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Huang JY, Hsu TW, Chen YR, Kao SH. Rosmarinic Acid Potentiates Cytotoxicity of Cisplatin against Colorectal Cancer Cells by Enhancing Apoptotic and Ferroptosis. Life (Basel) 2024; 14:1017. [PMID: 39202759 PMCID: PMC11355254 DOI: 10.3390/life14081017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2024] [Revised: 08/06/2024] [Accepted: 08/13/2024] [Indexed: 09/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Rosmarinic acid (RA) has demonstrated anticancer effects on several types of malignancies. However, whether RA promotes the anticancer effect of cisplatin on colorectal cancer cells remains sketchy. This study aimed to explore whether RA potentiates the cytotoxicity of cisplatin against colon cancer cells and the underlying mechanism. Cell viability, cell cycle progression, and apoptosis was evaluated using sulforhodamine B (SRB) assay, flow cytometric analysis, and propidium iodide/Annexin V staining, respectively. Western blotting was utilized to analyze signaling pathways. Our findings showed that RA significantly enhanced the inhibitory effect on cell viability and the induction of apoptosis on the colon cancer cell lines DLD-1 and LoVo. Signaling cascade analysis revealed that the combination of RA and cisplatin jointly induced Bax and caspase activation while downregulating Bcl-2, glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4), and SLC7A11 in DLD-1 cells. Moreover, caspase inhibitor and ferroptosis inhibitor significantly reversed the inhibition of cell viability in response to RA combined with cisplatin. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that RA enhances the cytotoxicity of cisplatin against colon cancer cells, attributing to the promotion of apoptosis and ferroptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jhen-Yu Huang
- Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 402306, Taiwan; (J.-Y.H.); (Y.-R.C.)
| | - Ta-Wen Hsu
- Division of Colorectal Surgery, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Dalin Tzu Chi Hospital, Chiayi 622401, Taiwan;
- School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 970374, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ru Chen
- Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 402306, Taiwan; (J.-Y.H.); (Y.-R.C.)
- Department of Medical Laboratory and Biotechnology, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 402306, Taiwan
| | - Shao-Hsuan Kao
- Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 402306, Taiwan; (J.-Y.H.); (Y.-R.C.)
- Department of Medical Research, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung 402306, Taiwan
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2
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Khaksar S, Kiarostami K, Ramdan M. Effect of Rosmarinic Acid on Cell Proliferation, Oxidative Stress, and Apoptosis Pathways in an Animal Model of Induced Glioblastoma Multiforme. Arch Med Res 2024; 55:103005. [PMID: 38759277 DOI: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2024.103005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 04/13/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In brain tumors, the complexity of the pathophysiological processes such as oxidative stress, cell proliferation, angiogenesis, and apoptosis have seriously challenged the definitive treatment. Rosmarinic acid (RA), as a polyphenolic compound, has been found to prevent tumor progression in some aggressive cancers. This study was designed to evaluate the anticancer effects of RA on brain tumors. METHOD Rats were divided into six groups. Implantation of C6 glioma cells was carried out in the caudate nucleus of the right hemisphere. RA at doses of 5, 10, and 20 mg/kg (i.p.) was administered to the treatment groups for seven days. Tumor volume (by MRI imaging), locomotor ability, survival time, histological alterations (by H & E staining), expression of p53 and p21 mRNAs (by RT-PCR), activities of antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase [SOD] and catalase [CAT] by assay kits), expression of caspase-3 and VEGF (by immunohistochemical analysis), and TUNEL-positive cells (by tunnel staining) were analyzed. RESULTS The results indicated that the RA at a dose of 20 mg/kg reduced the tumor volume, prolonged survival time, increased p53 and p21 mRNAs, attenuated SOD and CAT activities in tumor tissue, elevated caspase-3, and increased the number of TUNEL-positive cells. Furthermore, histological analysis revealed less invasion of tumor cells into the normal parenchyma in rats treated with RA (20 mg/kg). CONCLUSION These findings provide evidence that the ability of RA to reduce tumor volume could be related to factors that modulate oxidative stress (SOD and CAT enzymes), cell proliferation (p53 and p21), and apoptosis (caspase-3).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sepideh Khaksar
- Department of Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Alzahra University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Khadijeh Kiarostami
- Department of Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Alzahra University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Ramdan
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Al-Furat University, Deir-ez-Zor, Syrian Arab Republic
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Ning N, Nan Y, Chen G, Huang S, Lu D, Yang Y, Meng F, Yuan L. Anti-Tumor Effects and Toxicity Reduction Mechanisms of Prunella vulgaris: A Comprehensive Review. Molecules 2024; 29:1843. [PMID: 38675663 PMCID: PMC11052495 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29081843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate and systematically describe the mechanism of action of Prunella vulgaris (P. vulgaris) against digestive system tumors and related toxicity reduction. METHODS This study briefly describes the history of medicinal food and the pharmacological effects of P. vulgaris, focusing on the review of the anti-digestive tumor effects of the active ingredients of P. vulgaris and the mechanism of its toxicity reduction. RESULTS The active ingredients of P. vulgaris may exert anti-tumor effects by inducing the apoptosis of cancer cells, inhibiting angiogenesis, inhibiting the migration and invasion of tumor cells, and inhibiting autophagy. In addition, P. vulgaris active ingredients inhibit the release of inflammatory factors and macrophages and increase the level of indicators of oxidative stress through the modulation of target genes in the pathway to achieve the effect of toxicity reduction. CONCLUSION The active ingredients in the medicine food homology plant P. vulgaris not only treat digestive system tumors through different mechanisms but also reduce the toxic effects. P. vulgaris is worthy of being explored more deeply.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Ning
- College of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China; (N.N.); (G.C.); (S.H.)
| | - Yi Nan
- Key Laboratory of Ningxia Ethnomedicine Modernization, Ministry of Education, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China;
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China; (D.L.); (Y.Y.); (F.M.)
| | - Guoqing Chen
- College of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China; (N.N.); (G.C.); (S.H.)
| | - Shicong Huang
- College of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China; (N.N.); (G.C.); (S.H.)
| | - Doudou Lu
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China; (D.L.); (Y.Y.); (F.M.)
| | - Yating Yang
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China; (D.L.); (Y.Y.); (F.M.)
| | - Fandi Meng
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China; (D.L.); (Y.Y.); (F.M.)
| | - Ling Yuan
- College of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China; (N.N.); (G.C.); (S.H.)
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Yan J, Zhou Y, Wang Y, Liu Y. PARG Promotes Esophagus Cancer Cell Metastasis by Activation of the Wnt/β-Catenin Pathway. Biochem Genet 2024; 62:761-774. [PMID: 37429965 DOI: 10.1007/s10528-023-10434-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023]
Abstract
Esophagus cancer (EC) is a highly malignant and metastatic cancer. Poly(ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase (PARG), a DNA replication and repair regulator, inhibits cancer cell replication defects. This study aimed to explore the role of PARG in EC. The biological behaviors were analyzed using MTT assay, Transwell assay, scratch test, cell adhesion assay, and western blot. PARG expression was detected using quantitative PCR and immunohistochemical assay. The regulation of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway was assessed using western blot. The results showed that PARG was highly expressed in EC tissues and cells. Knockdown of PARG suppressed cell viability, invasion, migration, adhesion, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Conversely, overexpression of PARG promoted the biological behaviors mentioned above. Moreover, overexpression of PARG promoted the activation of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway rather than the STAT and Notch pathways. XAV939, the Wnt/β-catenin pathway inhibitor, partly abolished the biological behaviors mediated by PARG overexpression. In conclusion, PARG promoted the malignant advancement of EC via activating the Wnt/β-catenin pathway. These findings suggested that PARG might be a new therapeutic target for EC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxin Yan
- Department of Pathology, Sichuan Cancer Hospital, 55 Renmin South Road, Wuhou District, Chengdu City, 610000, Sichuan, China
| | - Yehan Zhou
- Department of Pathology, Sichuan Cancer Hospital, 55 Renmin South Road, Wuhou District, Chengdu City, 610000, Sichuan, China
| | - Yalan Wang
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chengdu City, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Pathology, Sichuan Cancer Hospital, 55 Renmin South Road, Wuhou District, Chengdu City, 610000, Sichuan, China.
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Han M, Li S, Fan H, An J, Peng C, Peng F. Regulated cell death in glioma: promising targets for natural small-molecule compounds. Front Oncol 2024; 14:1273841. [PMID: 38304870 PMCID: PMC10830839 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2024.1273841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Gliomas are prevalent malignant tumors in adults, which can be categorized as either localized or diffuse gliomas. Glioblastoma is the most aggressive and deadliest form of glioma. Currently, there is no complete cure, and the median survival time is less than one year. The main mechanism of regulated cell death involves organisms coordinating the elimination of damaged cells at risk of tumor transformation or cells hijacked by microorganisms for pathogen replication. This process includes apoptosis, necroptosis, autophagy, ferroptosis, pyroptosis, necrosis, parthanayosis, entosis, lysosome-dependent death, NETosis, oxiptosis, alkaliptosis, and disulfidaptosis. The main goal of clinical oncology is to develop therapies that promote the effective elimination of cancer cells by regulating cell death are the main goal of clinical oncology. Recently, scientists have utilized pertinent regulatory factors and natural small-molecule compounds to induce regulated cell death for the treatment of gliomas. By analyzing the PubMed and Web of Science databases, this paper reviews the research progress on the regulation of cell death and the role of natural small-molecule compounds in glioma. The aim is to provide help for the treatment of glioblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyu Han
- West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Sui Li
- West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Huali Fan
- West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Junsha An
- West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Cheng Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Fu Peng
- West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Sirajudeen F, Malhab LJB, Bustanji Y, Shahwan M, Alzoubi KH, Semreen MH, Taneera J, El-Huneidi W, Abu-Gharbieh E. Exploring the Potential of Rosemary Derived Compounds (Rosmarinic and Carnosic Acids) as Cancer Therapeutics: Current Knowledge and Future Perspectives. Biomol Ther (Seoul) 2024; 32:38-55. [PMID: 38148552 PMCID: PMC10762267 DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2023.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a global health challenge with high morbidity and mortality rates. However, conventional cancer treatment methods often have severe side effects and limited success rates. In the last decade, extensive research has been conducted to develop safe, and efficient alternative treatments that do not have the limitations of existing anticancer medicines. Plant-derived compounds have shown promise in cancer treatment for their anti-carcinogenic and anti-proliferative properties. Rosmarinic acid (RA) and carnosic acid (CA) are potent polyphenolic compounds found in rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) extract. They have been extensively studied for their biological properties, which include anti-diabetic, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anticancer activities. In addition, RA and CA have demonstrated effective anti-proliferative properties against various cancers, making them promising targets for extensive research to develop candidate or leading compounds for cancer treatment. This review discusses and summarizes the anti-tumor effect of RA and CA against various cancers and highlights the involved biochemical and mechanistic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fazila Sirajudeen
- Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates
| | - Lara J. Bou Malhab
- Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates
| | - Yasser Bustanji
- Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates
- Department of Biopharmaceutics and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan
| | - Moyad Shahwan
- Centre of Medical and Bio-allied Health Sciences Research, Ajman University, Ajman 346, United Arab Emirates
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Ajman University, Ajman 346, United Arab Emirates
| | - Karem H. Alzoubi
- Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Pharmacotherapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates
| | - Mohammad H. Semreen
- Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates
| | - Jalal Taneera
- Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates
| | - Waseem El-Huneidi
- Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates
| | - Eman Abu-Gharbieh
- Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates
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Alghareeb SA, Alfhili MA, Alsughayyir J. Rosmarinic Acid Elicits Calcium-Dependent and Sucrose-Sensitive Eryptosis and Hemolysis through p38 MAPK, CK1α, and PKC. Molecules 2023; 28:8053. [PMID: 38138543 PMCID: PMC10745317 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28248053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rosmarinic acid (RA) possesses promising anticancer potential, but further development of chemotherapeutic agents is hindered by their toxicity to off-target tissue. In particular, chemotherapy-related anemia is a major obstacle in cancer therapy, which may be aggravated by hemolysis and eryptosis. This work presents a toxicity assessment of RA in human RBCs and explores associated molecular mechanisms. METHODS RBCs isolated from healthy donors were treated with anticancer concentrations of RA (10-800 μM) for 24 h at 37 °C, and hemolysis and related markers were photometrically measured. Flow cytometry was used to detect canonical markers of eryptosis, including phosphatidylserine (PS) exposure by annexin-V-FITC, intracellular Ca2+ by Fluo4/AM, cell size by FSC, and oxidative stress by H2DCFDA. Ions and pH were assessed by an ion-selective electrode, while B12 was detected by chemiluminescence. RESULTS RA elicited concentration-dependent hemolysis with AST and LDH release but rescued the cells from hypotonic lysis at sub-hemolytic concentrations. RA also significantly increased annexin-V-positive cells, which was ameliorated by extracellular Ca2+ removal and isosmotic sucrose. Furthermore, a significant increase in Fluo4-positive cells and B12 content and a decrease in FSC and extracellular pH with KCl efflux were noted upon RA treatment. Hemolysis was augmented by blocking KCl efflux and was blunted by ATP, SB203580, staurosporin, D4476, isosmotic urea, and PEG 8000. CONCLUSIONS RA stimulates Ca2+-dependent and sucrose-sensitive hemolysis and eryptosis characterized by PS exposure, Ca2+ accumulation, loss of ionic regulation, and cell shrinkage. These toxic effects were mediated through energy deprivation, p38 MAPK, protein kinase C, and casein kinase 1α.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jawaher Alsughayyir
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 12372, Saudi Arabia; (S.A.A.); (M.A.A.)
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Laschuk Herlinger A, Lovatto Michaelsen G, Sinigaglia M, Fratini L, Nogueira Debom G, Braganhol E, Brunetto de Farias C, Lunardi Brunetto A, Tesainer Brunetto A, da Cunha Jaeger M, Roesler R. Modulation of Viability, Proliferation, and Stemness by Rosmarinic Acid in Medulloblastoma Cells: Involvement of HDACs and EGFR. Neuromolecular Med 2023; 25:573-585. [PMID: 37740824 DOI: 10.1007/s12017-023-08758-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/25/2023]
Abstract
Medulloblastoma (MB) is a heterogeneous group of malignant pediatric brain tumors, divided into molecular groups with distinct biological features and prognoses. Currently available therapy often results in poor long-term quality of life for patients, which will be afflicted by neurological, neuropsychiatric, and emotional sequelae. Identifying novel therapeutic agents capable of targeting the tumors without jeopardizing patients' quality of life is imperative. Rosmarinic acid (RA) is a plant-derived compound whose action against a series of diseases including cancer has been investigated, with no side effects reported so far. Previous studies have not examined whether RA has effects in MB. Here, we show RA is cytotoxic against human Daoy (IC50 = 168 μM) and D283 (IC50 = 334 μM) MB cells. Exposure to RA for 48 h reduced histone deacetylase 1 (HDAC1) expression while increasing H3K9 hyperacetylation, reduced epidermal growth factor (EGFR) expression, and inhibited EGFR downstream targets extracellular-regulated kinase (ERK)1/2 and AKT in Daoy cells. These modifications were accompanied by increased expression of CDKN1A/p21, reduced expression of SOX2, and a decrease in proliferative rate. Treatment with RA also reduced cancer stem cell markers expression and neurosphere size. Taken together, our findings indicate that RA can reduce cell proliferation and stemness and induce cell cycle arrest in MB cells. Mechanisms mediating these effects may include targeting HDAC1, EGFR, and ERK signaling, and promoting p21 expression, possibly through an increase in H3K9ac and AKT deactivation. RA should be further investigated as a potential anticancer agent in experimental MB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Laschuk Herlinger
- Cancer and Neurobiology Laboratory, Experimental Research Center, Clinical Hospital (CPE-HCPA), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-003, Brazil.
- National Science and Technology Institute for Children's Cancer Biology and Pediatric Oncology - INCT BioOncoPed, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-003, Brazil.
| | - Gustavo Lovatto Michaelsen
- Graduate Program in Bioinformatics, Digital Metropolis Institute, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, 59078-400, Brazil
- Children's Cancer Institute, Porto Alegre, RS, 90620-110, Brazil
| | - Marialva Sinigaglia
- Cancer and Neurobiology Laboratory, Experimental Research Center, Clinical Hospital (CPE-HCPA), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-003, Brazil
- National Science and Technology Institute for Children's Cancer Biology and Pediatric Oncology - INCT BioOncoPed, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-003, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Bioinformatics, Digital Metropolis Institute, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, 59078-400, Brazil
- Children's Cancer Institute, Porto Alegre, RS, 90620-110, Brazil
| | - Lívia Fratini
- Cancer and Neurobiology Laboratory, Experimental Research Center, Clinical Hospital (CPE-HCPA), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-003, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Nogueira Debom
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biociências, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, RS, 90050-170, Brazil
| | - Elizandra Braganhol
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biociências, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, RS, 90050-170, Brazil
| | - Caroline Brunetto de Farias
- Cancer and Neurobiology Laboratory, Experimental Research Center, Clinical Hospital (CPE-HCPA), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-003, Brazil
- National Science and Technology Institute for Children's Cancer Biology and Pediatric Oncology - INCT BioOncoPed, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-003, Brazil
- Children's Cancer Institute, Porto Alegre, RS, 90620-110, Brazil
| | - Algemir Lunardi Brunetto
- Cancer and Neurobiology Laboratory, Experimental Research Center, Clinical Hospital (CPE-HCPA), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-003, Brazil
- National Science and Technology Institute for Children's Cancer Biology and Pediatric Oncology - INCT BioOncoPed, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-003, Brazil
- Children's Cancer Institute, Porto Alegre, RS, 90620-110, Brazil
| | - André Tesainer Brunetto
- Cancer and Neurobiology Laboratory, Experimental Research Center, Clinical Hospital (CPE-HCPA), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-003, Brazil
- National Science and Technology Institute for Children's Cancer Biology and Pediatric Oncology - INCT BioOncoPed, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-003, Brazil
- Children's Cancer Institute, Porto Alegre, RS, 90620-110, Brazil
| | - Mariane da Cunha Jaeger
- Cancer and Neurobiology Laboratory, Experimental Research Center, Clinical Hospital (CPE-HCPA), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-003, Brazil
- National Science and Technology Institute for Children's Cancer Biology and Pediatric Oncology - INCT BioOncoPed, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-003, Brazil
- Children's Cancer Institute, Porto Alegre, RS, 90620-110, Brazil
| | - Rafael Roesler
- Cancer and Neurobiology Laboratory, Experimental Research Center, Clinical Hospital (CPE-HCPA), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-003, Brazil.
- National Science and Technology Institute for Children's Cancer Biology and Pediatric Oncology - INCT BioOncoPed, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-003, Brazil.
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute for Basic Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-003, Brazil.
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Azhar MK, Anwar S, Hasan GM, Shamsi A, Islam A, Parvez S, Hassan MI. Comprehensive Insights into Biological Roles of Rosmarinic Acid: Implications in Diabetes, Cancer and Neurodegenerative Diseases. Nutrients 2023; 15:4297. [PMID: 37836581 PMCID: PMC10574478 DOI: 10.3390/nu15194297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Phytochemicals are abundantly occurring natural compounds extracted from plant sources. Rosmarinic acid (RA) is an abundant phytochemical of Lamiaceae species with various therapeutic implications for human health. In recent years, natural compounds have gained significant attention as adjuvant and complementary therapies to existing medications for various diseases. RA has gained popularity due to its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties and its roles in various life-threatening conditions, such as cancer, neurodegeneration, diabetes, etc. The present review aims to offer a comprehensive insight into the multifaceted therapeutic properties of RA, including its potential as an anticancer agent, neuroprotective effects, and antidiabetic potential. Based on the available evidences, RA could be considered a potential dietary component for treating various diseases, including cancer, diabetes and neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md. Khabeer Azhar
- Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi 110025, India;
| | - Saleha Anwar
- Department of Toxicology, School of Chemical & Life Sciences, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India;
| | - Gulam Mustafa Hasan
- Department of Basic Medical Science, College of Medicine, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 173, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Anas Shamsi
- Centre of Medical and Bio-Allied Health Sciences Research, Ajman University, Ajman 364, United Arab Emirates
| | - Asimul Islam
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi 110025, India; (A.I.); (M.I.H.)
| | - Suhel Parvez
- Department of Toxicology, School of Chemical & Life Sciences, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India;
| | - Md. Imtaiyaz Hassan
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi 110025, India; (A.I.); (M.I.H.)
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Garcia PJB, Huang SKH, De Castro-Cruz KA, Leron RB, Tsai PW. An In Vitro Evaluation and Network Pharmacology Analysis of Prospective Anti-Prostate Cancer Activity from Perilla frutescens. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:3006. [PMID: 37631218 PMCID: PMC10457999 DOI: 10.3390/plants12163006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 08/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
Perilla frutescens (L.) Britt. is extensively cultivated in East Asia as a dietary vegetable, and nutraceuticals are reportedly rich in bioactive compounds, especially with anticancer activities. This study explored the in vitro cytotoxic effects of P. frutescens parts' (stems, leaves, and seeds) extracts on prostate cancer cells (DU-145) and possible interactions of putative metabolites to related prostate cancer targets in silico. The ethanol extract of P. frutescens leaves was the most cytotoxic for the prostate cancer cells. From high-performance liquid chromatography analysis, rosmarinic acid was identified as the major metabolite in the leaf extracts. Network analysis revealed interactions from multiple affected targets and pathways of the metabolites. From gene ontology enrichment analysis, P. frutescens leaf metabolites could significantly affect 14 molecular functions and 12 biological processes in five cellular components. Four (4) KEGG pathways, including for prostate cancer, and six (6) Reactome pathways were shown to be significantly affected. The molecular simulation confirmed the interactions of relevant protein targets with key metabolites, including rosmarinic acid. This study could potentially lead to further exploration of P. frutescens leaves or their metabolites for prostate cancer treatment and prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Jay B. Garcia
- School of Chemical, Biological, and Materials Engineering and Sciences, Mapúa University, Intramuros, Manila 1002, Philippines; (P.J.B.G.); (K.A.D.C.-C.); (R.B.L.)
- School of Graduate Studies, Mapúa University, Intramuros, Manila 1002, Philippines
| | - Steven Kuan-Hua Huang
- Department of Medical Science Industries, College of Health Sciences, Chang Jung Christian University, Tainan 711, Taiwan;
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Chi Mei Medical Center, Tainan 711, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
| | - Kathlia A. De Castro-Cruz
- School of Chemical, Biological, and Materials Engineering and Sciences, Mapúa University, Intramuros, Manila 1002, Philippines; (P.J.B.G.); (K.A.D.C.-C.); (R.B.L.)
| | - Rhoda B. Leron
- School of Chemical, Biological, and Materials Engineering and Sciences, Mapúa University, Intramuros, Manila 1002, Philippines; (P.J.B.G.); (K.A.D.C.-C.); (R.B.L.)
| | - Po-Wei Tsai
- Department of Medical Science Industries, College of Health Sciences, Chang Jung Christian University, Tainan 711, Taiwan;
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11
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Shi P, Xu J, Cui H. The Recent Research Progress of NF-κB Signaling on the Proliferation, Migration, Invasion, Immune Escape and Drug Resistance of Glioblastoma. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10337. [PMID: 37373484 PMCID: PMC10298967 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241210337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common and invasive primary central nervous system tumor in humans, accounting for approximately 45-50% of all primary brain tumors. How to conduct early diagnosis, targeted intervention, and prognostic evaluation of GBM, in order to improve the survival rate of glioblastoma patients, has always been an urgent clinical problem to be solved. Therefore, a deeper understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying the occurrence and development of GBM is also needed. Like many other cancers, NF-κB signaling plays a crucial role in tumor growth and therapeutic resistance in GBM. However, the molecular mechanism underlying the high activity of NF-κB in GBM remains to be elucidated. This review aims to identify and summarize the NF-κB signaling involved in the recent pathogenesis of GBM, as well as basic therapy for GBM via NF-κB signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Shi
- Cancer Center, Medical Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China; (P.S.); (J.X.)
- Jinfeng Laboratory, Chongqing 401329, China
| | - Jie Xu
- Cancer Center, Medical Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China; (P.S.); (J.X.)
- Jinfeng Laboratory, Chongqing 401329, China
| | - Hongjuan Cui
- Cancer Center, Medical Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China; (P.S.); (J.X.)
- Jinfeng Laboratory, Chongqing 401329, China
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
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12
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Wang M, Yu H, He Y, Liao S, Xu D. Cross-talk between traditional Chinese medicine and Parkinson's disease based on cell autophagy. PHARMACOLOGICAL RESEARCH - MODERN CHINESE MEDICINE 2023; 7:100235. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prmcm.2023.100235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
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13
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Zhou Y, Zhang Y, Jiang C, Chen Y, Tong F, Yang X, Wang Y, Xia X, Gao H. Rosmarinic Acid-Crosslinked Supramolecular Nanoassembly with Self-Regulated Photodynamic and Anti-Metastasis Properties for Synergistic Photoimmunotherapy. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2300594. [PMID: 36755191 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202300594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
A primary concern about photodynamic therapy (PDT) is its inability to regulate the generation levels of reactive oxidative species (ROS) based on the complex microenvironment, resulting in the impairment toward normal tissues and immunosuppression. Besides, tumor metastasis also compromises PDT's efficacy and drives mortality. However, it is very challenging to achieve such two goals within one nanosystem. Here, the nanoassembly (CPR) with self-regulated photodynamic and antimetastasis properties comprises three parts: chlorin e6-conjugated β-cyclodextrin (CD-Ce6) acts as the main PDT agent and ferrocene (Fc)-terminated phenylboronic acid-containing conjugates entering into the cavity of CD-Ce6, as well as rosmarinic acid (RA)-boronic acid crosslinked shell. Compared with non-crosslinked counterpart, CPR displays better stability and enhanced tumor accumulation. Under laser irradiation, CPR generates plenty of ROS to damage tumor cells and induce immunogenic cell death. Mildly acidic TME partly cleaves the crosslinkers to dissociate antioxidant RAs from micelles, which together with Fc in CPR scavenge PDT-induced ROS in the TME. By contrast, under acidic lysosomal conditions, Fc catalyzes abundant H2 O2 in tumor cells to produce highly cytotoxic •OH, while RA continuously reduces ferroptosis-generated Fc+ into Fc, both to augment the PDT efficacy in tumor cells. CPR also remarkably hinders the epithelial-mesenchymal transition to prevent the lung metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, P. R. China
| | - Yiwei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, P. R. China
| | - Chaoqing Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, P. R. China
| | - Yuxiu Chen
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, P. R. China
| | - Fan Tong
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, P. R. China
| | - Xiaotong Yang
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, P. R. China
| | - Yazhen Wang
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, P. R. China
| | - Xue Xia
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, P. R. China
| | - Huile Gao
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, P. R. China
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14
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Cao W, Pan J, Mo K, Wang Z, Wei S, Yin Y, Qin M, Zhang W. Effects of gene silencing of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 combined with rosmarinic acid on tumor immune microenvironment in H22 tumor-bearing mice. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 119:110193. [PMID: 37062258 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.110193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/18/2023]
Abstract
Rosmarinic acid (RA) is a natural polyphenolic compound with several pharmacological activities, including immunomodulation and anti-tumor effect. Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase-1 (IDO1), the rate-limiting enzyme that metabolizes tryptophan into kynurenine, is an important negative immune regulator. This study aimed to explore the effect of combined action of IDO1 gene silencing and RA on tumor immune microenvironment. H22 tumor-bearing mice were treated with combination therapy with RA and IDO1-shRNA. The percentages and apoptosis of T-cells and subsets of splenic regulatory T-cells (Tregs) were detected by flow cytometry. Levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α), Interferon-γ (IFN-γ), interleukin-2 (IL-2) and interleukin-10 (IL-10) were measured by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Treatment with RA + IDO1-shRNA significantly increased the percentage of CD4+ T cells, ratio of CD4+/CD8+ and the levels of IFN-γ and IL-2, while decreased CD8+ apoptosis, the proportion of splenic Tregs and the levels of TNF-α and IL-10. The present study demonstrated that combination therapy with RA and IDO1-shRNA had anti-tumor effects on HCC. The mechanism might be related to regulating immune response and immunocytokines, as well as alleviating immunosuppression induced by Tregs in the tumor immune microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Cao
- Department of Pharmacy, Guangxi International Zhuang Medicine Hospital, Nanning, Guangxi 530200, China.
| | - Jinfeng Pan
- Department of Pharmacy, Guangxi International Zhuang Medicine Hospital, Nanning, Guangxi 530200, China
| | - Kai Mo
- Department of Pharmacy, Nanning First People's Hospital, Nanning, Guangxi 530022, China
| | - Zhenning Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Guangxi International Zhuang Medicine Hospital, Nanning, Guangxi 530200, China
| | - Sijun Wei
- Department of Pharmacy, Guangxi International Zhuang Medicine Hospital, Nanning, Guangxi 530200, China
| | - Yuan Yin
- Department of Pharmacy, Guangxi International Zhuang Medicine Hospital, Nanning, Guangxi 530200, China
| | - Mengyao Qin
- Department of Pharmacy, Guangxi International Zhuang Medicine Hospital, Nanning, Guangxi 530200, China
| | - Wenjuan Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Guangxi International Zhuang Medicine Hospital, Nanning, Guangxi 530200, China
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15
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Ijaz S, Iqbal J, Abbasi BA, Ullah Z, Yaseen T, Kanwal S, Mahmood T, Sydykbayeva S, Ydyrys A, Almarhoon ZM, Sharifi-Rad J, Hano C, Calina D, Cho WC. Rosmarinic acid and its derivatives: Current insights on anticancer potential and other biomedical applications. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 162:114687. [PMID: 37062215 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.114687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/09/2023] [Indexed: 04/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer is still the leading cause of death worldwide, burdening the global medical system. Rosmarinic acid (RA) is among the first secondary metabolites discovered and it is a bioactive compound identified in plants such as Boraginaceae and Nepetoideae subfamilies of the Lamiaceae family, including Thymus masticmasti chinaythia koreana, Ocimum sanctum, and Hyptis pectinate. This updated review is to highlight the chemopreventive and chemotherapeutic effects of RA and its derivatives, thus providing valuable clues for the potential development of some complementary drugs in the treatment of cancers. Relevant information about RA's chemopreventive and chemotherapeutic effects and its derivatives were collected from electronic scientific databases, such as PubMed/Medline, Scopus, TRIP database, Web of Science, and Science Direct. The results of the studies showed numerous significant biological effects such as antiviral, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, anti-tumour, antioxidant and antiangiogenic effects. Most of the studies on the anticancer potential with the corresponding mechanisms are still in the experimental preclinical stage and are missing evidence from clinical trials to support the research. To open new anticancer therapeutic perspectives of RA and its derivatives, future clinical studies must elucidate the molecular mechanisms and targets of action in more detail, the human toxic potential and adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shumaila Ijaz
- Department of Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan
| | - Javed Iqbal
- Department of Botany, Bacha Khan University, Charsadda 24420, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan.
| | - Banzeer Ahsan Abbasi
- Department of Botany, Rawalpindi Women University, 6th Road, Satellite Town, Rawalpindi 46300, Pakistan
| | - Zakir Ullah
- Department of Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan
| | - Tabassum Yaseen
- Department of Botany, Bacha Khan University, Charsadda 24420, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Sobia Kanwal
- Department of Biology and Environmental Sciences, Allama Iqbal Open University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Tariq Mahmood
- Department of Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan
| | - Sandugash Sydykbayeva
- Higher School of Natural Sciences, Zhetysu University named after I.Zhansugurov, 040009 Taldykorgan, Kazakhstan
| | - Alibek Ydyrys
- Biomedical Research Centre, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Al-Farabi ave. 71, 050040, Kazakhstan
| | - Zainab M Almarhoon
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, P. O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Christophe Hano
- Laboratoire de Biologie Des Ligneux Et Des Grandes Cultures (LBLGC), INRA USC1328 Université ď Orléans, 45067 Orléans Cedex2, France.
| | - Daniela Calina
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania.
| | - William C Cho
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Kowloon, Hong Kong.
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Hasan MR, Alotaibi BS, Althafar ZM, Mujamammi AH, Jameela J. An Update on the Therapeutic Anticancer Potential of Ocimum sanctum L.: "Elixir of Life". Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28031193. [PMID: 36770859 PMCID: PMC9919305 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28031193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
In most cases, cancer develops due to abnormal cell growth and subsequent tumour formation. Due to significant constraints with current treatments, natural compounds are being explored as potential alternatives. There are now around 30 natural compounds under clinical trials for the treatment of cancer. Tulsi, or Holy Basil, of the genus Ocimum, is one of the most widely available and cost-effective medicinal plants. In India, the tulsi plant has deep religious and medicinal significance. Tulsi essential oil contains a valuable source of bioactive compounds, such as camphor, eucalyptol, eugenol, alpha-bisabolene, beta-bisabolene, and beta-caryophyllene. These compounds are proposed to be responsible for the antimicrobial properties of the leaf extracts. The anticancer effects of tulsi (Ocimum sanctum L.) have earned it the title of "queen of herbs" and "Elixir of Life" in Ayurvedic treatment. Tulsi leaves, which have high concentrations of eugenol, have been shown to have anticancer properties. In a various cancers, eugenol exerts its antitumour effects through a number of different mechanisms. In light of this, the current review focuses on the anticancer benefits of tulsi and its primary phytoconstituent, eugenol, as apotential therapeutic agent against a wide range of cancer types. In recent years, tulsi has gained popularity due to its anticancer properties. In ongoing clinical trials, a number of tulsi plant compounds are being evaluated for their potential anticancer effects. This article discusses anticancer, chemopreventive, and antioxidant effects of tulsi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Raghibul Hasan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Shaqra University, Alquwayiyah 11971, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +966-56-241-6571
| | - Bader Saud Alotaibi
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Shaqra University, Alquwayiyah 11971, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ziyad Mohammed Althafar
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Shaqra University, Alquwayiyah 11971, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed Hussain Mujamammi
- Clinical Biochemistry Unit, Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh 11461, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jafar Jameela
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Shaqra University, Alquwayiyah 11971, Saudi Arabia
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Martins-Gomes C, Nunes FM, Silva AM. Modulation of Cell Death Pathways for Cellular Protection and Anti-Tumoral Activity: The Role of Thymus spp. Extracts and Their Bioactive Molecules. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24021691. [PMID: 36675206 PMCID: PMC9864824 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24021691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural products used for their health-promoting properties have accompanied the evolution of humanity. Nowadays, as an effort to scientifically validate the health-promoting effects described by traditional medicine, an ever-growing number of bioactivities are being described for natural products and the phytochemicals that constitute them. Among them, medicinal plants and more specifically the Thymus genus spp., arise as products already present in the diet and with high acceptance, that are a source of phytochemicals with high pharmacological value. Phenolic acids, flavonoid glycoside derivatives, and terpenoids from Thymus spp. have been described for their ability to modulate cell death and survival pathways, much-valued bioactivities in the pharmaceutical industry, that continually sought-after new formulations to prevent undesired cell death or to control cell proliferation. Among these, wound treatment, protection from endogenous/exogenous toxic molecules, or the induction of selective cell death, such as the search for new anti-tumoral agents, arise as main objectives. This review summarizes and discusses studies on Thymus spp., as well as on compounds present in their extracts, with regard to their health-promoting effects involving the modulation of cell death or survival signaling pathways. In addition, studies regarding the main bioactive molecules and their cellular molecular targets were also reviewed. Concerning cell survival and proliferation, Thymus spp. present themselves as an option for new formulations designed for wound healing and protection against chemicals-induced toxicity. However, Thymus spp. extracts and some of their compounds regulate cell death, presenting anti-tumoral activity. Therefore Thymus spp. is a rich source of compounds with nutraceutical and pharmaceutical value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Martins-Gomes
- Centre for Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), Cell Biology and Biochemistry Lab, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Quinta de Prados, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Chemistry Research Centre-Vila Real (CQ-VR), Food and Wine Chemistry Lab, UTAD Quinta de Prados, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Fernando M. Nunes
- Chemistry Research Centre-Vila Real (CQ-VR), Food and Wine Chemistry Lab, UTAD Quinta de Prados, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Department of Chemistry, School of Life Sciences and Environment, UTAD, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Amélia M. Silva
- Centre for Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), Cell Biology and Biochemistry Lab, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Quinta de Prados, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Department of Biology and Environment, School of Life Sciences and Environment, UTAD, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +351-259-350-921
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Wang Y, Xia L, Lin J, Gong L, Xia Y, Xu Y, Liu L, Bao J, Zhang C, Chai Y, Li H. Thioridazine combined with carboplatin results in synergistic inhibition of triple negative breast cancer by targeting cancer stem cells. Transl Oncol 2022; 26:101549. [PMID: 36191461 PMCID: PMC9530598 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2022.101549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) are closely related to tumorigenesis and metastasis. Thioridazine (THZ) is a usual phenothiazine antipsychotic drug that can destroy CSCs. We aimed to explore whether THZ could sensitize metastatic TNBC cells, especially the CSCs, to carboplatin (CBP) treatment. Metastatic TNBC cells, 4T1 cells, and tumor-bearing mice were treated with THZ and CBP as monotherapy or combination therapy. MTT, flow cytometry, electron microscopy, immunohistochemistry and western blotting were applied to assess the cell viability, apoptosis, mitochondrial morphology and the relevant protein levels, respectively. Tumor size and lung metastasis under different treatments as well as tumorigenesis of residual tumor cells from each group were monitored. THZ combined with CBP inhibited 4T1 tumor cell proliferation and induced apoptosis by inhibiting the PI3K-AKT-mTOR pathway and activating estrogen receptor stress. THZ also showed strong activity against breast CSCs, THZ combined with CBP significantly destroyed cancer cells, inhibited lung metastasis and relieved the tumor burden; Our data demonstrated that THZ can sensitize TNBC cells to CBP treatment and this combination therapy may provide a bright strategy for TNBC treatment by targeting both cancer cells and CSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Wang
- Department of Oncology, The First People's Hospital of Hefei/The Third Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230061, Anhui, PR China
| | - Leiming Xia
- Department of Hematopathology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230002, Anhui, PR China
| | - Jing Lin
- Department of Oncology, The First People's Hospital of Hefei/The Third Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230061, Anhui, PR China
| | - Li Gong
- Department of Oncology, East District of First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 231600, Anhui, PR China
| | - Yang Xia
- Department of Oncology, Taizhou People's Hospital/The Affiliated Taizhou People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Taizhou 225300, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Yang Xu
- Department of Oncology, The First People's Hospital of Hefei/The Third Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230061, Anhui, PR China
| | - Liu Liu
- Department of Oncology, The First People's Hospital of Hefei/The Third Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230061, Anhui, PR China
| | - Jian Bao
- Department of Oncology, The First People's Hospital of Hefei/The Third Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230061, Anhui, PR China
| | - Congshu Zhang
- Department of Oncology, The First People's Hospital of Hefei/The Third Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230061, Anhui, PR China
| | - Yuqing Chai
- Department of Oncology, The First People's Hospital of Hefei/The Third Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230061, Anhui, PR China
| | - Hongxia Li
- Department of Oncology, The First People's Hospital of Hefei/The Third Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230061, Anhui, PR China.
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Chaitanya MVNL, Ramanunny AK, Babu MR, Gulati M, Vishwas S, Singh TG, Chellappan DK, Adams J, Dua K, Singh SK. Journey of Rosmarinic Acid as Biomedicine to Nano-Biomedicine for Treating Cancer: Current Strategies and Future Perspectives. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:2401. [PMID: 36365218 PMCID: PMC9696899 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14112401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 10/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Rosmarinic acid (RA) is a polyphenolic metabolite found in various culinary, dietary sources, and medicinal plants like Coleus scutellarioides (Linn) Benth., Lavandula angustifolia Linn., Mellisa officinalis Linn., Origanum vulgare Linn., Rosmarinus officinalis Linn., Zataria multiflora Boiss. and Zhumeria majdae Rech. F. Apart from its dietary and therapeutic values, RA is an important anticancer phytochemical owing to its multi-targeting anticancer mechanism. These properties provide a scope for RA's therapeutic uses beyond its traditional use as a dietary source. However, its oral bioavailability is limited due to its poor solubility and permeability. This impedes its efficacy in treating cancer. Indeed, in recent years, tremendous efforts have been put towards the development of nanoformulations of RA for treating cancer. However, this research is in its initial stage as bringing a nanoparticle into the market itself is associated with many issues such as stability, toxicity, and scale-up issues. Considering these pitfalls during formulation development and overcoming them would surely provide a new face to RA as a nanomedicine to treat cancer. A literature search was conducted to systematically review the various biological sources, extraction techniques, and anticancer mechanisms through which RA showed multiple therapeutic effects. Various nanocarriers of RA pertaining to its anticancer activity are also discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Malakapogu Ravindra Babu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara 144411, Punjab, India
| | - Monica Gulati
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara 144411, Punjab, India
- Faculty of Health, Australian Research Centre in Complementary and Integrative Medicine, University Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Sukriti Vishwas
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara 144411, Punjab, India
| | - Thakur Gurjeet Singh
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura 140401, Punjab, India
| | - Dinesh Kumar Chellappan
- School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia
| | - Jon Adams
- Faculty of Health, Australian Research Centre in Complementary and Integrative Medicine, University Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Kamal Dua
- Faculty of Health, Australian Research Centre in Complementary and Integrative Medicine, University Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia
- Discipline of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Sachin Kumar Singh
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara 144411, Punjab, India
- Faculty of Health, Australian Research Centre in Complementary and Integrative Medicine, University Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia
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20
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Zhao J, Xu L, Jin D, Xin Y, Tian L, Wang T, Zhao D, Wang Z, Wang J. Rosmarinic Acid and Related Dietary Supplements: Potential Applications in the Prevention and Treatment of Cancer. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12101410. [PMID: 36291619 PMCID: PMC9599057 DOI: 10.3390/biom12101410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 09/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer constitutes a severe threat to human health and quality of life and is one of the most significant causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Natural dietary products have drawn substantial attention in cancer treatment and prevention due to their availability and absence of toxicity. Rosmarinic acid (RA) is known for its excellent antioxidant properties and is safe and effective in preventing and inhibiting tumors. This review summarizes recent publications on culture techniques, extraction processes, and anti-tumor applications of RA-enriched dietary supplements. We discuss techniques to improve RA bioavailability and provide a mechanistic discussion of RA regarding tumor prevention, treatment, and adjuvant therapy. RA exhibits anticancer activity by regulating oxidative stress, chronic inflammation, cell cycle, apoptosis, and metastasis. These data suggest that daily use of RA-enriched dietary supplements can contribute to tumor prevention and treatment. RA has the potential for application in anti-tumor drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiachao Zhao
- College of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China
| | - Liwei Xu
- Department of Respirology, First Affiliated Hospital to Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Di Jin
- College of Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China
| | - Yu Xin
- School of pharmaceutical sciences, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China
| | - Lin Tian
- Department of Respirology, First Affiliated Hospital to Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Tan Wang
- Department of Respirology, First Affiliated Hospital to Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Daqing Zhao
- Northeast Asia Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China
| | - Zeyu Wang
- Northeast Asia Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China
- Correspondence: (Z.W.); (J.W.)
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Respirology, First Affiliated Hospital to Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130021, China
- Northeast Asia Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China
- Correspondence: (Z.W.); (J.W.)
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21
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Zhang DY, Peng RQ, Wang X, Zuo HL, Lyu LY, Yang FQ, Hu YJ. A network pharmacology-based study on the quality control markers of antithrombotic herbs: Using Salvia miltiorrhiza - Ligusticum chuanxiong as an example. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 292:115197. [PMID: 35331879 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2022.115197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2022] [Revised: 02/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Salvia miltiorrhiza (Danshen, DS), the dried root and rhizome of Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge and Ligusticum chuanxiong (Chuanxiong, CX), the dried rhizomes of Ligusticum striatum DC are effective in invigorating blood circulation and eliminating stasis which is highly related with cardiovascular disease (CVD). AIM OF STUDY The identification of activity-based chemical markers is very important, but the complex mechanism of "multi-component, multi-target, and multi-effect" within traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) poses a great challenge to this work. In this study, we combined network pharmacological prediction with experimental validation of the DS and CX to explore an effective method for discovering quality control (QC) of antithrombotic herbs by clarifying the intermediate layer "module/cluster" between the whole complex system and a single component. MATERIALS AND METHODS Based on structural similarity analysis of compound and the thrombosis network published before, we firstly modularized two layers called chemical cluster (CC) network and functional module (FM) network respectively and linked them into one bilayer modularized compound target (BMCT) network. "Two-step" calculation was applied on identifying the significant compounds as the potential QC markers from CC. The in vitro inhibitory activity of selected QC marker compounds on thrombin was evaluated to partially verify their pharmacological activities. HPLC was used to determine contents. RESULTS According to the network-based analysis, nine compounds with great importance in the BMCT network were identified as QC markers of DS-CX, including tanshinone I, tanshinone IIA, cryptotanshinone, salvianolic acid B, ferulic acid, salvianolic acid A, rosmarinic acid, chlorogenic acid, and coniferyl ferulate. Enzyme inhibitory test partially verified the activity of tanshinone I and tanshinone IIA. Chemical profiling indicated that the nine marker compounds are the main components in the herbal pair. CONCLUSIONS This study identified activity-based QC markers of DS-CX herbal pair and provided a new methodology that can be used in the QC of other herbs, herbal pairs, or formulas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dai-Yan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao SAR, 999078, China.
| | - Ruo-Qian Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao SAR, 999078, China.
| | - Xu Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 401331, China.
| | - Hua-Li Zuo
- School of Life and Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518172, China; Warshel Institute for Computational Biology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518172, China.
| | - Li-Yang Lyu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao SAR, 999078, China.
| | - Feng-Qing Yang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 401331, China.
| | - Yuan-Jia Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao SAR, 999078, China; DPM, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macao SAR, 999078, China.
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22
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Noor S, Mohammad T, Rub MA, Raza A, Azum N, Yadav DK, Hassan MI, Asiri AM. Biomedical features and therapeutic potential of rosmarinic acid. Arch Pharm Res 2022; 45:205-228. [PMID: 35391712 PMCID: PMC8989115 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-022-01378-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
For decades, the use of secondary metabolites of various herbs has been an attractive strategy in combating human diseases. Rosmarinic acid (RA) is a bioactive phenolic compound commonly found in plants of Lamiaceae and Boraginaceae families. RA is biosynthesized using amino acids tyrosine and phenylalanine via enzyme-catalyzed reactions. However, the chemical synthesis of RA involves an esterification reaction between caffeic acid and 3,4-dihydroxy phenyl lactic acid contributing two phenolic rings to the structure of RA. Several studies have ascertained multiple therapeutic benefits of RA in various diseases, including cancer, diabetes, inflammatory disorders, neurodegenerative disorders, and liver diseases. Many previous scientific papers indicate that RA can be used as an anti-plasmodic, anti-viral and anti-bacterial drug. In addition, due to its high anti-oxidant capacity, this natural polyphenol has recently gained attention for its possible application as a nutraceutical compound in the food industry. Here we provide state-of-the-art, flexible therapeutic potential and biomedical features of RA, its implications and multiple uses. Along with various valuable applications in safeguarding human health, this review further summarizes the therapeutic advantages of RA in various human diseases, including cancer, diabetes, neurodegenerative diseases. Furthermore, the challenges associated with the clinical applicability of RA have also been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saba Noor
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi, 110025, India
| | - Taj Mohammad
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi, 110025, India
| | - Malik Abdul Rub
- Center of Excellence for Advanced Materials Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali Raza
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Jawahar Lal Nehru Medical College, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202002, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Naved Azum
- Center of Excellence for Advanced Materials Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Dharmendra Kumar Yadav
- College of Pharmacy, Gachon University of Medicine and Science, Hambakmoeiro, Yeonsugu, Incheon, 21924, Korea.
| | - Md Imtaiyaz Hassan
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi, 110025, India.
| | - Abdullah M Asiri
- Center of Excellence for Advanced Materials Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia
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23
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Pintha K, Chaiwangyen W, Yodkeeree S, Suttajit M, Tantipaiboonwong P. Suppressive Effects of Rosmarinic Acid Rich Fraction from Perilla on Oxidative Stress, Inflammation and Metastasis Ability in A549 Cells Exposed to PM via C-Jun, P-65-Nf-Κb and Akt Signaling Pathways. Biomolecules 2021; 11:1090. [PMID: 34439757 PMCID: PMC8392772 DOI: 10.3390/biom11081090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Particulate matter from forest fires (PMFF) is an environmental pollutant causing oxidative stress, inflammation, and cancer cell metastasis due to the presence of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Perilla seed meal contains high levels of polyphenols, including rosmarinic acid (RA). The aim of this study is to determine the anti-oxidative stress, anti-inflammation, and anti-metastasis actions of rosmarinic acid rich fraction (RA-RF) from perilla seed meal and its underlying molecular mechanisms in A549 cells exposed to PMFF. PMFF samples were collected via the air sampler at the University of Phayao, Thailand, and their PAH content were analyzed using GC-MS. Fifteen PAH compounds were detected in PMFF. The PMFF significantly induced intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, the mRNA expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, MMP-9 activity, invasion, migration, the overexpression of c-Jun and p-65-NF-κB, and Akt phosphorylation. Additionally, the RA-RF significantly reduced ROS production, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α, and COX-2. RA-RF could also suppress MMP-9 activity, migration, invasion, and the phosphorylation activity of c-Jun, p-65-NF-κB, and Akt. Our findings revealed that RA-RF has antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-metastasis properties via c-Jun, p-65-NF-κB, and Akt signaling pathways. RA-RF may be further developed as an inhalation agent for the prevention of lung inflammation and cancer metastasis induced by PM exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Komsak Pintha
- Division of Biochemistry, School of Medical Sciences, University of Phayao, Phayao 56000, Thailand; (K.P.); (W.C.); (M.S.)
| | - Wittaya Chaiwangyen
- Division of Biochemistry, School of Medical Sciences, University of Phayao, Phayao 56000, Thailand; (K.P.); (W.C.); (M.S.)
| | - Supachai Yodkeeree
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand;
| | - Maitree Suttajit
- Division of Biochemistry, School of Medical Sciences, University of Phayao, Phayao 56000, Thailand; (K.P.); (W.C.); (M.S.)
| | - Payungsak Tantipaiboonwong
- Division of Biochemistry, School of Medical Sciences, University of Phayao, Phayao 56000, Thailand; (K.P.); (W.C.); (M.S.)
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