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Kantasrila R, Pandith H, Balslev H, Wangpakapattanawong P, Panyadee P, Inta A. Ethnobotany and phytochemistry of plants used to treat musculoskeletal disorders among Skaw Karen, Thailand. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2024; 62:62-104. [PMID: 38131672 PMCID: PMC10763916 DOI: 10.1080/13880209.2023.2292261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Musculoskeletal system disorders (MSD) are prevalent around the world affecting the health of people, especially farmers who work hard in the field. Karen farmers use many medicinal plants to treat MSD. OBJECTIVE This study collects traditional plant-based remedies used by the Skaw Karen to treat MSD and evaluates their active phytochemical compounds. MATERIALS AND METHODS The ethnobotanical study was conducted in six Karen villages in Chiang Mai province using semi-structured interviews were of 120 informants. The data were analyzed using ethnobotanical indices including use values (UV), choice value (CV), and informant consensus factor (ICF). Consequently, the 20 most important species, according to the indices, were selected for phytochemical analysis using LC-MS/MS. RESULTS A total of 3731 use reports were obtained for 139 species used in MSD treatment. The most common ailments treated with those plants were muscular pain. A total of 172 high-potential active compounds for MSD treatment were identified. Most of them were flavonoids, terpenoids, alkaloids, and steroids. The prevalent phytochemical compounds related to treat MSD were 9-hydroxycalabaxanthone, dihydrovaltrate, morroniside, isoacteoside, lithocholic acid, pomiferin, cucurbitacin E, leonuriside A, liriodendrin, and physalin E. Sambucus javanica Reinw. ex Blume (Adoxaceae), Betula alnoides Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don (Betulaceae), Blumea balsamifera (L.) DC. (Asteraceae), Plantago major L. (Plantaginaceae) and Flacourtia jangomas (Lour.) Raeusch. (Salicaceae) all had high ethnobotanical index values and many active compounds. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS This study provides valuable information, demonstrating low-cost medicine plants that are locally available. It is a choice of treatment for people living in remote areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rapeeporn Kantasrila
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Thailand
- The Botanical Garden Organization, Queen Sirikit Botanic Garden, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | | | - Henrik Balslev
- Department of Biology, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | | | - Prateep Panyadee
- The Botanical Garden Organization, Queen Sirikit Botanic Garden, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Angkhana Inta
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Thailand
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Mando Z, Mando H, Afzan A, Shaari K, Hassan Z, Mohamad Taib MNA, Zakaria F. Biomarker triterpenoids of Centella asiatica as potential antidepressant agents: Combining in vivo and in silico studies. Behav Brain Res 2024; 466:114976. [PMID: 38599249 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2024.114976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
Although there are various treatments available for depression, some patients may experience resistance to treatment or encounter adverse effects. Centella asiatica (C. asiatica) is an ancient medicinal herb used in Ayurvedic medicine for its rejuvenating, neuroprotective and psychoactive properties. This study aims to explore the antidepressant-like effects of the major constituents found in C. asiatica, i.e., asiatic acid, asiaticoside, madecassic acid, and madecassoside at three doses (1.25, 2.5, and 5 mg/kg, i.p), on the behavioural and cortisol level of unpredictable chronic stress (UCS) zebrafish model. Based on the findings from the behavioural study, the cortisol levels in the zebrafish body after treatment with the two most effective compounds were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Furthermore, a molecular docking study was conducted to predict the inhibitory impact of the triterpenoid compounds on serotonin reuptake. The in vivo results indicate that madecassoside (1.25, 2.5, and 5 mg/kg), asiaticoside and asiatic acid (5 mg/kg) activated locomotor behaviour. Madecassoside at all tested doses and asiaticoside at 2.5 and 5 mg/kg significantly decreased cortisol levels compared to the stressed group, indicating the potential regulation effect of madecassoside and asiaticoside on the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis overactivity. This study highlights the potential benefits of madecassoside and asiaticoside in alleviating depressive symptoms through their positive effects on behaviour and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA)- axis in a chronic unpredictable stress zebrafish model. Furthermore, the in silico study provided additional evidence to support these findings. These promising results suggest that C. asiatica may be a valuable and cost-effective therapeutic option for depression, and further research should be conducted to explore its potential benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaynab Mando
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang 11800 USM, Malaysia
| | - Huda Mando
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Drug Control, Arab International University, Daraa, Syrian Arab Republic
| | - Adlin Afzan
- Phytochemistry Unit, Herbal Medicine Research Institute, Institute for Medical Research, National Institutes of Health, Shah Alam 40170, Malaysia
| | - Khozirah Shaari
- Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Products (NaturMeds), Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, 43400, Malaysia
| | - Zurina Hassan
- Centre for Drug Research, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang 11800 USM, Malaysia
| | - Mohamad Nurul Azmi Mohamad Taib
- Natural Products and Synthesis Organic Laboratory (NPSOLab), School of Chemical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Minden, Penang 11800, Malaysia
| | - Fauziahanim Zakaria
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang 11800 USM, Malaysia.
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Bertollo AG, Mingoti MED, de Medeiros J, da Silva GB, Capoani GT, Lindemann H, Cassol J, Manica D, de Oliveira T, Garcez ML, Bagatini MD, Bohnen LC, Junior WAR, Ignácio ZM. Hydroalcoholic Extract of Centella asiatica and Madecassic Acid Reverse Depressive-Like Behaviors, Inflammation and Oxidative Stress in Adult Rats Submitted to Stress in Early Life. Mol Neurobiol 2024:10.1007/s12035-024-04198-1. [PMID: 38703344 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-024-04198-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024]
Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a severe disorder that causes enormous loss of quality of life, and among the factors underlying MDD is stress in maternal deprivation (MD). In addition, classic pharmacotherapy has presented severe adverse effects. Centella asiatica (C. asiatica) demonstrates a potential neuroprotective effect but has not yet been evaluated in MD models. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of C. asiatica extract and the active compound madecassic acid on possible depressive-like behavior, inflammation, and oxidative stress in the hippocampus and serum of young rats submitted to MD in the first days of life. Rats (after the first day of birth) were separated from the mother for 3 h a day for 10 days. When adults, these animals were divided into groups and submitted to treatment for 14 days. After subjecting the animals to protocols of locomotor activity in the open field and behavioral despair in the forced swimming test, researchers then euthanized the animals. The hippocampus and serum were collected and analyzed for the inflammatory cytokines and oxidative markers. The C. asiatica extract and active compound reversed or reduced depressive-like behaviors, inflammation in the hippocampus, and oxidative stress in serum and hippocampus. These results suggest that C. asiatica and madecassic acid have potential antidepressant action, at least partially, through anti-inflammatory and antioxidant profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Gollo Bertollo
- Laboratory of Physiology Pharmacology and Psychopathology, Graduate Program in Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Fronteira Sul, Chapecó, SC, 89815-899, Brazil
| | - Maiqueli Eduarda Dama Mingoti
- Laboratory of Physiology Pharmacology and Psychopathology, Graduate Program in Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Fronteira Sul, Chapecó, SC, 89815-899, Brazil
| | - Jesiel de Medeiros
- Laboratory of Physiology Pharmacology and Psychopathology, Graduate Program in Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Fronteira Sul, Chapecó, SC, 89815-899, Brazil
| | - Gilnei Bruno da Silva
- Multicentric Postgraduate Program in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, State University of Santa Catarina, Lages, SC, Brazil
| | - Giovana Tamara Capoani
- Laboratory of Pharmacognosy, Community University of Chapecó Region, Unochapecó, Chapecó, SC, Brazil
| | - Heloisa Lindemann
- Laboratory of Pharmacognosy, Community University of Chapecó Region, Unochapecó, Chapecó, SC, Brazil
| | - Joana Cassol
- Laboratory of Physiology Pharmacology and Psychopathology, Graduate Program in Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Fronteira Sul, Chapecó, SC, 89815-899, Brazil
| | - Daiane Manica
- Laboratory of Physiology Pharmacology and Psychopathology, Graduate Program in Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Fronteira Sul, Chapecó, SC, 89815-899, Brazil
| | - Tacio de Oliveira
- Laboratory of Physiology Pharmacology and Psychopathology, Graduate Program in Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Fronteira Sul, Chapecó, SC, 89815-899, Brazil
| | - Michelle Lima Garcez
- Department of Clinical Analysis, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Margarete Dulce Bagatini
- Laboratory of Physiology Pharmacology and Psychopathology, Graduate Program in Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Fronteira Sul, Chapecó, SC, 89815-899, Brazil
| | - Lilian Caroline Bohnen
- Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, Community University of Chapecó Region, Unochapecó, Chapecó, SC, Brazil
| | - Walter Antônio Roman Junior
- Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, Community University of Chapecó Region, Unochapecó, Chapecó, SC, Brazil
| | - Zuleide Maria Ignácio
- Laboratory of Physiology Pharmacology and Psychopathology, Graduate Program in Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Fronteira Sul, Chapecó, SC, 89815-899, Brazil.
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Liu Y, Zhao J, Mu X, Deng J, Wu X, He W, Liu Y, Gu R, Han F, Nie X. Asiaticoside-nitric oxide promoting diabetic wound healing through the miRNA-21-5p/TGF-β1/SMAD7/TIMP3 signaling pathway. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 319:117266. [PMID: 37783408 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.117266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Centella asiatica (L.) Urban is an ethnobotanical herb. The main bioactive components of Centella asiatica are pentacyclic triterpenoid glycosides, namely asiaticoside and hydroxyasiaticoside. Asiaticoside possess a diverse array of pharmacological properties, such as wound-healing, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-allergic, antidepressant, anxiolytic, anti-fibrotic, antibacterial, anti-arthritic, anti-tumor, and immunomodulatory activities. AIM OF THE STUDY The purpose of this investigation is to explore potential therapeutic interventions for the delayed healing of wounds in diabetic patients (DW) facilitated by Asiaticoside-Nitric Oxide. To clarify the key molecular mechanism of miRNA-21-5p in DW wound repair and to deepen the understanding of DW disease pathogenesis. MATERIALS AND METHODS Firstly, miRNA microarray technology, bioinformatics, and RT-qPCR were used to analyze DW patients' and normal controls' skin tissue samples. Secondly, in order to investigate the role of miRNA-21-5p, a hyperglycemic model was established using HaCaT cells. Overexpressing as well as interfering HaCaT cell lines were constructed by lentiviral infection to further explore the proliferative and migratory effects of Asiaticoside-Nitric Oxide. The next step was to search for potential target genes of miRNA-21-5p and verify them with dual-luciferase reporter assay. Finally, the expression levels of target genes and proteins were detected through the utilization of RT-qPCR and Western blotting under the influence of Asiaticoside-Nitric Oxide. RESULTS A library of miRNAs and target genes expressed explicitly in DW patients and rats was established. The study confirmed the upregulation of miRNA-21-5p in DW patients and identified its involvement in signaling pathways related to chronic ulcer wound repair. Overexpression of LV-miRNA-21-5p significantly promoted cell proliferation, while treatments of Asiaticoside-Low dose (AC-L) and Asiaticoside-Medium dose (AC-M) enhanced proliferation and migration, particularly when combined with nitroprusside (SNP). Further analysis revealed potential target genes of miRNA-21-5p, such as TGF-β1, SMAD7, and TIMP3. Their interaction with miRNA-21-5p was confirmed through dual luciferase assays. The study found that anti-DW drugs increased the expression of TGF-β1 and SMAD7 while inhibiting TIMP3 expression in a high-glucose environment. CONCLUSIONS The research concluded that miRNA-21-5p plays a crucial role in the delayed healing of diabetic wounds, and that the combination treatment of AC + SNP shows promise in promoting wound healing in DW rats. Target genes, including TGF-β1, SMAD7, and TIMP3, may contribute to the regulatory mechanisms involved in diabetic wound healing. These findings provide valuable insights for developing novel therapeutic approaches for DW.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Liu
- College of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563006, China; Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacalogy of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi, 563006, China
| | - Jiufeng Zhao
- Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563000, China
| | - Xingrui Mu
- College of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563006, China; Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacalogy of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi, 563006, China
| | - Junyu Deng
- College of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563006, China; Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacalogy of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi, 563006, China
| | - Xingqian Wu
- College of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563006, China; Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacalogy of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi, 563006, China
| | - Wenjie He
- College of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563006, China; Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacalogy of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi, 563006, China
| | - Yiqiu Liu
- College of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563006, China; Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacalogy of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi, 563006, China
| | - Rifang Gu
- School Medical Office, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563006, China
| | - Felicity Han
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Xuqiang Nie
- College of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563006, China; Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacalogy of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi, 563006, China; Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia.
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Fukuyama Y, Kubo M, Harada K. Neurotrophic Natural Products. PROGRESS IN THE CHEMISTRY OF ORGANIC NATURAL PRODUCTS 2024; 123:1-473. [PMID: 38340248 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-42422-9_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Neurotrophins (NGF, BDNF, NT3, NT4) can decrease cell death, induce differentiation, as well as sustain the structure and function of neurons, which make them promising therapeutic agents for the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders. However, neurotrophins have not been very effective in clinical trials mostly because they cannot pass through the blood-brain barrier owing to being high-molecular-weight proteins. Thus, neurotrophin-mimic small molecules, which stimulate the synthesis of endogenous neurotrophins or enhance neurotrophic actions, may serve as promising alternatives to neurotrophins. Small-molecular-weight natural products, which have been used in dietary functional foods or in traditional medicines over the course of human history, have a great potential for the development of new therapeutic agents against neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease. In this contribution, a variety of natural products possessing neurotrophic properties such as neurogenesis, neurite outgrowth promotion (neuritogenesis), and neuroprotection are described, and a focus is made on the chemistry and biology of several neurotrophic natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiyasu Fukuyama
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Tokushima, 770-8514, Japan.
| | - Miwa Kubo
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Tokushima, 770-8514, Japan
| | - Kenichi Harada
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Tokushima, 770-8514, Japan
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Holvoet H, Long DM, Yang L, Choi J, Marney L, Poeck B, Maier CS, Soumyanath A, Kretzschmar D, Strauss R. Chlorogenic Acids, Acting via Calcineurin, Are the Main Compounds in Centella asiatica Extracts That Mediate Resilience to Chronic Stress in Drosophila melanogaster. Nutrients 2023; 15:4016. [PMID: 37764799 PMCID: PMC10537055 DOI: 10.3390/nu15184016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Common symptoms of depressive disorders include anhedonia, sleep problems, and reduced physical activity. Drugs used to treat depression mostly aim to increase serotonin signaling but these can have unwanted side effects. Depression has also been treated by traditional medicine using plants like Centella asiatica (CA) and this has been found to be well tolerated. However, very few controlled studies have addressed CA's protective role in depression, nor have the active compounds or mechanisms that mediate this function been identified. To address this issue, we used Drosophila melanogaster to investigate whether CA can improve depression-associated symptoms like anhedonia and decreased climbing activity. We found that a water extract of CA provides resilience to stress induced phenotypes and that this effect is primarily due to mono-caffeoylquinic acids found in CA. Furthermore, we describe that the protective function of CA is due to a synergy between chlorogenic acid and one of its isomers also present in CA. However, increasing the concentration of chlorogenic acid can overcome the requirement for the second isomer. Lastly, we found that chlorogenic acid acts via calcineurin, a multifunctional phosphatase that can regulate synaptic transmission and plasticity and is also involved in neuronal maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Holvoet
- Institut für Entwicklungsbiologie und Neurobiologie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, 55128 Mainz, Germany; (H.H.)
| | - Dani M. Long
- BENFRA Botanical Dietary Supplements Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA (L.Y.); (J.C.); (A.S.)
- Oregon Institute of Occupational Health Sciences, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Liping Yang
- BENFRA Botanical Dietary Supplements Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA (L.Y.); (J.C.); (A.S.)
- Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Jaewoo Choi
- BENFRA Botanical Dietary Supplements Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA (L.Y.); (J.C.); (A.S.)
- Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Luke Marney
- BENFRA Botanical Dietary Supplements Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA (L.Y.); (J.C.); (A.S.)
- Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Burkhard Poeck
- Institut für Entwicklungsbiologie und Neurobiologie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, 55128 Mainz, Germany; (H.H.)
| | - Claudia S. Maier
- BENFRA Botanical Dietary Supplements Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA (L.Y.); (J.C.); (A.S.)
- Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
- Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Amala Soumyanath
- BENFRA Botanical Dietary Supplements Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA (L.Y.); (J.C.); (A.S.)
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Doris Kretzschmar
- BENFRA Botanical Dietary Supplements Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA (L.Y.); (J.C.); (A.S.)
- Oregon Institute of Occupational Health Sciences, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Roland Strauss
- Institut für Entwicklungsbiologie und Neurobiologie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, 55128 Mainz, Germany; (H.H.)
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Tang S, Xie X, Wang M, Wei W. Asiaticoside ameliorates renal ischemia/reperfusion injury by promoting CD4 +CD25 +FOXP3 + treg cell differentiation. Heliyon 2023; 9:e17390. [PMID: 37539103 PMCID: PMC10395025 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e17390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Ischemia/reperfusion injury (I/R) is the major cause of acute kidney injury, which becomes a global health problem. The effects of asiaticoside, as an anti-inflammatory drug, on renal ischemia-reperfusion injury have not been well defined. After the CD4+ cells were treated with asiaticoside, the CD4+CD25+FOXP3+ Treg cell differentiation was detected by flow cytometry. The viability and release of inflammatory factors of CD4+CD25+FOXP3+ Treg cell were detected by CCK-8 and ELISA. Renal I/R injury mice model was established, and the mice were pre-treated with asiaticoside or CD25 antibody or infused with Treg cells. The histological changes of renal tissue were evaluated by Hematoxylin-eosin, PAS, and Masson staining. The renal function markers were evaluated by colorimetry, the release of inflammatory factors was determined by ELISA. The Th17 and Treg cells in the blood and spleen were quantified by flow cytometry. The expressions of FOXP3 and RoR-γt in renal tissues were determined by western blotting. Asiaticoside promoted CD4+CD25+FOXP3+ Treg cell differentiation, increased the cell viability and down-regulated TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6, while up-regulated IL-10 of CD4+CD25+FOXP3+ Treg cells. Moreover, asiaticoside ameliorated the histological damage, decreased the Th17 cells and increased Treg cells, and down-regulated the TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, blood urea nitrogen, serum creatinine, and RoR-γt, while up-regulated IL-10 and FOXP3 of renal I/R injury mice. Effect of asiaticoside on renal I/R injury mice was reversed by CD25 antibody whose role was further reversed by Treg cell infusing. In conclusion, asiaticoside ameliorated renal I/R injury due to promoting CD4+CD25+FOXP3+ Treg cell differentiation.
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Haasbroek-Pheiffer A, Viljoen A, Steenekamp J, Chen W, Hamman J. Permeation of Phytochemicals of Selected Psychoactive Medicinal Plants across Excised Sheep Respiratory and Olfactory Epithelial Tissues. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15051423. [PMID: 37242666 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15051423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The intranasal route of drug administration offers an opportunity to bypass the blood-brain barrier and deliver compounds directly into the brain. Scientific evidence exists for medicinal plants (e.g., Centella asiatica and Mesembryanthemum tortuosum) to treat central nervous system conditions such as anxiety and depression. The ex vivo permeation of selected phytochemicals (i.e., asiaticoside and mesembrine) has been measured across excised sheep nasal respiratory and olfactory tissue. Permeation studies were conducted on individual phytochemicals and C. asiatica and M. tortuosum crude extracts. Asiaticoside exhibited statistically significantly higher permeation across both tissues when applied alone as compared to the C. asiatica crude extract, while mesembrine permeation was similar when applied alone or as M. tortuosum crude extract. Permeation of all the phytocompounds was similar or slightly higher than that of the drug atenolol across the respiratory tissue. Permeation of all the phytocompounds was similar to or slightly lower than that of atenolol across the olfactory tissue. In general, the permeation was higher across the olfactory epithelial tissue than across the respiratory epithelial tissue and therefore showed potential for direct nose-to-brain delivery of the selected psychoactive phytochemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Haasbroek-Pheiffer
- Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences (Pharmacen™), Faculty of Health Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa
| | - Alvaro Viljoen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tshwane University of Technology, Private Bag X680, Pretoria 0001, South Africa
- SAMRC Herbal Drugs Research Unit, Tshwane University of Technology, Pretoria 0001, South Africa
| | - Jan Steenekamp
- Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences (Pharmacen™), Faculty of Health Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa
| | - Weiyang Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tshwane University of Technology, Private Bag X680, Pretoria 0001, South Africa
| | - Josias Hamman
- SAMRC Herbal Drugs Research Unit, Tshwane University of Technology, Pretoria 0001, South Africa
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Behl T, Rana T, Sehgal A, Sharma N, Albarrati A, Albratty M, Makeen HA, Najmi A, Verma R, Bungau SG. Exploring the multifocal role of phytoconstituents as antidepressants. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2023; 123:110693. [PMID: 36509251 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2022.110693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Depression is the most prevalent and devastating neuropsychiatric disorder. There are several conventional antidepressants used for the treatment of depression. But due to their undesired adverse effects, patient compliance is very poor. Thus, developing novel medications for the treatment of depression is a critical strategic priority for meeting therapeutic demands. Current research is looking for alternatives to traditional antidepressants to reduce undesired side effects and increase efficacy. Phytoconstituents provide a wide research range in antidepressant treatments. In the present article, we have conducted a comprehensive assessment of neurological evidence, which supports the usefulness of phytoconstituents in the treatment of the depressive disorder. Secondary plant metabolites including alkaloids, polyphenols, glycosides, saponins, and terpenoids were found to exhibit antidepressant action. Most of the phytoconstituents were found to mediate their antidepressant effect through the upregulation of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), serotonin, noradrenaline, and dopamine. Some were also found to exert antidepressant effects by inhibiting the monoamine oxidase (MAO) activity and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis overactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tapan Behl
- School of Health Sciences and Technology, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Bidholi, Uttarakhand, India.
| | - Tarapati Rana
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India; Government Pharmacy College, Seraj, Mandi, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Aayush Sehgal
- GHG Khalsa College of Pharmacy, Gurusar Sadhar, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
| | - Neelam Sharma
- Department of Pharmaceutics, MM College of Pharmacy, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana-Ambala, Haryana, India
| | - Ali Albarrati
- Rehabilitation Health Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Albratty
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hafiz A Makeen
- Pharmacy Practice Research Unit, Clinical Pharmacy Department, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Asim Najmi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Raman Verma
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
| | - Simona Gabriela Bungau
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, Oradea, Romania; Doctoral School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Oradea, Oradea, Romania
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10
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Chen P, Li X, Yu Y, Zhang J, Zhang Y, Li C, Li J, Li K. Administration Time and Dietary Patterns Modified the Effect of Inulin on CUMS-Induced Anxiety and Depression. Mol Nutr Food Res 2023; 67:e2200566. [PMID: 36811233 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.202200566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
SCOPE Prebiotics exert anxiolytic and antidepressant effects through the microbiota-gut-brain axis in animal models. However, the influence of prebiotic administration time and dietary pattern on stress-induced anxiety and depression is unclear. In this study, whether administration time can modify the effect of inulin on mental disorders within normal and high-fat diets are investigated. METHODS AND RESULTS Mice subjected to chronic unpredicted mild stress (CUMS) are administered with inulin in the morning (7:30-8:00 am) or evening (7:30-8:00 pm) for 12 weeks. Behavior, intestinal microbiome, cecal short-chain fatty acids, neuroinflammatory responses, and neurotransmitters are measured. A high-fat diet aggravated neuroinflammation and is more likely to induce anxiety and depression-like behavior (p < 0.05). Morning inulin treatment improves the exploratory behavior and sucrose preference better (p < 0.05). Both inulin treatments decrease the neuroinflammatory response (p < 0.05), with a more evident trend for the evening administration. Furthermore, morning administration tends to affect the brain-derived neurotrophic factor and neurotransmitters. CONCLUSION Administration time and dietary patterns seem to modify the effect of inulin on anxiety and depression. These results provide a basis for assessing the interaction of administration time and dietary patterns, providing guidance for the precise regulation of dietary prebiotics in neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Chen
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Xiaofang Li
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Ying Yu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Jiaming Zhang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Yingying Zhang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Chunmei Li
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.,Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Food Science, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Jing Li
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.,Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Food Science, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Kaikai Li
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.,Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Food Science, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
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11
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Bandopadhyay S, Mandal S, Ghorai M, Jha NK, Kumar M, Radha, Ghosh A, Proćków J, Pérez de la Lastra JM, Dey A. Therapeutic properties and pharmacological activities of asiaticoside and madecassoside: A review. J Cell Mol Med 2023; 27:593-608. [PMID: 36756687 PMCID: PMC9983323 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.17635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Centella asiatica is an ethnomedicinal herbaceous species that grows abundantly in tropical and sub-tropical regions of China, India, South-Eastern Asia and Africa. It is a popular nutraceutical that is employed in various forms of clinical and cosmetic treatments. C. asiatica extracts are reported widely in Ayurvedic and Chinese traditional medicine to boost memory, prevent cognitive deficits and improve brain functions. The major bioactive constituents of C. asiatica are the pentacyclic triterpenoid glycosides, asiaticoside and madecassoside, and their corresponding aglycones, asiatic acid and madecassic acid. Asiaticoside and madecassoside have been identified as the marker compounds of C. asiatica in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia and these triterpene compounds offer a wide range of pharmacological properties, including neuroprotective, cardioprotective, hepatoprotective, wound healing, anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, anti-allergic, anti-depressant, anxiolytic, antifibrotic, antibacterial, anti-arthritic, anti-tumour and immunomodulatory activities. Asiaticoside and madecassoside are also used extensively in treating skin abnormalities, burn injuries, ischaemia, ulcers, asthma, lupus, psoriasis and scleroderma. Besides medicinal applications, these phytocompounds are considered cosmetically beneficial for their role in anti-ageing, skin hydration, collagen synthesis, UV protection and curing scars. Existing reports and experimental studies on these compounds between 2005 and 2022 have been selectively reviewed in this article to provide a comprehensive overview of the numerous therapeutic advantages of asiaticoside and madecassoside and their potential roles in the medical future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sujata Mandal
- Department of Life SciencesPresidency UniversityKolkataIndia
| | - Mimosa Ghorai
- Department of Life SciencesPresidency UniversityKolkataIndia
| | - Niraj Kumar Jha
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering & TechnologySharda UniversityGreater NoidaIndia,Department of Biotechnology Engineering and Food TechnologyChandigarh UniversityMohaliIndia,Department of Biotechnology, School of Applied & Life Sciences (SALS)Uttaranchal UniversityDehradunIndia
| | - Manoj Kumar
- Chemical and Biochemical Processing DivisionICAR – Central Institute for Research on Cotton TechnologyMumbaiIndia
| | - Radha
- School of Biological and Environmental SciencesShoolini University of Biotechnology and Management SciencesSolanIndia
| | | | - Jarosław Proćków
- Department of Plant Biology, Institute of Environmental BiologyWrocław University of Environmental and Life SciencesWrocławPoland
| | - José M. Pérez de la Lastra
- Instituto de Productos Naturales y Agrobiología (IPNA)Consejo Superior de Investigaciones científicas (CSIS)Santa Cruz de TenerifeSpain
| | - Abhijit Dey
- Department of Life SciencesPresidency UniversityKolkataIndia
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12
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Xia CY, Guo YX, Lian WW, Yan Y, Ma BZ, Cheng YC, Xu JK, He J, Zhang WK. The NLRP3 inflammasome in depression: Potential mechanisms and therapies. Pharmacol Res 2023; 187:106625. [PMID: 36563870 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2022.106625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests that the failure of clinical antidepressants may be related with neuroinflammation. The NOD-, LRR- and pyrin domain-containing protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome is an intracellular multiprotein complex, and has been considered as a key contributor to the development of neuroinflammation. Inhibition of NLRP3 inflammasome is an effective method for depression treatment. In this review, we summarized current researches highlighting the role of NLRP3 inflammasome in the pathology of depression. Firstly, we discussed NLRP3 inflammasome activation in patients with depression and animal models. Secondly, we outlined the possible mechanisms driving the activation of NLRP3 inflammasome. Thirdly, we discussed the pathogenetic role of NLRP3 inflammasome in depression. Finally, we overviewed the current and potential antidepressants targeting the NLRP3 inflammasome. Overall, the inhibition of NLRP3 inflammasome activation may be a potential therapeutic strategy for inflammation-related depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong-Yuan Xia
- Department of Pharmacy & Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing 100029, PR China
| | - Yu-Xuan Guo
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, PR China
| | - Wen-Wen Lian
- Department of Pharmacy & Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing 100029, PR China
| | - Yu Yan
- Department of Pharmacy & Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing 100029, PR China
| | - Bing-Zhi Ma
- Department of Pharmacy & Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing 100029, PR China
| | - Yung-Chi Cheng
- School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Jie-Kun Xu
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, PR China.
| | - Jun He
- Department of Pharmacy & Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing 100029, PR China.
| | - Wei-Ku Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy & Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing 100029, PR China.
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13
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Li DK, Wang GH. Asiaticoside reverses M2 phenotype macrophage polarization-evoked osteosarcoma cell malignant behaviour by TRAF6/NF-κB inhibition. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2022; 60:1635-1645. [PMID: 35989576 PMCID: PMC9415541 DOI: 10.1080/13880209.2022.2109688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT M2 phenotype macrophage polarization is an attractive target for therapeutic intervention. Asiaticoside (ATS) has multiple pharmacological functions. OBJECTIVE This study investigates the effect of ATS on M2 phenotype macrophage polarization in osteosarcoma. MATERIALS AND METHODS The differentiation of human THP-1 monocytes into M0 phenotype macrophages was induced by 100 nM phorbol myristate acetate for 24 h, and treated with 20 ng/mL IL-4 and 20 ng/mL IL-13 for 48 h to obtain M2 phenotype macrophages. The function of ATS on the growth and invasion was investigated by cell counting kit-8, transwell, and western blot under the co-culture of M2 phenotype macrophages and osteosarcoma cells for 24 h. The mechanism of ATS on osteosarcoma was assessed using molecular experiments. RESULTS ATS reduced the THP-1 cell viability with an IC50 of 128.67 μM. Also, ATS repressed the M2 phenotype macrophage polarization induced by IL-4/IL-13, and the effect was most notably at a 40 μM dose. ATS (40 μM) restrained the growth and invasion of osteosarcoma cells induced by M2 phenotype macrophages. In addition, ATS reduced the tumour necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 6 (TRAF6)/NF-κB activity in osteosarcoma cells and the TRAF6 knockdown reduced the growth and invasion of osteosarcoma cells induced by M2 phenotype macrophages. TRAF6 (2 μg/mL) attenuated the inhibitory effect of ATS on the growth and invasion of osteosarcoma cells caused by M2 phenotype macrophages. In vivo studies further confirmed ATS (2.5, 5, or 10 mg/kg) repressed osteosarcoma tumour growth. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS ATS reversed M2 phenotype macrophage polarization-evoked osteosarcoma cell malignant behaviour by reducing TRAF6/NF-κB activity, suggesting ATS might be a promising drug for the clinical treatment of osteosarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dang-ke Li
- Department of Orthopaedics, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Guang-hui Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Qingdao, China
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14
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El-Azma MH, El-Beih NM, El-Shamy KA, Koriem KM, Elkassaby MI, El-Sayed WM. Pumpkin seed oil and zinc attenuate chronic mild stress perturbations in the cerebral cortex of rats. NUTRITION & FOOD SCIENCE 2022; 52:1070-1082. [DOI: 10.1108/nfs-10-2021-0315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
Purpose
This study aims to investigate the potential of pumpkin seed oil (PSO) and zinc to attenuate oxidative stress and neuroinflammation caused by chronic mild stress (CMS) in the cerebral cortex of male rats.
Design/methodology/approach
The rats were submitted to stress for six weeks and then the behavior of the rats was tested by forced swimming test (FST) and novel cage test. The treated groups were given venlafaxine (20 mg/kg), pumpkin seed oil (40 mg/kg) and zinc (4 mg/kg). The cortex homogenate was used for the detection of the oxidative stress parameters, the concentration of neurotransmitters, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin 1β (IL-1β), Na+/K+-ATPase activity, and the expression of histamine N-methyltransferase (Hnmt) and tyrosine hydroxylase (Th).
Findings
CMS causes a significant increase in immobility time in the FST and a significant decrease in the number of rearing in the novel cage test. CMS group showed a significant increase in alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activity, levels of cortisol, TNF-α, IL-1β, nitric oxide and malondialdehyde. CMS caused a significant decrease in the concentrations of serotonin, GABA, norepinephrine, and the activities of glutathione peroxidase, catalase, superoxide dismutase and Na+/K+-ATPase. CMS caused a marked reduction in the expression of Hnmt and Th in the cortex. PSO and zinc attenuated the Na+/K+-ATPase activity, oxidative parameters and neuroinflammation induced by the CMS, and this was reflected by the elevation of the concentration of neurotransmitters and reduction of cortisol and ALT, in addition to the behavior normalization. PSO and zinc attenuated the CMS by improving the antioxidant milieu and anti-inflammatory status of the cerebral cortex.
Originality/value
There are no studies on the effect of pumpkin seed oil on depression
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15
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Tang Y, Wang H, Nie K, Gao Y, Su H, Wang Z, Lu F, Huang W, Dong H. Traditional herbal formula Jiao-tai-wan improves chronic restrain stress-induced depression-like behaviors in mice. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 153:113284. [PMID: 35717786 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Revised: 06/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Jiao-tai-wan (JTW) has been often used to treat insomnia and diabetes mellitus. Recent studies found its antidepressant activity, but the related mechanism is not clear. This study is to evaluate the therapeutic effects of JTW on chronic restraint stress (CRS)-induced depression mice and explore the potential mechanisms. METHODS CRS was used to set up a depression model. Mice in different groups were treated with 0.9 % saline, JTW and fluoxetine. After the last day of CRS, the behavioral tests were conducted. The levels of neurotransmitters, inflammatory cytokines and HPA axis index were detected and the protein expressions of NLRP3 inflammasome complex were determined. H&E, NISSL, TUNEL and immunofluorescence staining were used to observe histopathological changes and the activation of microglia and astrocytes. The potential mechanisms were explored via network pharmacology and verified by Western blot. RESULTS The assessment of liver and kidney function showed that JTW was non-toxic. Behavioral tests proved that JTW can effectively ameliorate depression-like symptoms in CRS mice, which may be related to the inhibition of NLRP3 inflammasome activation. JTW can also improve the inflammatory state and HPA axis hyperactivity in mice, and has a protective effect on CRS-induced hippocampal neurons damage. The network pharmacology analysis and the results of Western blot suggested that the antidepressant effects of JTW may be related to the MAPK signaling pathway. CONCLUSION Our findings indicated that JTW may exert antidepressant effects in CRS-induced mice by inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome activation and improving inflammatory state, and MAPK signaling pathway may also be involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueheng Tang
- Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Hongzhan Wang
- Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Kexin Nie
- Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Yang Gao
- Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Hao Su
- Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Zhi Wang
- Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Fuer Lu
- Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Wenya Huang
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China.
| | - Hui Dong
- Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China.
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16
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Gao F, Yang S, Wang J, Zhu G. cAMP-PKA cascade: An outdated topic for depression? Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 150:113030. [PMID: 35486973 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Depression is a common neuropsychiatric disorder characterized by persistent depressed mood and causes serious socioeconomic burden worldwide. Hyperactivity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, deficiency of monoamine transmitters, neuroinflammation and abnormalities of the gut flora are strongly associated with the onset of depression. The cyclic AMP (cAMP)/protein kinase A (PKA) cascade, a major cross-species cellular signaling pathway, is supposed as important player and regulator of depression onset by controlling synaptic plasticity, cytokinesis, transcriptional regulation and HPA axis. In the central nervous system, the cAMP-PKA cascade can dynamically shape neural circuits by enhancing synaptic plasticity, and affect K+ channels by phosphorylating Kir4.1, thereby regulating neuronal excitation. The reduction of cAMP-PKA cascade affects neuronal excitation as well as synaptic plasticity, ultimately leading to pathological outcome of depression, while activation of cAMP-PKA cascade would provide a rapid antidepressant effect. In this review, we proposed to reconsider the function of cAMP-PKA cascade, especially in the rapid antidepressant effect. Local activation or indirect activation of PKA through adjusting anchor proteins would provide new idea for acute treatment of depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Gao
- Key Laboratory of Xin'an Medicine, the Ministry of Education and Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology (Brain diseases), Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, China
| | - Shaojie Yang
- Key Laboratory of Xin'an Medicine, the Ministry of Education and Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology (Brain diseases), Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, China
| | - Juan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Xin'an Medicine, the Ministry of Education and Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology (Brain diseases), Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, China
| | - Guoqi Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Xin'an Medicine, the Ministry of Education and Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology (Brain diseases), Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, China.
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17
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Inhibition of PDE10A-Rescued TBI-Induced Neuroinflammation and Apoptosis through the cAMP/PKA/NLRP3 Pathway. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2022; 2022:3311250. [PMID: 35463083 PMCID: PMC9019408 DOI: 10.1155/2022/3311250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Phosphodiesterase 10A (PDE10A) is a dual-substrate phosphodiesterase that is highly expressed in the striatal complex. PDE10A is an important target for the treatment of ganglion dysfunction and neuroinflammation-related diseases, but its possible impact on traumatic brain injury (TBI) is still unclear. This study aims to investigate the protective effects of inhibiting PDE10A on neuroinflammation post-TBI injury and its possible molecular mechanism. The expression of PDE10A in rats and HT22 cells was determined by Western blotting. The neurological dysfunction of these rats was detected by Nissl staining, hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining, and Morris water maze test. The activity of HT22 cells was measured by MTT. The findings of this study suggest that PDE10A is highly expressed in the brain tissue of TBI rats and HT22 cells induced by mechanical injury. Inhibition of PDE10A reduces the expression of interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and interleukin 6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) in HT22 cells induced by mechanical injury to inhibit cell apoptosis. Simultaneously, inhibition of PDE10A in TBI rats reduces the time to find a visible platform in the same pool, while cAMP/PKA activator treatment alleviates all of the abovementioned phenomena. Additionally, it is further confirmed that inhibition of PDE10A activates the cAMP/PKA pathway and downregulates the expression of NRLP3. These findings demonstrate that inhibition of PDE10A exerts neuroprotection by inhibiting apoptosis and inflammation following TBI, at least partially by the cAMP/PKA/NLRP3 pathway.
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18
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The protective effect of hypericin on postpartum depression rat model by inhibiting the NLRP3 inflammasome activation and regulating glucocorticoid metabolism. Int Immunopharmacol 2022; 105:108560. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.108560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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19
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Antwi S, Oduro-Mensah D, Asiedu-Larbi J, Oduro-Mensah E, Quasie O, Lewis C, Darko-Obiri D, Ocloo A, Okine LK. Prophylactic or therapeutic administration of Holarrhena floribunda hydro ethanol extract suppresses complete Freund's adjuvant-induced arthritis in Sprague-Dawley rats. J Inflamm (Lond) 2022; 19:3. [PMID: 35248062 PMCID: PMC8897772 DOI: 10.1186/s12950-022-00301-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A hydro ethanol extract of the stem bark of Holarrhena floribunda (HFE) has been shown to be effective in the management of acute inflammation. This study was to evaluate usefulness of the extract for the management of chronic inflammation in a murine model. Methods Arthritis was induced in Sprague-Dawley rats using Complete Freund’s Adjuvant. Anti-arthritic effect of the extract was evaluated in prophylactic and therapeutic treatment models at doses of 50, 200 and 500 mg/kg. Parameters assessed included oedema, serology of inflammatory response, bone tissue histology and haematology. Data were analysed by ANOVA and Tukey’s multiple comparisons post hoc test. Results HFE at 50–500 mg/kg dose-dependently [P ≥ 0.0354 (prophylactic) and P ≥ 0.0001 (therapeutic) inhibited swelling of the injected paw upon prophylactic [≤ 81.26% (P < 0.0001) or therapeutic [≤ 67.92% (P < 0.01) administration — and prevented spread of arthritis to the contralateral paw. The inflammation alleviation activity was further demonstrated by decrease in arthritis score, radiologic score and erythrocyte sedimentation rate. HFE at all doses significantly reduced serum interleukin (IL)-1α (P < 0.0197), and 500 mg/kg HFE reduced IL-6 (P = 0.0032). In contrast, serum concentrations of IL-10, protein kinase A and cyclic adenosine monophosphate were enhanced (P ≤ 0.0436). HFE consistently showed better prophylactic than therapeutic activity. Conclusion HFE strongly suppressed Complete Freund’s Adjuvant-induced arthritis and modulated regulators of inflammation, including IL-1α, − 6 and − 10. Taken together, the data suggest that HFE has potential for use as an agent for modulation of the inflammatory response. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12950-022-00301-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Antwi
- Department of Pharmacology/Toxicology, Centre for Plant Medicine Research, P. O. Box 73, Mampong, Akuapem, Ghana.,Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Daniel Oduro-Mensah
- Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, P. O. Box LG 54, Accra, Ghana. .,West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana.
| | - Jerry Asiedu-Larbi
- Department of Pharmacology/Toxicology, Centre for Plant Medicine Research, P. O. Box 73, Mampong, Akuapem, Ghana
| | | | - Olga Quasie
- Department of Pharmacology/Toxicology, Centre for Plant Medicine Research, P. O. Box 73, Mampong, Akuapem, Ghana
| | - Clara Lewis
- Clinical Research Department, Centre for Plant Medicine Research, P. O. Box 73, Mampong, Akuapem, Ghana
| | - David Darko-Obiri
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Augustine Ocloo
- Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, P. O. Box LG 54, Accra, Ghana.,West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Laud Kenneth Okine
- Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, P. O. Box LG 54, Accra, Ghana.,West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
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20
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Zhang Y, Meng X, Liu K. The modulation of cAMP/PKA pathway by asiaticoside ameliorates high glucose-induced inflammation and apoptosis of retinal pigment epithelial cells. J Bioenerg Biomembr 2022; 54:9-16. [PMID: 35038080 DOI: 10.1007/s10863-021-09929-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Asiaticoside, the major bioactive constituent purified from Centella asiatica, is a pentacyclic triterpene saponin with sugar moieties (glucose-glucose-rhamnose). Its biological activities including anti-inflammation and antioxidant have been widely reported. This study aimed to investigate the role of asiaticoside in diabetic retinopathy (DR). Human retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells ARPE-19 were induced by high glucose. Then, cell survival rate, expression of inflammatory factors, oxidative stress, and apoptosis were measured by MTT method, western blot, oxidative stress detection kits and TUNEL respectively. To uncover the underlying mechanism, the levels of cyclic AMP (cAMP) and protein kinase A (PKA) were measured by Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and PKA activities were detected by the Kemptide phosphorylation assay. Furthermore, cAMP inhibitor SQ22536 was also used to validate the mechanism. Asiaticoside suppressed the inflammation and apoptosis of ARPE-19 cells, and the activities of cAMP and PKA were inhibited upon HG induction while again released after further administration of asiaticoside. However, these effects were all abolished by SQ22536. In conclusion, we have demonstrated in this paper that asiaticoside ameliorates high glucose-induced inflammation and apoptosis of RPE cells by activating cAMP/PKA signaling pathway. asiaticoside-mediated activation of cAMP/PKA signaling pathway may serve as a potential target for the management of DR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixia Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Wanzhou aier eye hospital, Chongqing, 404100, China
| | - Xindan Meng
- Department of Ophthalmology, Wanzhou aier eye hospital, Chongqing, 404100, China
| | - Keyu Liu
- Department of Surgery, Northern Kuanren Hospital, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Yubei District, 69 Renhe Xingguang Avenue, Chongqing, 401120, China.
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21
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Sakamoto S, Zhu X, Hasegawa Y, Karma S, Obayashi M, Alway E, Kamiya A. Inflamed brain: Targeting immune changes and inflammation for treatment of depression. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2021; 75:304-311. [PMID: 34227186 PMCID: PMC8683253 DOI: 10.1111/pcn.13286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Although there are a number of clinically effective treatments for depression, many patients exhibit treatment resistance. Recent clinical and preclinical studies reveal that peripheral and brain immune changes and inflammation are involved in the pathophysiology of depression. This 'Inflamed Brain' research provides critical clues for understanding of disease pathophysiology and many candidate molecules that are potentially useful for identifying novel drug targets for the treatment of depression. In this review, we will present clinical evidence on the role of inflammation in the pathophysiology of depression. We will also summarize current clinical trials which test drugs targeting inflammation for the treatment of patients with depression. Furthermore, we will briefly provide preclinical evidence demonstrating altered immune system function and inflammation in stress-induced animal models and will discuss the future potential of inflammation-related drug targets. Collectively, inflammatory signatures identified in clinical and preclinical studies may allow us to stratify depressive patients based on biotypes, contributing to the development of novel mechanism-based interventions that target specific patient populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinji Sakamoto
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Xiaolei Zhu
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Yuto Hasegawa
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Sadik Karma
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Mizuho Obayashi
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Emily Alway
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Atsushi Kamiya
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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22
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Fregoso DR, Hadian Y, Gallegos AC, Degovics D, Maaga J, Keogh CE, Kletenik I, Gareau MG, Isseroff RR. Skin-brain axis signaling mediates behavioral changes after skin wounding. Brain Behav Immun Health 2021; 15:100279. [PMID: 34589779 PMCID: PMC8474598 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbih.2021.100279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with chronic wounds often have associated cognitive dysfunction and depression with an as yet unknown mechanism for this association. To address the possible causality of skin wounding inducing these changes, behavior and cognitive functions of female C57BL/6 mice with an excisional skin wound were compared to unwounded animals. At six days post wounding, animals exhibited anxiety-like behaviors, impaired recognition memory, and impaired coping behavior. Wounded animals also had concomitant increased hippocampal expression of Tnfa, the pattern recognition receptor (PRR) Nod2, the glucocorticoid receptors GR/Nr3c1 and Nr3c2. Prefrontal cortex serotonin and dopamine turnover were increased on day six post-wounding. In contrast to the central nervous system (CNS) findings, day six post -wounding serum catecholamines did not differ between wounded and unwounded animals, nor did levels of the stress hormone corticosterone, TNFα, or TGFβ. Serum IL6 levels were, however elevated in the wounded animals. These findings provide evidence of skin-to-brain signaling, mediated either by elevated serum IL6 or a direct neuronal signaling from the periphery to the CNS, independent of systemic mediators. Wounding in the periphery is associated with an altered expression of inflammatory mediators and PRR genes in the hippocampus, which may be responsible for the observed behavioral deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel R. Fregoso
- University of California, School of Medicine, Department of Dermatology, Davis, United States
| | - Yasmin Hadian
- University of California, School of Medicine, Department of Dermatology, Davis, United States
| | - Anthony C. Gallegos
- University of California, School of Medicine, Department of Dermatology, Davis, United States
| | - Doniz Degovics
- University of California, School of Medicine, Department of Dermatology, Davis, United States
| | - John Maaga
- University of California, School of Medicine, Department of Dermatology, Davis, United States
| | - Ciara E. Keogh
- University of California, School of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, Davis, United States
| | - Isaiah Kletenik
- Harvard Medical School, Department of Neurology, And Division of Cognitive and Behavioral Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Department of Neurology, United States
| | - Melanie G. Gareau
- University of California, School of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, Davis, United States
| | - R. Rivkah Isseroff
- University of California, School of Medicine, Department of Dermatology, Davis, United States
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23
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Merging the Multi-Target Effects of Kleeb Bua Daeng, a Thai Traditional Herbal Formula in Unpredictable Chronic Mild Stress-Induced Depression. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14070659. [PMID: 34358084 PMCID: PMC8308724 DOI: 10.3390/ph14070659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a common and debilitating psychiatric disease characterized by persistent low mood, lack of energy, hypoactivity, anhedonia, decreased libido, and impaired cognitive and social functions. However, the multifactorial etiology of MDD remains largely unknown due the complex interaction between genetics and environment involved. Kleeb Bua Daeng (KBD) is a Thai traditional herbal formula that has been used to promote brain health. It consists of a 1:1:1 ratio of the aerial part of Centella asiatica, Piper nigrum fruit, and the petals of Nelumbo nucifera. According to the pharmacological activities of the individual medicinal plants, KBD has good potential as a treatment for MDD. The present study investigated the antidepressant activity of KBD in an unpredictable chronic mild stress (UCMS) mouse model. Daily administration of KBD to UCMS mice ameliorated both anhedonia, by increasing 2% sucrose intake, and hopeless behavior, by reducing immobility times in the forced swimming test (FST) and tail suspension test (TST) without any effect on locomotor activity. The mechanism of KBD activity was multi-modal. KBD promoted neurogenesis by upregulation of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and cyclic AMP-responsive element binding (CREB) mRNA expression in the frontal cortex and hippocampus. Daily treatment with KBD significantly reversed UCMS-induced HPA axis dysregulation by upregulating the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) while downregulating serum- and glucocorticoid-inducible kinase 1 (SGK1) and FK506 binding protein 5 (FKBP5) mRNA expression. KBD treatment also normalized proinflammatory cytokine expression including tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-6. KBD and its component extracts also exhibited an inhibitory effect in vitro on monoamine oxidase (MAO) A and B. The multiple antidepressant actions of KBD emphasize its potential as an effective, novel treatment for MDD.
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Amaral IM, Lemos C, Cera I, Dechant G, Hofer A, El Rawas R. Involvement of cAMP-Dependent Protein Kinase in the Nucleus Accumbens in Cocaine Versus Social Interaction Reward. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 22:E345. [PMID: 33396297 PMCID: PMC7794935 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22010345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Evidence suggests that PKA activity in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) plays an essential role in reward-related learning. In this study, we investigated whether PKA is differentially involved in the expression of learning produced by either natural reinforcers or psychostimulants. For that purpose, we inhibited PKA through a bilateral infusion of Rp-cAMPS, a specific PKA inhibitor, directly into the NAc. The effects of PKA inhibition in the NAc on the expression of concurrent conditioned place preference (CPP) for cocaine (drug) and social interaction (natural reward) in rats were evaluated. We found that PKA inhibition increased the expression of cocaine preference. This effect was not due to altered stress levels or decreased social reward. PKA inhibition did not affect the expression of natural reward as intra-NAc Rp-cAMPS infusion did not affect expression of social preference. When rats were trained to express cocaine or social interaction CPP and tested for eventual persisting preference 7 and 14 days after CPP expression, cocaine preference was persistent, but social preference was abolished after the first test. These results suggest that PKA in the NAc is involved in drug reward learning that might lead to addiction and that only drug, but not natural, reward is persistent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inês M. Amaral
- Division of Psychiatry I, Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Medical University Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (I.M.A.); (C.L.); (A.H.)
| | - Cristina Lemos
- Division of Psychiatry I, Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Medical University Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (I.M.A.); (C.L.); (A.H.)
| | - Isabella Cera
- Institute for Neuroscience, Medical University Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (I.C.); (G.D.)
| | - Georg Dechant
- Institute for Neuroscience, Medical University Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (I.C.); (G.D.)
| | - Alex Hofer
- Division of Psychiatry I, Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Medical University Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (I.M.A.); (C.L.); (A.H.)
| | - Rana El Rawas
- Division of Psychiatry I, Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Medical University Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (I.M.A.); (C.L.); (A.H.)
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