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Ciryam P, Gerzanich V, Simard JM. Interleukin-6 in Traumatic Brain Injury: A Janus-Faced Player in Damage and Repair. J Neurotrauma 2023; 40:2249-2269. [PMID: 37166354 PMCID: PMC10649197 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2023.0135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a common and often devastating illness, with wide-ranging public health implications. In addition to the primary injury, victims of TBI are at risk for secondary neurological injury by numerous mechanisms. Current treatments are limited and do not target the profound immune response associated with injury. This immune response reflects a convergence of peripheral and central nervous system-resident immune cells whose interaction is mediated in part by a disruption in the blood-brain barrier (BBB). The diverse family of cytokines helps to govern this communication and among these, Interleukin (IL)-6 is a notable player in the immune response to acute neurological injury. It is also a well-established pharmacological target in a variety of other disease contexts. In TBI, elevated IL-6 levels are associated with worse outcomes, but the role of IL-6 in response to injury is double-edged. IL-6 promotes neurogenesis and wound healing in animal models of TBI, but it may also contribute to disruptions in the BBB and the progression of cerebral edema. Here, we review IL-6 biology in the context of TBI, with an eye to clarifying its controversial role and understanding its potential as a target for modulating the immune response in this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prajwal Ciryam
- Shock Trauma Neurocritical Care, Program in Trauma, R Adams Cowley Shock Trauma Center, University of Maryland Medical System, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Volodymyr Gerzanich
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - J. Marc Simard
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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2
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Shah DS, Sanan A, Morell AA, Eichberg DG, Shah AH, Luther E, Lu VM, Elarjani T, Higgins DMO, Patel NV, Jagid JR, Ivan ME, Komotar RJ. Traumatic brain injury and subsequent brain tumor development: a systematic review of the literature. Neurosurg Rev 2022; 45:3003-3018. [PMID: 35641842 DOI: 10.1007/s10143-022-01819-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The role of prior head trauma in stimulating brain tumor development has been previously described in the literature but continues to be debated. The goal of this study was to conduct a systematic review interrogating the contemporary literature to delineate any possible relationship between traumatic brain injury and brain tumor development. A systematic review exploring development of post-TBI brain tumor was conducted by searching electronic databases. Abstracts from articles were read and selected for full-text review according to criteria previously established in the scientific literature. Relevant full-text articles were divided into case reports and single-arm studies and epidemiological studies. Of 1070 resultant articles, 18 case reports and single-arm studies (level of evidence of IV and V) with 45 patients were included. The most common cause of TBI was traffic accidents. The average period between TBI and subsequent tumor diagnosis was 12.8 years. Meningiomas represented the largest share of tumors, followed by gliomas. Most post-TBI brain tumors developed in the frontal and temporal lobes. Fifteen epidemiological studies were also interrogated from a variety of countries (level of evidence of III). Case-control studies were more common than cohort studies. There were 9 of 15 studies proposed a possible relationship between history of head trauma and development of brain tumor. The relationship between head trauma and neoplastic growth continues to be heavily debated. There are certainly case reports and epidemiological studies in the literature that suggest a correlational relationship between the two. However, there is no concrete evidence of a causal relationship between TBI and brain tumors. More research is needed to definitively delineate the extent of any such relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darsh S Shah
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Dell Medical School, University of Texas at Austin, 501 Red River St., Austin, TX, 78712, USA.
| | - Akshat Sanan
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Alexis A Morell
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Daniel G Eichberg
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Ashish H Shah
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Evan Luther
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Victor M Lu
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Turki Elarjani
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | | | - Nitesh V Patel
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Jonathan R Jagid
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Michael E Ivan
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Ricardo J Komotar
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
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3
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Cheng S, McLaughlin JR, Brown MC, Al-Sawaihey H, Rutka J, Bouffet E, Hawkins C, Cairney AE, Ranger A, Fleming AJ, Johnston D, Greenberg M, Malkin D, Hung RJ. Childhood head trauma and the risk of childhood brain tumours: A case-control study in Ontario, Canada. Int J Cancer 2021; 150:795-801. [PMID: 34520575 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.33805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Head trauma in early childhood has been hypothesized as a potential risk factor for childhood brain tumours (CBTs). However, head trauma has not been extensively studied in the context of CBTs and existing studies have yielded conflicting results. A population-based and hospital-based case-control study of children 0 to 15 years with newly diagnosed CBTs from 1997 to 2003 recruited across Ontario through paediatric oncology centres was conducted. Controls were frequency-matched with cases by age, sex and geographical region. The association was assessed based on multivariable logistic regressions, accounting for child's age, sex, ethnicity, highest level of maternal education and maternal pack-years of smoking during the pregnancy. Analyses were conducted separately based on age of first head trauma, sex and histology. A latency period analysis was conducted. Overall, based on 280 cases and 919 controls, CBTs were not significantly associated with previous history of head trauma (OR 1.34, 95% CI 0.96, 1.86), head trauma severity, number of head injuries, or head or neck X-rays or computed tomography (CT) examinations. Results were consistent across sexes and histological subtypes. However, head trauma within the first year of life was significantly associated with CBTs (OR 2.00, 95% CI 1.01, 3.98), but the association diminished when adjusted for X-ray or CT occurring during the same time period (OR 1.62, 95% CI 0.75, 3.49), albeit limited sample size. Overall, no association was observed between head trauma and CBTs among all children, while head trauma occurring within first year of life may warrant further investigation in future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sierra Cheng
- Prosserman Centre for Population Health Research, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - John R McLaughlin
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - M Catherine Brown
- Prosserman Centre for Population Health Research, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Hamad Al-Sawaihey
- Prosserman Centre for Population Health Research, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - James Rutka
- Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Eric Bouffet
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Cynthia Hawkins
- Division of Pathology, Department of Paediatric Laboratory Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Adrianna Ranger
- Children's Hospital, London Health Sciences Centre, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Adam J Fleming
- McMaster Children's Hospital, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Donna Johnston
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mark Greenberg
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Pediatric Oncology Group of Ontario, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Paediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - David Malkin
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Paediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rayjean J Hung
- Prosserman Centre for Population Health Research, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Lan YL, Zhu Y, Chen G, Zhang J. The Promoting Effect of Traumatic Brain Injury on the Incidence and Progression of Glioma: A Review of Clinical and Experimental Research. J Inflamm Res 2021; 14:3707-3720. [PMID: 34377008 PMCID: PMC8350857 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s325678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of traumatic brain injury in the development of glioma is highly controversial since first presented. This is not unexpected because traumatic brain injuries are overwhelmingly more common than glioma. However, the causes of post-traumatic glioma have been long discussed and still warrant further research. In this review, we have presented an overview of previous cohort studies and case–control studies. We have summarized the roles of microglial cells, macrophages, astrocytes, and stem cells in post-traumatic glioma formation and development, and reviewed various carcinogenic factors involved during traumatic brain injury, especially those reported in experimental studies indicating a relationship with glioma progression. Besides, traumatic brain injury and glioma share several common pathways, including inflammation and oxidative stress; however, the exact mechanism underlying this co-occurrence is yet to be discovered. In this review, we have summarized current epidemiological studies, clinical reports, pathophysiological research, as well as investigations evaluating the probable causes of co-occurrence and treatment possibilities. More efforts should be directed toward elucidating the relationship between traumatic brain injury and glioma, which could likely lead to promising pharmacological interventions towards designing therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Long Lan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China.,Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, People's Republic of China.,Department of Neurosurgery, Shenzhen People's Hospital, Shenzhen, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongjian Zhu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Gao Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianmin Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
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Huntemer-Silveira A, Patil N, Brickner MA, Parr AM. Strategies for Oligodendrocyte and Myelin Repair in Traumatic CNS Injury. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 14:619707. [PMID: 33505250 PMCID: PMC7829188 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.619707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A major consequence of traumatic brain and spinal cord injury is the loss of the myelin sheath, a cholesterol-rich layer of insulation that wraps around axons of the nervous system. In the central nervous system (CNS), myelin is produced and maintained by oligodendrocytes. Damage to the CNS may result in oligodendrocyte cell death and subsequent loss of myelin, which can have serious consequences for functional recovery. Demyelination impairs neuronal function by decelerating signal transmission along the axon and has been implicated in many neurodegenerative diseases. After a traumatic injury, mechanisms of endogenous remyelination in the CNS are limited and often fail, for reasons that remain poorly understood. One area of research focuses on enhancing this endogenous response. Existing techniques include the use of small molecules, RNA interference (RNAi), and monoclonal antibodies that target specific signaling components of myelination for recovery. Cell-based replacement strategies geared towards replenishing oligodendrocytes and their progenitors have been utilized by several groups in the last decade as well. In this review article, we discuss the effects of traumatic injury on oligodendrocytes in the CNS, the lack of endogenous remyelination, translational studies in rodent models promoting remyelination, and finally human clinical studies on remyelination in the CNS after injury.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nandadevi Patil
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Megan A. Brickner
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Ann M. Parr
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
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The Pathophysiology of Post-Traumatic Glioma. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19082445. [PMID: 30126222 PMCID: PMC6121393 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19082445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Revised: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Malignant glioma is a brain tumor with a very high mortality rate resulting from the specific morphology of its infiltrative growth and poor early detection rates. The causes of one of its very specific types, i.e., post-traumatic glioma, have been discussed for many years, with some studies providing evidence for mechanisms where the reaction to an injury may in some cases lead to the onset of carcinogenesis in the brain. In this review of the available literature, we discuss the consequences of breaking the blood–brain barrier and consequences of the influx of immune-system cells to the site of injury. We also analyze the influence of inflammatory mediators on the expression of genes controlling the process of apoptosis and the effect of chemical mutagenic factors on glial cells in the brain. We present the results of experimental studies indicating a relationship between injury and glioma development. However, epidemiological studies on post-traumatic glioma, of which only a few confirm the conclusions of experimental research, indicate that any potential relationship between injury and glioma, if any, is indirect.
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Li QX, Shen YX, Ahmad A, Shen YJ, Zhang YQ, Xu PK, Chen WW, Yu YQ. Mesencephalic Astrocyte-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Prevents Traumatic Brain Injury in Rats by Inhibiting Inflammatory Activation and Protecting the Blood-Brain Barrier. World Neurosurg 2018; 117:e117-e129. [PMID: 29883817 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2018.05.202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Revised: 05/26/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Our previous studies have shown that mesencephalic astrocyte-derived neurotrophic factor (MANF) provides a neuroprotective effect against ischemia/reperfusion injury and is also involved in inflammatory disease models. This study investigates the potential role and mechanism of MANF in acute brain damage after traumatic brain injury (TBI). METHODS The model of TBI was induced by Feeney free falling methods with male Sprague-Dawley rats. The expression of MANF, 24 hours after TBI, was detected by the immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence, Western blot, and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction techniques. After treatment with recombinant human MANF after TBI, assessment was conducted 24 hours later for brain water content, cerebral edema volume in magnetic resonance imaging, neurobehavioral testing, and Evans blue extravasation. Moreover, by the techniques of Western blot and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, the expression of inflammatory cytokines (interleukin 1β and tumor necrosis factor α) and P65 was also analyzed to explore the underlying protective mechanism of MANF. RESULTS At 24 hours after TBI, we found that endogenous MANF was widely expressed in the rat's brain tissues and different types of cells. Treatment with a high dose of recombinant human MANF (20 μg/20 μL) significantly increased the modified Garcia score, and reduced brain water content as well as cerebral edema volume on magnetic resonance imaging. Furthermore, MANF alleviated not only the permeability of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) but also the expressions of interleukin 1β and tumor necrosis factor α messenger RNA and protein. Besides, the activation of P65 was also inhibited. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that MANF provides a neuroprotective effect against acute brain injury after TBI, via attenuating blood-brain barrier disruption and intracranial neuroinflammation; the inhibition of the NF-κB signaling pathway might be a potential mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Xin Li
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu-Xian Shen
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, People's Republic of China; Biopharmaceutical Institute, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, People's Republic of China
| | - Akhlaq Ahmad
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale and School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu-Jun Shen
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, People's Republic of China; Biopharmaceutical Institute, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi-Quan Zhang
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, People's Republic of China
| | - Pei-Kun Xu
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei-Wei Chen
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong-Qiang Yu
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, People's Republic of China.
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8
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Wu X, Ji K, Wang H, Zhao Y, Jia J, Gao X, Zang B. Retracted
: MicroRNA‐339‐3p alleviates inflammation and edema and suppresses pulmonary microvascular endothelial cell apoptosis in mice with severe acute pancreatitis‐associated acute lung injury by regulating Anxa3 via the Akt/mTOR signaling pathway. J Cell Biochem 2018; 119:6704-6714. [DOI: 10.1002/jcb.26859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xing‐Mao Wu
- Intensive Care UnitShengjing Hospital of China Medical UniversityShenyangP.R. China
| | - Kai‐Qiang Ji
- Intensive Care UnitShengjing Hospital of China Medical UniversityShenyangP.R. China
| | - Hai‐Yuan Wang
- Intensive Care UnitShengjing Hospital of China Medical UniversityShenyangP.R. China
| | - Yang Zhao
- Intensive Care UnitShengjing Hospital of China Medical UniversityShenyangP.R. China
| | - Jia Jia
- Intensive Care UnitShengjing Hospital of China Medical UniversityShenyangP.R. China
| | - Xiao‐Peng Gao
- Intensive Care UnitShengjing Hospital of China Medical UniversityShenyangP.R. China
| | - Bin Zang
- Intensive Care UnitShengjing Hospital of China Medical UniversityShenyangP.R. China
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Jiang L, Hu Y, He X, Lv Q, Wang TH, Xia QJ. Breviscapine reduces neuronal injury caused by traumatic brain injury insult: partly associated with suppression of interleukin-6 expression. Neural Regen Res 2017; 12:90-95. [PMID: 28250753 PMCID: PMC5319248 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.198990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Breviscapine, extracted from the herb Erigeron breviscapus, is widely used for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases, cerebral infarct, and stroke, but its mechanism of action remains unclear. This study established a rat model of traumatic brain injury induced by controlled cortical impact, and injected 75 μg breviscapine via the right lateral ventricle. We found that breviscapine significantly improved neurobehavioral dysfunction at 6 and 9 days after injection. Meanwhile, interleukin-6 expression was markedly down-regulated following breviscapine treatment. Our results suggest that breviscapine is effective in promoting neurological behavior after traumatic brain injury and the underlying molecular mechanism may be associated with the suppression of interleukin-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Jiang
- Institute of Neurological Disease, Department of Anesthesiology and Translation Neuroscience Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Yue Hu
- Institute of Neurological Disease, Department of Anesthesiology and Translation Neuroscience Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Xiang He
- Institute of Neurological Disease, Department of Anesthesiology and Translation Neuroscience Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Qiang Lv
- Institute of Neurological Disease, Department of Anesthesiology and Translation Neuroscience Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Ting-Hua Wang
- Institute of Neurological Disease, Department of Anesthesiology and Translation Neuroscience Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Qing-Jie Xia
- Institute of Neurological Disease, Department of Anesthesiology and Translation Neuroscience Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
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