zheng
- Zhangzhou Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Zhangzhou, China
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Matthewman C, Narin A, Huston H, Hopkins CE. Systems to model the personalized aspects of microbiome health and gut dysbiosis. Mol Aspects Med 2022; 91:101115. [PMID: 36104261 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2022.101115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The human gut microbiome is a complex and dynamic microbial entity that interacts with the environment and other parts of the body including the brain, heart, liver, and immune system. These multisystem interactions are highly conserved from invertebrates to humans, however the complexity and diversity of human microbiota compositions often yield a context that is unique to each individual. Yet commonalities remain across species, where a healthy gut microbiome will be rich in symbiotic commensal biota while an unhealthy gut microbiota will be experiencing abnormal blooms of pathobiont bacteria. In this review we discuss how omics technologies can be applied in a personalized approach to understand the microbial crosstalk and microbial-host interactions that affect the delicate balance between eubiosis and dysbiosis in an individual gut microbiome. We further highlight the strengths of model organisms in identifying and characterizing these conserved synergistic and/or pathogenic host-microbe interactions. And finally, we touch upon the growing area of personalized therapeutic interventions targeting gut microbiome.
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8
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Bacterial Metabolism and Transport Genes Are Associated with the Preference of Drosophila melanogaster for Dietary Yeast. Appl Environ Microbiol 2022; 88:e0072022. [PMID: 35913151 PMCID: PMC9397100 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00720-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Many animal traits are influenced by their associated microorganisms ("microbiota"). To expand our understanding of the relationship between microbial genotype and host phenotype, we report an analysis of the influence of the microbiota on the dietary preference of the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster. First, we confirmed through experiments on flies reared bacteria-free ("axenic") or in monoassociation with two different strains of bacteria that the microbiota significantly influences fruit fly dietary preference across a range of ratios of dietary yeast:dietary glucose. Then, focusing on microbiota-dependent changes in fly dietary preference for yeast (DPY), we performed a metagenome-wide association (MGWA) study to define microbial species specificity for this trait and to predict bacterial genes that influence it. In a subsequent mutant analysis, we confirmed that disrupting a subset of the MGWA-predicted genes influences fly DPY, including for genes involved in thiamine biosynthesis and glucose transport. Follow-up tests revealed that the bacterial influence on fly DPY did not depend on bacterial modification of the glucose or protein content of the fly diet, suggesting that the bacteria mediate their effects independent of the fly diet or through more specific dietary changes than broad ratios of protein and glucose. Together, these findings provide additional insight into bacterial determinants of host nutrition and behavior by revealing specific genetic disruptions that influence D. melanogaster DPY. IMPORTANCE Associated microorganisms ("microbiota") impact the physiology and behavior of their hosts, and defining the mechanisms underlying these interactions is a major gap in the field of host-microbe interactions. This study expands our understanding of how the microbiota can influence dietary preference for yeast (DPY) of a model host, Drosophila melanogaster. First, we show that fly preferences for a range of different dietary yeast:dietary glucose ratios vary significantly with the identity of the microbes that colonize the fruit flies. We then performed a metagenome-wide association study to identify candidate bacterial genes that contributed to some of these bacterial influences. We confirmed that disrupting some of the predicted genes, including genes involved in glucose transport and thiamine biosynthesis, resulted in changes to fly DPY and show that the influence of two of these genes is not through changes in dietary ratios of protein to glucose. Together, these efforts expand our understanding of the bacterial genetic influences on a feeding behavior of a model animal host.
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Chiang MH, Ho SM, Wu HY, Lin YC, Tsai WH, Wu T, Lai CH, Wu CL. Drosophila Model for Studying Gut Microbiota in Behaviors and Neurodegenerative Diseases. Biomedicines 2022; 10:596. [PMID: 35327401 PMCID: PMC8945323 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10030596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Mounting evidence indicates that the gut microbiota is linked to several physiological processes and disease development in mammals; however, the underlying mechanisms remained unexplored mostly due to the complexity of the mammalian gut microbiome. The fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, is a valuable animal model for studying host-gut microbiota interactions in translational aspects. The availability of powerful genetic tools and resources in Drosophila allowed the scientists to unravel the mechanisms by which the gut microbes affect fitness, health, and behavior of their hosts. Drosophila models have been extensively used not only to study animal behaviors (i.e., courtship, aggression, sleep, and learning & memory), but also some human related neurodegenerative diseases (i.e., Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease) in the past. This review comprehensively summarizes the current understanding of the gut microbiota of Drosophila and its impact on fly behavior, physiology, and neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Hsuan Chiang
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Biochemistry, Department of Microbiology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan; (M.-H.C.); (S.-M.H.); (H.-Y.W.); (Y.-C.L.)
| | - Shuk-Man Ho
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Biochemistry, Department of Microbiology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan; (M.-H.C.); (S.-M.H.); (H.-Y.W.); (Y.-C.L.)
| | - Hui-Yu Wu
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Biochemistry, Department of Microbiology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan; (M.-H.C.); (S.-M.H.); (H.-Y.W.); (Y.-C.L.)
| | - Yu-Chun Lin
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Biochemistry, Department of Microbiology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan; (M.-H.C.); (S.-M.H.); (H.-Y.W.); (Y.-C.L.)
| | - Wan-Hua Tsai
- Research and Development Department, GenMont Biotech Incorporation, Tainan 74144, Taiwan;
| | - Tony Wu
- Department of Neurology, Molecular Infectious Disease Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan;
- Department of Neurology, New Taipei Municipal Tucheng Hospital, Tucheng 23652, Taiwan
- Department of Neurology, Xiamen Chang Gung Hospital, Xiamen 361028, China
| | - Chih-Ho Lai
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Biochemistry, Department of Microbiology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan; (M.-H.C.); (S.-M.H.); (H.-Y.W.); (Y.-C.L.)
- Department of Neurology, Molecular Infectious Disease Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan;
- Department of Medical Research, Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University and Hospital, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
- Department of Nursing, Asia University, Taichung 41354, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Lin Wu
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Biochemistry, Department of Microbiology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan; (M.-H.C.); (S.-M.H.); (H.-Y.W.); (Y.-C.L.)
- Department of Neurology, Molecular Infectious Disease Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan;
- Brain Research Center, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
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Abstract
Cachexia, a wasting syndrome that is often associated with cancer, is one of the primary causes of death in cancer patients. Cancer cachexia occurs largely due to systemic metabolic alterations stimulated by tumors. Despite the prevalence of cachexia, our understanding of how tumors interact with host tissues and how they affect metabolism is limited. Among the challenges of studying tumor-host tissue crosstalk are the complexity of cancer itself and our insufficient knowledge of the factors that tumors release into the blood. Drosophila is emerging as a powerful model in which to identify tumor-derived factors that influence systemic metabolism and tissue wasting. Strikingly, studies that are characterizing factors derived from different fly tumor cachexia models are identifying both common and distinct cachectic molecules, suggesting that cachexia is more than one disease and that fly models can help identify these differences. Here, we review what has been learned from studies of tumor-induced organ wasting in Drosophila and discuss the open questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Liu
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Pedro Saavedra
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Norbert Perrimon
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Bugs on Drugs: A Drosophila melanogaster Gut Model to Study In Vivo Antibiotic Tolerance of E. coli. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10010119. [PMID: 35056568 PMCID: PMC8780219 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10010119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
With an antibiotic crisis upon us, we need to boost antibiotic development and improve antibiotics’ efficacy. Crucial is knowing how to efficiently kill bacteria, especially in more complex in vivo conditions. Indeed, many bacteria harbor antibiotic-tolerant persisters, variants that survive exposure to our most potent antibiotics and catalyze resistance development. However, persistence is often only studied in vitro as we lack flexible in vivo models. Here, I explored the potential of using Drosophila melanogaster as a model for antimicrobial research, combining methods in Drosophila with microbiology techniques: assessing fly development and feeding, generating germ-free or bacteria-associated Drosophila and in situ microscopy. Adult flies tolerate antibiotics at high doses, although germ-free larvae show impaired development. Orally presented E. coli associates with Drosophila and mostly resides in the crop. E. coli shows an overall high antibiotic tolerance in vivo potentially resulting from heterogeneity in growth rates. The hipA7 high-persistence mutant displays an increased antibiotic survival while the expected low persistence of ΔrelAΔspoT and ΔrpoS mutants cannot be confirmed in vivo. In conclusion, a Drosophila model for in vivo antibiotic tolerance research shows high potential and offers a flexible system to test findings from in vitro assays in a broader, more complex condition.
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12
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An altered microbiome in a Parkinson's disease model Drosophila melanogaster has a negative effect on development. Sci Rep 2021; 11:23635. [PMID: 34880269 PMCID: PMC8654912 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-02624-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease, besides Alzheimer’s Disease, characterized by multiple symptoms, including the well-known motor dysfunctions. It is well-established that there are differences in the fecal microbiota composition between Parkinson’s disease (PD) patients and control populations, but the mechanisms underlying these differences are not yet fully understood. To begin to close the gap between description and mechanism we studied the relationship between the microbiota and PD in a model organism, Drosophila melanogaster. First, fecal transfers were performed with a D. melanogaster model of PD that had a mutation in the parkin (park25) gene. Results indicate that the PD model feces had a negative effect on both pupation and eclosion in both control and park25 flies, with a greater effect in PD model flies. Analysis of the microbiota composition revealed differences between the control and park25 flies, consistent with many human studies. Conversely, gnotobiotic treatment of axenic embryos with feces-derived bacterial cultures did not affect eclosure. We speculate this result might be due to similarities in bacterial prevalence between mutant and control feces. Further, we confirmed a bacteria-potentiated impact on mutant and control fly phenotypes by measuring eclosure rate in park25 flies that were mono-associated with members of the fly microbiota. Both the fecal transfer and the mono-association results indicate a host genotype-microbiota interaction. Overall, this study concludes functional effects of the fly microbiota on PD model flies, providing support to the developing body of knowledge regarding the influence of the microbiota on PD.
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13
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A Blueprint for Cancer-Related Inflammation and Host Innate Immunity. Cells 2021; 10:cells10113211. [PMID: 34831432 PMCID: PMC8623541 DOI: 10.3390/cells10113211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Both in situ and allograft models of cancer in juvenile and adult Drosophila melanogaster fruit flies offer a powerful means for unravelling cancer gene networks and cancer-host interactions. They can also be used as tools for cost-effective drug discovery and repurposing. Moreover, in situ modeling of emerging tumors makes it possible to address cancer initiating events-a black box in cancer research, tackle the innate antitumor immune responses to incipient preneoplastic cells and recurrent growing tumors, and decipher the initiation and evolution of inflammation. These studies in Drosophila melanogaster can serve as a blueprint for studies in more complex organisms and help in the design of mechanism-based therapies for the individualized treatment of cancer diseases in humans. This review focuses on new discoveries in Drosophila related to the diverse innate immune responses to cancer-related inflammation and the systemic effects that are so detrimental to the host.
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14
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Matthews MK, Malcolm J, Chaston JM. Microbiota Influences Fitness and Timing of Reproduction in the Fruit Fly Drosophila melanogaster. Microbiol Spectr 2021; 9:e0003421. [PMID: 34585986 PMCID: PMC8557915 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00034-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Associated microorganisms ("microbiota") play a central role in determining many animals' survival and reproduction characteristics. The impact of these microbial influences on an animal's fitness, or population growth, in a given environment has not been defined as clearly. We focused on microbiota-dependent host fitness by measuring life span and fecundity in Drosophila melanogaster fruit flies reared individually with 14 different bacterial species. Consistent with previous observations, the different bacteria significantly influenced the timing of fly life span and fecundity. Using Leslie matrices, we show that fly fitness was lowest when the microbes caused the flies to invest in life span over fecundity. Computational permutations showed that the positive fitness effect of investing in reproduction was reversed if fly survival over time was low, indicating that the observed fitness influences of the microbes could be context dependent. Finally, we showed that fly fitness is not influenced by bacterial genes that shape fly life span or fly triglyceride content, a trait that is related to fly survival and reproduction. Also, metagenome-wide association did not identify any microbial genes that were associated with variation in fly fitness. Therefore, the bacterial genetic basis for influencing fly fitness remains unknown. We conclude that bacteria influence a fly's reproductive timing more than total reproductive output and that (e.g., environmental) conditions that influence fly survival likely determine which bacteria benefit fly fitness. IMPORTANCE The ability of associated microorganisms ("microbiota") to influence animal life history traits has been recognized and investigated, especially in the past 2 decades. For many microbial communities, there is not always a clear definition of whether the microbiota or its members are beneficial, pathogenic, or relatively neutral to their hosts' fitness. In this study, we report the influence of individual members of the microbiota on Drosophila melanogaster fitness using Leslie matrices that combine the microbial influences on fly survival and reproduction into a single fitness measure. Our results are consistent with a previous report that, in the laboratory, acetic acid bacteria are more beneficial to the flies than many strains of lactic acid bacteria. We add to the previous finding by showing that this benefit depends on fly survival rate. Together, our work helps to show how the microbiota of a fly influences its laboratory fitness and how these effects may translate to a wild setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melinda K. Matthews
- Department of Plant and Wildlife Sciences, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, USA
| | - Jaanna Malcolm
- Department of Plant and Wildlife Sciences, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, USA
| | - John M. Chaston
- Department of Plant and Wildlife Sciences, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, USA
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15
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Keith SA, Bishop C, Fallacaro S, McCartney BM. Arc1 and the microbiota together modulate growth and metabolic traits in Drosophila. Development 2021; 148:271091. [PMID: 34323271 DOI: 10.1242/dev.195222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Perturbations to animal-associated microbial communities (the microbiota) have deleterious effects on various aspects of host fitness, but the molecular processes underlying these impacts are poorly understood. Here, we identify a connection between the microbiota and the neuronal factor Arc1 that affects growth and metabolism in Drosophila. We find that Arc1 exhibits tissue-specific microbiota-dependent expression changes, and that germ-free flies bearing a null mutation of Arc1 exhibit delayed and stunted larval growth, along with a variety of molecular, cellular and organismal traits indicative of metabolic dysregulation. Remarkably, we show that the majority of these phenotypes can be fully suppressed by mono-association with a single Acetobacter sp. isolate, through mechanisms involving both bacterial diet modification and live bacteria. Additionally, we provide evidence that Arc1 function in key neuroendocrine cells of the larval brain modulates growth and metabolic homeostasis under germ-free conditions. Our results reveal a role for Arc1 in modulating physiological responses to the microbial environment, and highlight how host-microbe interactions can profoundly impact the phenotypic consequences of genetic mutations in an animal host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott A Keith
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Cassandra Bishop
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Samantha Fallacaro
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Brooke M McCartney
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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16
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Common features of aging fail to occur in Drosophila raised without a bacterial microbiome. iScience 2021; 24:102703. [PMID: 34235409 PMCID: PMC8246586 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.102703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Lifespan is limited both by intrinsic decline in vigor with age and by accumulation of external insults. There exists a general picture of the deficits of aging, one that is reflected in a pattern of age-correlated changes in gene expression conserved across species. Here, however, by comparing gene expression profiling of Drosophila raised either conventionally, or free of bacteria, we show that ∼70% of these conserved, age-associated changes in gene expression fail to occur in germ-free flies. Among the processes that fail to show time-dependent change under germ-free conditions are two aging features that are observed across phylogeny, declining expression of stress response genes and increasing expression of innate immune genes. These comprise adaptive strategies the organism uses to respond to bacteria, rather than being inevitable components of age-dependent decline. Changes in other processes are independent of the microbiome and can serve as autonomous markers of aging of the individual.
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17
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Jaramillo A, Castañeda LE. Gut Microbiota of Drosophila subobscura Contributes to Its Heat Tolerance and Is Sensitive to Transient Thermal Stress. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:654108. [PMID: 34025608 PMCID: PMC8137359 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.654108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiota can contribute to host physiology leading to an increase of resistance to abiotic stress conditions. For instance, temperature has profound effects on ectotherms, and the role of the gut microbiota on the thermal tolerance of ectotherms is a matter of recent research. However, most of these studies have been focused on single static temperatures instead of evaluating thermal tolerance in a wide range of stressful temperatures. Additionally, there is evidence supporting that the gut microbiota is sensitive to environmental temperature, which induces changes in its composition and diversity. These studies have evaluated the effects of thermal acclimation (>2 weeks) on the gut microbiota, but we know little about the impact of transient thermal stress on the composition and diversity of the gut microbiota. Thus, we investigated the role of the gut microbiota on the heat tolerance of Drosophila subobscura by measuring the heat tolerance of conventional and axenic flies exposed to different heat stressful temperatures (35, 36, 37, and 38°C) and estimating the heat tolerance landscape for both microbiota treatments. Conventional flies exposed to mild heat conditions exhibited higher thermal tolerance than axenic flies, whereas at higher stressful temperatures there were no differences between axenic and conventional flies. We also assessed the impact of transient heat stress on the taxonomical abundance, diversity, and community structure of the gut microbiota, comparing non-stressed flies (exposed to 21°C) and heat-stressed flies (exposed to 34°C) from both sexes. Bacterial diversity indices, bacterial abundances, and community structure changed between non-stressed and heat-stressed flies, and this response was sex-dependent. In general, our findings provide evidence that the gut microbiota influences heat tolerance and that heat stress modifies the gut microbiota at the taxonomical and structural levels. These results demonstrate that the gut microbiota contributes to heat tolerance and is also highly sensitive to transient heat stress, which could have important consequences on host fitness, population risk extinction, and the vulnerability of ectotherms to current and future climatic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angélica Jaramillo
- Programa de Genética Humana, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Luis E Castañeda
- Programa de Genética Humana, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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18
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Zhou F, Liu B, Liu X, Li Y, Wang L, Huang J, Luo G, Wang X. The Impact of Microbiome and Microbiota-Derived Sodium Butyrate on Drosophila Transcriptome and Metabolome Revealed by Multi-Omics Analysis. Metabolites 2021; 11:298. [PMID: 34066348 PMCID: PMC8148185 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11050298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The host microbiome plays an important role in regulating physiology through microbiota-derived metabolites during host-microbiome interactions. However, molecular mechanism underly host-microbiome interactions remains to be explored. In this study, we used Drosophila as the model to investigate the influence of microbiome and microbiota-derived metabolite sodium butyrate on host transcriptome and metabolome. We established both a sterile Drosophila model and a conventional Drosophila model to demonstrate the role of sodium butyrate. Using multi-omics analysis, we found that microbiome and sodium butyrate could impact host gene expression patterns in both the sterile Drosophila model and the conventional Drosophila model. The analysis of gut microbial using 16S rRNA sequencing showed sodium butyrate treatment also influenced Drosophila bacterial structures. In addition, Drosophila metabolites identified by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-MS/MS were shown to be affected by sodium butyrate treatment with lipids as the dominant changed components. Our integrative analysis of the transcriptome, the microbiome, and the metabolome data identified candidate transcripts that are coregulated by sodium butyrate. Taken together, our results reveal the impact of the microbiome and microbiota-derived sodium butyrate on host transcriptome and metabolome, and our work provides a better understanding of host-microbiome interactions at the molecular level with multi-omics data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Zhou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, Institute of Insect Science and Technology, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China; (F.Z.); (X.L.); (L.W.); (J.H.)
| | - Biaodi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China; (B.L.); (Y.L.)
| | - Xin Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, Institute of Insect Science and Technology, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China; (F.Z.); (X.L.); (L.W.); (J.H.)
| | - Yan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China; (B.L.); (Y.L.)
| | - Luoluo Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, Institute of Insect Science and Technology, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China; (F.Z.); (X.L.); (L.W.); (J.H.)
| | - Jia Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, Institute of Insect Science and Technology, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China; (F.Z.); (X.L.); (L.W.); (J.H.)
| | - Guanzheng Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China; (B.L.); (Y.L.)
| | - Xiaoyun Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, Institute of Insect Science and Technology, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China; (F.Z.); (X.L.); (L.W.); (J.H.)
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19
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Henry LP, Ayroles JF. Meta-analysis suggests the microbiome responds to Evolve and Resequence experiments in Drosophila melanogaster. BMC Microbiol 2021; 21:108. [PMID: 33836662 PMCID: PMC8034159 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-021-02168-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Experimental evolution has a long history of uncovering fundamental insights into evolutionary processes, but has largely neglected one underappreciated component--the microbiome. As eukaryotic hosts evolve, the microbiome may also respond to selection. However, the microbial contribution to host evolution remains poorly understood. Here, we re-analyzed genomic data to characterize the metagenomes from ten Evolve and Resequence (E&R) experiments in Drosophila melanogaster to determine how the microbiome changed in response to host selection. RESULTS Bacterial diversity was significantly different in 5/10 studies, primarily in traits associated with metabolism or immunity. Duration of selection did not significantly influence bacterial diversity, highlighting the importance of associations with specific host traits. CONCLUSIONS Our genomic re-analysis suggests the microbiome often responds to host selection; thus, the microbiome may contribute to the response of Drosophila in E&R experiments. We outline important considerations for incorporating the microbiome into E&R experiments. The E&R approach may provide critical insights into host-microbiome interactions and fundamental insight into the genomic basis of adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas P Henry
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, 150 Carl Icahn Laboratory, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA.
- Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA.
| | - Julien F Ayroles
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, 150 Carl Icahn Laboratory, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA.
- Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA.
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20
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Ferguson M, Petkau K, Shin M, Galenza A, Fast D, Foley E. Differential effects of commensal bacteria on progenitor cell adhesion, division symmetry and tumorigenesis in the Drosophila intestine. Development 2021; 148:dev.186106. [DOI: 10.1242/dev.186106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT
Microbial factors influence homeostatic and oncogenic growth in the intestinal epithelium. However, we know little about immediate effects of commensal bacteria on stem cell division programs. In this study, we examined the effects of commensal Lactobacillus species on homeostatic and tumorigenic stem cell proliferation in the female Drosophila intestine. We identified Lactobacillus brevis as a potent stimulator of stem cell divisions. In a wild-type midgut, L.brevis activates growth regulatory pathways that drive stem cell divisions. In a Notch-deficient background, L.brevis-mediated proliferation causes rapid expansion of mutant progenitors, leading to accumulation of large, multi-layered tumors throughout the midgut. Mechanistically, we showed that L.brevis disrupts expression and subcellular distribution of progenitor cell integrins, supporting symmetric divisions that expand intestinal stem cell populations. Collectively, our data emphasize the impact of commensal microbes on division and maintenance of the intestinal progenitor compartment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan Ferguson
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1, Canada
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1, Canada
| | - Kristina Petkau
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1, Canada
| | - Minjeong Shin
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1, Canada
| | - Anthony Galenza
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1, Canada
| | - David Fast
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1, Canada
| | - Edan Foley
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1, Canada
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1, Canada
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21
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Silva V, Palacios-Muñoz A, Okray Z, Adair KL, Waddell S, Douglas AE, Ewer J. The impact of the gut microbiome on memory and sleep in Drosophila. J Exp Biol 2021; 224:jeb233619. [PMID: 33376141 PMCID: PMC7875489 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.233619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The gut microbiome has been proposed to influence diverse behavioral traits of animals, although the experimental evidence is limited and often contradictory. Here, we made use of the tractability of Drosophila melanogaster for both behavioral analyses and microbiome studies to test how elimination of microorganisms affects a number of behavioral traits. Relative to conventional flies (i.e. with unaltered microbiome), microbiologically sterile (axenic) flies displayed a moderate reduction in memory performance in olfactory appetitive conditioning and courtship assays. The microbiological status of the flies had a small or no effect on anxiety-like behavior (centrophobism) or circadian rhythmicity of locomotor activity, but axenic flies tended to sleep for longer and displayed reduced sleep rebound after sleep deprivation. These last two effects were robust for most tests conducted on both wild-type Canton S and w1118 strains, as well for tests using an isogenized panel of flies with mutations in the period gene, which causes altered circadian rhythmicity. Interestingly, the effect of absence of microbiota on a few behavioral features, most notably instantaneous locomotor activity speed, varied among wild-type strains. Taken together, our findings demonstrate that the microbiome can have subtle but significant effects on specific aspects of Drosophila behavior, some of which are dependent on genetic background.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Silva
- Instituto de Neurociencias, and Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencia de Valparaíso, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso 2360102, Chile
| | - Angelina Palacios-Muñoz
- Instituto de Neurociencias, and Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencia de Valparaíso, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso 2360102, Chile
- Centro de Investigación Interoperativo en Ciencias Odontológicas y Médicas, Facultad de Odontología, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso 2360004, Chile
| | - Zeynep Okray
- Centre for Neural Circuits & Behaviour, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Karen L Adair
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Scott Waddell
- Centre for Neural Circuits & Behaviour, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Angela E Douglas
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
| | - John Ewer
- Instituto de Neurociencias, and Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencia de Valparaíso, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso 2360102, Chile
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22
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Momtaz AZ, Ahumada Sabagh AD, Gonzalez Amortegui JG, Salazar SA, Finessi A, Hernandez J, Christensen S, Serbus LR. A Role for Maternal Factors in Suppressing Cytoplasmic Incompatibility. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:576844. [PMID: 33240234 PMCID: PMC7680759 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.576844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Wolbachia are maternally transmitted bacterial endosymbionts, carried by approximately half of all insect species. Wolbachia prevalence in nature stems from manipulation of host reproduction to favor the success of infected females. The best known reproductive modification induced by Wolbachia is referred to as sperm-egg Cytoplasmic Incompatibility (CI). In CI, the sperm of Wolbachia-infected males cause embryonic lethality, attributed to paternal chromatin segregation defects during early mitotic divisions. Remarkably, the embryos of Wolbachia-infected females “rescue” CI lethality, yielding egg hatch rates equivalent to uninfected female crosses. Several models have been discussed as the basis for Rescue, and functional evidence indicates a major contribution by Wolbachia CI factors. A role for host contributions to Rescue remains largely untested. In this study, we used a chemical feeding approach to test for CI suppression capabilities by Drosophila simulans. We found that uninfected females exhibited significantly higher CI egg hatch rates in response to seven chemical treatments that affect DNA integrity, cell cycle control, and protein turnover. Three of these treatments suppressed CI induced by endogenous wRi Wolbachia, as well as an ectopic wMel Wolbachia infection. The results implicate DNA integrity as a focal aspect of CI suppression for different Wolbachia strains. The framework presented here, applied to diverse CI models, will further enrich our understanding of host reproductive manipulation by insect endosymbionts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajm Zehadee Momtaz
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States.,Biomolecular Sciences Institute, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Abraham D Ahumada Sabagh
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States.,Biomolecular Sciences Institute, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Julian G Gonzalez Amortegui
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States.,Biomolecular Sciences Institute, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Samuel A Salazar
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States.,Biomolecular Sciences Institute, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Andrea Finessi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States.,Biomolecular Sciences Institute, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Jethel Hernandez
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States.,Biomolecular Sciences Institute, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Steen Christensen
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States.,Biomolecular Sciences Institute, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Laura R Serbus
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States.,Biomolecular Sciences Institute, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States
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23
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Kamareddine L, Najjar H, Sohail MU, Abdulkader H, Al-Asmakh M. The Microbiota and Gut-Related Disorders: Insights from Animal Models. Cells 2020; 9:cells9112401. [PMID: 33147801 PMCID: PMC7693214 DOI: 10.3390/cells9112401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the past decade, the scientific committee has called for broadening our horizons in understanding host–microbe interactions and infectious disease progression. Owing to the fact that the human gut harbors trillions of microbes that exhibit various roles including the production of vitamins, absorption of nutrients, pathogen displacement, and development of the host immune system, particular attention has been given to the use of germ-free (GF) animal models in unraveling the effect of the gut microbiota on the physiology and pathophysiology of the host. In this review, we discuss common methods used to generate GF fruit fly, zebrafish, and mice model systems and highlight the use of these GF model organisms in addressing the role of gut-microbiota in gut-related disorders (metabolic diseases, inflammatory bowel disease, and cancer), and in activating host defense mechanisms and amending pathogenic virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Layla Kamareddine
- Department of Biomedical Science, College of Health Sciences, QU Health, Qatar University, P.O. Box 2713 Doha, Qatar; (L.K.); (H.N.); (M.U.S.); (H.A.)
| | - Hoda Najjar
- Department of Biomedical Science, College of Health Sciences, QU Health, Qatar University, P.O. Box 2713 Doha, Qatar; (L.K.); (H.N.); (M.U.S.); (H.A.)
| | - Muhammad Umar Sohail
- Department of Biomedical Science, College of Health Sciences, QU Health, Qatar University, P.O. Box 2713 Doha, Qatar; (L.K.); (H.N.); (M.U.S.); (H.A.)
- Biomedical Research Center, QU Health, Qatar University, P.O. Box 2713 Doha, Qatar
| | - Hadil Abdulkader
- Department of Biomedical Science, College of Health Sciences, QU Health, Qatar University, P.O. Box 2713 Doha, Qatar; (L.K.); (H.N.); (M.U.S.); (H.A.)
| | - Maha Al-Asmakh
- Department of Biomedical Science, College of Health Sciences, QU Health, Qatar University, P.O. Box 2713 Doha, Qatar; (L.K.); (H.N.); (M.U.S.); (H.A.)
- Biomedical Research Center, QU Health, Qatar University, P.O. Box 2713 Doha, Qatar
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +974-4403-4789
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24
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Interactions between the microbiome and mating influence the female's transcriptional profile in Drosophila melanogaster. Sci Rep 2020; 10:18168. [PMID: 33097776 PMCID: PMC7584617 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-75156-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Drosophila melanogaster females undergo a variety of post-mating changes that influence their activity, feeding behavior, metabolism, egg production and gene expression. These changes are induced either by mating itself or by sperm or seminal fluid proteins. In addition, studies have shown that axenic females-those lacking a microbiome-have altered fecundity compared to females with a microbiome, and that the microbiome of the female's mate can influence reproductive success. However, the extent to which post-mating changes in transcript abundance are affected by microbiome state is not well-characterized. Here we investigated fecundity and the post-mating transcript abundance profile of axenic or control females after mating with either axenic or control males. We observed interactions between the female's microbiome and her mating status: transcripts of genes involved in reproduction and genes with neuronal functions were differentially abundant depending on the females' microbiome status, but only in mated females. In addition, immunity genes showed varied responses to either the microbiome, mating, or a combination of those two factors. We further observed that the male's microbiome status influences the fecundity of both control and axenic females, while only influencing the transcriptional profile of axenic females. Our results indicate that the microbiome plays a vital role in the post-mating switch of the female's transcriptome.
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McMullen JG, Peters-Schulze G, Cai J, Patterson AD, Douglas AE. How gut microbiome interactions affect nutritional traits of Drosophila melanogaster. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 223:223/19/jeb227843. [PMID: 33051361 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.227843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Most research on the impact of the gut microbiome on animal nutrition is designed to identify the effects of single microbial taxa and single metabolites of microbial origin, without considering the potentially complex network of interactions among co-occurring microorganisms. Here, we investigated how different microbial associations and their fermentation products affect host nutrition, using Drosophila melanogaster colonized with three gut microorganisms (the bacteria Acetobacter fabarum and Lactobacillus brevis, and the yeast Hanseniaspora uvarum) in all seven possible combinations. Some microbial effects on host traits could be attributed to single taxa (e.g. yeast-mediated reduction of insect development time), while other effects were sex specific and driven by among-microbe interactions (e.g. male lipid content determined by interactions between the yeast and both bacteria). Parallel analysis of nutritional indices of microbe-free flies administered different microbial fermentation products (acetic acid, acetoin, ethanol and lactic acid) revealed a single consistent effect: that the lipid content of both male and female flies is reduced by acetic acid. This effect was recapitulated in male flies colonized with both yeast and A. fabarum, but not for any microbial treatment in females or males with other microbial complements. These data suggest that the effect of microbial fermentation products on host nutritional status is strongly context dependent, with respect to both the combination of associated microorganisms and host sex. Taken together, our findings demonstrate that among-microbe interactions can play a critically important role in determining the physiological outcome of host-microbiome interactions in Drosophila and, likely, in other animal hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- John G McMullen
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | | | - Jingwei Cai
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Andrew D Patterson
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Angela E Douglas
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA .,Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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Griffin LH, Reed LK. Effect of gut microbiota on α-amanitin tolerance in Drosophila tripunctata. Ecol Evol 2020; 10:9419-9427. [PMID: 32953071 PMCID: PMC7487225 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.6630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The bacterial gut microbiota of many animals is known to be important for many physiological functions including detoxification. The selective pressures imposed on insects by exposure to toxins may also be selective pressures on their symbiotic bacteria, who thus may contribute to the mechanism of toxin tolerance for the insect. Amatoxins are a class of cyclopeptide mushroom toxins that primarily act by binding to RNA polymerase II and inhibiting transcription. Several species of mycophagous Drosophila are tolerant to amatoxins found in mushrooms of the genus Amanita, despite these toxins being lethal to most other known eukaryotes. These species can tolerate amatoxins in natural concentrations to utilize toxic mushrooms as larval hosts, but the mechanism by which these species are tolerant remains unknown. Previous data have shown that a local population of D. tripunctata exhibits significant genetic variation in toxin tolerance. This study assesses the potential role of the microbiome in α-amanitin tolerance in six wild-derived strains of Drosophila tripunctata. Normal and antibiotic-treated samples of six strains were reared on diets with and without α-amanitin, and then scored for survival from the larval stage to adulthood and for development time to pupation. Our results show that a substantial reduction in bacterial load does not influence toxin tolerance in this system, while confirming genotype and toxin-specific effects on survival are independent of the microbiome composition. Thus, we conclude that this adaptation to exploit toxic mushrooms as a host is likely intrinsic to the fly's genome and not a property of their microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Logan H. Griffin
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of AlabamaTuscaloosaALUSA
| | - Laura K. Reed
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of AlabamaTuscaloosaALUSA
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Nguyen B, Than A, Dinh H, Morimoto J, Ponton F. Parental Microbiota Modulates Offspring Development, Body Mass and Fecundity in a Polyphagous Fruit Fly. Microorganisms 2020; 8:E1289. [PMID: 32846933 PMCID: PMC7563405 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8091289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The commensal microbiota is a key modulator of animal fitness, but little is known about the extent to which the parental microbiota influences fitness-related traits of future generations. We addressed this gap by manipulating the parental microbiota of a polyphagous fruit fly (Bactrocera tryoni) and measuring offspring developmental traits, body composition, and fecundity. We generated three parental microbiota treatments where parents had a microbiota that was non-manipulated (control), removed (axenic), or removed-and-reintroduced (reinoculation). We found that the percentage of egg hatching, of pupal production, and body weight of larvae and adult females were lower in offspring of axenic parents compared to that of non-axenic parents. The percentage of partially emerged adults was higher, and fecundity of adult females was lower in offspring of axenic parents relative to offspring of control and reinoculated parents. There was no significant effect of parental microbiota manipulation on offspring developmental time or lipid reserve. Our results reveal transgenerational effects of the parental commensal microbiota on different aspects of offspring life-history traits, thereby providing a better understanding of the long-lasting effects of host-microbe interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binh Nguyen
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2113, Australia; (B.N.); (A.T.); (H.D.); (J.M.)
| | - Anh Than
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2113, Australia; (B.N.); (A.T.); (H.D.); (J.M.)
- Department of Entomology, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Trau Quy, Gia Lam, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam
| | - Hue Dinh
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2113, Australia; (B.N.); (A.T.); (H.D.); (J.M.)
| | - Juliano Morimoto
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2113, Australia; (B.N.); (A.T.); (H.D.); (J.M.)
- School of Biological Sciences, Zoology Building, Tillydrone Ave, Aberdeen AB24 2TZ, UK
| | - Fleur Ponton
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2113, Australia; (B.N.); (A.T.); (H.D.); (J.M.)
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Poupet C, Chassard C, Nivoliez A, Bornes S. Caenorhabditis elegans, a Host to Investigate the Probiotic Properties of Beneficial Microorganisms. Front Nutr 2020; 7:135. [PMID: 33425969 PMCID: PMC7786404 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2020.00135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Caenorhabditis elegans, a non-parasitic nematode emerges as a relevant and powerful candidate as an in vivo model for microorganisms-microorganisms and microorganisms-host interactions studies. Experiments have demonstrated the probiotic potential of bacteria since they can provide to the worm a longer lifespan, an increased resistance to pathogens and to oxidative or heat stresses. Probiotics are used to prevent or treat microbiota dysbiosis and associated pathologies but the molecular mechanisms underlying their capacities are still unknown. Beyond safety and healthy aspects of probiotics, C. elegans represents a powerful way to design large-scale studies to explore transkingdom interactions and to solve questioning about the molecular aspect of these interactions. Future challenges and opportunities would be to validate C. elegans as an in vivo tool for high-throughput screening of microorganisms for their potential probiotic use on human health and to enlarge the panels of microorganisms studied as well as the human diseases investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyril Poupet
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, VetAgro Sup, UMRF, Aurillac, France
| | | | | | - Stéphanie Bornes
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, VetAgro Sup, UMRF, Aurillac, France
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Arora J, Mars Brisbin MA, Mikheyev AS. Effects of microbial evolution dominate those of experimental host-mediated indirect selection. PeerJ 2020; 8:e9350. [PMID: 32676220 PMCID: PMC7334978 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.9350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbes ubiquitously inhabit animals and plants, often affecting their host's phenotype. As a result, even in a constant genetic background, the host's phenotype may evolve through indirect selection on the microbiome. 'Microbiome engineering' offers a promising novel approach for attaining desired host traits but has been attempted only a few times. Building on the known role of the microbiome on development in fruit flies, we attempted to evolve earlier-eclosing flies by selecting on microbes in the growth media. We carried out parallel evolution experiments in no- and high-sugar diets by transferring media associated with fast-developing fly lines over the course of four selection cycles. In each cycle, we used sterile eggs from the same inbred population, and assayed mean fly eclosion times. Ultimately, flies eclosed seven to twelve hours earlier, depending on the diet, but microbiome engineering had no effect relative to a random-selection control treatment. 16S rRNA gene sequencing showed that the microbiome did evolve, particularly in the no sugar diet, with an increase in Shannon diversity over time. Thus, while microbiome evolution did affect host eclosion times, these effects were incidental. Instead, any experimentally enforced selection effects were swamped by uncontrolled microbial evolution, likely resulting in its adaptation to the media. These results imply that selection on host phenotypes must be strong enough to overcome other selection pressures simultaneously operating on the microbiome. The independent evolutionary trajectories of the host and the microbiome may limit the extent to which indirect selection on the microbiome can ultimately affect host phenotype. Random-selection lines accounting for independent microbial evolution are essential for experimental microbiome engineering studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jigyasa Arora
- Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Onna-son, Okinawa, Japan
| | | | - Alexander S. Mikheyev
- Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Onna-son, Okinawa, Japan
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Acton, ACT, Australia
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Genetic Influences of the Microbiota on the Life Span of Drosophila melanogaster. Appl Environ Microbiol 2020; 86:AEM.00305-20. [PMID: 32144104 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00305-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
To better understand how associated microorganisms ("microbiota") influence organismal aging, we focused on the model organism Drosophila melanogaster We conducted a metagenome-wide association (MGWA) as a screen to identify bacterial genes associated with variation in the D. melanogaster life span. The results of the MGWA predicted that bacterial cysteine and methionine metabolism genes influence fruit fly longevity. A mutant analysis, in which flies were inoculated with Escherichia coli strains bearing mutations in various methionine cycle genes, confirmed a role for some methionine cycle genes in extending or shortening fruit fly life span. Initially, we predicted these genes might influence longevity by mimicking or opposing methionine restriction, an established mechanism for life span extension in fruit flies. However, follow-up transcriptome sequencing (RNA-seq) and metabolomic experiments were generally inconsistent with this conclusion and instead implicated glucose and vitamin B6 metabolism in these influences. We then tested if bacteria could influence life span through methionine restriction using a different set of bacterial strains. Flies reared with a bacterial strain that ectopically expressed bacterial transsulfuration genes and lowered the methionine content of the fly diet also extended female D. melanogaster life span. Taken together, the microbial influences shown here overlap with established host genetic mechanisms for aging and therefore suggest overlapping roles for host and microbial metabolism genes in organismal aging.IMPORTANCE Associated microorganisms ("microbiota") are intimately connected to the behavior and physiology of their animal hosts, and defining the mechanisms of these interactions is an urgent imperative. This study focuses on how microorganisms influence the life span of a model host, the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster First, we performed a screen that suggested a strong influence of bacterial methionine metabolism on host life span. Follow-up analyses of gene expression and metabolite abundance identified stronger roles for vitamin B6 and glucose than methionine metabolism among the tested mutants, possibly suggesting a more limited role for bacterial methionine metabolism genes in host life span effects. In a parallel set of experiments, we created a distinct bacterial strain that expressed life span-extending methionine metabolism genes and showed that this strain can extend fly life span. Therefore, this work identifies specific bacterial genes that influence host life span, including in ways that are consistent with the expectations of methionine restriction.
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Gold M, Binggeli M, Kurt F, de Wouters T, Reichlin M, Zurbrügg C, Mathys A, Kreuzer M. Novel Experimental Methods for the Investigation of Hermetia illucens (Diptera: Stratiomyidae) Larvae. JOURNAL OF INSECT SCIENCE (ONLINE) 2020; 20:5864145. [PMID: 32593171 PMCID: PMC7320877 DOI: 10.1093/jisesa/ieaa057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Large-scale insect rearing for food and feed production can be improved by understanding diet digestion and host-microbe interactions. To examine these processes in black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens L.; Diptera: Stratiomyidae) larvae, two protocols were developed. Protocol 1 describes a method to produce viable, sterile black soldier fly larvae and a gentle method for diet sterilization. Sterile black soldier fly larvae can be used to study the diverse role of microbes in larval development. Nutrient requirements of sterile black soldier fly larvae are met only through diet. Viable sterile black soldier fly larvae were consistently generated using a four-step treatment with alternating immersions of eggs for 2 min each in ethanol (70%) and sodium hypochlorite (0.6%), over two cycles. A nonthermal method of diet sterilization, namely high-energy electron beam (HEEB) treatment, was introduced. Subsequently, growth of sterile black soldier fly larvae was observed on the HEEB-treated diets (40, 60, and 40% of replicates with poultry feed, liver pie, and an artificial diet, respectively) but not on autoclaved diets. In Protocol 2, we propose a novel method to collect frass from individual larvae. We then measured the metabolites in frass, using high-pressure liquid chromatography. Results on metabolites confirmed the influence of digestion. For instance, succinate increased from 1 to 2 and 7 μmol/g sample from diet to gut homogenate and frass, respectively. The collection method is a promising tool to estimate the diet and nutrient requirements of black soldier fly larvae, thus increasing the performance and reliability of black soldier fly larvae rearing. We discuss in detail the possible applications and limitations of our methods in black soldier fly larvae research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moritz Gold
- ETH Zurich: Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich, Laboratory of Sustainable Food Processing, Zurich, Switzerland
- Eawag: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Department Sanitation, Water and Solid Waste for Development (Sandec), Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Melanie Binggeli
- ETH Zurich: Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich, Laboratory of Sustainable Food Processing, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | - Christian Zurbrügg
- Eawag: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Department Sanitation, Water and Solid Waste for Development (Sandec), Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Alexander Mathys
- ETH Zurich: Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich, Laboratory of Sustainable Food Processing, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michael Kreuzer
- ETH Zurich, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Zurich, Switzerland
- Corresponding author, e-mail:
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Affiliation(s)
- William B. Ludington
- Department of Embryology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail: (WBL); (WWJ)
| | - William W. Ja
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida, United States of America
- Center on Aging, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida, United States of America
- * E-mail: (WBL); (WWJ)
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Consuegra J, Grenier T, Baa-Puyoulet P, Rahioui I, Akherraz H, Gervais H, Parisot N, da Silva P, Charles H, Calevro F, Leulier F. Drosophila-associated bacteria differentially shape the nutritional requirements of their host during juvenile growth. PLoS Biol 2020; 18:e3000681. [PMID: 32196485 PMCID: PMC7112240 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3000681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The interplay between nutrition and the microbial communities colonizing the gastrointestinal tract (i.e., gut microbiota) determines juvenile growth trajectory. Nutritional deficiencies trigger developmental delays, and an immature gut microbiota is a hallmark of pathologies related to childhood undernutrition. However, how host-associated bacteria modulate the impact of nutrition on juvenile growth remains elusive. Here, using gnotobiotic Drosophila melanogaster larvae independently associated with Acetobacter pomorumWJL (ApWJL) and Lactobacillus plantarumNC8 (LpNC8), 2 model Drosophila-associated bacteria, we performed a large-scale, systematic nutritional screen based on larval growth in 40 different and precisely controlled nutritional environments. We combined these results with genome-based metabolic network reconstruction to define the biosynthetic capacities of Drosophila germ-free (GF) larvae and its 2 bacterial partners. We first established that ApWJL and LpNC8 differentially fulfill the nutritional requirements of the ex-GF larvae and parsed such difference down to individual amino acids, vitamins, other micronutrients, and trace metals. We found that Drosophila-associated bacteria not only fortify the host’s diet with essential nutrients but, in specific instances, functionally compensate for host auxotrophies by either providing a metabolic intermediate or nutrient derivative to the host or by uptaking, concentrating, and delivering contaminant traces of micronutrients. Our systematic work reveals that beyond the molecular dialogue engaged between the host and its bacterial partners, Drosophila and its associated bacteria establish an integrated nutritional network relying on nutrient provision and utilization. A study of gnotobiotic fruit flies shows that the animal is involved in an integrated nutritional network with its facultative commensal bacteria, centered around the utilization and sharing of nutrients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessika Consuegra
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, Université de Lyon, École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, UMR5242, Lyon, France
| | - Théodore Grenier
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, Université de Lyon, École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, UMR5242, Lyon, France
| | - Patrice Baa-Puyoulet
- Laboratoire Biologie Fonctionnelle, Insectes et Interactions, Université de Lyon, Institut National des Sciences Appliquées, Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, UMR0203, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Isabelle Rahioui
- Laboratoire Biologie Fonctionnelle, Insectes et Interactions, Université de Lyon, Institut National des Sciences Appliquées, Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, UMR0203, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Houssam Akherraz
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, Université de Lyon, École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, UMR5242, Lyon, France
| | - Hugo Gervais
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, Université de Lyon, École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, UMR5242, Lyon, France
| | - Nicolas Parisot
- Laboratoire Biologie Fonctionnelle, Insectes et Interactions, Université de Lyon, Institut National des Sciences Appliquées, Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, UMR0203, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Pedro da Silva
- Laboratoire Biologie Fonctionnelle, Insectes et Interactions, Université de Lyon, Institut National des Sciences Appliquées, Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, UMR0203, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Hubert Charles
- Laboratoire Biologie Fonctionnelle, Insectes et Interactions, Université de Lyon, Institut National des Sciences Appliquées, Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, UMR0203, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Federica Calevro
- Laboratoire Biologie Fonctionnelle, Insectes et Interactions, Université de Lyon, Institut National des Sciences Appliquées, Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, UMR0203, Villeurbanne, France
| | - François Leulier
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, Université de Lyon, École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, UMR5242, Lyon, France
- * E-mail:
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Walters AW, Hughes RC, Call TB, Walker CJ, Wilcox H, Petersen SC, Rudman SM, Newell PD, Douglas AE, Schmidt PS, Chaston JM. The microbiota influences the Drosophila melanogaster life history strategy. Mol Ecol 2020; 29:639-653. [PMID: 31863671 DOI: 10.1111/mec.15344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Revised: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Organisms are locally adapted when members of a population have a fitness advantage in one location relative to conspecifics in other geographies. For example, across latitudinal gradients, some organisms may trade off between traits that maximize fitness components in one, but not both, of somatic maintenance or reproductive output. Latitudinal gradients in life history strategies are traditionally attributed to environmental selection on an animal's genotype, without any consideration of the possible impact of associated microorganisms ("microbiota") on life history traits. Here, we show in Drosophila melanogaster, a key model for studying local adaptation and life history strategy, that excluding the microbiota from definitions of local adaptation is a major shortfall. First, we reveal that an isogenic fly line reared with different bacteria varies the investment in early reproduction versus somatic maintenance. Next, we show that in wild fruit flies, the abundance of these same bacteria was correlated with the latitude and life history strategy of the flies, suggesting geographic specificity of the microbiota composition. Variation in microbiota composition of locally adapted D. melanogaster could be attributed to both the wild environment and host genetic selection. Finally, by eliminating or manipulating the microbiota of fly lines collected across a latitudinal gradient, we reveal that host genotype contributes to latitude-specific life history traits independent of the microbiota and that variation in the microbiota can suppress or reverse the differences between locally adapted fly lines. Together, these findings establish the microbiota composition of a model animal as an essential consideration in local adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber W Walters
- Department of Plant and Wildlife Sciences, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA
| | - Rachel C Hughes
- Department of Plant and Wildlife Sciences, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA
| | - Tanner B Call
- Department of Plant and Wildlife Sciences, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA
| | - Carson J Walker
- Department of Plant and Wildlife Sciences, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA
| | - Hailey Wilcox
- Department of Plant and Wildlife Sciences, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA
| | - Samara C Petersen
- Department of Plant and Wildlife Sciences, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA
| | - Seth M Rudman
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Peter D Newell
- Department of Biological Sciences, SUNY Oswego, Oswego, NY, USA
| | - Angela E Douglas
- Department of Entomology and Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Paul S Schmidt
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - John M Chaston
- Department of Plant and Wildlife Sciences, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA
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Adair KL, Bost A, Bueno E, Kaunisto S, Kortet R, Peters-Schulze G, Martinson VG, Douglas AE. Host determinants of among-species variation in microbiome composition in drosophilid flies. THE ISME JOURNAL 2020; 14:217-229. [PMID: 31624341 PMCID: PMC6908599 DOI: 10.1038/s41396-019-0532-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2019] [Revised: 09/08/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The taxonomic composition of microbial communities in animals varies among animal species, but the contribution of interspecific differences in filtering of the microbial pool by the animal host to this variation is uncertain. Here, we demonstrate significant interspecific variation in microbial community composition among laboratory-reared Drosophila species that was not related to host phylogeny. Complementary reciprocal transfer experiments yielded different microbial communities for a single microbiota administered to homologous and heterologous hosts (i.e., the same and different Drosophila species from which the microbiota was derived), indicative of among-host species differences in traits that shape microbiota composition. The difference in microbiota composition between homologous and heterologous hosts was not greater for distantly related than for closely related host species pairs. Furthermore, Drosophila survival to adulthood was significantly reduced in heterologous associations relative to homologous associations and microbiologically sterile flies, suggesting that microbial taxa that are advantageous for their homologous host species can be deleterious for other host species. We conclude that drosophilid flies display robust among-host species variation in host controls over microbiota composition that has diversified in response to selection pressures which are not tracked by host phylogeny.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen L Adair
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, 97403, USA
| | - Alyssa Bost
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Eduardo Bueno
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Sirpa Kaunisto
- Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Joensuu, Finland
| | - Raine Kortet
- Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Joensuu, Finland
| | | | - Vincent G Martinson
- Department of Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
- Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Angela E Douglas
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.
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Morimoto J, Nguyen B, Tabrizi ST, Lundbäck I, Taylor PW, Ponton F, Chapman TA. Commensal microbiota modulates larval foraging behaviour, development rate and pupal production in Bactrocera tryoni. BMC Microbiol 2019; 19:286. [PMID: 31870299 PMCID: PMC6929265 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-019-1648-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Backround Commensal microbes can promote survival and growth of developing insects, and have important fitness implications in adulthood. Insect larvae can acquire commensal microbes through two main routes: by vertical acquisition from maternal deposition of microbes on the eggshells and by horizontal acquisition from the environment where the larvae develop. To date, however, little is known about how microbes acquired through these different routes interact to shape insect development. In the present study, we investigated how vertically and horizontally acquired microbiota influence larval foraging behaviour, development time to pupation and pupal production in the Queensland fruit fly (‘Qfly’), Bactrocera tryoni. Results Both vertically and horizontally acquired microbiota were required to maximise pupal production in Qfly. Moreover, larvae exposed to both vertically and horizontally acquired microbiota pupated sooner than those exposed to no microbiota, or only to horizontally acquired microbiota. Larval foraging behaviour was also influenced by both vertically and horizontally acquired microbiota. Larvae from treatments exposed to neither vertically nor horizontally acquired microbiota spent more time overall on foraging patches than did larvae of other treatments, and most notably had greater preference for diets with extreme protein or sugar compositions. Conclusion The integrity of the microbiota early in life is important for larval foraging behaviour, development time to pupation, and pupal production in Qflies. These findings highlight the complexity of microbial relations in this species, and provide insights to the importance of exposure to microbial communities during laboratory- or mass-rearing of tephritid fruit flies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliano Morimoto
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW, 2109, Australia. .,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia e Conservação, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, 19031, CEP: 81531-990, Brazil.
| | - Binh Nguyen
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - Shabnam T Tabrizi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - Ida Lundbäck
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - Phillip W Taylor
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - Fleur Ponton
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - Toni A Chapman
- The Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute, New South Wales Department of Primary Industries, Meneagle, NSW, 2568, Australia
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Muhammad A, Habineza P, Hou Y, Shi Z. Preparation of Red Palm Weevil Rhynchophorus Ferrugineus (Olivier) (Coleoptera: Dryophthoridae) Germ-free Larvae for Host-gut Microbes Interaction Studies. Bio Protoc 2019; 9:e3456. [PMID: 33654951 DOI: 10.21769/bioprotoc.3456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2019] [Revised: 11/10/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Red palm weevil (RPW), Rhynchophorus ferrugineus Olivier, is a devastating pest of palm trees worldwide. RPW gut is colonized by diverse bacterial species which profoundly influence host development and nutritional metabolism. However, the molecular mechanisms behind the interactions between RPW and its gut microbiota remain mostly unknown. Antibiotics are usually employed to remove gut bacteria to investigate the impact of gut bacteria on insect fitness. However, administration of antibiotics cannot thoroughly remove gut bacteria for most insect species. Therefore, establishing germfree (GF) organisms is a powerful way to reveal the mutual interactions between gut bacteria and their insect hosts. Here, we describe a protocol to generate and maintain RPW GF larvae, being completely devoid of gut bacteria in laboratory. RPW GF larvae were established from the dechorionated fresh eggs which were reared on the sterilized artificial food under axenic conditions. The establishment of GF larvae set a solid foundation to deeply elucidate the molecular mechanisms behind the interactions between RPW and its gut microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abrar Muhammad
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China.,Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Ecology, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Prosper Habineza
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China.,Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Ecology, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Youming Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China.,Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Ecology, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Zhanghong Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China.,Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Ecology, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
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Solomon GM, Dodangoda H, McCarthy-Walker T, Ntim-Gyakari R, Newell PD. The microbiota of Drosophila suzukii influences the larval development of Drosophila melanogaster. PeerJ 2019; 7:e8097. [PMID: 31763075 PMCID: PMC6873876 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.8097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Microorganisms play a central role in the biology of vinegar flies such as Drosophila suzukii and Drosophila melanogaster: serving as a food source to both adults and larvae, and influencing a range of traits including nutrition, behavior, and development. The niches utilized by the fly species partially overlap, as do the microbiota that sustain them, and interactions among these players may drive the development of crop diseases. To learn more about how the microbiota of one species may affect the other, we isolated and identified microbes from field-caught D. suzukii, and then characterized their effects on D. melanogaster larval development time in the laboratory. We found that the D. suzukii microbiota consistently included both yeasts and bacteria. It was dominated by yeasts of the genus Hanseniaspora, and bacteria from the families Acetobacteraceae and Enterobacteriaceae. Raising D. melanogaster under gnotobiotic conditions with each microbial isolate individually, we found that some bacteria promoted larval development relative to axenic conditions, but most did not have a significant effect. In contrast, nearly all the yeasts tested significantly accelerated larval development. The one exception was Starmerella bacillaris, which had the opposite effect: significantly slowing larval developmental rate. We investigated the basis for this effect by examining whether S. bacillaris cells could sustain larval growth, and measuring the survival of S. bacillaris and other yeasts in the larval gut. Our results suggest S. bacillaris is not digested by D. melanogaster and therefore cannot serve as a source of nutrition. These findings have interesting implications for possible interactions between the two Drosophilia species and their microbiota in nature. Overall, we found that microbes isolated from D. suzukii promote D. melanogaster larval development, which is consistent with the model that infestation of fruit by D. suzukii can open up habitat for D. melanogaster. We propose that the microbiome is an important dimension of the ecological interactions between Drosophila species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabrielle M. Solomon
- Department of Biological Sciences, State University of New York at Oswego, Oswego, NY, United States of America
| | - Hiruni Dodangoda
- Department of Biological Sciences, State University of New York at Oswego, Oswego, NY, United States of America
| | - Tylea McCarthy-Walker
- Department of Biological Sciences, State University of New York at Oswego, Oswego, NY, United States of America
| | - Rita Ntim-Gyakari
- Department of Biological Sciences, State University of New York at Oswego, Oswego, NY, United States of America
| | - Peter D. Newell
- Department of Biological Sciences, State University of New York at Oswego, Oswego, NY, United States of America
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39
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Rudman SM, Greenblum S, Hughes RC, Rajpurohit S, Kiratli O, Lowder DB, Lemmon SG, Petrov DA, Chaston JM, Schmidt P. Microbiome composition shapes rapid genomic adaptation of Drosophila melanogaster. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:20025-20032. [PMID: 31527278 PMCID: PMC6778213 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1907787116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Population genomic data has revealed patterns of genetic variation associated with adaptation in many taxa. Yet understanding the adaptive process that drives such patterns is challenging; it requires disentangling the ecological agents of selection, determining the relevant timescales over which evolution occurs, and elucidating the genetic architecture of adaptation. Doing so for the adaptation of hosts to their microbiome is of particular interest with growing recognition of the importance and complexity of host-microbe interactions. Here, we track the pace and genomic architecture of adaptation to an experimental microbiome manipulation in replicate populations of Drosophila melanogaster in field mesocosms. Shifts in microbiome composition altered population dynamics and led to divergence between treatments in allele frequencies, with regions showing strong divergence found on all chromosomes. Moreover, at divergent loci previously associated with adaptation across natural populations, we found that the more common allele in fly populations experimentally enriched for a certain microbial group was also more common in natural populations with high relative abundance of that microbial group. These results suggest that microbiomes may be an agent of selection that shapes the pattern and process of adaptation and, more broadly, that variation in a single ecological factor within a complex environment can drive rapid, polygenic adaptation over short timescales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seth M Rudman
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104;
| | | | - Rachel C Hughes
- Department of Plant and Wildlife Sciences, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602
| | - Subhash Rajpurohit
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Ozan Kiratli
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Dallin B Lowder
- Department of Plant and Wildlife Sciences, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602
| | - Skyler G Lemmon
- Department of Plant and Wildlife Sciences, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602
| | - Dmitri A Petrov
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - John M Chaston
- Department of Plant and Wildlife Sciences, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602
| | - Paul Schmidt
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
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Capo F, Wilson A, Di Cara F. The Intestine of Drosophila melanogaster: An Emerging Versatile Model System to Study Intestinal Epithelial Homeostasis and Host-Microbial Interactions in Humans. Microorganisms 2019; 7:microorganisms7090336. [PMID: 31505811 PMCID: PMC6780840 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms7090336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2019] [Revised: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
In all metazoans, the intestinal tract is an essential organ to integrate nutritional signaling, hormonal cues and immunometabolic networks. The dysregulation of intestinal epithelium functions can impact organism physiology and, in humans, leads to devastating and complex diseases, such as inflammatory bowel diseases, intestinal cancers, and obesity. Two decades ago, the discovery of an immune response in the intestine of the genetic model system, Drosophila melanogaster, sparked interest in using this model organism to dissect the mechanisms that govern gut (patho) physiology in humans. In 2007, the finding of the intestinal stem cell lineage, followed by the development of tools available for its manipulation in vivo, helped to elucidate the structural organization and functions of the fly intestine and its similarity with mammalian gastrointestinal systems. To date, studies of the Drosophila gut have already helped to shed light on a broad range of biological questions regarding stem cells and their niches, interorgan communication, immunity and immunometabolism, making the Drosophila a promising model organism for human enteric studies. This review summarizes our current knowledge of the structure and functions of the Drosophila melanogaster intestine, asserting its validity as an emerging model system to study gut physiology, regeneration, immune defenses and host-microbiota interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence Capo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, IWK Research Centre, Dalhousie University, 5850/5980 University Avenue, Halifax, NS B3K 6R8, Canada.
| | - Alexa Wilson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, IWK Research Centre, Dalhousie University, 5850/5980 University Avenue, Halifax, NS B3K 6R8, Canada.
| | - Francesca Di Cara
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, IWK Research Centre, Dalhousie University, 5850/5980 University Avenue, Halifax, NS B3K 6R8, Canada.
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Abstract
Drosophila is an excellent system to investigate how the presence and composition of the gut microbiome influences the efficacy of therapeutic drugs and downstream consequences for host health. These opportunities derive from two key attributes of Drosophila. First, Drosophila is amenable for microbiome research, with simple, standardized methods to produce large numbers of microbiologically-sterile flies and flies with a standardized gut microbiome, thereby facilitating experimental reproducibility. Second, Drosophila is a well-established genetic model that is increasingly used to elucidate the molecular and physiological basis of lesions associated with human disease alleles; this provides the opportunity to link microbiome/drug interactions to previously-described processes shaping health and disease. In this way, Drosophila can fast-track understanding of fundamental biology to generate precise hypotheses for testing in mammalian systems. Drosophila is particularly well-suited to investigate the incidence of microbiome/drug interactions mediated by different mechanisms, including microbial drug metabolism (to active, inactive or toxic derivatives), microbial production of compounds that inhibit drug efficacy, and off-target effects of the drug on the microbiome, resulting in dysbiosis and host ill-health. Drosophila can also be used to investigate how interactions between the microbiome and host genotype may shape responses to therapeutic drugs, informing the reliability of precision medicine based exclusively on human genomic markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela E Douglas
- Department of Entomology and Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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43
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Habineza P, Muhammad A, Ji T, Xiao R, Yin X, Hou Y, Shi Z. The Promoting Effect of Gut Microbiota on Growth and Development of Red Palm Weevil, Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Olivier) (Coleoptera: Dryophthoridae) by Modulating Its Nutritional Metabolism. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1212. [PMID: 31191510 PMCID: PMC6549218 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Red palm weevil (RPW), Rhynchophorus ferrugineus Olivier, is a destructive pest for palm trees worldwide. Recent studies have shown that RPW gut is colonized by microbes and alterations in gut microbiota can significantly modify its hemolymph nutrition content. However, the exact effects of gut microbiota on RPW phenotype and the underlying mechanisms remain elusive. Here germ-free (GF) RPW larvae were generated from dechorionated eggs which were reared on sterilized artificial food under axenic conditions. Compared with controls, the larval development of GF RPW individuals was markedly depressed and their body mass was reduced as well. Furthermore, the content of hemolymph protein, glucose and triglyceride were dropped significantly in GF RPW larvae. Interestingly, introducing gut microbiota into GF individuals could significantly increase the levels of the three nutrition indices. Additionally, it has also been demonstrated that RPW larvae monoassociated with Lactococcus lactis exhibited the same level of protein content with the CR (conventionally reared) insects while feeding Enterobacter cloacae to GF larvae increased their hemolymph triglyceride and glucose content markedly. Consequently, our findings suggest that gut microbiota profoundly affect the development of this pest by regulating its nutrition metabolism and different gut bacterial species show distinct impact on host physiology. Taken together, the establishment of GF and gnotobiotic RPW larvae will advance the elucidation of molecular mechanisms behind the interactions between RPW and its gut microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prosper Habineza
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fujian, China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Ecology, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fujian, China
| | - Abrar Muhammad
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fujian, China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Ecology, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fujian, China
| | - Tianliang Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fujian, China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Ecology, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fujian, China
| | - Rong Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fujian, China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Ecology, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fujian, China
| | - Xianyuan Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fujian, China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Ecology, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fujian, China
| | - Youming Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fujian, China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Ecology, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fujian, China
| | - Zhanghong Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fujian, China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Ecology, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fujian, China
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Baenas N, Wagner AE. Drosophila melanogaster as an alternative model organism in nutrigenomics. GENES AND NUTRITION 2019; 14:14. [PMID: 31080523 PMCID: PMC6501408 DOI: 10.1186/s12263-019-0641-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Nutrigenomics explains the interaction between the genome, the proteome, the epigenome, the metabolome, and the microbiome with the nutritional environment of an organism. It is therefore situated at the interface between an organism's health, its diet, and the genome. The diet and/or specific dietary compounds are able to affect not only the gene expression patterns, but also the epigenetic mechanisms as well as the production of metabolites and the bacterial composition of the microbiota. Drosophila melanogaster provides a well-suited model organism to unravel these interactions in the context of nutrigenomics as it combines several advantages including an affordable maintenance, a short generation time, a high fecundity, a relatively short life expectancy, a well-characterized genome, and the availability of several mutant fly lines. Furthermore, it hosts a mammalian-like intestinal system with a clear microbiota and a fat body resembling the adipose tissue with liver-equivalent oenocytes, supporting the fly as an excellent model organism not only in nutrigenomics but also in nutritional research. Experimental approaches that are essentially needed in nutrigenomic research, including several sequencing technologies, have already been established in the fruit fly. However, studies investigating the interaction of a specific diet and/or dietary compounds in the fly are currently very limited. The present review provides an overview of the fly's morphology including the intestinal microbiome and antimicrobial peptides as modulators of the immune system. Additionally, it summarizes nutrigenomic approaches in the fruit fly helping to elucidate host-genome interactions with the nutritional environment in the model organism Drosophila melanogaster.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nieves Baenas
- 1Institute of Nutritional Medicine, University of Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23538 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Anika E Wagner
- 2Institute of Nutritional Sciences, Justus-Liebig-University, Wilhelmstrasse 20, 35392 Giessen, Germany
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Troha K, Buchon N. Methods for the study of innate immunity in Drosophila melanogaster. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2019; 8:e344. [PMID: 30993906 DOI: 10.1002/wdev.344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Revised: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
From flies to humans, many components of the innate immune system have been conserved during metazoan evolution. This foundational observation has allowed us to develop Drosophila melanogaster, the fruit fly, into a powerful model to study innate immunity in animals. Thanks to an ever-growing arsenal of genetic tools, an easily manipulated genome, and its winning disposition, Drosophila is now employed to study not only basic molecular mechanisms of pathogen recognition and immune signaling, but also the nature of physiological responses activated in the host by microbial challenge and how dysregulation of these processes contributes to disease. Here, we present a collection of methods and protocols to challenge the fly with an assortment of microbes, both systemically and orally, and assess its humoral, cellular, and epithelial response to infection. Our review covers techniques for measuring the reaction to microbial infection both qualitatively and quantitatively. Specifically, we describe survival, bacterial load, BLUD (a measure of disease tolerance), phagocytosis, melanization, clotting, and ROS production assays, as well as efficient protocols to collect hemolymph and measure immune gene expression. We also offer an updated catalog of online resources and a collection of popular reporter lines and mutants to facilitate research efforts. This article is categorized under: Technologies > Analysis of Cell, Tissue, and Animal Phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katia Troha
- Department of Entomology, Cornell Institute of Host-Microbe Interactions and Disease, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
| | - Nicolas Buchon
- Department of Entomology, Cornell Institute of Host-Microbe Interactions and Disease, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
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Staats S, Wagner AE, Lüersen K, Künstner A, Meyer T, Kahns AK, Derer S, Graspeuntner S, Rupp J, Busch H, Sina C, Ipharraguerre IR, Rimbach G. Dietary ursolic acid improves health span and life span in male Drosophila melanogaster. Biofactors 2019; 45:169-186. [PMID: 30496629 DOI: 10.1002/biof.1467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The health and life span of Drosophila melanogaster are partly determined by intestinal barrier integrity, metabolic rate as well as stress response and the expression of longevity-associated genes, depending on genetic and dietary factors. Ursolic acid (UA) is a naturally occurring triterpenoid exhibiting potential antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and antiobesity activity and counteracting age-related deficits in muscle strength. In this study, UA was dietarily administered to w1118 D. melanogaster which significantly elongated the health and life span of males. Spargel (srl) is the Drosophila orthologue of mammalian peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator 1 α(PGC1α), an important regulator of energy homeostasis and mitochondrial function. Our results indicate that the health-promoting effect of UA, demonstrated by a significant increase in climbing activity, occurs via an upregulation of srl expression leading to a metabolic shift in the fly without reducing fecundity or gut integrity. Moreover, UA affected the flies' microbiota in a manner that contributed to life span extension. Srl expression and microbiota both seem to be affected by UA, as we determined by using srl-mutant and axenic flies. © 2018 BioFactors, 45(2):169-186, 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Staats
- Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Science, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Anika E Wagner
- Institute of Nutritional Medicine, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Kai Lüersen
- Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Science, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Axel Künstner
- Group for Medical Systems Biology, Lübeck Institute of Experimental Dermatology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
- Institute for Cardiogenetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Timo Meyer
- Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Science, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Anna K Kahns
- Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Science, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Stefanie Derer
- Institute of Nutritional Medicine, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Simon Graspeuntner
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Jan Rupp
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Hauke Busch
- Group for Medical Systems Biology, Lübeck Institute of Experimental Dermatology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
- Institute for Cardiogenetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Christian Sina
- Institute of Nutritional Medicine, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | | | - Gerald Rimbach
- Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Science, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
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Qiao H, Keesey IW, Hansson BS, Knaden M. Gut microbiota affects development and olfactory behavior in Drosophila melanogaster. J Exp Biol 2019; 222:jeb.192500. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.192500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
It has been shown that gut microbes are very important for the behavior and development of Drosophila, as the beneficial microbes are involved in the identification of suitable feeding and oviposition places. However, in what way these associated gut microbes influence the fitness-related behaviors of Drosophila melanogaster remains unclear. Here we show that D. melanogaster exhibits different behavioral preferences towards gut microbes. Both adults and larvae were attracted by the headspace of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Lactobacillus plantarum, but were repelled by Acetobacter malorum in behavioral assays, indicating an olfactory mechanism involved in these preference behaviors. While the attraction to yeast was governed by olfactory sensory neurons expressing the odorant co-receptor Orco, the observed behaviors towards the other microbes still remained in flies lacking this co-receptor. By experimentally manipulating the microbiota of the flies, we found that flies did not strive for a diverse microbiome by e.g. increasing their preference towards gut microbes that they had not experienced previously. Instead, in some cases the flies even increased preference for the microbes they were reared on. Furthermore, exposing Drosophila larvae to all three microbes promoted Drosophila’s development while only exposure to S. cerevisiae and A. malorum resulted in the development of larger ovaries and in increased egg numbers the flies laid in an oviposition assay. Thus our study provides a better understanding of how gut microbes affect insect behavior and development, and offers an ecological rationale for preferences of flies for different microbes in their natural environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huili Qiao
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Department of Evolutionary Neuroethology, Jena, Germany
- Henan Provincial Key laboratory of Funiu Mountain Insect Biology, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang, China
| | - Ian W. Keesey
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Department of Evolutionary Neuroethology, Jena, Germany
| | - Bill S. Hansson
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Department of Evolutionary Neuroethology, Jena, Germany
| | - Markus Knaden
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Department of Evolutionary Neuroethology, Jena, Germany
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Microbiota disruption leads to reduced cold tolerance in Drosophila flies. Naturwissenschaften 2018; 105:59. [DOI: 10.1007/s00114-018-1584-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Revised: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Bacterial Methionine Metabolism Genes Influence Drosophila melanogaster Starvation Resistance. Appl Environ Microbiol 2018; 84:AEM.00662-18. [PMID: 29934334 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00662-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2018] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal-associated microorganisms (microbiota) dramatically influence the nutritional and physiological traits of their hosts. To expand our understanding of such influences, we predicted bacterial genes that influence a quantitative animal trait by a comparative genomic approach, and we extended these predictions via mutant analysis. We focused on Drosophila melanogaster starvation resistance (SR). We first confirmed that D. melanogaster SR responds to the microbiota by demonstrating that bacterium-free flies have greater SR than flies bearing a standard 5-species microbial community, and we extended this analysis by revealing the species-specific influences of 38 genome-sequenced bacterial species on D. melanogaster SR. A subsequent metagenome-wide association analysis predicted bacterial genes with potential influence on D. melanogaster SR, among which were significant enrichments in bacterial genes for the metabolism of sulfur-containing amino acids and B vitamins. Dietary supplementation experiments established that the addition of methionine, but not B vitamins, to the diets significantly lowered D. melanogaster SR in a way that was additive, but not interactive, with the microbiota. A direct role for bacterial methionine metabolism genes in D. melanogaster SR was subsequently confirmed by analysis of flies that were reared individually with distinct methionine cycle Escherichia coli mutants. The correlated responses of D. melanogaster SR to bacterial methionine metabolism mutants and dietary modification are consistent with the established finding that bacteria can influence fly phenotypes through dietary modification, although we do not provide explicit evidence of this conclusion. Taken together, this work reveals that D. melanogaster SR is a microbiota-responsive trait, and specific bacterial genes underlie these influences.IMPORTANCE Extending descriptive studies of animal-associated microorganisms (microbiota) to define causal mechanistic bases for their influence on animal traits is an emerging imperative. In this study, we reveal that D. melanogaster starvation resistance (SR), a model quantitative trait in animal genetics, responds to the presence and identity of the microbiota. Using a predictive analysis, we reveal that the amino acid methionine has a key influence on D. melanogaster SR and show that bacterial methionine metabolism mutants alter normal patterns of SR in flies bearing the bacteria. Our data further suggest that these effects are additive, and we propose the untested hypothesis that, similar to bacterial effects on fruit fly triacylglyceride deposition, the bacterial influence may be through dietary modification. Together, these findings expand our understanding of the bacterial genetic basis for influence on a nutritionally relevant trait of a model animal host.
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Fast D, Duggal A, Foley E. Monoassociation with Lactobacillus plantarum Disrupts Intestinal Homeostasis in Adult Drosophila melanogaster. mBio 2018; 9:e01114-18. [PMID: 30065090 PMCID: PMC6069112 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01114-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Adult Drosophila melanogaster raised in the absence of symbiotic bacteria have fewer intestinal stem cell divisions and a longer life span than their conventionally reared counterparts. However, we do not know if increased stem cell divisions are essential for symbiont-dependent regulation of longevity. To determine if individual symbionts cause aging-dependent death in Drosophila, we examined the impacts of common symbionts on host longevity. We found that monoassociation of adult Drosophila with Lactobacillus plantarum, a widely reported fly symbiont and member of the probiotic Lactobacillus genus, curtails adult longevity relative to germfree counterparts. The effects of Lactobacillus plantarum on life span were independent of intestinal aging. Instead, we found that association with Lactobacillus plantarum causes an extensive intestinal pathology within the host, characterized by loss of stem cells, impaired epithelial renewal, and a gradual erosion of epithelial ultrastructure. Our study uncovers an unknown aspect of Lactobacillus plantarum-Drosophila interactions and establishes a simple model to characterize symbiont-dependent disruption of intestinal homeostasis.IMPORTANCE Under homeostatic conditions, gut bacteria provide molecular signals that support the organization and function of the host intestine. Sudden shifts in the composition or distribution of gut bacterial communities impact host receipt of bacterial cues and disrupt tightly regulated homeostatic networks. We used the Drosophila melanogaster model to determine the effects of prominent fly symbionts on host longevity and intestinal homeostasis. We found that monoassociation with Lactobacillus plantarum leads to a loss of intestinal progenitor cells, impaired epithelial renewal, and disruption of gut architecture as flies age. These observations uncover a novel phenotype caused by monoassociation of a germfree host with a common symbiont and establish a simple model to characterize symbiont-dependent loss of intestinal homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Fast
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Aashna Duggal
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Edan Foley
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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