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Lee YS, Mun JG, Park SY, Hong DY, Kim HY, Kim SJ, Lee SB, Jang JH, Han YH, Kee JY. Saikosaponin D Inhibits Lung Metastasis of Colorectal Cancer Cells by Inducing Autophagy and Apoptosis. Nutrients 2024; 16:1844. [PMID: 38931199 PMCID: PMC11206761 DOI: 10.3390/nu16121844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2024] [Revised: 06/07/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Saikosaponin D (SSD), derived from Bupleurum falcatum L., has various pharmacological properties, including immunoregulatory, anti-inflammatory, and anti-allergic effects. Several studies have investigated the anti-tumor effects of SSD on cancer in multiple organs. However, its role in colorectal cancer (CRC) remains unclear. Therefore, this study aimed to elucidate the suppressive effects of SSD on CRC cell survival and metastasis. SSD reduced the survival and colony formation ability of CRC cells. SSD-induced autophagy and apoptosis in CRC cells were measured using flow cytometry. SSD treatment increased LC3B and p62 autophagic factor levels in CRC cells. Moreover, SSD-induced apoptosis occurred through the cleavage of caspase-9, caspase-3, and PARP, along with the downregulation of the Bcl-2 family. In the in vivo experiment, a reduction in the number of metastatic tumor nodules in the lungs was observed after the oral administration of SSD. Based on these results, SSD inhibits the metastasis of CRC cells to the lungs by inducing autophagy and apoptosis. In conclusion, SSD suppressed the proliferation and metastasis of CRC cells, suggesting its potential as a novel substance for the metastatic CRC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoon-Seung Lee
- Department of Oriental Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Wonkwang-Oriental Medicines Research Institute, Wonkwang University, 460 Iksandae-ro, Iksan 54538, Jeonbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Geon Mun
- Department of Oriental Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Wonkwang-Oriental Medicines Research Institute, Wonkwang University, 460 Iksandae-ro, Iksan 54538, Jeonbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Shin-Young Park
- Department of Oriental Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Wonkwang-Oriental Medicines Research Institute, Wonkwang University, 460 Iksandae-ro, Iksan 54538, Jeonbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Dah Yun Hong
- Department of Oriental Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Wonkwang-Oriental Medicines Research Institute, Wonkwang University, 460 Iksandae-ro, Iksan 54538, Jeonbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho-Yoon Kim
- Department of Oriental Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Wonkwang-Oriental Medicines Research Institute, Wonkwang University, 460 Iksandae-ro, Iksan 54538, Jeonbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Su-Jin Kim
- Department of Oriental Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Wonkwang-Oriental Medicines Research Institute, Wonkwang University, 460 Iksandae-ro, Iksan 54538, Jeonbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun-Bin Lee
- Department of Oriental Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Wonkwang-Oriental Medicines Research Institute, Wonkwang University, 460 Iksandae-ro, Iksan 54538, Jeonbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Ho Jang
- Department of Oriental Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Wonkwang-Oriental Medicines Research Institute, Wonkwang University, 460 Iksandae-ro, Iksan 54538, Jeonbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Yo-Han Han
- Department of Microbiology, Wonkwang University School of Medicine, Iksan 54538, Jeonbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Ye Kee
- Department of Oriental Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Wonkwang-Oriental Medicines Research Institute, Wonkwang University, 460 Iksandae-ro, Iksan 54538, Jeonbuk, Republic of Korea
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Teng L, Guo X, Ma Y, Xu L, Wei J, Xiao P. A comprehensive review on traditional and modern research of the genus Bupleurum (Bupleurum L., Apiaceae) in recent 10 years. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 306:116129. [PMID: 36638855 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2022.116129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE The genus Bupleurum (family Apiaceae), comprising approximately 248 accepted species, is widely distributed and used in China, Japan, India, Central Asia, North Africa and some European countries as traditional herbal medicines. Certain species have been reported to have significant therapeutic effects in fever, inflammatory disorders, cancer, gastric ulcer, virus infection and other diseases. AIM OF THE REVIEW we performed a comprehensive review of the ten-year research progress in phytochemistry, pharmacology, toxicity, along with bibliometrics research of the genus Bupleurum, aiming to identify knowledge gaps for future research. MATERIALS AND METHODS All the literatures are retrieved from library and electronic sources including Web of Science, PubMed, Elsevier, Google Scholar, CNKI and Baidu Scholar. These papers cover studies of the traditional use, phytochemistry, pharmacology, and toxicology of the genus Bupleurum. RESULTS There is a long history of using the genus Bupleurum in traditional herbal medicine that dated back to over 2000 years ago. Twenty-five species and 8 varieties with 3 variants within this genus have been reported to be effective to treat fever, pain, liver disease, inflammation, thoracolumbar pain, irregular menstruation and rectal prolapse. The main phytochemicals found in these plants are triterpene saponins, volatile oil, flavonoid, lignans, and polysaccharides. Many of these compounds have also been shown to have anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor, antimicrobial, immunoregulation, neuroregulation, hepatoprotective and antidiabetic activities. Meanwhile, improper usage of Bupleurum may induce cytotoxic effects, and polyacetylenes may be the main poisonous compounds. CONCLUSIONS This article summarized recent findings about Bupleurum research from many different aspects. While a small number of Bupleurum species have been investigated through modern pharmacology methods, there are still major knowledge gaps due to inadequate studies and ambiguous findings. Future research could focus on more specific phytochemistry studies combined with mechanistic analysis to provide better guidance to utilize Bupleurum as medicinal resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Teng
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, PR China; Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100193, PR China.
| | - Xinwei Guo
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, PR China; Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100193, PR China.
| | - Yuzhi Ma
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, PR China; Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100193, PR China.
| | - Lijia Xu
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, PR China; Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100193, PR China.
| | - Jianhe Wei
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, PR China; Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100193, PR China.
| | - Peigen Xiao
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, PR China; Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100193, PR China.
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Li X, Wichai N, Wang J, Liu X, Yan H, Wang Y, Luo M, Zhou S, Wang K, Li L, Miao L. Regulation of innate and adaptive immunity using herbal medicine: benefits for the COVID-19 vaccination. ACUPUNCTURE AND HERBAL MEDICINE 2022; 2:196-206. [PMID: 37808346 PMCID: PMC9746255 DOI: 10.1097/hm9.0000000000000046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
Vaccination is a major achievement that has become an effective prevention strategy against infectious diseases and active control of emerging pathogens worldwide. In response to the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, several diverse vaccines against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 have been developed and deployed for use in a large number of individuals, and have been reported to protect against symptomatic COVID-19 cases and deaths. However, the application of vaccines has a series of limitations, including protective failure for variants of concern, unavailability of individuals due to immune deficiency, and the disappearance of immune protection for increasing infections in vaccinated individuals. These aspects raise the question of how to modulate the immune system that contributes to the COVID-19 vaccine protective effects. Herbal medicines are widely used for their immune regulatory abilities in clinics. More attractively, herbal medicines have been well accepted for their positive role in the COVID-19 prevention and suppression through regulation of the immune system. This review presents a brief overview of the strategy of COVID-19 vaccination and the response of the immune system to vaccines, the regulatory effects and mechanisms of herbal medicine in immune-related macrophages, natural killer cells, dendritic cells, and lymphocytes T and B cells, and how they help vaccines work. Later in the article, the potential role and application of herbal medicines in the most recent COVID-19 vaccination are discussed. This article provides new insights into herbal medicines as promising alternative supplements that may benefit from COVID-19 vaccination. Graphical abstract http://links.lww.com/AHM/A31.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Nuttapong Wichai
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Mahasarakham University, Mahasarakham, Thailand
| | - Jiabao Wang
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medical Formulae, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiuping Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medical Formulae, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Huimin Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medical Formulae, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Yu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Mingchi Luo
- Second Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Shengyuan Zhou
- Second Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Kai Wang
- Second Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Lin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medical Formulae, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Lin Miao
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medical Formulae, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
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Lee JE, Song BK, Kim JH, Siddiqi MZ, Im WT. Production of Prosaikogenin F, Prosaikogenin G, Saikogenin F and Saikogenin G by the Recombinant Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Saikosaponin and their Anti-Cancer Effect. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27103255. [PMID: 35630731 PMCID: PMC9145717 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27103255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The saponins of Bupleurum falcatum L., saikosaponins, are the major components responsible for its pharmacological and biological activities. However, the anti-cancer effects of prosaikogenin and saikogenin, which are glycoside hydrolyzed saikosaponins, are still unknown due to its rarity in plants. In this study, we applied two recombinant glycoside hydrolases that exhibit glycoside cleavage activity with saikosaponins. The two enzymes, BglPm and BglLk, were cloned from Paenibacillus mucilaginosus and Lactobacillus koreensis, and exhibited good activity between 30-37 °C and pH 6.5-7.0. Saikosaponin A and D were purified and obtained from the crude B. falcatum L. extract using preparative high performance liquid chromatography technique. Saikosaponin A and D were converted into saikogenin F via prosaikogenin F, and saikogenin G via prosaikogenin G using enzyme transformation with high β-glycosidase activity. The two saikogenin and two prosaikogenin compounds were purified using a silica column to obtain 78.1, 62.4, 8.3, and 7.5 mg of prosaikogenin F, prosaikogenin G, saikogenin F, and saikogenin G, respectively, each with 98% purity. The anti-cancer effect of the six highly purified saikosaponins was investigated in the human colon cancer cell line HCT 116. The results suggested that saikosaponins and prosaikogenins markedly inhibit the growth of the cancer cell line. Thus, this enzymatic technology could significantly improve the production of saponin metabolites of B. falcatum L.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Eun Lee
- Department of Biotechnology, Major in Applied Biotechnology, Hankyong National University, 327 Chungang-no, Anseong-si 17579, Gyeonggi-do, Korea; (J.-E.L.); (M.-Z.S.)
| | - Bong-Kyu Song
- AceEMzyme Co., Ltd., Academic Industry Cooperation, 327 Chungang-no, Anseong-si 17579, Gyeonggi-do, Korea; (B.-K.S.); (J.-H.K.)
| | - Ju-Hyeon Kim
- AceEMzyme Co., Ltd., Academic Industry Cooperation, 327 Chungang-no, Anseong-si 17579, Gyeonggi-do, Korea; (B.-K.S.); (J.-H.K.)
| | - Muhammad-Zubair Siddiqi
- Department of Biotechnology, Major in Applied Biotechnology, Hankyong National University, 327 Chungang-no, Anseong-si 17579, Gyeonggi-do, Korea; (J.-E.L.); (M.-Z.S.)
| | - Wan-Taek Im
- Department of Biotechnology, Major in Applied Biotechnology, Hankyong National University, 327 Chungang-no, Anseong-si 17579, Gyeonggi-do, Korea; (J.-E.L.); (M.-Z.S.)
- AceEMzyme Co., Ltd., Academic Industry Cooperation, 327 Chungang-no, Anseong-si 17579, Gyeonggi-do, Korea; (B.-K.S.); (J.-H.K.)
- HK Ginseng Research Center, 327 Chungang-no, Anseong-si 17579, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-31-6705335; Fax: +82-31-6705339
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Zhao H, Wang X, Zhang Y, Huang X, Jiang Y, Ma H, An L, Wu X, Wang Q. Quantitative 1H NMR for the Direct Quantification of Saikosaponins in Bupleurum chinense DC. ANAL SCI 2021; 37:1413-1418. [PMID: 33775977 DOI: 10.2116/analsci.20p462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Saikosaponin a and saikosaponin d are used as chemical standards for the quality evaluation of Bupleurum chinense DC. by the high-performance liquid chromatography method in current Chinese Pharmacopoeia. However, other saikosaponins, such as saikosaponin c and saikosaponin b2, also possess pharmaceutical activity, but are not used as chemical standards. In this study, a quantitative proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) method was developed to determine the total mass percentage (mg/g) of SSa, SSb1, SSb2 and SSd in B. chinense DC., using the H-24 (δH 0.71) signal. Furthermore, the molality (mol/kg) of type I saikosaponins (epoxy-ether structure) was also determined by quantitative 1H NMR in the area of H-11 (δH 5.95) for a more accurate quality evaluation. Validation of the method confirmed that it has acceptable selectivity, precision, stability, and repeatability. The results indicated that this method has the potential to be a reliable method for the quantification of saikosaponins in Bupleurum scorzonerifolium Willd., vinegar baked B. chinense DC. and B. scorzonerifolium Willd., Chaihu Koufuye (oral liquid of Chaihu).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Zhao
- School of Pharmacy and Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou University of Industrial Technology.,High & New Technology Research Center of Henan Academy of Sciences
| | - Xiaohui Wang
- School of Pharmacy and Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou University of Industrial Technology
| | - Yuli Zhang
- High & New Technology Research Center of Henan Academy of Sciences
| | - Xiaowan Huang
- Institute of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University
| | - Yaling Jiang
- School of Pharmacy and Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou University of Industrial Technology
| | - Huan Ma
- Key Laboratory of Grain Quality and Safety and Testing of Henan Province, Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-products, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences
| | - Li An
- Key Laboratory of Grain Quality and Safety and Testing of Henan Province, Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-products, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences
| | - Xujin Wu
- Key Laboratory of Grain Quality and Safety and Testing of Henan Province, Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-products, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences
| | - Qiang Wang
- School of Pharmacy and Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou University of Industrial Technology.,High & New Technology Research Center of Henan Academy of Sciences.,Institute of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University
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Hu J, Li P, Shi B, Tie J. Effects and Mechanisms of Saikosaponin D Improving the Sensitivity of Human Gastric Cancer Cells to Cisplatin. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:18745-18755. [PMID: 34337214 PMCID: PMC8319933 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c01795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC) is the second leading cause of cancer deaths around the world. Chemoresistance is an important reason for poor prognosis of GC. Saikosaponin D (SSD) is a natural constituent from Radix Bupleuri and exhibits various activities including antitumors. This study investigated the effects and the mechanisms of SSD on cisplatin (cis-diamminedichloroplatinum, DDP) sensitivity of GC cells. Findings suggested that SSD could promote the inhibitory effect of DDP on proliferation and invasion and increase DDP-induced apoptosis in SGC-7901 and DDP-resistant cell line SGC-7901/DDP. We further identified that SSD increased levels of LC3 B and cleaved caspase 3 and decreased levels of p62, IKK β, p-IκB α, and NF-κB p65, suggesting that SSD might inhibit the IKK β/NF-κB pathway and induce both cell autophagy and apoptosis in SGC-7901 and SGC-7901/DDP. A further study indicated that SSD enhanced the effect of DDP-induced cleaved caspase 3 level rise and NF-κB pathway suppression, especially in SGC-7901/DDP cells. Conclusively, SSD enhanced DDP sensitivity of GC cells; the potential molecular mechanisms were that SSD-induced apoptosis and autophagy and inhibited the IKK β/NF-κB pathway in GC cells. These findings suggested that SSD might contribute to overcoming DDP resistance in GC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianran Hu
- Department
of Biological Science and Technology, Jinzhong
University, Jinzhong 030619, China
- Department
of Biological Science and Technology, Changzhi
University, Changzhi 046011, China
| | - Ping Li
- Department
of Biological Science and Technology, Jinzhong
University, Jinzhong 030619, China
- Department
of Biological Science and Technology, Changzhi
University, Changzhi 046011, China
| | - Baozhong Shi
- Department
of Biological Science and Technology, Changzhi
University, Changzhi 046011, China
| | - Jun Tie
- Department
of Biological Science and Technology, Changzhi
University, Changzhi 046011, China
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Tang LP, Liu YL, Ding KN, Hou XJ, Qin JJ, Zhang YA, Liu HX, Shen XL, He YM. Chai Hu oral liquid enhances the immune functions of both spleen and bursa of Fabricius in heat-stressed broilers through strengthening TLR4-TBK1 signaling pathway. Poult Sci 2021; 100:101302. [PMID: 34289428 PMCID: PMC8313588 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2021.101302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Heat stress can affect the poultry production and immune status of broilers. Heat stress disrupts intestinal integrity and increases intestinal inflammation, which is related with body immune dysfunction. Chai Hu oral liquid used as an antipyretic and anti-inflammatory drug is widely used in exogenous fever of poultry, but its resistance to heat stress and the mechanism is still unclear. In this study, a chronic heat stressed broilers model was established to explore the mechanisms of broilers’ immune function changes and the effects of Chai Hu oral liquid. In this study, a total of 480 broilers were randomly divided into 6 groups with 80 replicates. Heat stress (HS) group broilers were stressed at 35 ± 2°C for 5 or 10 consecutive d with 6 h/d. Heat stressed (for 5 or 10 d) broilers were given with Jieshu KangreSan (Positive), Chai Hu oral liquid high, middle and low dosage (CH-High, CH-Mid, CH-Low) by oral administration. Birds in control group were treated with the same volume of PBS only in 25 ± 2°C. All birds were sacrificed at last heat stress challenged day. Changes in immune function were assessed by immune organs index, serum IFN-γ level, gene and protein expressions of immune factors in spleen and bursa of Fabricius. Results from this experiment showed that heat stress enhanced the immune organs’ edema by directly increased the organs indexes of spleen and bursa of Fabricius in broilers. Heat stress for 10 d also increased bursa of Fabricius HSP70 protein level and significantly lowered the spleen and bursa of Fabricius proteins expressions of IFN-α, IFN-β, and IFN-γ in broilers. The IFN-β and IFN-γ protein levels in spleen and bursa of Fabricius also decreased in heat stressed broilers for 5 d. The gene and protein expressions of TLR4 and TBK1 markedly decreased in spleen and bursa of Fabricius of broilers treated with chronic heat stress. Chai Hu oral liquid reduced edema of immune organs and elevated TLR4-TBK1 signaling pathway to release immune factors. Above results indicated that chronic heat stress induced impaired immune function by inhibiting TLR4-TBK1 signaling pathway, and Chai Hu oral liquid had effective protection of body's immune ability by enhancing this signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu-Ping Tang
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528225, China
| | - Yi-Lei Liu
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528225, China
| | - Kang-Ning Ding
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528225, China
| | - Xiao-Jiao Hou
- Beijing Centre Biology Co., Ltd, Beijing 102600, China
| | - Jun-Jie Qin
- Beijing Centre Biology Co., Ltd, Beijing 102600, China
| | - Yi-An Zhang
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528225, China
| | - Han-Xiao Liu
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528225, China
| | - Xing-Ling Shen
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528225, China
| | - Yong-Ming He
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528225, China.
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Utilizing methylglyoxal and D-lactate in urine to evaluate saikosaponin C treatment in mice with accelerated nephrotoxic serum nephritis. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0241053. [PMID: 33104740 PMCID: PMC7588094 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0241053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The relationship between methylglyoxal (MGO) and D-lactate during saikosaponin C (SSC) treatment of mice with accelerated nephrotoxic serum (NTS) nephritis was investigated. NTS nephritis was induced by administration of anti-basement membrane antibodies to C57BL/6 mice and three dosages of SSC were administered for 14 days. Proteinuria, blood urea nitrogen, serum creatinine, renal histology, urinary MGO and d-lactate changes were examined. Compared to the NTS control group, the middle dosage (10 mg/kg/day) of SSC significantly alleviated the development of nephritis based on urine protein measurements (34.40 ± 6.85 vs. 17.33 ± 4.79 mg/day, p<0.05). Pathological observation of the glomerular basement membrane (GBM) revealed monocyte infiltration, hypertrophy, and crescents were alleviated, and injury scoring also showed improved efficacy for the middle dose of SSC during nephritis (7.92 ± 1.37 vs. 3.50 ± 1.14, p<0.05). Moreover, the significant decreases in urinary levels of MGO (24.71 ± 3.46 vs. 16.72 ± 2.36 μg/mg, p<0.05) and D-lactate (0.31 ± 0.04 vs. 0.23 ± 0.02 μmol/mg, p<0.05) were consistent with the biochemical and pathological examinations. This study demonstrates that MGO and D-lactate may reflect the extent of damage and the efficacy of SSC in NTS nephritis; further studies are required to enable clinical application.
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Zou C, Su N, Wu J, Xu M, Sun Z, Liu Q, Chen L, Zhou Y, Wang A, Ye C. Dietary Radix Bupleuri extracts improves hepatic lipid accumulation and immune response of hybrid grouper (Epinephelus lanceolatus♂ × Epinephelus fuscoguttatus♀). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 88:496-507. [PMID: 30826414 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.02.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In this study, two experiments were performed to explore the effect of Radix Bupleuri extracts (RBE) on growth, lipid deposition and metabolism and immune response of hybrid grouper (Epinephelus lanceolatus♂ × Epinephelus fuscoguttatus♀) using in vitro and in vivo models. In vitro, we used 2 ml/L 20% lipid emulsion (LE)-induced steatosis in hybrid grouper primary hepatocytes, then RBE (200, 400 and 800 μg/ml) was added to the hepatocytes after (post-treatment) the incubation with 20% LE (2 ml/L) in the culture medium. We found that RBE markedly increased cell viability, which were consistent with hepatocytes morphological structure examination and lipid metabolism and immune related genes study. The above result suggested that RBE has a protective effect on this model of hepatocytes damage. In vivo, five graded levels of RBE at 0, 200, 400, 800 and 1600 mg/kg diet were supplemented to a basal diet with 15% lipid levels (high lipid), and fed to a total of 300 hybrid grouper with an average initial weight of 25.58 ± 0.05 g for 8 weeks. Growth performance, liver histology, plasma biochemical parameters, and expression of genes involved in lipid metabolism and immune-related were measured. The study indicated that dietary RBE significantly improved growth performance and feed utilization and reduced hepatosomatic index. Dietary supplementation with 200-800 mg/kg RBE diets effectively decreased serum ALP, ALT, AST and LDH contents in fish. Furthermore, adipogenesis relative mRNA levels of DGAT2, G6PD, ME1 and DGKα in fish fed 200-400 mg/kg RBE diets were lower (P < 0.05) than in those fed RBE0 diets, while dietary supplementation with 200-800 mg/kg RBE diets up-regulated lipolysis-related genes (CPT1, LPL and PPARα) expression in the liver of hybrid grouper. Moreover, dietary RBE down-regulated the expression of apoptosis-related genes (caspase-9), up-regulated the expression of antioxidant genes (CAT) and immune-related genes (MHC2, IKKα and TGF-β1). Thus, our data suggest that RBE suppressed lipid accumulation and enhanced immune capability in hybrid grouper both in vitro and in vivo. These results offer new insight into RBE as a hepatoprotective in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuiyun Zou
- Institute of Modern Aquaculture Science and Engineering, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Subtropical Biodiversity and Biomonitoring, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Healthy and Safe Aquaculture, School of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, People's Republic of China
| | - Ningning Su
- Institute of Modern Aquaculture Science and Engineering, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Subtropical Biodiversity and Biomonitoring, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Healthy and Safe Aquaculture, School of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinhui Wu
- Marine Fisheries Development Centre of Guangdong Province, Huizhou, 510610, People's Republic of China
| | - Minglei Xu
- Institute of Modern Aquaculture Science and Engineering, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Subtropical Biodiversity and Biomonitoring, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Healthy and Safe Aquaculture, School of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenzhu Sun
- Institute of Modern Aquaculture Science and Engineering, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Subtropical Biodiversity and Biomonitoring, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Healthy and Safe Aquaculture, School of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingying Liu
- Institute of Modern Aquaculture Science and Engineering, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Subtropical Biodiversity and Biomonitoring, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Healthy and Safe Aquaculture, School of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, People's Republic of China
| | - Leling Chen
- Institute of Modern Aquaculture Science and Engineering, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Subtropical Biodiversity and Biomonitoring, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Healthy and Safe Aquaculture, School of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhou
- Institute of Modern Aquaculture Science and Engineering, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Subtropical Biodiversity and Biomonitoring, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Healthy and Safe Aquaculture, School of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, People's Republic of China
| | - Anli Wang
- Institute of Modern Aquaculture Science and Engineering, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Subtropical Biodiversity and Biomonitoring, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Healthy and Safe Aquaculture, School of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, People's Republic of China.
| | - Chaoxia Ye
- Institute of Modern Aquaculture Science and Engineering, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Subtropical Biodiversity and Biomonitoring, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Healthy and Safe Aquaculture, School of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, People's Republic of China.
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Efficacy of traditional Chinese medication Tangminling pill in Chinese patients with type 2 diabetes. Biosci Rep 2019; 39:BSR20181729. [PMID: 30948503 PMCID: PMC6488948 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20181729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Revised: 03/24/2019] [Accepted: 03/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The morbidity of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) has been increasing rapidly worldwide. Tangminling pill, consisting of ten Chinese herbal medications, is usually prescribed for T2DM in mainland China. Whether treatment with Tangminling can improve clinical outcomes of T2DM patients was still debated. Four studies comparing Tangminling vs. placebo treatment in T2DM patients were included and 767 T2DM patients were enrolled in our analyses. Tangminling treatment exhibited better efficacy than placebo in reducing hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) (1.11 vs. 0.32%; pooled weighted mean difference [WMD]: 0.80; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.65–0.96; P<0.001), fasting plasma glucose (0.82 vs. −0.40 mM; WMD: 1.10; 95% CI: 0.56–1.64; P<0.001), 2-h postprandial glucose (2-hr PG) (2.81 vs. 1.11 mM; WMD: 1.80; 95% CI: 1.72–1.88; P<0.001), homeostatic model assessment-β level (4.28 vs. 0.41; WMD: 0.44; 95% CI: 0.27–0.61; P<0.001), waist circumference (WC) (1.04 vs. 0.36 cm; WMD: 0.78; 95% CI: 0.37–1.19; P<0.001) and body weight index (0.37 vs. 0.11 kg/m2; WMD: 0.30; 95% CI: −0.00 to 0.61; P=0.05). Tangminling pill might reduce glucose level and body weight and improve β-cell function in T2DM patients. Our study highlights the important role of Tangminling pill in the management of T2DM.
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Zou C, Tan X, Ye H, Sun Z, Chen S, Liu Q, Xu M, Ye C, Wang A. The hepatoprotective effects of Radix Bupleuri extracts against D-galactosamine/lipopolysaccharide induced liver injury in hybrid grouper (Epinephelus lanceolatus♂ × Epinephelus fuscoguttatus♀). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 83:8-17. [PMID: 30145200 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.08.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Revised: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The present study is aiming at evaluating the hepatoprotective of Radix Bupleuri extracts (RBE) on the d-galactosamine/lipopolysaccharide (D-GalN/LPS) induced liver injury of hybrid grouper in vitro and in vivo. In vitro, RBE (0, 200, 400 and 800 μg/ml) was added to the hybrid grouper primary hepatocytes before (pretreatment) the incubation of the hepatocytes with D-GalN (20 mM) plus LPS (1 μg/ml) in the culture medium. RBE at concentrations of 200, 400 and 800 μg/ml significantly improved cell viability and inhibited the elevation of TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 and significantly down-regulated the caspase-3, caspase-9 and P53 mRNA levels. In vivo administration of RBE at the doses of 0, 200, 400, 800 and 1600 mg/kg in the diet for 8 weeks prior to D-GalN (500 mg/kg) and LPS (20 μg/kg) intoxication. The study indicated that the RBE not only ameliorated liver injury, as evidenced by well-preserved liver architecture, but also significantly increased hepatic antioxidant enzymes activities in the D-GalN/LPS-induced liver injury animal model. Further demonstrating the protective effects of the RBE, we found that pretreatment with the RBE up-regulated the expression of antioxidant genes (GPx and MnSOD), while down-regulated apoptosis-related genes (caspase-3, caspase-9 and P53), immune related genes (MHC2 and TLR3) and pro-inflammatory cytokines (TOR and IKKα) mRNA expression in the liver of hybrid grouper. In brief, the present study showed that RBE can protect hepatocyte injury induced by D-GalN/LPS through elevating antioxidant enzyme activity and suppressing apoptosis and immune inflammatory responses. The results support the use of RBE as a hepatoprotective in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuiyun Zou
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Subtropical Biodiversity and Biomonitoring, Key Laboratory of Ecology and Environmental Science in Guangdong Higher Education, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Healthy and Safe Aquaculture, School of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, PR China
| | - Xiaohong Tan
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Subtropical Biodiversity and Biomonitoring, Key Laboratory of Ecology and Environmental Science in Guangdong Higher Education, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Healthy and Safe Aquaculture, School of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, PR China
| | - Huaqun Ye
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Subtropical Biodiversity and Biomonitoring, Key Laboratory of Ecology and Environmental Science in Guangdong Higher Education, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Healthy and Safe Aquaculture, School of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, PR China
| | - Zhenzhu Sun
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Subtropical Biodiversity and Biomonitoring, Key Laboratory of Ecology and Environmental Science in Guangdong Higher Education, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Healthy and Safe Aquaculture, School of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, PR China
| | - Shu Chen
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Subtropical Biodiversity and Biomonitoring, Key Laboratory of Ecology and Environmental Science in Guangdong Higher Education, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Healthy and Safe Aquaculture, School of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, PR China
| | - Qingying Liu
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Subtropical Biodiversity and Biomonitoring, Key Laboratory of Ecology and Environmental Science in Guangdong Higher Education, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Healthy and Safe Aquaculture, School of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, PR China
| | - Minglei Xu
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Subtropical Biodiversity and Biomonitoring, Key Laboratory of Ecology and Environmental Science in Guangdong Higher Education, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Healthy and Safe Aquaculture, School of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, PR China
| | - Chaoxia Ye
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Subtropical Biodiversity and Biomonitoring, Key Laboratory of Ecology and Environmental Science in Guangdong Higher Education, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Healthy and Safe Aquaculture, School of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, PR China.
| | - Anli Wang
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Subtropical Biodiversity and Biomonitoring, Key Laboratory of Ecology and Environmental Science in Guangdong Higher Education, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Healthy and Safe Aquaculture, School of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, PR China.
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A comprehensive review and perspectives on pharmacology and toxicology of saikosaponins. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2018. [PMID: 30466994 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2018.09.174' and 2*3*8=6*8 and 'hgwn'='hgwn] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Radix Bupleuri (RB) has been widely used in Chinese Traditional Medicine for over 2000 years and is currently marketed in China as Chai-Hu-Shu-Gan tablets and Xiao-Yao-Wan tablets. Saikosaponins (SSs, especially SSa, SSc and SSd), as the major bioactive compounds in RB, represent anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor, anti-oxidant, anti-viral and hepatoprotective effects. PURPOSE To summarize recent findings regarding to the extraction, detection, biosynthesis, metabolism, pharmacological/toxicological effects of SSs. METHODS Online academic databases (including PubMed, Google Scholar, Web of Science and CNKI) were searched using search terms of "Saikosaponin", "Radix Bupleuri", "Bupleurum" and combinations to include published studies of SSs primarily from 2003 to 2018. Several critical previous studies beyond this period were also included. RESULTS 354 papers were found and 165 papers were reviewed. SSs have drawn great attention for their anti-inflammation, anti-viral and anti-cancer effects and contradictory roles in the regulation of cell apoptosis, oxidative stress and liver fibrosis. Meanwhile, increased risks of overdose-induced acute or accumulation-related chronic hepatotoxicity of SSs and RB have also been reported. However, underlying mechanisms of SSs bioactivities, the metabolism of SSs and bioactivities of SSs metabolites are largely unknown. CONCLUSION This comprehensive review of SSs provides novel insights and perspectives on the limitations of current studies and the importance of metabolism study and the dose-pharmacological/toxic relationship of SSs for the future discovery of SSs-based therapeutic strategies and clinical safe practice.
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A comprehensive review and perspectives on pharmacology and toxicology of saikosaponins. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2018. [PMID: 30466994 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2018.09.174%' and 2*3*8=6*8 and 'alnw'!='alnw%] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Radix Bupleuri (RB) has been widely used in Chinese Traditional Medicine for over 2000 years and is currently marketed in China as Chai-Hu-Shu-Gan tablets and Xiao-Yao-Wan tablets. Saikosaponins (SSs, especially SSa, SSc and SSd), as the major bioactive compounds in RB, represent anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor, anti-oxidant, anti-viral and hepatoprotective effects. PURPOSE To summarize recent findings regarding to the extraction, detection, biosynthesis, metabolism, pharmacological/toxicological effects of SSs. METHODS Online academic databases (including PubMed, Google Scholar, Web of Science and CNKI) were searched using search terms of "Saikosaponin", "Radix Bupleuri", "Bupleurum" and combinations to include published studies of SSs primarily from 2003 to 2018. Several critical previous studies beyond this period were also included. RESULTS 354 papers were found and 165 papers were reviewed. SSs have drawn great attention for their anti-inflammation, anti-viral and anti-cancer effects and contradictory roles in the regulation of cell apoptosis, oxidative stress and liver fibrosis. Meanwhile, increased risks of overdose-induced acute or accumulation-related chronic hepatotoxicity of SSs and RB have also been reported. However, underlying mechanisms of SSs bioactivities, the metabolism of SSs and bioactivities of SSs metabolites are largely unknown. CONCLUSION This comprehensive review of SSs provides novel insights and perspectives on the limitations of current studies and the importance of metabolism study and the dose-pharmacological/toxic relationship of SSs for the future discovery of SSs-based therapeutic strategies and clinical safe practice.
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A comprehensive review and perspectives on pharmacology and toxicology of saikosaponins. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2018. [PMID: 30466994 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2018.09.174" and 2*3*8=6*8 and "mze9"="mze9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Radix Bupleuri (RB) has been widely used in Chinese Traditional Medicine for over 2000 years and is currently marketed in China as Chai-Hu-Shu-Gan tablets and Xiao-Yao-Wan tablets. Saikosaponins (SSs, especially SSa, SSc and SSd), as the major bioactive compounds in RB, represent anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor, anti-oxidant, anti-viral and hepatoprotective effects. PURPOSE To summarize recent findings regarding to the extraction, detection, biosynthesis, metabolism, pharmacological/toxicological effects of SSs. METHODS Online academic databases (including PubMed, Google Scholar, Web of Science and CNKI) were searched using search terms of "Saikosaponin", "Radix Bupleuri", "Bupleurum" and combinations to include published studies of SSs primarily from 2003 to 2018. Several critical previous studies beyond this period were also included. RESULTS 354 papers were found and 165 papers were reviewed. SSs have drawn great attention for their anti-inflammation, anti-viral and anti-cancer effects and contradictory roles in the regulation of cell apoptosis, oxidative stress and liver fibrosis. Meanwhile, increased risks of overdose-induced acute or accumulation-related chronic hepatotoxicity of SSs and RB have also been reported. However, underlying mechanisms of SSs bioactivities, the metabolism of SSs and bioactivities of SSs metabolites are largely unknown. CONCLUSION This comprehensive review of SSs provides novel insights and perspectives on the limitations of current studies and the importance of metabolism study and the dose-pharmacological/toxic relationship of SSs for the future discovery of SSs-based therapeutic strategies and clinical safe practice.
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Li X, Li X, Huang N, Liu R, Sun R. A comprehensive review and perspectives on pharmacology and toxicology of saikosaponins. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2018; 50:73-87. [PMID: 30466994 PMCID: PMC7126585 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2018.09.174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Revised: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Radix Bupleuri (RB) has been widely used in Chinese Traditional Medicine for over 2000 years and is currently marketed in China as Chai-Hu-Shu-Gan tablets and Xiao-Yao-Wan tablets. Saikosaponins (SSs, especially SSa, SSc and SSd), as the major bioactive compounds in RB, represent anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor, anti-oxidant, anti-viral and hepatoprotective effects. PURPOSE To summarize recent findings regarding to the extraction, detection, biosynthesis, metabolism, pharmacological/toxicological effects of SSs. METHODS Online academic databases (including PubMed, Google Scholar, Web of Science and CNKI) were searched using search terms of "Saikosaponin", "Radix Bupleuri", "Bupleurum" and combinations to include published studies of SSs primarily from 2003 to 2018. Several critical previous studies beyond this period were also included. RESULTS 354 papers were found and 165 papers were reviewed. SSs have drawn great attention for their anti-inflammation, anti-viral and anti-cancer effects and contradictory roles in the regulation of cell apoptosis, oxidative stress and liver fibrosis. Meanwhile, increased risks of overdose-induced acute or accumulation-related chronic hepatotoxicity of SSs and RB have also been reported. However, underlying mechanisms of SSs bioactivities, the metabolism of SSs and bioactivities of SSs metabolites are largely unknown. CONCLUSION This comprehensive review of SSs provides novel insights and perspectives on the limitations of current studies and the importance of metabolism study and the dose-pharmacological/toxic relationship of SSs for the future discovery of SSs-based therapeutic strategies and clinical safe practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojiaoyang Li
- School of Advanced Medical Science, Shandong University, 44 Wenhuaxilu road, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University, 1217 E Marshall St. KMSB, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Xiaoyu Li
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 4655 Daxue Road, Jinan, Shandong 250355, China
| | - Nana Huang
- School of Advanced Medical Science, Shandong University, 44 Wenhuaxilu road, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China; The Second Hospital of Shandong University, 247 Beiyuan Ave, Jinan, Shandong 250033, China
| | - Runping Liu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University, 1217 E Marshall St. KMSB, Richmond, VA 23298, USA.
| | - Rong Sun
- School of Advanced Medical Science, Shandong University, 44 Wenhuaxilu road, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China; The Second Hospital of Shandong University, 247 Beiyuan Ave, Jinan, Shandong 250033, China; Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 4655 Daxue Road, Jinan, Shandong 250355, China.
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Li XQ, Song YN, Wang SJ, Rahman K, Zhu JY, Zhang H. Saikosaponins: a review of pharmacological effects. JOURNAL OF ASIAN NATURAL PRODUCTS RESEARCH 2018; 20:399-411. [PMID: 29726699 DOI: 10.1080/10286020.2018.1465937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Over the past decades, a number of phytochemicals have been reported to possess potent pharmacological effects. Saikosaponins represent a group of oleanane derivatives, usually as glucosides, which are commonly found in medicinal plants Bupleurum spp., which have been used as traditional Chinese medicine for more than 1,000 years in China. Emerging evidence suggests that saikosaponins have many pharmacological effects, including sedation, anticonvulsant, antipyretic, antiviral, immunity, anti-inflammation, antitumor properties, protecting liver and kidney and so on. The present review provides a comprehensive summary and analysis of the pharmacological properties of saikosaponins, supporting the potential uses of saikosaponins as a medicinal agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Qin Li
- a School of Pharmacy , Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Chengdu 611137 , China
- b Central Laboratory , Seventh People's Hospital of Shanghai University of TCM , Shanghai 200137 , China
| | - Ya-Nan Song
- b Central Laboratory , Seventh People's Hospital of Shanghai University of TCM , Shanghai 200137 , China
| | - Su-Juan Wang
- b Central Laboratory , Seventh People's Hospital of Shanghai University of TCM , Shanghai 200137 , China
| | - Khalid Rahman
- c Faculty of Science, School of Biomolecular Sciences , Liverpool John Moores University , Liverpool L3 3AF , UK
| | - Jian-Yong Zhu
- b Central Laboratory , Seventh People's Hospital of Shanghai University of TCM , Shanghai 200137 , China
| | - Hong Zhang
- a School of Pharmacy , Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Chengdu 611137 , China
- b Central Laboratory , Seventh People's Hospital of Shanghai University of TCM , Shanghai 200137 , China
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Zhang Y, Xiao W, Kong H, Cheng J, Yan X, Zhang M, Wang Q, Qu H, Zhao Y. A Highly Sensitive Immunochromatographic Strip Test for Rapid and Quantitative Detection of Saikosaponin d. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23020338. [PMID: 29415494 PMCID: PMC6017486 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23020338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Revised: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
A quantitative lateral-flow immunoassay using gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) conjugated with a monoclonal antibody (MAb) against saikosaponin d (SSd) was developed for the analysis of SSd. The AuNPs were prepared in our laboratory. The AuNPs were polyhedral, with an average diameter of approximately 18 nm. We used the conjugation between AuNPs and MAbs against SSd to prepare immunochromatographic strips (ICSs). For the quantitative experiment, the strips with the test results were scanned using a membrane strip reader, and a detection curve (regression equation, y = -0.113ln(x) + 1.5451, R² = 0.983), representing the averages of the scanned data, was obtained. This curve was linear from 96 ng/mL to 150 μg/mL, and the IC50 value was 10.39 μg/mL. In this study, we bring the concept ofPOCT (point-of-care testing) to the measurement of TCM compounds, and this is the first report of quantitative detection of SSd by an ICS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Zhang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Wei Xiao
- Jiangsu Kanion Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 58 Jiangning Industrial Park Kangyuan Road, Lianyungang, Jiangsu, 210000, China.
| | - Hui Kong
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, 11 Beisanhuandong Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Jinjun Cheng
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, 11 Beisanhuandong Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Xin Yan
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, 11 Beisanhuandong Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Meiling Zhang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, 11 Beisanhuandong Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Qingguo Wang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, 11 Beisanhuandong Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Huihua Qu
- Centre of Scientific Experiment, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, 11 Beisanhuandong Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Yan Zhao
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, 11 Beisanhuandong Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, China.
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Yuan B, Yang R, Ma Y, Zhou S, Zhang X, Liu Y. A systematic review of the active saikosaponins and extracts isolated from Radix Bupleuri and their applications. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2017; 55:620-635. [PMID: 27951737 PMCID: PMC6130612 DOI: 10.1080/13880209.2016.1262433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Revised: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Radix Bupleuri has been used in traditional Chinese medicine for over 2000 years with functions of relieving exterior syndrome, clearing heat, regulating liver-qi, and lifting yang-qi. More natural active compounds, especially saikosaponins, have been isolated from Radix Bupleuri, which possess various valuable pharmacological activities. OBJECTIVE To summarize the current knowledge on pharmacological activities, mechanisms and applications of extracts and saikosaponins isolated from Radix Bupleuri, and obtain new insights for further research and development of Radix Bupleuri. METHODS PubMed, Web of Science, Science Direct, Research Gate, Academic Journals and Google Scholar were used as information sources through the inclusion of the search terms 'Radix Bupleuri', 'Bupleurum', 'saikosaponins', 'Radix Bupleuri preparation', and their combinations, mainly from the year 2008 to 2016 without language restriction. Clinical preparations containing Radix Bupleuri were collected from official website of China Food and Drug Administration (CFDA). RESULTS AND CONCLUSION 296 papers were searched and 128 papers were reviewed. A broad spectrum of in vitro and in vivo research has proved that Radix Bupleuri extracts, saikosaponin a, saikosaponin d, saikosaponin c, and saikosaponin b2, exhibit evident anti-inflammatory, antitumor, antiviral, anti-allergic, immunoregulation, and neuroregulation activities mainly through NF-κB, MAPK or other pathways. 15 clinical preparations approved by CFDA remarkably broaden the application of Radix Bupleuri. The main side effect of Radix Bupleuri is liver damage when the dosage is excess, which indicates that the maximum tolerated dose is critical for clinical use of Radix Bupleuri extract and purified compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bochuan Yuan
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Rui Yang
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yongsheng Ma
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Shan Zhou
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaodong Zhang
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Liu
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
- CONTACT Ying LiuSchool of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Wangjing Zhonghuan South Street, Chaoyang District, Beijing100102, China
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Chen J, Duan M, Zhao Y, Ling F, Xiao K, Li Q, Li B, Lu C, Qi W, Zeng Z, Liao M, Liu Y, Chen W. Saikosaponin A inhibits influenza A virus replication and lung immunopathology. Oncotarget 2016; 6:42541-56. [PMID: 26637810 PMCID: PMC4767451 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.6448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2015] [Accepted: 11/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Fatal influenza outcomes result from a combination of rapid virus replication and collateral lung tissue damage caused by exaggerated pro-inflammatory host immune cell responses. There are few therapeutic agents that target both biological processes for the attenuation of influenza-induced lung pathology. We show that Saikosaponin A, a bioactive triterpene saponin with previouslyestablished anti-inflammatory effects, demonstrates both in vitro and in vivo anti-viral activity against influenza A virus infections. Saikosaponin A attenuated the replication of three different influenza A virus strains, including a highly pathogenic H5N1 strain, in human alveolar epithelial A549 cells. This anti-viral activity occurred through both downregulation of NF-κB signaling and caspase 3-dependent virus ribonucleoprotein nuclear export as demonstrated by NF-κB subunit p65 and influenza virus nucleoprotein nuclear translocation studies in influenza virus infected A549 cells. Critically, Saikosaponin A also attenuated viral replication, aberrant pro-inflammatory cytokine production and lung histopathology in the widely established H1N1 PR8 model of influenza A virus lethality in C57BL/6 mice. Flow cytometry studies of mouse bronchoalveolar lavage cells revealed that SSa exerted immunomodulatory effects through a selective attenuation of lung neutrophil and monocyte recruitment during the early peak of the innate immune response to PR8 infection. Altogether, our results indicate that Saikosaponin A possesses novel therapeutic potential for the treatment of pathological influenza virus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianxin Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mubing Duan
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Yaqin Zhao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Present address: Xinjiang Institute of Chinese Materia Medica and Ethnic Materia Medica, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Fangfang Ling
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kun Xiao
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Qian Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Bin Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,National Engineering Research Center of Immunological Products, Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Chunni Lu
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Wenbao Qi
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhenling Zeng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ming Liao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yahong Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weisan Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Hu SCS, Lee IT, Yen MH, Lin CC, Lee CW, Yen FL. Anti-melanoma activity of Bupleurum chinense, Bupleurum kaoi and nanoparticle formulation of their major bioactive compound saikosaponin-d. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2016; 179:432-442. [PMID: 26748071 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2015.12.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Revised: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 12/29/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Bupleurum chinense is a traditional Chinese medicinal herb which has been used to treat various inflammatory and infectious diseases, while Bupleurum kaoi is an endemic plant in Taiwan. We determined whether B. chinense and B. kaoi and their biologically active saikosaponin compounds possess anti-melanoma activity. In addition, we developed a novel saikosaponin-d nanoparticle system to improve its solubility, and evaluated its antiproliferative effects and molecular mechanisms in melanoma cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS Ethanolic extracts from B. chinense and B. kaoi were prepared, and their saikosaponin contents were determined by high performance liquid chromatography analysis. Saikosaponin-d nanoparticles were synthesized, and their physicochemical properties were evaluated by particle size analyzer, transmission electron microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, X-ray diffractometry, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Human A375.S2 melanoma cells were cultured, and cell viability determined by the MTT assay. Apoptosis was evaluated by determination of mitochondrial membrane potential, and signal transduction pathways investigated by Western blotting. RESULTS Ethanolic extracts from B. kaoi showed more potent antiproliferative effect on human A375.S2 melanoma cells compared to B. chinense. The saikosaponin-a, -c and -d contents were higher in B. kaoi compared to B. chinense. Saikosaponin-d was the most potent compound in terms of anti-melanoma activity, and saikosaponin-d nanoparticles exhibited increased water solubility due to lowered particle size, amorphous transformation and intermolecular hydrogen bond formation with the excipient. Furthermore, saikosaponin-d nanoparticles showed enhanced antiproliferative activity against melanoma cells, and induced apoptosis through the mitochondrial pathway. The anti-melanoma activity was mediated by phosphorylation of JNK and p38, phosphorylation of p53, increased level of cytochrome c, and activation of caspase 9. CONCLUSIONS B. kaoi contains higher saikosaponin content and shows greater anti-melanoma activity than B. chinense. Saikosaponin-d nanoparticles have improved solubility, and may have potential use in the future as a form of treatment for melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Chu-Sung Hu
- Department of Dermatology, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Dermatology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - I-Ta Lee
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Hong Yen
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Ching Lin
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chiang-Wen Lee
- Division of Basic Medical Sciences, Department of Nursing, Chang Gung Institute of Technology and Chronic Diseases and Health Promotion Research Center, Chiayi, Taiwan; Research Center for Industry of Human Ecology, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Kweishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
| | - Feng-Lin Yen
- Department of Fragrance and Cosmetic Science, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
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Zhao L, Zhang H, Bao J, Liu J, Ji Z. Saikosaponin-d protects renal tubular epithelial cell against high glucose induced injury through modulation of SIRT3. Int J Clin Exp Med 2015; 8:6472-6481. [PMID: 26131275 PMCID: PMC4483897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2014] [Accepted: 02/06/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Saikosaponin-d (Ssd) is one of the major pharmacologically active molecules present in Bupleurum falcatum L, a medical herb against inflammatory diseases in the traditional Chinese medicine. In the current study, we investigated the protective activity of Ssd on diabetic nephropathy along with the underlying mechanisms using renal tubular epithelial cell line (NRK-52E). Our study showed that high glucose stimulation significantly increased NRK-52E cell proliferation. Ssd administration dramatically inhibited high glucose-induced proliferation and DNA synthesis in NRK-52E cell. In addition, high glucose treatment resulted in oxidative stress as shown by increased production of ROS, higher concentration of MDA, and decreased activity of SOD. However, incubation with Ssd reversed such changes in NRK-52E cells. On the molecular level, Ssd also increased the mRNA levels of IDH2 and MnSOD. Moreover, Ssd-treated NRK-52E cells displayed a dramatic enhancement in SIRT3 expression both at mRNA and protein levels. Down-regulation of SIRT3 abolished the protective effects of Ssd on NRK-52E cells. These findings demonstrated that Ssd protected renal tubular epithelial cell against high glucose induced injury via upregulation of SIRT3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lichang Zhao
- Department of Nephrology, Jiangyin Traditional Chinese Medicine HospitalJiangyin 214400, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, Haimen Traditional Chinese Medicine HospitalHaimen 226100, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jingfang Bao
- Department of Nephrology, Shanghai Jiaotong University Affiliated No.1 People’s HospitalShanghai 200080, China
| | - Jun Liu
- Department of Nephrology, Shanghai Jiaotong University Affiliated No.1 People’s HospitalShanghai 200080, China
| | - Zhongning Ji
- Department of Nephrology, Jiangyin Traditional Chinese Medicine HospitalJiangyin 214400, Jiangsu Province, China
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