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Wu T, Zhu W, Chen L, Jiang T, Dong Y, Wang L, Tong X, Zhou H, Yu X, Peng Y, Wang L, Xiao Y, Zhong T. A review of natural plant extracts in beverages: Extraction process, nutritional function, and safety evaluation. Food Res Int 2023; 172:113185. [PMID: 37689936 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2023.113185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/11/2023]
Abstract
The demand for foods and beverages with therapeutic and functional features has increased as a result of rising consumer awareness of health and wellness. In natural, plants are abundant, widespread, and inexpensive, in addition to being rich in bioactive components that are beneficial to health. The bioactive substances contained in plants include polyphenols, polysaccharides, flavonoids, aromatics, aliphatics, terpenoids, etc., which have rich active functions and application potential for plant-based beverages. In this review, various existing extraction processes and their advantages and disadvantages are introduced. The antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, intestinal flora regulation, metabolism regulation, and nerve protection effects of plant beverages are described. The biotoxicity and sensory properties of plant-based beverages are also summarized. With the diversification of the food industry and commerce, plant-based beverages may become a promising new category of health functional foods in our daily lives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Wu
- Faculty of Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wai Long, Taipa, Macao
| | - Wanying Zhu
- Faculty of Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wai Long, Taipa, Macao
| | - Linyan Chen
- Faculty of Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wai Long, Taipa, Macao
| | - Tao Jiang
- Faculty of Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wai Long, Taipa, Macao
| | - Yuhe Dong
- Faculty of Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wai Long, Taipa, Macao
| | - Letao Wang
- Faculty of Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wai Long, Taipa, Macao
| | - Xinyang Tong
- Faculty of Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wai Long, Taipa, Macao
| | - Hui Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioresources Utilization, Ministry of Education, Institute of Plant Resources, Dalian Minzu University, Dalian, China
| | - Xi Yu
- Faculty of Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wai Long, Taipa, Macao
| | - Ye Peng
- Faculty of Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wai Long, Taipa, Macao
| | - Ling Wang
- Faculty of Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wai Long, Taipa, Macao
| | - Ying Xiao
- Faculty of Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wai Long, Taipa, Macao
| | - Tian Zhong
- Faculty of Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wai Long, Taipa, Macao.
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Nowak D, Czarnecki D, Świątek A, Ziółkowski M. Effect of various factors on energy drinks consumption, and their connection with alcohol consumption. Addict Biol 2023; 28:e13281. [PMID: 37252879 DOI: 10.1111/adb.13281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Energy drinks (EDs) have become widely popular among adolescents and young adults. Excessive consumption of EDs can lead to ED abuse and alcohol abuse. Therefore, this study has aimed to analyse the consumption of EDs in a group of patients suffering from alcohol dependence and among young adults, considering such issues as the amounts consumed, underlying reasons and threats arising from excessive consumption of ED and their mixing with alcohol (AmED). The study included 201 men (101 patients treated due to alcohol dependence and 100 young adults/students). Each research participant responded to questions in a survey designed by the researchers (socio-demographic data, clinical data, including consumption of ED, AmED and alcohol), the MAST and SADD. The participants also had their arterial blood pressure measured. EDs were consumed by 92% of the patients and 52% of young adults. A statistically significant dependence was confirmed between consumption of ED and tobacco smoking (p < 0.001), as well as the place of residence (p = 0.044). For 22% of the patients, ED consumption had an effect on alcohol consumption, where 7% admitted to feeling an increased urge to drink alcohol, and 15% said ED consumption decreased it. A statistically significant relationship (p < 0.001) was also shown between ED consumption and the consumption of EDs mixed with alcohol (AmED). This study may implicate that widespread consumption of EDs predisposes to the consumption of alcohol mixed with ED or separate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dariusz Nowak
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Damian Czarnecki
- Department of Preventive Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Świątek
- Department of Biostatistics and Theory of Biomedical Systems, Faculty of Pharmacy, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Marcin Ziółkowski
- Department of Preventive Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Bydgoszcz, Poland
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3
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Functional Beverages in the 21st Century. BEVERAGES 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/beverages9010027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/15/2023]
Abstract
Underlying the dawn of humanity was primarily the search for food and access to drinking water. Over the course of civilization, there has been a significant increase in drinking water quality. By the average of the nutritional standards, the daily water demand is 2.5 L (also including liquid products such as tea, coffee, or soup). However, it is worth noticing that the need is strictly individual for each person and depends on two major factors, namely, epidemiological (sex, age state of health, lifestyle, and diet) and environmental (humidity and air temperature). Currently, our diet is more and more often enriched with isotonic drinks, functional drinks, or drinks bearing the hallmarks of health-promoting products. As a result, manufacturing companies compete to present more interesting beverages with complex compositions. This article will discuss both the composition of functional beverages and their impact on health.
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Protano C, Valeriani F, De Giorgi A, Marotta D, Ubaldi F, Napoli C, Liguori G, Romano Spica V, Vitali M, Gallè F. Consumption patterns of energy drinks in university students: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Nutrition 2023; 107:111904. [PMID: 36529090 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2022.111904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Energy drink (ED) use is promoted to stimulate mental and/or physical activity, and their popularity has increased over the years, especially among young people. However, the use of EDs is often improper, and can induce adverse effects for human health. The purpose of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to analyze the literature to characterize the prevalence of ED consumption and motivations for use among undergraduate students. Furthermore, adverse effects and health-related behaviors associated with ED consumption were explored. METHODS This systematic review was carried out according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis guidelines, and the PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases were used for data research. RESULTS A total of 71 articles published between 2007 and 2021 met the inclusion criteria and were included in the review. The estimated overall prevalence of ED consumption was 42.9% in undergraduate students (95% confidence interval, 42.5%-43.3%), with significant heterogeneity among studies (Q test: P < 0.001; I2 = 99.4%). The main reasons for use were engagement in study, projects or examinations, stay awake or alert, and physical activity/sport engagement. Sleep disturbance and increased heart rate or blood pressure were the most commonly reported adverse effects. ED consumption was frequently associated with alcohol use and smoking. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that the inappropriate use of EDs and related unhealthy behaviors should be identified early, and addressed through effective educational interventions.<END ABSTRACT>.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmela Protano
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
| | - Federica Valeriani
- Department of Movement, Human, and Health Sciences, University of Rome Foro Italico, Rome, Italy.
| | - Andrea De Giorgi
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
| | - Daniela Marotta
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
| | - Francesca Ubaldi
- Department of Movement, Human, and Health Sciences, University of Rome Foro Italico, Rome, Italy.
| | - Christian Napoli
- Department of Medical Surgical Sciences and Translational Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
| | - Giorgio Liguori
- Department of Movement Sciences and Wellbeing, University of Naples Parthenope, Naples, Italy.
| | - Vincenzo Romano Spica
- Department of Movement, Human, and Health Sciences, University of Rome Foro Italico, Rome, Italy.
| | - Matteo Vitali
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
| | - Francesca Gallè
- Department of Movement Sciences and Wellbeing, University of Naples Parthenope, Naples, Italy.
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Chen YJ, Baskaran R, Shibu MA, Lin WT. Anti-Fatigue and Exercise Performance Improvement Effect of Glossogyne tenuifolia Extract in Mice. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14051011. [PMID: 35267986 PMCID: PMC8912778 DOI: 10.3390/nu14051011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Glossogyne tenuifolia (GT) is a native perennial plant growing across the coastline areas in Taiwan. The current study aimed to examine the efficacy of GT extract in ameliorating physical fatigue during exercise and increasing exercise performance. Fifty male Institute of Cancer Research (ICR) mice were randomly segregated into five groups (n = 10) to GT extract orally for 4 weeks, at different concentrations (50, 100, 250, and 500 mg/kg BW/day): LGT 1X, MGT 2X, HGT 5X, and HGT 10X groups. Forelimb grip strength, endurance swimming time, serum biochemical marker levels, blood lipid profile and histological analysis of various organs were performed to assess the anti-fatigue effect and exercise performance of GT extract. The forelimb-grips strength and endurance-swimming time of GT-administered mice were increased significantly in a dose-dependent manner when compared to the control. Serum glucose, creatine kinase, and lactate levels were increased significantly in the HGT 10X group. Liver marker serum glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT) was increased in the HGT 5X and HGT 10X groups, whereas Serum Glutamic Pyruvic Transaminase (GPT) was not altered. Renal markers, creatinine and uric acid levels, were not altered. Muscle and hepatic glycogen levels, which are essential for energy sources during exercise, were also significantly increased in a dose-dependent manner in all GT extract groups. No visible histological aberrations were observed in the vital organs after GT extract administration. The supplementation with GT extract could have beneficial effects on exercise performance and anti-fatigue function without toxicity at a higher dose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Ju Chen
- Department of Surgery, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung 40704, Taiwan;
- Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, Tunghai University, Taichung 40704, Taiwan
| | - Rathinasamy Baskaran
- Department of Bioinformatics and Medical Engineering, Asia University, Taichung 413305, Taiwan;
| | | | - Wan-Teng Lin
- Department of Hospitality Management, College of Agriculture, Tunghai University, Taichung 40704, Taiwan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-4-2359-0121 (ext. 37709)
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Caliskan SG, Kilic MA, Bilgin MD. Acute effects of energy drink on hemodynamic and electrophysiologic parameters in habitual and non-habitual caffeine consumers. Clin Nutr ESPEN 2021; 42:333-338. [PMID: 33745602 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnesp.2021.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS The consumption of energy drinks has significantly increased in recent years but their adverse effects are yet to be identified. The objective of the study is to determine the acute effects of energy drink on habitual and non-habitual caffeine consumers and if caffeine consumption habit causes a difference in the hemodynamic and electrophysiological responses. METHODS We carried out a non-randomized, non-placebo controlled, three-arm parallel assignment with 48 students enrolled at Aydın Adnan Menderes University. Four main groups were determined according to the results of the application acceptance survey. Blood pressure, electrocardiogram, breath rate, haemoglobin oxygen saturation and bioelectrical impedance analysis were measured before consuming the drinks. After consuming the drinks, measurements were repeated at 30 min and 60 min. In addition, Participant's Situation Anxiety Scale was recorded. RESULTS Energy drink consumption led to a significant increase in systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure and heart rate for non-habitual caffeine consumers. PR interval and QRS complex were not affected significantly, however QTc interval reduced in time. Haemoglobin oxygen saturation and breathing rate did not change. Body fat percentage values of habitual energy drink consumers were smaller than the other groups. Body metabolism rate increased after energy drink consumption. There was no significant change for high-habitual caffeine consumers in all parameters evaluated. CONCLUSIONS Energy drink consumption has a negative effect on hemodynamic parameters. But as the habituation level increases the impact of energy drink on hemodynamic parameters tends to decrease. CLINICALTRIALS REGISTRATION Registered under ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier No: NCT04223167.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serife G Caliskan
- Department of Physics, Science and Art Faculty, Aydın Adnan Menderes University, Aydın, Turkey.
| | - Mahmut A Kilic
- Department of Biophysics, School of Medicine, Aydın Adnan Menderes University, Aydın, Turkey.
| | - Mehmet D Bilgin
- Department of Biophysics, School of Medicine, Aydın Adnan Menderes University, Aydın, Turkey.
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Elçi E, Güneş Elçi G, Çim N, Aras İ, Sayan S, Yıldızhan R. Energy drinks may affect the ovarian reserve and serum anti-mullerian hormone levels in a rat model. Turk J Obstet Gynecol 2021; 18:23-29. [PMID: 33715329 PMCID: PMC7962157 DOI: 10.4274/tjod.galenos.2020.07347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Energy drinks have an impact on concentration levels, physical performance, speed of reaction, and focus, but these drinks cause many adverse effects and intoxication symptoms. The main goal of this study was to determine the effect of energy drink consumption on ovarian reserve and serum anti-mullerian hormone (AMH) levels. Materials and Methods Female Wistar albino rats (n=16) were included and randomized into two groups (n=8). Serum AMH levels were checked before and after energy drinks were given. Eight weeks later, the ovaries and uteruses of the rats were analyzed histopathologically. The number of follicles in the ovaries was counted. Results The total number of the preantral plus small antral follicles, which show the ovarian reserve, was decreased at the end of eight weeks in both the control group and the energy drink group. There was a statistical difference between them (p=0.021). Also, there was a statistically significant difference in the initial/final AMH (ng/mL) reduction levels between the control group and the energy drink group (p=0.002). AMH levels were decreased more in the energy drink group. Conclusion The consumption of energy drinks can lead to a decrease in ovarian reserve and AMH values and may cause weight gain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erkan Elçi
- University of Health Sciences Turkey, Ümraniye Training and Research Hospital, Clinic of Obstetrics and Gynecology, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Gülhan Güneş Elçi
- University of Health Sciences Turkey, Sancaktepe Training and Research Hospital, Clinic of Obstetrics and Gynecology, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Numan Çim
- İstanbul Bilim University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - İbrahim Aras
- Yüzüncü Yıl University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Van, Turkey
| | - Sena Sayan
- Marmara University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Recep Yıldızhan
- İstanbul Bilim University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, İstanbul, Turkey
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Luo YS, Chen Z, Blanchette AD, Zhou YH, Wright FA, Baker ES, Chiu WA, Rusyn I. Relationships between constituents of energy drinks and beating parameters in human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-Derived cardiomyocytes. Food Chem Toxicol 2021; 149:111979. [PMID: 33450301 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2021.111979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Consumption of energy drinks has been associated with adverse cardiovascular effects; however, little is known about the ingredients that may contribute to these effects. We therefore characterized the chemical profiles and in vitro effects of energy drinks and their ingredients on human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived cardiomyocytes, and identified the putative active ingredients using a multivariate prediction model. Energy drinks from 17 widely-available over-the-counter brands were evaluated in this study. The concentrations of six common ingredients (caffeine, taurine, riboflavin, pantothenic acid, adenine, and L-methionine) were quantified by coupling liquid chromatography with a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer for the acquisition of LC-MS/MS spectra. In addition, untargeted analyses for each beverage were performed with a platform combining LC, ion mobility spectrometry and mass spectrometry (LC-IMS-MS) measurements. Approximately 300 features were observed across samples in the untargeted studies, and of these ~100 were identified. In vitro effects of energy drinks and some of their ingredients were then tested in iPSC-derived cardiomyocytes. Data on the beat rate (positive and negative chronotropy), ion channel function (QT prolongation), and cytotoxicity were collected in a dilution series. We found that some of the energy drinks elicited adverse effects on the cardiomyocytes with the most common being an increase in the beat rate, while QT prolongation was also observed at the lowest concentrations. Finally, concentration addition modeling using quantitative data from the 6 common ingredients and multivariate prediction modeling was used to determine potential ingredients responsible for the adverse effects on the cardiomyocytes. These analyses suggested theophylline, adenine, and azelate as possibly contributing to the in vitro effects of energy drinks on QT prolongation in cardiomyocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Syuan Luo
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Zunwei Chen
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Alexander D Blanchette
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Yi-Hui Zhou
- Departments of Statistics and Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Fred A Wright
- Departments of Statistics and Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Erin S Baker
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Weihsueh A Chiu
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Ivan Rusyn
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA.
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9
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Aljofan M, Alkhamaisah SI, Younes KM, Gaipov A. Development and validation of a simple and sensitive HPLC method for the determination of liquid form of therapeutic substances. ELECTRONIC JOURNAL OF GENERAL MEDICINE 2019. [DOI: 10.29333/ejgm/112271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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10
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Cho KS, Neog MK, Kim JY, Yang HI, Kim KS. Effects of Chronic Intake of a Low Concentration of Taurine on Physical Strength and Body Composition in Mice. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1155:25-34. [PMID: 31468383 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-8023-5_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
Abstract
Most studies of taurine on athletic performance have been conducted at acute and high doses in rodents. These doses and duration of administration are not reasonable for normal human life. Thus, it is not valid to extrapolate these animal results to people. Dose and duration that mimic human use of taurine in normal life can help to clarify the taurine effect in humans. This study investigated whether long-term, low-dose taurine (2% taurine drinking water for 25 weeks), similar to normal taurine intake in humans, can affect endurance exercise and body composition. Twenty ICR mice were divided into two groups. The control group received normal drinking water, and the taurine treated group received 2% taurine drinking water for 25 weeks. The mice were evaluated for body composition by mass and for physical strength by treadmill exhaustion and suspension tests. The supply of chronic 2% taurine drinking water has a slight effect on weight gain. In body composition analysis, a slight increase in body weight was due to an increase in muscle mass, not an increase in body fat. However, taurine ingestion did not increase endurance exercise. In conclusion, these results indirectly suggest that acute, high-dose taurine treatment is better than long-term, low-dose treatment to increase athletic performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung Suk Cho
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Manoj Kumar Neog
- School of Bio Sciences and Technology, VIT University, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Joo Young Kim
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyung-In Yang
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kyung Hee University Hospital at Gangdong, Gangdong-gu, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Kyoung Soo Kim
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea.
- East-West Bone & Joint Disease Research Institute, Kyung Hee University Hospital at Gangdong, Gangdong-gu, Seoul, South Korea.
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Olas B, Bryś M. Effects of coffee, energy drinks and their components on hemostasis: The hypothetical mechanisms of their action. Food Chem Toxicol 2019; 127:31-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2019.02.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2018] [Revised: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Abstract
There has been recent interest in the ergogenic effects of caffeine delivered in low doses (~ 200 mg or ~ 3 mg/kg body mass) and administered in forms other than capsules, coffee and sports drinks, including chewing gum, bars, gels, mouth rinses, energy drinks and aerosols. Caffeinated chewing gum is absorbed quicker through the buccal mucosa compared with capsule delivery and absorption in the gut, although total caffeine absorption over time is not different. Rapid absorption may be important in many sporting situations. Caffeinated chewing gum improved endurance cycling performance, and there is limited evidence that repeated sprint cycling and power production may also be improved. Mouth rinsing with caffeine may stimulate nerves with direct links to the brain, in addition to caffeine absorption in the mouth. However, caffeine mouth rinsing has not been shown to have significant effects on cognitive performance. Delivering caffeine with mouth rinsing improved short-duration, high-intensity, repeated sprinting in normal and depleted glycogen states, while the majority of the literature indicates no ergogenic effect on aerobic exercise performance, and resistance exercise has not been adequately studied. Studies with caffeinated energy drinks have generally not examined the individual effects of caffeine on performance, making conclusions about this form of caffeine delivery impossible. Caffeinated aerosol mouth and nasal sprays may stimulate nerves with direct brain connections and enter the blood via mucosal and pulmonary absorption, although little support exists for caffeine delivered in this manner. Overall, more research is needed examining alternate forms of caffeine delivery including direct measures of brain activation and entry of caffeine into the blood, as well as more studies examining trained athletes and female subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate A Wickham
- Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Lawrence L Spriet
- Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada.
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13
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Spangler JG, Song EY, Egan KL, Wagoner KG, Reboussin BA, Wolfson M, Sutfin EL. Correlates of Alcohol Mixed with Energy Drink Use Among First Year College Students: Clinical and Research Implications. J Caffeine Adenosine Res 2018; 8:107-112. [PMID: 30250945 PMCID: PMC6150939 DOI: 10.1089/caff.2018.0004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Alcohol mixed with energy drink (AmED) use among college students is associated with specific adverse effects (e.g., sexual assault, driving while intoxicated). This study offered the opportunity to evaluate correlates of past year AmED use in a large sample of college students. Methods: In autumn 2010, emails were sent to all first year students (n = 29,536) at 11 colleges and universities in North Carolina and Virginia, inviting them to participate in a brief web-based survey to be used to establish a cohort for the parent tobacco use study; 10,340 (35%) students responded to the web-based survey, which elicited items on demographics, past year use of AmED, and other health behaviors. Results: Past year of AmED was reported by 29.4% of students. Logistic regression analysis revealed that female gender (adjusted odds ratios [AOR] = 1.28, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.16-1.42); ever use of smokeless tobacco (AOR = 3.51, 95% CI = 3.00-4.10); current smoking (AOR = 4.97, 95% CI = 4.34-5.69); 2 or fewer days of physical activity per week (AOR = 1.16, 95% CI = 1.04-1.28); and 7 or 8 hours of sleep per day (AOR = 1.12, 95% CI = 1.02-1.24) predicted risk of past year use of AmED. Conclusions: Nearly a third of first year college students reported past year use of AmED. Our finding of increased past year use of AmED use among women is new and might reflect the changing epidemiology of female college alcohol use. Of additional concern, such use might also reflect targeted marketing to women by the energy drink industry. Findings can guide future research as well as substance counseling to college students.
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Affiliation(s)
- John G. Spangler
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Euyoung Y. Song
- Department of Biostatistical Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Kathleen L. Egan
- Department of Social Sciences and Health Policy, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Kimberly G. Wagoner
- Department of Social Sciences and Health Policy, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Beth A. Reboussin
- Department of Biostatistical Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Mark Wolfson
- Department of Social Sciences and Health Policy, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Erin L. Sutfin
- Department of Social Sciences and Health Policy, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
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14
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Attipoe S, Delahanty L, Stephens M, Deuster PA. Energy Beverage Use Among U.S. Service Members. Mil Med 2018; 183:e554-e561. [DOI: 10.1093/milmed/usy169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Revised: 05/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Selasi Attipoe
- Naval Medical Center Portsmouth, 620 John Paul Jones Cir, Portsmouth, VA
| | - Liam Delahanty
- Naval Medical Center Portsmouth, 620 John Paul Jones Cir, Portsmouth, VA
| | - Mark Stephens
- Department of Military and Emergency Medicine, Uniformed Services University, 4301 Jones Bridge Rd, Bethesda, MD
| | - Patricia A Deuster
- Department of Military and Emergency Medicine, Uniformed Services University, 4301 Jones Bridge Rd, Bethesda, MD
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15
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Malcolm McLeod
- College of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Australian National University Canberra
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16
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Some Popular Energy Shots and Their Ingredients: Are They Safe and Should They Be Used? A Literature Review. BEVERAGES 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/beverages4010020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Abstract
The use and motivations for use of energy drinks (EDs) in college students has been documented in the literature. Many college students identify academic reasons, such as a need to study more, as a motivation for ED use. However, research has not determined if users who claim academic motivations actually study more than those who claim other motivations. A sample of 692 undergraduate students at a large, private university completed a paper survey that inquired about demographics, ED use, motivations for ED use, sleep quality, and average amount of time spent sleeping and studying per week. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze demographics, and analysis of variance was used to compare ED users with different motivations to amount of time spent sleeping and studying per week. Regression analysis was also used to determine if ED use could be predicted by any of the other variables. Increased ED consumption was predicted by being male (B = -0.394, p < .001) and having a decreased sleep quality (B = 0.586, p < .001). Reported study hours by subjects who claimed academic reasons as motivation for ED use were not significantly different in comparison to ED users who claimed other motivations. In our sample, ED users who reported academic reasons as motivations for use did not report significantly more study hours per week when compared to those who claimed other motivations. This demonstrates a disconnect between reported motivations for energy drink use and outcomes that are expected to be associated with those motivations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie W Oglesby
- Department of Health, Human Performance and Recreation, Baylor University, One Bear Place #97313, Waco, TX, 76798, USA
| | - Kristina A Amrani
- Department of Health, Human Performance and Recreation, Baylor University, One Bear Place #97313, Waco, TX, 76798, USA
| | - Christopher J Wynveen
- Department of Health, Human Performance and Recreation, Baylor University, One Bear Place #97313, Waco, TX, 76798, USA
| | - Andrew R Gallucci
- Department of Health, Human Performance and Recreation, Baylor University, One Bear Place #97313, Waco, TX, 76798, USA.
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Peveler WW, Sanders GJ, Marczinski CA, Holmer B. Effects of Energy Drinks on Economy and Cardiovascular Measures. J Strength Cond Res 2017; 31:882-887. [PMID: 27386963 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000001553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Peveler, WW, Sanders, GJ, Marczinski, CA, and Holmer, B. Effects of energy drinks on economy and cardiovascular measures. J Strength Cond Res 31(4): 882-887, 2017-The use of energy drinks among athletes has risen greatly. Caffeine and taurine are the 2 primary performance enhancing ingredients found in energy drinks. The number of emergency department visits involving energy drinks doubled over the past 5 years. Reviews of the health complications have highlighted adverse cardiovascular events. The literature reveals that caffeine is known to moderately increase blood pressure (BP) and heart rate (HR). The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of 3 different energy drinks on cardiovascular and performance measures. Fifteen recreational runners completed 5 trials. The first trial consisted of a graded exercise protocol. The 4 remaining trials consisted of 15-minute economy trials at a treadmill speed consistent with 70% of subject's V[Combining Dot Above]O2max. An hour before subjects ingested 1 of the 3 energy drinks or a placebo. HR, BP, V[Combining Dot Above]O2, and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) were recorded during the 15-minute trial. Mean values for dependent measures were compared using repeated-measures analysis of variance. Fifteen-minute systolic BP readings were significantly lower in the placebo trials (156.93 ± 15.50) in relation to the 3 energy drink trials (163.87 ± 13.30, 166.47 ± 13.71, and 165.00 ± 15.23). There were no significant differences in diastolic BP and HR. There were no significant differences found in V[Combining Dot Above]O2 or RPE measures. Ingestion of energy drinks demonstrated no change in V[Combining Dot Above]O2 or RPE during the economy trials. The findings show no performance benefits under the conditions of this study. However, there does appear to be a significant increase in systolic BP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Willard W Peveler
- Department of Kinesiology and Health, Northern Kentucky University, Highland Heights, Kentucky
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Andres S, Ziegenhagen R, Trefflich I, Pevny S, Schultrich K, Braun H, Schänzer W, Hirsch-Ernst KI, Schäfer B, Lampen A. Creatine and creatine forms intended for sports nutrition. Mol Nutr Food Res 2017; 61. [PMID: 28019093 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201600772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Revised: 12/02/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Creatine is a popular ergogenic supplement in sports nutrition. Yet, supplementation of creatine occasionally caused adverse effects such as gastrointestinal complaints, muscle cramps and an increase in body weight. Creatine monohydrate has already been evaluated by different competent authorities and several have come to the conclusion that a daily intake of 3 g creatine per person is unlikely to pose safety concerns, focusing on healthy adults with exclusion of pregnant and breastfeeding women. Possible vulnerable subgroups were also discussed in relation to the safety of creatine. The present review provides an up-to-date overview of the relevant information with special focus on human studies regarding the safety of creatine monohydrate and other marketed creatine forms, in particular creatine pyruvate, creatine citrate, creatine malate, creatine taurinate, creatine phosphate, creatine orotate, creatine ethyl ester, creatine pyroglutamate, creatine gluconate, and magnesium creatine chelate. Limited data are available with regard to the safety of the latter creatine forms. Considering an acceptable creatine intake of 3 g per day, most of the evaluated creatine forms are unlikely to pose safety concerns, however some safety concerns regarding a supplementary intake of creatine orotate, creatine phosphate, and magnesium creatine chelate are discussed here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Andres
- Department of Food Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
| | - Rainer Ziegenhagen
- Department of Food Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
| | - Iris Trefflich
- Department of Food Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
| | - Sophie Pevny
- Department of Food Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
| | - Katharina Schultrich
- Department of Food Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
| | - Hans Braun
- Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, Germany.,German Research Center of Elite Sport - Momentum, German Sport University Cologne, Germany
| | - Wilhelm Schänzer
- Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, Germany
| | | | - Bernd Schäfer
- Department of Food Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
| | - Alfonso Lampen
- Department of Food Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
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20
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Al-Fares MN, Alsunni AA, Majeed F, Badar A. Effect of energy drink intake before exercise on indices of physical performance in untrained females. Saudi Med J 2016; 36:580-6. [PMID: 25935179 PMCID: PMC4436755 DOI: 10.15537/smj.2015.5.11141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: To determine the effect of energy drink consumption before exercise on indices of physical performance in untrained females. Methods: This single blind placebo controlled experimental study was carried out at the Physiology Department, University of Dammam, Dammam, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia from September 2011 to May 2012, on 32 healthy female students, in a crossover design. They were given either a standardized energy drink or the placebo 45 minutes before the exercise. Time to exhaustion and the stages of Bruce protocol achieved were noted. Heart rate, blood pressure, peripheral capillary oxygen saturation, and blood lactate were recorded before and after the exercise. Maximum oxygen consumption (VO2max) was calculated by formula. Paired sample t-test was used for statistics. Results: The mean age was 19.93±0.8 years, mean height 156.40±3.83 cm, and the mean weight 51.73±3.65 kg. Time to exhaustion in the placebo group was 11.67±1.51 minutes and 11.41±1.56 in the energy drink group (p<0.157). The VO2max in the placebo group was 34.06±6.62, while it was 32.89±6.83 in the energy drink group (p<0.154). There were no significant differences between the placebo and the energy drinks groups in regards to heart rate, blood pressure, and blood lactate levels, before or after the exercise. However, there were significant differences before, immediately, and 30 minutes post exercise for all parameters between each group. Conclusion: The effects of energy drinks intake on physical performance during the exercise in our small sample does not significantly differ from placebo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maiadah N Al-Fares
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Dammam, Dammam, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. E-mail.
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21
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Gallucci AR, Martin RJ, Morgan GB. The Consumption of Energy Drinks Among a Sample of College Students and College Student Athletes. J Community Health 2016; 41:109-18. [PMID: 26255272 DOI: 10.1007/s10900-015-0075-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
To assess energy drink (ED) consumption, potential ED correlates, and ED-related motivations among a sample of college students to determine differences based on athlete status (student athlete vs. non-athlete). Six hundred and ninety-two college students completed surveys at a large private university in the United States. Participants completed a paper based questionnaire assessing ED and ED-related variables. Over thirty-six percent (197 non-athletes, 58 student athletes) of participants reported ED consumption in the preceding 30 days. Multivariately, there was no difference in ED consumption based on athlete status. Heavy episodic drinking and prescription stimulant misuse were both correlated with increased ED consumption. ED motivations differed based on the frequency of ED consumption. ED use was common among student athletes and non-athletes in our sample. It is important to be aware of the correlation between heavy episodic drinking, prescription stimulant misuse, and ED consumption among college student populations because of the adverse consequences associated with these behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew R Gallucci
- Department of Health, Human Performance and Recreation, Baylor University, One Bear Place #97313, Waco, TX, 76798, USA.
| | - Ryan J Martin
- Department of Health Education and Promotion, East Carolina University, 2206 Carol Belk Building, Greenville, NC, 27858, USA
| | - Grant B Morgan
- Department of Educational Psychology, Baylor University, Waco, TX, 76798, USA
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22
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Alhyas L, El Kashef A, AlGhaferi H. Energy drinks in the Gulf Cooperation Council states: A review. JRSM Open 2016; 7:2054270415593717. [PMID: 26770815 PMCID: PMC4710126 DOI: 10.1177/2054270415593717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Energy drinks have become a popular beverage worldwide. This review was carried out to have an overview among adolescents and emerging adults in the Gulf Co-operation Council states about energy drinks consumption rates and other related issues such as starting age and patterns of energy drink consumption. The Medline and Embase databases were searched separately using different terms such as energy drinks, energy beverages, and caffeinated drinks. Data related to the rates of energy drinks use were entered in STATA for statistical analysis. Then, these data were used to conduct meta-analysis to estimate the rate of energy drink consumption. Overall, meta-analysis results showed that the estimated rates of energy drinks consumption is 46.9% (95% CIs, 33.2 -66.1; nine studies) with I-square 3.7%. Findings indicated that individuals start to consume energy drinks at approximately 16 years old, and males were found to consume energy drinks more frequently than females. Results from this review carry several recommendations for policy and enforcement, public education and research that can help policy and decision makers to achieve the goal of safer use of energy drinks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Layla Alhyas
- National Rehabilitation Centre, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
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Kumar G, Park S, Onufrak S. Perceptions about Energy Drinks are Associated with Energy Drink Intake among U.S. Youth. Am J Health Promot 2015; 29:238-44. [DOI: 10.4278/ajhp.130820-quan-435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Purpose. Energy drinks are growing in popularity among youth because of their stimulant properties. However, they can increase blood pressure and are associated with serious consequences such as cardiac arrest. This study examined the associations between energy drink perceptions and energy drink consumption among youth. Design. The design was a cross-sectional study using the YouthStyles Survey 2011. Setting. The online survey was administered at home. Subjects. Subjects were youths aged 12 to 17 years in the summer of 2011 (n = 779). Measures. Energy drink consumption, perceptions about energy drinks, and sociodemographic and behavioral variables were measured. Analysis. Chi-square and multivariable logistic regression analyses were used. Results. Overall, 9% of youth drank energy drinks, 19.5% agreed that energy drinks are safe drinks for teens, and 12.5% agreed that energy drinks are a type of sports drink. The proportion of youth consuming energy drinks once per week or more was highest among youth aged 16 to 17 years and among those who are physically active three to six times a week. The odds for drinking energy drinks once per week or more was higher among youth who agreed that energy drinks are safe drinks for teens (odds ratios [OR] = 7.7, 95% confidence intervals [CI] = 3.6, 16.4) and among those who agreed that energy drinks are a type of sports drink (OR = 5.0, 95% CI = 2.4, 10.7). Conclusions. These findings suggest that many youth may be unaware or misinformed about the potential health effects and nutritional content of energy drinks. Efforts to improve education among youth about the potential adverse effects of consuming energy drinks are needed.
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Cavka A, Stupin M, Panduric A, Plazibat A, Cosic A, Rasic L, Debeljak Z, Martinovic G, Drenjancevic I. Adrenergic System Activation Mediates Changes in Cardiovascular and Psychomotoric Reactions in Young Individuals after Red Bull (©) Energy Drink Consumption. Int J Endocrinol 2015; 2015:751530. [PMID: 26124829 PMCID: PMC4466468 DOI: 10.1155/2015/751530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2014] [Revised: 01/08/2015] [Accepted: 01/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives. To assess the effect of Red Bull(©) on (1) blood glucose and catecholamine levels, (2) cardiovascular and respiratory function changes before, during, and after exercise, (3) reaction time, (4) cognitive functions, and (5) response to mental stress test and emotions in young healthy individuals (N=38). Methods. Heart rate (HR) and arterial blood pressure (ABP), blood glucose, adrenaline, and noradrenalin plasma levels were measured before and after Red Bull(©) intake. Participants were subjected to 4 different study protocols by randomized order, before and 30 minutes after consumption of 500 mL of Red Bull(©). Results. Mean ABP and HR were significantly increased at rest after Red Bull(©) intake. Blood glucose level and plasma catecholamine levels significantly increased after Red Bull(©) consumption. Heart rate, respiration rate, and respiratory flow rate were significantly increased during exercise after Red Bull(©) consumption compared to control condition. Intake of Red Bull(©) significantly improved reaction time, performance in immediate memory test, verbal fluency, and subject's attention as well as performance in mental stress test. Conclusion. This study demonstrated that Red Bull(©) has beneficial effect on some cognitive functions and effect on cardiovascular and respiratory system at rest and during exercise by increasing activity of the sympathetic nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Cavka
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
| | - Marko Stupin
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Internal Medicine Clinic, University Hospital Center Osijek, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
| | - Ana Panduric
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
| | - Ana Plazibat
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
| | - Anita Cosic
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
| | - Lidija Rasic
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
| | - Zeljko Debeljak
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics, University Hospital Center Osijek, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
| | - Goran Martinovic
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
| | - Ines Drenjancevic
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
- *Ines Drenjancevic:
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Kammerer M, Jaramillo JA, García A, Calderón JC, Valbuena LH. Effects of energy drink major bioactive compounds on the performance of young adults in fitness and cognitive tests: a randomized controlled trial. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2014; 11:44. [PMID: 25389379 PMCID: PMC4226910 DOI: 10.1186/s12970-014-0044-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2014] [Accepted: 08/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The consumption of beverages containing caffeine and taurine before exercising has been associated with increased physical and psychological performances and has been promoted to support the emotional state and provide vitality to consumers. However, there are contradictory results on these issues, it is not clear the effect of every major compound in relation to the whole effect of the beverages and there is a lack in knowledge about their degree of safety for consumption. Methods This study used a double-blind, placebo controlled, randomized, crossover design. Fourteen male volunteer soldiers from the Colombian army performed different tests to measure their cardiorespiratory fitness (VO2max and maximum heart rate), time to exhaustion, strength (isometric strength), power (vertical jump), concentration (Grid test) and memory (Digits test) after drinking 250 ml of one of the following beverages: one with 80 mg caffeine, one with 1000 mg taurine, one with 80 mg caffeine plus 1000 mg taurine, a commercial energy drink (Red Bull®) or a placebo drink. Subjects were caffeine-consumers that avoided caffeine during the day of evaluation. All beverages were matched in flavor and other organoleptic properties to the commercial one, were bottled in dark plastic bottles and were administered in identical conditions to the participants. Differences between treatments were assessed using repeated measures and analysis of variance. Results The mean ± SD values of VO2max, maximum heart rate, time to exhaustion, right handgrip strength, left handgrip strength, vertical jump, Grid test and Digits test were 61.3 ± 6.2 ml/kg.min, 196 ± 6.8 beats per min, 17 ± 1.2 min, 56.8 ± 6.6 kgf, 53.1 ± 5.9 kgf, 41.1 ± 3.8 cm, 19.9 ± 5.9 observed digits and 10.9 ± 3.1 remembered digits after drinking a placebo drink. Comparisons among the commercial drink, caffeine, taurine, caffeine plus taurine and placebo treatments did not show statistically differences in the results of the performed tests. No adverse effects were reported by the participants. Conclusion The consumption of caffeine (80 mg) and taurine (1000 mg) or their combination does not increase the physical and cognitive ability in young adults during exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximiliano Kammerer
- Indeportes Antioquia and School of Nutrition and Dietetics, University of Antioquia, UdeA, Calle 70 No 52-21, Medellín, Colombia
| | | | | | - Juan C Calderón
- Physiology and Biochemistry Research Group-Physis, Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Luis H Valbuena
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory from Indeportes Antioquia and Physiology and Biochemistry Research Group-Physis, University of Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
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26
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Stephens MB, Attipoe S, Jones D, Ledford CJW, Deuster PA. Energy drink and energy shot use in the military. Nutr Rev 2014; 72 Suppl 1:72-7. [DOI: 10.1111/nure.12139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mark B Stephens
- Department of Family Medicine; Uniformed Services University; Bethesda Maryland USA
| | - Selasi Attipoe
- Department of Military and Emergency Medicine; Uniformed Services University; Bethesda Maryland USA
| | - Donnamaria Jones
- Department of Military and Emergency Medicine; Uniformed Services University; Bethesda Maryland USA
| | - Christy JW Ledford
- Department of Family Medicine; Uniformed Services University; Bethesda Maryland USA
| | - Patricia A Deuster
- Department of Military and Emergency Medicine; Uniformed Services University; Bethesda Maryland USA
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27
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Peacock A, Pennay A, Droste N, Bruno R, Lubman DI. 'High' risk? A systematic review of the acute outcomes of mixing alcohol with energy drinks. Addiction 2014; 109:1612-33. [PMID: 24846217 DOI: 10.1111/add.12622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2013] [Revised: 01/06/2014] [Accepted: 05/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Alcohol mixed with energy drinks (AmED) is a relatively new consumption trend generating increasing concern regarding potential adverse effects. Despite the political and health imperative, there has been no systematic and independent synthesis of the literature to determine whether or not AmED offers additional harms relative to alcohol. The aim of this study was to review the evidence about whether co-consumption of energy drinks and alcohol, relative to alcohol alone, alters: (i) physiological, psychological, cognitive and psychomotor outcomes; (ii) hazardous drinking practices; and (iii) risk-taking behaviour. METHODS Pubmed, PsycInfo and Embase databases were searched until May 2013 for papers outlining descriptive, observational analytical and human experimental studies which compared target outcomes for AmED versus alcohol consumers (between-subjects), or AmED versus alcohol consumption (within-subjects). Odds ratios were calculated for target outcomes following screening, data extraction and quality assessment. RESULTS Data were extracted from 19 papers. Analyses typically revealed increased odds of self-reported stimulation-based outcomes and decreased odds of sedation-based physiological and psychological outcomes relative to when alcohol was consumed alone, as indicated by rigorous cross-sectional descriptive research. These findings typically have not been reflected in experimental research, due possibly to the low doses administered relative to typical self-reported 'real-life' intake. AmED consumers generally report more hazardous alcohol consumption patterns and greater engagement in risk-taking behaviour than alcohol consumers. While most studies had equivocal findings, two studies showed lower odds of risk-taking behaviour for AmED relative to alcohol drinking sessions but limitations with respect to the outcome measures used restrict conclusions with regard to the behavioural outcomes of AmED use. CONCLUSIONS Mixing alcohol with energy drinks may exert a dual effect, increasing stimulation-based effects and reducing sedation-based outcomes; the clinical severity and dose threshold has not been established. At this stage it is unclear whether these changes in the nature of intoxication translate into greater alcohol intake and risk-taking behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Peacock
- School of Psychology, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
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28
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Kumar GS, Park S, Onufrak S. Association between reported screening and counseling about energy drinks and energy drink intake among U.S. adolescents. PATIENT EDUCATION AND COUNSELING 2014; 94:250-254. [PMID: 24176609 DOI: 10.1016/j.pec.2013.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2013] [Revised: 09/13/2013] [Accepted: 09/27/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Possible adverse health consequences of excessive energy drink (ED) consumption have led to recommendations by the American Academy of Pediatrics discouraging ED intake by youth. However, limited information on ED counseling by health care providers exists. METHODS Data was obtained from the 2011 YouthStyles Survey administered to youth aged 12-17 (n=815). The outcome variable was ED consumption (none vs. ≥1 time/week) and exposure variables were screening and counseling about ED (if doctor/nurse asked about ED consumption and if doctor/nurse recommended against ED consumption). RESULTS Approximately 8.5% of youth consumed energy drinks weekly, 11.5% reported being asked by their doctor/nurse about frequency of ED consumption, and 11.1% were advised by their doctor/nurse against ED intake. Multivariable logistic regression analysis revealed that the odds for drinking ED ≥1 time/week was significantly higher in youth who were asked how often they drank ED by their doctor/nurse (odds ratio=2.46) vs. those who were not asked. CONCLUSION About 1 in 9 youth reported receiving counseling discouraging ED consumption from their doctor/nurse, and a greater proportion of youth who were screened about ED also reported ED consumption. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS Efforts by health care providers to educate youth about potential harms of consuming ED are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gayathri Suresh Kumar
- Epidemic Intelligence Service, Office of Surveillance, Epidemiology, and Laboratory Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - Sohyun Park
- Division of Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Obesity, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Stephen Onufrak
- Division of Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Obesity, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
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29
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Ugwuja E. Biochemical effects of energy drinks alone or in combination with alcohol in normal albino rats. Adv Pharm Bull 2014; 4:69-74. [PMID: 24409412 DOI: 10.5681/apb.2014.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2013] [Revised: 10/21/2013] [Accepted: 10/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine the biochemical effects of energy drink alone or in combination with alcohol in normal albino rats. METHODS Twenty male albino rats weighing 160-180g were assigned into groups A-E of four rats per group. Group A and B rats were given low and high doses of ED, respectively, groups C and D were administered low and high doses of EDmA, respectively while group E rats were given distilled water and served as control. The treatment lasted for 30 days after which the animals were killed and their blood collected for laboratory analyses using standard methods. RESULTS There were no significant differences in body weight, packed cell volume and haemoglobin concentration with either administration of ED or EDmA in comparison to the control. Energy drink alone or EDmA has significant effects on total white blood cell count, plasma potassium, calcium, renal functions, liver enzymes and plasma triglycerides, with EDmA having more effects than ED alone, except for body weight where the energy drink alone has higher effect. CONCLUSION Consumption of energy drink alone or in combination with alcohol is associated with significant alterations in some biochemical parameters. Caution should be exercised while consuming either of them. Public health education is urgently needed to correct the wrong impression already formed by the unsuspecting consumers, especially the youths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Ugwuja
- Department of Chemical Pathology, Faculty of Clinical Medicine, Ebonyi State University, P.M.B. 053 Abakaliki, Nigeria
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30
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Jeffers AJ, Vatalaro Hill KE, Benotsch EG. Energy drinks, weight loss, and disordered eating behaviors. JOURNAL OF AMERICAN COLLEGE HEALTH : J OF ACH 2014; 62:336-342. [PMID: 24635529 DOI: 10.1080/07448481.2014.902838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The present study examined energy drink consumption and relations with weight loss attempts and behaviors, body image, and eating disorders. PARTICIPANTS/METHODS This is a secondary analysis using data from 856 undergraduate students who completed the American College Health Association-National College Health Assessment II confidentially online during February 2012. RESULTS This study revealed that the majority reported lifetime consumption of energy drinks (68.4%) and a substantial minority (30.2%) reported past-30-day consumption. Chi-square and t test results suggest that consumption is associated with concerns about personal appearance, weight loss attempts, and disordered eating behaviors (eg, vomiting). Hierarchical logistic regressions revealed that after controlling for demographics, the relations between energy drink consumption and the act of trying to lose weight, the use of diet pills, and the use of vomiting/laxatives remained significant. CONCLUSIONS The current findings suggest that energy drink consumption is associated with weight loss attempts, poor body image, and unhealthy weight loss behaviors. Future research should examine the prevalence of energy drink consumption for the purpose of weight loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy J Jeffers
- a Department of Psychology , Virginia Commonwealth University , Richmond , Virginia
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Acute effects of an energy drink on myocardial function assessed by conventional echo-Doppler analysis and by speckle tracking echocardiography on young healthy subjects. JOURNAL OF AMINO ACIDS 2013; 2013:646703. [PMID: 24319592 PMCID: PMC3844189 DOI: 10.1155/2013/646703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2013] [Revised: 09/06/2013] [Accepted: 09/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Purpose. Previous studies have underlined the effects of the energy drinks containing caffeine end taurine on the cardiovascular system. The aim of this study was to determine acute changes on echocardiographic parameters assessed by conventional echo-Doppler analysis and by speckle tracking echocardiography after the consumption of an energy drink in a young healthy population. Methods. measurement of blood pressure, electrocardiographic, and echocardiographic examination were performed on 35 healthy subjects (mean age 25 ± 2 years, 16 men), at baseline and one hour after the consumption of a body surface area indexed amount of an energy drink (168 mL/m2) containing caffeine (0.03%) and taurine (0.4%). Results. The analysis of left ventricular function showed a significant increase of mean relative values of MAPSE (+11%; P < 0.001), global longitudinal strain (+10%, P = 0.004), and left ventricular twisting (+22%, P < 0.0001) in respect to baseline. Also, right ventricular function parameters appeared significantly increased after energy drink consumption, as TAPSE (+15%, P < 0.0001), global, and free wall right ventricular longitudinal strain (+8%, P = 0.001; +5%, P = 0.1, resp.). Conclusion. In conclusion, the consumption of the ED in our population showed a significant increase of right and left ventricular myocardial function, suggesting a possible positive inotropic effect related to the substances contained therein.
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Hoyte CO, Albert D, Heard KJ. The Use of Energy Drinks, Dietary Supplements, and Prescription Medications by United States College Students to Enhance Athletic Performance. J Community Health 2013; 38:575-80. [DOI: 10.1007/s10900-013-9653-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Antonio J, Muñoz C. Should You Consume or Recommend the Use of Energy Drinks? Strength Cond J 2012. [DOI: 10.1519/ssc.0b013e318253f143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Senchina DS, Hallam JE, Cheney DJ. Multidisciplinary perspectives on mechanisms of activity of popular immune-enhancing herbal supplements used by athletes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s11515-012-1197-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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FitzGerald LZ, Robbins WA, Kesner JS, Xun L. Reproductive hormones and interleukin-6 in serious leisure male athletes. Eur J Appl Physiol 2012; 112:3765-73. [DOI: 10.1007/s00421-012-2356-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2011] [Accepted: 02/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Abstract
Exercise is making a resurgence in many countries, given its benefits for fitness as well as prevention of obesity. This trend has spawned many supplements that purport to aid performance, muscle growth, and recovery. Initially, sports drinks were developed to provide electrolyte and carbohydrate replacement. Subsequently, energy beverages (EBs) containing stimulants and additives have appeared in most gyms and grocery stores and are being used increasingly by "weekend warriors" and those seeking an edge in an endurance event. Long-term exposure to the various components of EBs may result in significant alterations in the cardiovascular system, and the safety of EBs has not been fully established. For this review, we searched the MEDLINE and EMBASE databases from 1976 through May 2010, using the following keywords: energy beverage, energy drink, power drink, exercise, caffeine, red bull, bitter orange, glucose, ginseng, guarana, and taurine. Evidence regarding the effects of EBs is summarized, and practical recommendations are made to help in answering the patient who asks, "Is it safe for me to drink an energy beverage when I exercise?"
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Affiliation(s)
- John P Higgins
- Division of Cardiology, Lyndon B. Johnson General Hospital, and Memorial Hermann Sports Medicine Institute, The University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, TX 77026-1967, USA.
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