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Li G, Wang H, Yang J, Qiu Z, Liu Y, Wang X, Yan H, He D. The protective effects of Lactobacillus SNK-6 on growth, organ health, and intestinal function in geese exposed to low concentration Aflatoxin B1. Poult Sci 2024; 103:103904. [PMID: 38880050 PMCID: PMC11228886 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2024.103904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2024] [Revised: 05/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is a prevalent mycotoxin present in feed ingredients. In this study, we investigated the effects of Lactobacillus salivarius (L. salivarius) on the Landes geese exposed to AFB1. The 300 one-day-old Landes geese were randomly divided into five groups: The control group received a basic diet, while the other groups were fed a basic diet supplemented with 10 μg/kg AFB1, 10 μg/kg AFB1+ 4*108 cfu/g L. salivarius, 50 μg/kg AFB1, and 50 μg/kg AFB1 + 4*108 cfu/g L. salivarius for 63 d. Results showed that high level AFB1 exposure significantly decreased final BW and ADG, increased feed/gain ratio (F/G) and liver index (P < 0.05). L. salivarius improved levels of IL-1, IL-6, and IL-12 under low level of AFB1 exposure (P < 0.05), along with similar trends observed in serum IgA, IgG, IgM, T3, T4, TNF-ɑ, and EDT (P < 0.05). AFB1 exposure reduced jejunum villus high and villus high/crypt depth ratio, and suppressed expression of ZO-1, Occludin, and Claudin-1 mRNA, and significant improved with L. salivarius supplementation under low level AFB1 exposure (P < 0.05). AFB1 significantly increased expression levels of TLR3 and NF-kB1, with supplementation of L. salivarius showing significant improvement under low AFB1 exposure (P < 0.05). Cecal microbiota sequencing revealed that under low level AFB1 exposure, supplementation with L. salivarius increased the abundance of Bacteroidetes and Lactococcus. In summary, supplementation with 4*108 cfu/g L. salivarius under 10 μg/kg AFB1 exposure improved growth performance and immune capacity, enhanced jejunum morphology, reduced liver inflammation, altered the cecal microbial structure, and positively affected the growth and development of geese.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangquan Li
- Institute of Agricultural Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 201100, China
| | - Huiying Wang
- Institute of Agricultural Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 201100, China
| | - Junhua Yang
- Institute for Agricultural Food Standard and Testing, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, China
| | - Zhi Qiu
- Institute for Agricultural Food Standard and Testing, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, China
| | - Yi Liu
- Institute of Agricultural Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 201100, China
| | - Xianze Wang
- Institute of Agricultural Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 201100, China
| | - Huaxiang Yan
- Institute of Agricultural Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 201100, China
| | - Daqian He
- Institute of Agricultural Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 201100, China.
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Nazareth TDM, Soriano Pérez E, Luz C, Meca G, Quiles JM. Comprehensive Review of Aflatoxin and Ochratoxin A Dynamics: Emergence, Toxicological Impact, and Advanced Control Strategies. Foods 2024; 13:1920. [PMID: 38928866 PMCID: PMC11203094 DOI: 10.3390/foods13121920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2024] [Revised: 05/27/2024] [Accepted: 06/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Filamentous fungi exhibit remarkable adaptability to diverse substrates and can synthesize a plethora of secondary metabolites. These metabolites, produced in response to environmental stimuli, not only confer selective advantages but also encompass potentially deleterious mycotoxins. Mycotoxins, exemplified by those originating from Alternaria, Aspergillus, Penicillium, and Fusarium species, represent challenging hazards to both human and animal health, thus warranting stringent regulatory control. Despite regulatory frameworks, mycotoxin contamination remains a pressing global challenge, particularly within cereal-based matrices and their derived by-products, integral components of animal diets. Strategies aimed at mitigating mycotoxin contamination encompass multifaceted approaches, including biological control modalities, detoxification procedures, and innovative interventions like essential oils. However, hurdles persist, underscoring the imperative for innovative interventions. This review elucidated the prevalence, health ramifications, regulatory paradigms, and evolving preventive strategies about two prominent mycotoxins, aflatoxins and ochratoxin A. Furthermore, it explored the emergence of new fungal species, and biocontrol methods using lactic acid bacteria and essential mustard oil, emphasizing their efficacy in mitigating fungal spoilage and mycotoxin production. Through an integrative examination of these facets, this review endeavored to furnish a comprehensive understanding of the multifaceted challenges posed by mycotoxin contamination and the emergent strategies poised to ameliorate its impact on food and feed safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiago de Melo Nazareth
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100 Burjassot, Spain; (E.S.P.); (C.L.); (G.M.); (J.M.Q.)
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3
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Mwabulili F, Xie Y, Sun S, Ma W, Li Q, Yang Y, Jia H, Li X. Thermo-Alkali-Tolerant Recombinant Laccase from Bacillus swezeyi and Its Degradation Potential against Zearalenone and Aflatoxin B 1. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:13371-13381. [PMID: 38809574 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.4c01304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
The enzymatic biodegradation of mycotoxins in food and feed has attracted the most interest in recent years. In this paper, the laccase gene from Bacillus swezeyi was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli BL 21(D3). The sequence analysis indicated that the gene consisted of 1533 bp. The purified B. swezeyi laccase was analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis -12% with an estimated molecular weight of 56.7 kDa. The enzyme is thermo-alkali-tolerant, displaying the optimal degradation of zearalenone (ZEN) and aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) at pH 8 and 9, with incubation temperatures of 55 and 50 °C, respectively, within 24 h. The degradation potentials of the 50 μg of the enzyme against ZEN (5.0 μg/mL) and AFB1 (2.5 μg/mL) were 99.60 and 96.73%, respectively, within 24 h. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study revealing the recombinant production of laccase from B. swezeyi, its biochemical properties, and potential use in ZEN and AFB1 degradation in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fred Mwabulili
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Henan Key Laboratory of Cereal and Oil Food Safety and Nutrition, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China
- Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Mbeya University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 131, Mbeya 53119, Tanzania
| | - Yanli Xie
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Henan Key Laboratory of Cereal and Oil Food Safety and Nutrition, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China
| | - Shumin Sun
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Henan Key Laboratory of Cereal and Oil Food Safety and Nutrition, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China
| | - Weibin Ma
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Henan Key Laboratory of Cereal and Oil Food Safety and Nutrition, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China
| | - Qian Li
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Henan Key Laboratory of Cereal and Oil Food Safety and Nutrition, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China
| | - Yuhui Yang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Henan Key Laboratory of Cereal and Oil Food Safety and Nutrition, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China
| | - Hang Jia
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Henan Key Laboratory of Cereal and Oil Food Safety and Nutrition, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China
| | - Xiao Li
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Henan Key Laboratory of Cereal and Oil Food Safety and Nutrition, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China
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Söylemez T, Yamaç M, Eninanç AB, Yıldız Z. Ochratoxin A biodegradation by Agaricus campestris and statistical optimization of cultural variables. Food Sci Biotechnol 2024; 33:1221-1231. [PMID: 38440684 PMCID: PMC10908693 DOI: 10.1007/s10068-023-01417-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2024] Open
Abstract
The goal of this study is to identify the optimum conditions for ochratoxin A (OTA) biodegradation by the supernatant of Agaricus campestris strain. The Plackett-Burman and Box-Behnken methods were used to determine optimum OTA degradation conditions of Agaricus campestris under various incubation conditions. The Plackett-Burman method was planned through 16 varied experiments with 15 variants. The three most potent variants, sucrose, yeast extract and wheat bran, were selected using the Box-Behnken methodology. Ochratoxin A biodegradation ratio of 46.67% has been specified in only 1 h under ideal growing conditions. This is the first report on the optimization of OTA biodegradation by Agaricus campestris. When compared to previously published articles, it can be asserted that Agaricus campestris has promise based on its OTA biodegradation ratio in only 1 h of reaction time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuncay Söylemez
- Institut Für Lebensmittelchemie, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Universtät Hannover, Callinstraβe 5, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Mustafa Yamaç
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Letters, Eskisehir Osmangazi University, 26040 Eskisehir, Turkey
| | - Ayşe Betül Eninanç
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Letters, Eskisehir Osmangazi University, 26040 Eskisehir, Turkey
| | - Zeki Yıldız
- Department of Statistics, Faculty of Science and Letters, Eskisehir Osmangazi University, 26040 Eskisehir, Turkey
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Miftari I, Imami D, Kaliji SA, Canavari M, Gjokaj E. Analyzing consumer perceptions about food safety by applying the food-related lifestyle approach. Ital J Food Saf 2024; 13:11315. [PMID: 38501065 PMCID: PMC10946301 DOI: 10.4081/ijfs.2024.11315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Food safety standards remain a major concern for consumers, especially in developing and emerging economies, due to gaps in the capacities of food safety enforcement institutions and limited investments from private sector actors. This study analyzes consumer behavior and food safety-related lifestyles in Kosovo, a post-communist emerging economy. Consumer groups were identified according to their food-related lifestyle using the classical 2-stage segmentation approach of factor analysis as well as cluster analysis. The study findings indicate that almost two-thirds of the surveyed consumers are fairly or very concerned about food safety. The results reveal that highly educated female consumers are more concerned about personal health risks, food safety-related content, and related diseases. This study provides interesting insights for food safety policymakers and the agroindustry on how to promote food safety consumer awareness effectively with targeted communication strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iliriana Miftari
- Faculty of Agriculture and Veterinary, University of Prishtina, Kosovo
| | | | - Sina Ahmadi Kaliji
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Italy
| | - Maurizio Canavari
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Italy
| | - Ekrem Gjokaj
- International Business College Mitrovica “IBC-M”, Mitrovicë, Kosovo
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Pierron A, Kleber A, Mayer E, Gerner W. Effect of DON and ZEN and their metabolites DOM-1 and HZEN on B cell proliferation and antibody production. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1338937. [PMID: 38449861 PMCID: PMC10915041 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1338937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction The mycotoxins deoxynivalenol (DON) and zearalenone (ZEN), produced by Fusarium fungi, are frequently found in the cereal-rich diet of pigs and can modulate the immune system. Some enzymes or bacteria present in the digestive tract can de-epoxydize DON to deepoxy-deoxynivalenol (DOM-1) and biotransform ZEN into hydrolyzed ZEN (HZEN). The effects of these metabolites on immune cells, particularly with respect to the vaccine responses, are poorly documented. The aim of this study was to address the impact of DON and ZEN and their respective derivatives, on proliferation, and antibody production of porcine B cells in vitro. Methods Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), isolated from healthy pigs, were stimulated with the Toll-like receptor (TLR) 7/8-agonist Resiquimod (R848) or the TLR/1/2-agonist Pam3Cys-SKKKK in combination with DON [0.1-1.6 µM] or DOM-1 [1.6 µM and 16 µM] and ZEN [2.5-40 µM] or HZEN [40 µM]. Results A strong decrease in B-cell proliferation was observed at DON concentrations equal to or exceeding 0.8 µM and at ZEN concentrations equal to or exceeding 20 µM. Treatment with 1.6 µM DON or 40 µM ZEN led to almost a complete loss of live CD79α+ B cells. Moreover, CD21 expression of proliferating IgG+ and IgM+ B-cell subsets was decreased at DON concentrations equal to and exceeding 0.4 µM and at ZEN concentrations equal to or exceeding 10 µM. ELISpot assays revealed a decrease of IgG-secreting B cells at concentrations of and exceeding 0.4 µM and at ZEN concentrations equal to and exceeding 10 µM. ELISA assays showed a decrease of IgM, IgG, and IgA secretion at concentrations equal to or exceeding 0.4 µM DON. ZEN reduced IgM secretion at 20-40 µM (both R848 and Pam3Cys-SKKKK), IgG secretion at 40 µM (both R848 and Pam3Cys-SKKKK) and IgA secretion at 20-40 µM. Discussion Our in vitro experiments show that while DON and ZEN impair immunoglobulin production and B-cell proliferation, this effect is abrogated by HZEN and DOM-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alix Pierron
- Department of Pathobiology, Institute of Immunology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Alexandra Kleber
- dsm-firmenich, Animal Nutrition and Health R&D Center, Tulln, Austria
| | - Elisabeth Mayer
- dsm-firmenich, Animal Nutrition and Health R&D Center, Tulln, Austria
| | - Wilhelm Gerner
- Department of Pathobiology, Institute of Immunology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
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Guo C, Fan L, Yang Q, Ning M, Zhang B, Ren X. Characterization and mechanism of simultaneous degradation of aflatoxin B 1 and zearalenone by an edible fungus of Agrocybe cylindracea GC-Ac2. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1292824. [PMID: 38414775 PMCID: PMC10897045 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1292824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Contamination with multiple mycotoxins is a major issue for global food safety and trade. This study focused on the degradation of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and zearalenone (ZEN) by 8 types of edible fungi belonging to 6 species, inclulding Agaricus bisporus, Agrocybe cylindracea, Cyclocybe cylindracea, Cyclocybe aegerita, Hypsizygus marmoreus and Lentinula edodes. Among these fungi, Agrocybe cylindracea strain GC-Ac2 was shown to be the most efficient in the degradation of AFB1 and ZEN. Under optimal degradation conditions (pH 6.0 and 37.4°C for 37.9 h), the degradation rate of both AFB1 and ZEN reached over 96%. Through the analysis of functional detoxification components, it was found that the removal of AFB1 and ZEN was primarily degraded by the culture supernatant of the fungus. The culture supernatant exhibited a maximum manganese peroxidase (MnP) activity of 2.37 U/mL. Interestingly, Agrocybe cylindracea strain GC-Ac2 also showed the capability to degrade other mycotoxins in laboratory-scale mushroom substrates, including 15A-deoxynivalenol, fumonisin B1, B2, B3, T-2 toxin, ochratoxin A, and sterigmatocystin. The mechanism of degradation of these mycotoxins was speculated to be catalyzed by a complex enzyme system, which include MnP and other ligninolytic enzymes. It is worth noting that Agrocybe cylindracea can degrade multiple mycotoxins and produce MnP, which is a novel and significant discovery. These results suggest that this candidate strain and its enzyme system are expected to become valuable biomaterials for the simultaneous degradation of multiple mycotoxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changying Guo
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-products, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Test Technology on Food Quality and Safety, Jinan, China
| | - Lixia Fan
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-products, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Test Technology on Food Quality and Safety, Jinan, China
| | - Qingqing Yang
- School of Agricultural Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, China
| | - Mingxiao Ning
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-products, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Test Technology on Food Quality and Safety, Jinan, China
| | - Bingchun Zhang
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-products, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Test Technology on Food Quality and Safety, Jinan, China
| | - Xianfeng Ren
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-products, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Test Technology on Food Quality and Safety, Jinan, China
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8
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Garsow AV, Torres OR, Matute JA, Voss DM, Miyagusuku-Cruzado G, Giusti MM, Kowalcyk BB. Dietary, socioeconomic, and maize handling practices associated with aflatoxin and fumonisin exposure among women tortilla makers in 5 departments in Guatemala. PLOS GLOBAL PUBLIC HEALTH 2024; 4:e0001623. [PMID: 38324582 PMCID: PMC10849247 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgph.0001623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Previous research has demonstrated human exposure to mycotoxins among Guatemalans, with high levels of mycotoxins being found in blood and urine samples as well as in maize for human consumption. Mishandling of crops such as maize during pre- and post-harvest has been associated with mycotoxin contamination. The overarching goal of this study was to identify risk factors for aflatoxin and fumonisin exposure in Guatemala. A cross-sectional survey of 141 women tortilla makers was conducted in the departments of Guatemala, Sololá, Suchitepéquez, Izabal, and Zacapa in February 2022. Maize and tortilla samples were collected and analyzed for aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and fumonisin B1, B2, and B3 contamination (FB1, FB2, FB3). Urine samples were collected and analyzed for urinary FB1 (uFB1) contamination. A questionnaire was administered to collect data on sociodemographic characteristics, dietary intake of maize-based foods the week prior to the study, and maize handling practices. Descriptive statistics were used to describe common maize handling practices. A univariable analysis was conducted to identify predictors of low/high AFB1, total fumonisins, and uFB1. Multivariable logistic regression was used to calculate adjusted odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). During tortilla processing, a reduction in the AFB1 and total fumonisin levels was observed. The presence of AFB1 in maize was associated with department and mean total fumonisin level in maize (OR: 1.705, 95% CI: 1.113-2.613). The department where the tortilleria was located was significantly associated with the presence of fumonisins in tortillas. Increased consumption of Tortrix was significantly associated with the presence of FB1 in urine (OR: 1.652, 95% CI: 1.072-2.546). Results of this study can be used in the development and implementation of supply chain management practices that mitigate mycotoxin production, reduce food waste and economic loss, and promote food security.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariel V. Garsow
- Department of Food Science and Technology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- Center for Foodborne Illness Research and Prevention, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Olga R. Torres
- Laboratorio Diagnóstico Molecular, Guatemala City, Guatemala
- Centro De Investigación en Nutrición y Salud, Guatemala City, Guatemala
| | - Jorge A. Matute
- Laboratorio Diagnóstico Molecular, Guatemala City, Guatemala
- Centro De Investigación en Nutrición y Salud, Guatemala City, Guatemala
| | - Danielle M. Voss
- Department of Food Science and Technology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Gonzalo Miyagusuku-Cruzado
- Department of Food Science and Technology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - M. Monica Giusti
- Department of Food Science and Technology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Barbara B. Kowalcyk
- Department of Food Science and Technology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- Center for Foodborne Illness Research and Prevention, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- Translational Data Analytics Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
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9
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Wang Z, Lv Z, Czabany T, Nagl V, Krska R, Wang X, Han B, Tao H, Liu J, Wang J. Comparison Study of Two Fumonisin-Degrading Enzymes for Detoxification in Piglets. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 16:3. [PMID: 38276527 PMCID: PMC10819594 DOI: 10.3390/toxins16010003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Fumonisins (FBs), particularly fumonisin B1 (FB1) and fumonisin B2 (FB2) produced mainly by Fusarium verticillioide and Fusarium proliferatum, are common contaminants in animal feed and pose a serious threat to both animal and human health. The use of microbial enzymes to efficiently and specifically convert fumonisins into non-toxic or low-toxic metabolites has emerged as the most promising approach. However, most of the available enzymes have only been evaluated in vitro and lack systematic evaluation in vivo. In this study, the detoxification efficacy of two carboxylesterases, FumD (FUMzyme®) and FumDSB, was evaluated comparatively in piglets. The results show that feeding piglets 4.4 mg/kg FBs-contaminated diets for 32 days did not significantly affect the average daily gain, organ indices, and immunoglobulins of the piglets. However, a significant reduction (21.2%) in anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-4 was observed in the FBs group, and supplementation with FUMzyme® and FumDSB significantly increased interleukin-4 by 62.1% and 28.0%, respectively. In addition, FBs-contaminated diets resulted in a 3-fold increase in the serum sphinganine/sphingosine (Sa/So) ratio, which is a specific biomarker that has been used to accurately reflect fumonisin levels. The serum Sa/So ratio was significantly reduced by 48.8% after the addition of FUMzyme®, and was insignificantly reduced by 8.2% in the FumDSB group. These results suggested that FUMzyme was more effective than FumDSB in mitigating FBs toxicity in piglets by down-regulating the Sa/So ratio.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenlong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Feed Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 12 Zhongguancun South Street, Beijing 100081, China; (Z.W.)
- Laboratory of Pet Nutrition and Food, Institute of Feed Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 12 Zhongguancun South Street, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Zonghao Lv
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Feed Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 12 Zhongguancun South Street, Beijing 100081, China; (Z.W.)
- Laboratory of Pet Nutrition and Food, Institute of Feed Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 12 Zhongguancun South Street, Beijing 100081, China
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, No. 1 Furong District, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Tibor Czabany
- dsm-firmenich, Animal Nutrition and Health R&D Center, Technopark 1, 3430 Tulln, Austria (V.N.)
| | - Veronika Nagl
- dsm-firmenich, Animal Nutrition and Health R&D Center, Technopark 1, 3430 Tulln, Austria (V.N.)
| | - Rudolf Krska
- Department of Agrobiotechnology IFA-Tulln, Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro-Metabolomics, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Konrad-Lorenz-Str. 20, 3430 Tulln, Austria;
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queens University Belfast, University Road, Belfast BT7 1NN, UK
- Austrian Competence Centre for Feed and Food Quality, Safety & InnovationFFoQSI GmbH, Konrad-Lorenz-Str. 20, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Xiumin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Feed Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 12 Zhongguancun South Street, Beijing 100081, China; (Z.W.)
- Laboratory of Pet Nutrition and Food, Institute of Feed Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 12 Zhongguancun South Street, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Bing Han
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Feed Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 12 Zhongguancun South Street, Beijing 100081, China; (Z.W.)
- Laboratory of Pet Nutrition and Food, Institute of Feed Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 12 Zhongguancun South Street, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Hui Tao
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Feed Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 12 Zhongguancun South Street, Beijing 100081, China; (Z.W.)
- Laboratory of Pet Nutrition and Food, Institute of Feed Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 12 Zhongguancun South Street, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Jie Liu
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Feed Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 12 Zhongguancun South Street, Beijing 100081, China; (Z.W.)
- Laboratory of Pet Nutrition and Food, Institute of Feed Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 12 Zhongguancun South Street, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Jinquan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Feed Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 12 Zhongguancun South Street, Beijing 100081, China; (Z.W.)
- Laboratory of Pet Nutrition and Food, Institute of Feed Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 12 Zhongguancun South Street, Beijing 100081, China
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10
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Hou S, Ma J, Cheng Y, Wang Z, Yan Y. Overview-gold nanoparticles-based sensitive nanosensors in mycotoxins detection. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2023; 63:11734-11749. [PMID: 35916760 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2095973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Food-borne mycotoxins is one of the food safety concerns in the world. At present, nanosensors are widely used in the detection and analysis of mycotoxins due to their high specificity and sensitivity. In nanosensor-based mycotoxindetections, the sensitivity is mainly improved from two aspects. On the one hand, based on the principle of immune response, antigens and antibodies can be modified and developed. Such as single-domain heavy chain antibodies, aptamers, peptides, and antigen mimotopes. On the other hand, improvements and innovations have been made on signal amplification materials, including gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), quantum dots, and graphene, etc. Among them, gold nanoparticles can not only be used as a signal amplification material, but also can be used as carriers for identification elements, which can be used for signal amplification in detection. In this article, we systematically summarized the emerging strategies for enhancing the detection sensitivity of traditional gold nanoparticles-based nanosensors, in terms of recognition elements and signal amplification. Representative examples were selected to illustrate the potential mechanism of each strategy in enhancing the colorimetric signal intensity of AuNP and its potential application in biosensing. Finally, our review suggested the challenges and future prospects of gold particles in detection of mycotoxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silu Hou
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jingjiao Ma
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuqiang Cheng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhaofei Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yaxian Yan
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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Yao F, Zhao M, Du Y, Chang G, Li C, Zhu R, Cai C, Shao S. Transcriptome Analysis of Deoxynivalenol (DON)-Induced Hepatic and Intestinal Toxicity in Zebrafish: Insights into Gene Expression and Potential Detoxification Pathways. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:594. [PMID: 37888625 PMCID: PMC10611307 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15100594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The effects of deoxynivalenol (DON, 50 µg/mL) on the zebrafish liver and intestine were studied. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) from mRNA and lncRNA were analyzed by RNA seq. Gene Ontology (GO) and signaling pathways were studied where the top 30 DEGs of each type of RNA were involved. The results showed there were 2325 up-regulated and 934 down-regulated DEGs of lncRNA in the intestinal tract, and 95 up-regulated genes and 211 down-regulated genes in the liver, respectively. GO functional annotation analysis showed that lncRNA was enriched in the biological processes, involving the RNA splicing, CSF1-CSF1R complexes, and MAP kinase activity. DEGs of lncRNA located in the KEGG signal pathways include the C-type lectin receptor signaling and the NOD-like receptor signaling pathways. Metabolism involves the biosynthesis of indole alkaloids, cancer pathways for human disease, MAPK and Rap1signaling pathways for environmental information processing, necroptosis and focal adhesion for cell processes. The mRNA gene expression analysis showed there were 1939 up-regulated, 1172 down-regulated genes and 866 up-regulated, 1211 down-regulated genes in the intestine and liver of zebrafish, respectively. This study provides transcriptome analysis and toxicological investigation of DON in the zebrafish liver and intestine, offering insights into gene expression patterns and potential detoxification pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Yao
- College of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, Hangzhou 310023, China; (F.Y.); (M.Z.); (Y.D.); (G.C.); (C.L.); (R.Z.)
| | - Miaomiao Zhao
- College of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, Hangzhou 310023, China; (F.Y.); (M.Z.); (Y.D.); (G.C.); (C.L.); (R.Z.)
| | - Yaowen Du
- College of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, Hangzhou 310023, China; (F.Y.); (M.Z.); (Y.D.); (G.C.); (C.L.); (R.Z.)
| | - Guoli Chang
- College of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, Hangzhou 310023, China; (F.Y.); (M.Z.); (Y.D.); (G.C.); (C.L.); (R.Z.)
| | - Chuanpeng Li
- College of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, Hangzhou 310023, China; (F.Y.); (M.Z.); (Y.D.); (G.C.); (C.L.); (R.Z.)
| | - Ruiyu Zhu
- College of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, Hangzhou 310023, China; (F.Y.); (M.Z.); (Y.D.); (G.C.); (C.L.); (R.Z.)
| | - Chenggang Cai
- College of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, Hangzhou 310023, China; (F.Y.); (M.Z.); (Y.D.); (G.C.); (C.L.); (R.Z.)
| | - Suqing Shao
- Guelph Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Guelph, ON N1G 5C9, Canada
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Stoev SD. Foodborne Diseases Due to Underestimated Hazard of Joint Mycotoxin Exposure at Low Levels and Possible Risk Assessment. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:464. [PMID: 37505733 PMCID: PMC10467111 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15070464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The subject of this review paper is to evaluate the underestimated hazard of multiple mycotoxin exposure of animals/humans for the appearance of foodborne ailments and diseases. The significance of joint mycotoxin interaction in the development of foodborne diseases is discussed, and appropriate conclusions are made. The importance of low feed/food levels of some target mycotoxins co-contaminations in food and feedstuffs for induction of target foodborne mycotoxicoses is also studied in the available literature. The appropriate hygiene control and the necessary risk assessment in regard to possible hazards for animals and humans are also discussed, and appropriate suggestions are made. Some internationally recognized prophylactic measures, management of the risk, and the necessity of elaboration of new international regulations in regard to the maximum permitted levels are also carefully discussed and analysed in the cases of multiple mycotoxin contaminations. The necessity of harmonization of mycotoxin regulations and control measures at international levels is also discussed in order to facilitate food trade between the countries and to ensure global food safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stoycho D Stoev
- Department of General and Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Trakia University, Students Campus, 6000 Stara Zagora, Bulgaria
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Kleber A, Gruber-Dorninger C, Platzer A, Payet C, Novak B. Effect of Fungicide Treatment on Multi-Mycotoxin Occurrence in French Wheat during a 4-Year Period. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:443. [PMID: 37505712 PMCID: PMC10467151 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15070443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Wheat represents one of the most widely consumed cereals worldwide. Cultivated in winter and spring, it is vulnerable to an array of different pathogens, including fungi, which are managed largely through the in-field application of fungicides. During this study, a 4-year field investigation (2018-2021) was performed in France, aiming to assess the efficacy of fungicide treatment to reduce mycotoxin contamination in common and durum wheat. Several different commercially available fungicides were applied via sprayers. Concentrations of mycotoxins and fungal metabolites in wheat were determined using a multi-analyte liquid-chromatography-tandem-mass-spectrometry-based method. The highest contamination levels and strongest effects of fungicides were observed in 2018, followed by 2021. A significant fungicide-mediated reduction was observed for the trichothecenes deoxynivalenol, deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside, nivalenol, and nivalenol-3-glucoside. Furthermore, fungicide treatment also reduced levels of culmorin and its hydroxy metabolites 5- and 15-hydroxy-culmorin, as well as aurofusarin. Interestingly, the Alternaria metabolite infectopyron was increased following fungicide treatment. In conclusion, fungicide treatment was effective in reducing mycotoxin levels in wheat. However, as complete prevention of mycotoxin contamination was not achieved, fungicide treatment should always be combined with other pre- and post-harvest mycotoxin mitigation strategies to improve food and feed safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Kleber
- DSM-BIOMIN Research Center, 3430 Tulln, Austria; (C.G.-D.); (A.P.); (B.N.)
| | | | - Alexander Platzer
- DSM-BIOMIN Research Center, 3430 Tulln, Austria; (C.G.-D.); (A.P.); (B.N.)
| | | | - Barbara Novak
- DSM-BIOMIN Research Center, 3430 Tulln, Austria; (C.G.-D.); (A.P.); (B.N.)
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14
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Dänicke S, Carlson L, Heymann AK, Grümpel-Schlüter A, Doupovec B, Schatzmayr D, Streit B, Kersten S, Kluess J. Inactivation of zearalenone (ZEN) and deoxynivalenol (DON) in complete feed for weaned piglets: Efficacy of ZEN hydrolase ZenA and of sodium metabisulfite (SBS) as feed additives. Mycotoxin Res 2023:10.1007/s12550-023-00486-2. [PMID: 37249806 PMCID: PMC10393848 DOI: 10.1007/s12550-023-00486-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Female pigs respond sensitive both to DON and ZEN with anorexia and endocrine disruption, respectively, when critical diet concentrations are exceeded. Therefore, the frequent co-contamination of feed by DON and ZEN requires their parallel inactivation. The additive ZenA hydrolyzes ZEN while SBS inactivates DON through sulfonation. Both supplements were simultaneously added (+, 2.5 g SBS and 100 U ZenA/kg) to a control diet (CON-, 0.04 mg DON and < 0.004 mg ZEN/kg; CON+, 0.03 mg DON and < 0.004 mg ZEN/kg) and a Fusarium toxin contaminated diet (FUS-, 2.57 mg DON and 0.24 mg ZEN/kg; FUS+, 2.04 mg DON and 0.24 mg ZEN/kg). The 4 diets were fed to 20 female weaned piglets each (6 kg initial body weight) for 35 days; the piglets were sacrificed thereafter for collecting samples. Supplements improved performance and modified metabolism and hematology independent of dietary DON contamination. The mechanisms behind these changes could not be clarified and require further consideration. SBS reduced DON concentration in feed by approximately 20% and to the same extent in blood plasma and urine suggesting that no further DON sulfonate formation occurred in the digestive tract before absorbing DON in the upper digestive tract or that additionally formed DON sulfonates escaped absorption. DON sulfonates were detected in feces suggesting that unabsorbed DON sulfonates reached feces and/or that unabsorbed DON was sulfonated in the hindgut. The observed reduction rate of 20% was evaluated to be insufficient for feeding practice. Galenic form of SBS added to dry feed needs to be improved to support the DON sulfonation in the proximal digestive tract.ZenA was active in the digestive tract as demonstrated by the presence of its hydrolyzed none-estrogenic reaction products hydrolyzed ZEN (HZEN) and decarboxylated and hydrolyzed ZEN (DHZEN) both in feces, systemic circulation, and urine of group FUS+ compared to group FUS-. The presence of these hydrolysis products was paralleled by a significant decrease in high-estrogenic ZEN concentrations which, in turn, was related to a decrease in relative weights of uteri and ovaries when compared to group FUS-. Thus, ZenA was proven to be effective; both in terms of biomarkers and biological effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven Dänicke
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, 38116, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Linn Carlson
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, 38116, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Ann-Katrin Heymann
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, 38116, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Angelika Grümpel-Schlüter
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, 38116, Braunschweig, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Susanne Kersten
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, 38116, Braunschweig, Germany.
| | - Jeannette Kluess
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, 38116, Braunschweig, Germany
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Kihal A, Rodríguez-Prado M, Calsamiglia S. The efficacy of mycotoxin binders to control mycotoxins in feeds and the potential risk of interactions with nutrient: a review. J Anim Sci 2022; 100:skac328. [PMID: 36208465 PMCID: PMC9685567 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skac328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxicosis are a common problem in livestock, where a group of six major mycotoxins represents a high risk for animal health and production profits. Mycotoxin binders (MTB) can reduce the mycotoxin burden in the gastrointestinal tract of the animal. Mycotoxin binders are classified in inorganic, as clays and activated carbon (AC), and organic, as yeast cell wall (YCW) and micro-ionized fibers. The adsorption of mycotoxins into MTB is due to: 1) chemical interactions where the cation exchange capacity involves different types of bounds like ion-dipole, Van der Walls forces, or hydrogen bonds; and 2) to physical characteristics of MTB like pore size, or mycotoxin structure and shape. The adsorption capacity of MTB is determined using different in vitro tests that mimic the gastrointestinal tract of the animals. A literature search was conducted to identify in vitro research where the efficacy of adsorption of MTB was determined. The search was based on 8 MTB [AC, bentonite, clinoptilolite, hydrated sodium calcium aluminosilicate (HSCAS), montmorillonite (MMT), sepiolite, YCW and zeolite] and 6 mycotoxins [aflatoxin (AF), deoxynivalenol (DON), fumonisin (FUM), ochratoxin (OTA), T-2 toxin and zearalenone (ZEA)]. Sixty-eight papers with 1842 data were selected and analyzed with the PROC MIXED of SAS. The response variable was the percentage mycotoxins adsorption by MTB, and the model included the fixed effects of MTB, mycotoxins, incubation media, pH and their interactions, and the random effect of the study. Differences were considered significant when P < 0.05 and with tendency when 0.05 < P < 0.10. The mycotoxins adsorption capacity was 83% ± 1.0 for AC, 76% ± 3.1 for MMT, 62% ± 1.0 for bentonite, 55% ± 1.9 for HSCAS, 52% ± 9.1 for sepiolite, 52% ± 4.3 for clinoptilolite and 44% ± 0.4 for YCW. For mycotoxins, the adsorption of AF was 76% ± 0.6, for FUM was 50% ± 1.8, for OTA was 42% ± 1.0, for ZEA was 48% ± 1.1, for DON was 35% ± 1.6, and for T-2 was 27% ± 2.8. The pH affected the adsorption capacity of YCW with higher adsorption at low pH, and the adsorption of OTA and ZEA, where OTA adsorption tended to be lower at intermediate pH, and adsorption of ZEA tended to be higher at the two-steps pH. The potential adsorption of some essential nutrients, including amino acids and vitamins, should also be considered. Results should be used as a guide in the selection of the appropriate mycotoxin binder based on the predominant mycotoxin in feeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdelhacib Kihal
- Animal Nutrition and Welfare Service, Departament de Ciència Animal i dels Aliments, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - María Rodríguez-Prado
- Animal Nutrition and Welfare Service, Departament de Ciència Animal i dels Aliments, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Sergio Calsamiglia
- Animal Nutrition and Welfare Service, Departament de Ciència Animal i dels Aliments, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
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Osaili TM, Al-Abboodi AR, Awawdeh MAL, Jbour SAM. Assessment of mycotoxins (deoxynivalenol, zearalenone, aflatoxin B 1 and fumonisin B 1) in hen's eggs in Jordan. Heliyon 2022; 8:e11017. [PMID: 36325142 PMCID: PMC9618984 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e11017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study was carried out to evaluate the prevalence of mycotoxins (Deoxynivalenol (DON), Zearalenone (ZEA), Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and Fumonisin B1 (FB1)) in local hen's table eggs (white and yolk) as well as their stability upon refrigeration. Two hundred and fifty of fresh table eggs samples collected from Jordan governorates were analyzed using Liquid Chromatography- Mass Spectrophotometry (LC– MS/MS) More than half (67%) of the tested samples were positive for mycotoxins. The mean concentration of AFB1, FB1 and ZEA was 0.5 ± 0.4, 0.5 ± 0.2 and 3.2 ± 1.5 μg/kg, respectively. The overall prevalence of AFB1, ZEA, FB1 was 56.8, 16.0 and 7.6%, respectively. DON was not found in any of the samples. The highest prevalence was observed in Amman (85.7%) followed by Mafraq (78.6%), Karak (75.0%) and Zarqa'a (66.6%). None of the investigated mycotoxins were detected in egg whites. However, the prevalence of AFB1, ZEA, FB1 in egg yolk was 21.3, 16 and 7.6%, respectively. Refrigeration up to 4 weeks did not decrease the mycotoxin concentration significantly. Mycotoxin concentration in all investigated samples in this study were well below both the International and Jordanian acceptable limits. However, continuous exposure may lead to bioaccumulation over a long term and pose a threat to health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tareq M. Osaili
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, College of Health Sciences, University of, Sharjah, P. O. Box 27272 Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
- Department of Nutrition and Food Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Jordan University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 3030, Irbid 22110, Jordan
- Corresponding author.
| | - Akram R. Al-Abboodi
- Department of Pathology and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 3030, Irbid 22110, Jordan
| | - Mofleh AL. Awawdeh
- Department of Pathology and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 3030, Irbid 22110, Jordan
| | - Samah Aref M.AL. Jbour
- Department of Pathology and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 3030, Irbid 22110, Jordan
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Tyska D, Mallmann AO, Simões CT, da Silva CR, Gressler LT, Mallmann CA. Prediction of fumonisins B 1 and B 2 in corn distiller's dried grains with solubles through near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2022; 102:4514-4521. [PMID: 35122263 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.11806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Distiller's dried grains with solubles (DDGS) are coproducts of the biofuel industries that use corn as raw material. This cereal is commonly contaminated by mycotoxins, including fumonisins (FBs), which can pose a serious health threat to humans and animals. Corn DDGS are typically used as a protein-rich animal feed. As mycotoxins from the original cereal grains become concentrated in DDGS, mycotoxicological monitoring is highly required before their use as ingredient in the industry. RESULTS This work aimed to develop a methodology for predicting fumonisins B1 (FB1 ) and B2 (FB2 ) in corn DDGS using near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) technology associated with chemometric methods. One hundred and ninety corn DDGS samples originating from Brazilian ethanol plants and feed mills were included in this assessment. Two datasets were created: one for calibration (132 samples) and another for external validation (58 samples). Partial least squares regression and a cross-validation approach were applied to build the models. Liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry was used as the reference methodology. Calibration results of correlation coefficient and residual prediction deviation for FB1 and FB2 were, respectively, 0.90 and 0.88; and 2.16 and 2.06. CONCLUSION Values of the external validation dataset were compared and no statistical difference was found between groups, indicating a satisfactory predictive ability and confirming the potential of NIRS to predict fumonisins in corn DDGS. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denize Tyska
- Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Laboratory of Mycotoxicological Analyses (LAMIC), Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | | | - Cristina Tonial Simões
- Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Laboratory of Mycotoxicological Analyses (LAMIC), Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Cristiane Rosa da Silva
- Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Laboratory of Mycotoxicological Analyses (LAMIC), Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | | | - Carlos Augusto Mallmann
- Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Laboratory of Mycotoxicological Analyses (LAMIC), Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
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Isorhamnetin protects zearalenone-induced damage via the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway in porcine ovarian granulosa cells. ANIMAL NUTRITION 2022; 11:381-390. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2022.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Aasa A, Fru F, Adelusi O, Oyeyinka S, Njobeh P. A review of toxigenic fungi and mycotoxins in feeds and food commodities in West Africa. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2022. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2021.2766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Fungal contamination is a threat to food safety in West Africa with implications for food and feed due to their climate, which is characterised by high temperatures and high relative humidity, which are environmental favourable for fast fungal growth and mycotoxin production. This report gives perspective on studies on toxigenic fungi (Aspergillus, Fusarium and Penicillium) and their toxins, mainly aflatoxins, fumonisins and ochratoxins commonly found in some West African countries, including Benin, Burkina Faso, Gambia, Ghana, Ivory Coast, Mali, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, and Togo. Only four of these countries have mycotoxins regulations in place for feeds and food products (Ghana, Ivory Coast, Nigeria, and Senegal). Food commodities that are widely consumed and were thoroughly investigated in this region include cereals, peanuts, cassava chips (flakes), cassava flour, chilies, peanuts, locust beans, melon, and yam products. In conclusion, authorities and scientists needed to consider research and approaches to monitor mycotoxins in foods and feeds produced and consumed in West Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- A.O. Aasa
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Technology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 17011, Doornfontein 2028, South Africa
| | - F.F. Fru
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Technology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 17011, Doornfontein 2028, South Africa
| | - O.A. Adelusi
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Technology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 17011, Doornfontein 2028, South Africa
| | - S.A. Oyeyinka
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Technology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 17011, Doornfontein 2028, South Africa
| | - P.B. Njobeh
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Technology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 17011, Doornfontein 2028, South Africa
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Hao W, Li A, Wang J, An G, Guan S. Mycotoxin Contamination of Feeds and Raw Materials in China in Year 2021. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:929904. [PMID: 35847652 PMCID: PMC9281542 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.929904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In this research, we performed a large-scale survey of mycotoxin contamination in several feed commodities and assessed regional differences in mycotoxin occurrence in maize across China in 2021. Concentrations of aflatoxins, zearalenone (ZEN), fumonisins, and trichothecenes type B were analyzed in 2,643 raw material and compound feed samples collected from eight provinces. Generally, trichothecenes type B, fumonisins, and ZEN were most prevalent and detected in averages of positive concentrations at 1,167, 1,623, and 204 μg/kg, respectively. In the new season maize, samples were also seriously infested with trichothecenes type B, fumonisins, and ZEN, and their averages of positive concentrations were 1,302, 2,518, and 225 μg/kg, respectively. Wheat was commonly contaminated with trichothecenes type B and ZEN, and the highest concentration levels of trichothecenes type B, fumonisins, and ZEN were all detected in the samples from maize by-products. Among the different geographical regions, distinct trends were observed in new season maize. Samples from Shandong province were highly contaminated with trichothecenes type B, fumonisins, and ZEN, while special attention should be paid to aflatoxins and fumonisins in Anhui and Jiangsu provinces in East China. In addition, the present survey showed that compound feeds and raw materials are commonly contaminated by multiple mycotoxins. Trichothecenes type B and ZEN concentrations were correlated significantly in this survey.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Hao
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Health, DSM (China) Co., Ltd, Shanghai, China
| | - Anping Li
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Health, DSM (China) Co., Ltd, Shanghai, China
| | - Jinyong Wang
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Health, DSM (China) Co., Ltd, Shanghai, China
| | - Gang An
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Health, DSM (China) Co., Ltd, Shanghai, China
| | - Shu Guan
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Health, DSM Singapore Industrial Pte Ltd, Singapore, Singapore
- *Correspondence: Shu Guan
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21
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Determination of Fumonisins in Grains and Poultry Feedstuffs in Croatia: A 16-Year Study. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14070444. [PMID: 35878182 PMCID: PMC9318733 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14070444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Fumonisins are a group of closely related mycotoxins produced by Fusarium, Alternaria alternata and Aspergillus species. Their occurrence is correlated with various factors during growth, processing and storage. Fumonisins occurrence data in the literature mainly include the B group of fumonisins (FB1 & FB2) in raw materials, showing high frequency of positive samples in a wide range of concentrations. In this study, a total of 933 grains (63.7%) and poultry feed (36.3%) samples, collected in the 16-year period (2006–2021), were analysed with commercial enzyme-linked-immunosorbent assay for detection of three fumonisins (FB1, FB2 & FB3). All positive and suspect samples were confirmed with high-performance-liquid-chromatography method with fluorescence detection. Overall, we have determined high occurrence of FBs in grains and poultry feed in all tested years, while the lowest occurrence was determined in 2019, followed by 2009 and 2008. Although, contamination levels varied from year-to-year, majority of analyzed samples in all tested years were around 1 mg/kg, while the maximum values varied from 3 mg/kg to 22.23 mg/kg. This study highlights the importance of regular monitoring of raw materials and understanding of the fate of FBs in the food chain in order to avoid undesirable health effects in animals and accompanied economic losses.
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Barakat S, Swaileh KM. Fungal contamination, aflatoxigenic fungi and levels of aflatoxin B1 in spices marketed in the West Bank of Palestine. FOOD ADDITIVES & CONTAMINANTS. PART B, SURVEILLANCE 2022; 15:245-253. [PMID: 35668559 DOI: 10.1080/19393210.2022.2085330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Ninety-seven spices of seven different types were collected from different retailers in the West Bank of Palestine and were analysed for fungal contamination, specifically aflatoxigenic Aspergillus spp. and Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) levels. Aspergillus was found in 89% samples analysed. Ground red chilli had the highest average number of fungal colonies. In decreasing order, mixed spices (57%), cardamom (53%), red chilli (52%), chicken spices (50%), sumac (47%) and pepper (38%), were contaminated with Aspergillus species. Aspergillus niger and A. flavus were dominating Aspergillus species in 37% and 23% of food samples analysed, respectively. Of the 11 tested isolates, 82% were identified as aflatoxin-producers. AFB1 was detected in 40.2% of the samples analysed with a mean value of 2.09 ± 3.20 μg/kg. Red chilli powder followed by chicken spices and cardamom recorded the highest levels (6.98, 3.55 and 1.48 μg/kg, respectively). Twenty-two of the spices (23%), were above the European Union's maximum limit of 5 μg/kg.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Barakat
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, Birzeit University, Birzeit, West Bank-Palestine
| | - K M Swaileh
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, Birzeit University, Birzeit, West Bank-Palestine
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Mycotoxin Illness: Recognition and Management from Functional Medicine Perspective. Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am 2022; 33:647-663. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pmr.2022.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Stoev SD. New Evidences about the Carcinogenic Effects of Ochratoxin A and Possible Prevention by Target Feed Additives. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:380. [PMID: 35737041 PMCID: PMC9230445 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14060380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A review of the carcinogenic effects of ochratoxin A (OTA) on various tissues and internal organs in laboratory and farm animals is made. Suggestions are made regarding how to recognize and differentiate the common spontaneous neoplastic changes characteristic for advanced age and the characteristic neoplasia in different tissues and organs in laboratory animals/poultry exposed to OTA. The synergistic effects of OTA together with its natural combination of penicillic acid are also investigated regarding possible carcinogenic effects. The malignancy and the target location of OTA-induced neoplasia is studied. The sex-differences of such neoplasia are investigated in the available literature. The time of appearance of the first neoplasia is investigated in long-term carcinogenic studies with OTA-treated animals. The possibility of target feed additives or herbs to counteract the toxic and carcinogenic effects of OTA is studied in the available literature. Some effective manners of prophylaxis and/or prevention against OTA contamination of feedstuffs/foods or animal production are suggested. The suitability of various laboratory animals to serve as experimental model for humans with regard to OTA-induced tumorigenesis is investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stoycho D Stoev
- Department of General and Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Trakia University, Students Campus, 6000 Stara Zagora, Bulgaria
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Gagiu V, Mateescu E, Belc N, Oprea OA, Pîrvu GP. Assessment of Fusarium-Damaged Kernels in Common Wheat in Romania in the Years 2015 and 2016 with Extreme Weather Events. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:326. [PMID: 35622573 PMCID: PMC9145446 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14050326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
This article assesses the occurrence of Fusarium-damaged kernels (FDKs) in common wheat (Triticum aestivum) under the influence of environmental factors and extreme weather events in Romania (exceptionally high air temperatures and extreme pedological drought produced by a dipole block in summer 2015, and extreme precipitation and floods produced by an omega block in spring 2016). Wheat samples (N = 272) were analyzed for FDKs via visual estimation and manual weighing according to ISO 7970 and are statistically evaluated using SPSS. The dipole block in 2015 reduced the effects of environmental factors to non-significant correlations with FDKs, while the omega block in 2016 was non-significantly to very significantly correlated with FDKs in the northwestern and western regions. The occurrence of FDKs was favored for wheat cultivation in acidic soils and inhibited in alkaline soils. Wheat samples with FDKs ≥ 1% were sampled from crops grown in river meadows with high and very high risks of flooding. Knowing the contaminants' geographical and spatial distributions under the influence of regular and extreme weather events is important for establishing measures to mitigate the effects of climate change and to ensure human and animal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Gagiu
- National Research & Development Institute for Food Bioresources—IBA Bucharest, 020323 Bucharest, Romania; (N.B.); (G.-P.P.)
| | - Elena Mateescu
- National Meteorological Administration (METEO—Romania), 013686 Bucharest, Romania; (E.M.); (O.-A.O.)
| | - Nastasia Belc
- National Research & Development Institute for Food Bioresources—IBA Bucharest, 020323 Bucharest, Romania; (N.B.); (G.-P.P.)
| | - Oana-Alexandra Oprea
- National Meteorological Administration (METEO—Romania), 013686 Bucharest, Romania; (E.M.); (O.-A.O.)
| | - Gina-Pușa Pîrvu
- National Research & Development Institute for Food Bioresources—IBA Bucharest, 020323 Bucharest, Romania; (N.B.); (G.-P.P.)
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Ochratoxin A potentiates citrinin accumulation in kidney and liver of rats. Arh Hig Rada Toksikol 2022; 73:43-47. [PMID: 35390240 PMCID: PMC8999591 DOI: 10.2478/aiht-2022-73-3605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Ochratoxin A (OTA) and citrinin (CTN) are nephrotoxic mycotoxins often found together in grain. The aim of this study was to measure their accumulation in the kidney and liver of adult male Wistar rats, see how it would be affected by combined treatment, and to determine if resveratrol (RSV) would decrease their levels in these organs. The rats received 125 or 250 mg/kg bw of OTA by gavage every day for 21 days and/or 20 mg/kg bw of CTN a day for two days. Two groups of rats treated with OTA+CTN were also receiving 20 mg/kg bw of RSV a day for 21 days. In animals receiving OTA alone, its accumulation in both organs was dose-dependent. OTA+CTN treatment resulted in lower OTA but higher CTN accumulation in both organs at both OTA doses. RSV treatment increased OTA levels in the kidney and liver and decreased CTN levels in the kidney. Our findings point to the competition between CTN and OTA for organic anion transporters 1 and 3.
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Biocontrol Methods in Avoidance and Downsizing of Mycotoxin Contamination of Food Crops. Processes (Basel) 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/pr10040655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
By increasing the resistance of seeds against abiotic and biotic stress, the possibility of cereal mold contamination and hence the occurrence of secondary mold metabolites mycotoxins decreases. The use of biological methods of seed treatment represents a complementary strategy, which can be implemented as an environmental-friendlier approach to increase the agricultural sustainability. Whereas the use of resistant cultivars helps to reduce mold growth and mycotoxin contamination at the very beginning of the production chain, biological detoxification of cereals provides additional weapons against fungal pathogens in the later stage. Most efficient techniques can be selected and combined on an industrial scale to reduce losses and boost crop yields and agriculture sustainability, increasing at the same time food and feed safety. This paper strives to emphasize the possibility of implementation of biocontrol methods in the production of resistant seeds and the prevention and reduction in cereal mycotoxin contamination.
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Salman MK, Mudalal S. Quality control and mycotoxin levels in food in the Palestinian market. FOOD ADDITIVES & CONTAMINANTS. PART B, SURVEILLANCE 2022; 15:1-6. [PMID: 35262451 DOI: 10.1080/19393210.2022.2046651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
A total of 51 food samples (18 rice, 17 wheat flour, and 16 nuts) were randomly collected from different shops and analysed for the presence of total aflatoxins, ochratoxin A and fumonisins, using a lateral flow competitive immunochromatographic assay method. Mycological contamination (total aerobic and fungi count), colour index (L*a*b*) and moisture content were also evaluated. Sensory characteristics for mycotoxins contaminated and uncontaminated samples of rice and wheat flour were evaluated by 40 panellists. Forty-five per cent of all samples were positive for aflatoxins as the most occurred mycotoxins, with a range of 2-8.1 μg/kg. Fungal counts were not significantly different between contaminated and uncontaminated rice and wheat flour samples. In addition, panellists were able to discriminate between contaminated and uncontaminated rice samples by detection of mouldy flavour, spoilage symptoms, earthy flavour, and the degree of freshness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed K Salman
- Department of Nutrition and Food Technology, Faculty of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, An-Najah National University, Nablus
| | - Samer Mudalal
- Department of Nutrition and Food Technology, Faculty of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, An-Najah National University, Nablus
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Zong C, Wu Q, Dong Z, Wu A, Wu J, Shao T, Liu Q. Recycling deteriorated silage to remove hazardous mycotoxins and produce a value-added product. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 424:127627. [PMID: 34740509 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.127627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Silage, an important forage feed, contains hazardous mycotoxins due to spoilage caused by unreasonable management. Deteriorated silage becomes a mycotoxin source and threatens human health and the eco-environment. Recycling deteriorated silage and exploiting beneficial substances would be profitable and environmentally friendly. Squalene [60.3-73.9 mg/kg fresh matter (FM)] and 6 types of mycotoxins (4.56-10,080 ug/kg FM) were found in deteriorated silages. To clarify the source and synthesis mechanism of squalene, alfalfa was ensiled at low temperature (LT, 3-20 ℃), 25 ℃ (T25), 30 ℃ (T30) or 35 ℃ (T35) for 10, 40 and 70 d. The highest squalene was detected when alfalfa ensiled for 40 d (P = 0.033) or ensiled at LT and T30 (P < 0.001). Squalene source was traced as lactic acid bacteria (LAB) using next-generation sequencing. Multiple linear regression models inferred that squalene synthase of LAB positively contributed to the squalene synthesis but was negatively adjusted by ammonia-N during ensiling. Two promising squalene-producing LAB strains were screened from alfalfa silage, which fermented deteriorated silage to enhanced squalene yield (190~279 mg/L) with low cost and high mycotoxin removal ratios (up to 85.5%). Therefore, the environmentally friendly strategy of recycling deteriorated silage to produce beneficial squalene was created.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Zong
- Institute of Ensiling and Processing of Grass, College of Agro-grassland Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang 1, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Qifeng Wu
- Institute of Ensiling and Processing of Grass, College of Agro-grassland Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang 1, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Zhihao Dong
- Institute of Ensiling and Processing of Grass, College of Agro-grassland Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang 1, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Aili Wu
- Institute of Ensiling and Processing of Grass, College of Agro-grassland Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang 1, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jinxin Wu
- Institute of Ensiling and Processing of Grass, College of Agro-grassland Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang 1, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Tao Shao
- Institute of Ensiling and Processing of Grass, College of Agro-grassland Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang 1, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Qinhua Liu
- Institute of Ensiling and Processing of Grass, College of Agro-grassland Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang 1, Nanjing 210095, China.
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Rong X, Jiang Y, Li F, Sun-Waterhouse D, Zhao S, Guan X, Li D. Close association between the synergistic toxicity of zearalenone-deoxynivalenol combination and microRNA221-mediated PTEN/PI3K/AKT signaling in HepG2 cells. Toxicology 2022; 468:153104. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2022.153104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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32
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Braun D, Abia WA, Šarkanj B, Sulyok M, Waldhoer T, Erber AC, Krska R, Turner PC, Marko D, Ezekiel CN, Warth B. Mycotoxin-mixture assessment in mother-infant pairs in Nigeria: From mothers' meal to infants' urine. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 287:132226. [PMID: 34826919 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.132226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to food and environmental contaminants is a global environmental health issue. In this study, innovative LC-MS/MS approaches were applied to investigate mycotoxin co-exposure in mother-infant pairs (n = 23) by analyzing matched plate-ready food, breast milk and urine samples of mothers and their exclusively breastfed infants. The study revealed frequent co-occurrence of two to five mycotoxins. Regulated (e.g. aflatoxins, deoxynivalenol and ochratoxin A) and emerging mycotoxins (e.g. alternariol monomethyl ether and beauvericin) were frequently detected (3 %-89 % and 45 %-100 %), in at least one specimen. In addition, a moderate association of ochratoxin A in milk to urine of mothers (r = 0.47; p = 0.003) and infants (r = 0.52; p = 0.019) but no other significant correlations were found. Average concentration levels in food mostly did not exceed European maximum residue limits, and intake estimates demonstrated exposure below tolerable daily intake values. Infants were exposed to significantly lower toxin levels compared to their mothers, indicating the protective effect of breastfeeding. However, the transfer into milk and urine and the resulting chronic low-dose exposure warrant further monitoring. In the future, occurrence of mycotoxin-mixtures, and their combined toxicological effects need to be comprehensively considered and implemented in risk management strategies. These should aim to minimize early-life exposure in critical developmental stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Braun
- University of Vienna, Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Währinger Straße 38, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Wilfred A Abia
- Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro-Metabolomics, Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), Konrad Lorenzstr. 20, A-3430, Tulln, Austria; Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Yaounde I, P.O. Box 812, Yaounde, Cameroon; Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, University Road, Belfast, BT7 1NN, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
| | - Bojan Šarkanj
- Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro-Metabolomics, Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), Konrad Lorenzstr. 20, A-3430, Tulln, Austria; Department of Food Technology, University Centre Koprivnica, University North, Trg dr. Žarka Dolinara 1, HR-48000, Koprivnica, Croatia
| | - Michael Sulyok
- Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro-Metabolomics, Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), Konrad Lorenzstr. 20, A-3430, Tulln, Austria
| | - Thomas Waldhoer
- Department of Epidemiology, Center for Public Health, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Astrid C Erber
- Department of Epidemiology, Center for Public Health, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, New Richards Building, Old Road Campus, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7LG, UK
| | - Rudolf Krska
- Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro-Metabolomics, Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), Konrad Lorenzstr. 20, A-3430, Tulln, Austria; Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, University Road, Belfast, BT7 1NN, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
| | - Paul C Turner
- MIAEH, School of Public Health, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Doris Marko
- University of Vienna, Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Währinger Straße 38, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Chibundu N Ezekiel
- Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro-Metabolomics, Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), Konrad Lorenzstr. 20, A-3430, Tulln, Austria; Department of Microbiology, Babcock University, Ilishan Remo, Ogun State, Nigeria.
| | - Benedikt Warth
- University of Vienna, Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Währinger Straße 38, 1090, Vienna, Austria.
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Bruinenberg PG, Castex M. Evaluation of a Yeast Hydrolysate from a Novel Strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae for Mycotoxin Mitigation using In Vitro and In Vivo Models. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 14:toxins14010007. [PMID: 35050984 PMCID: PMC8779798 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14010007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxicoses in animals are caused by exposure to mycotoxin-contaminated feeds. Disease risk is managed using dietary adsorbing agents which reduce oral bioavailability. The objective of this work was to evaluate the efficacy of three selected yeast products as mycotoxin binders using in vitro and in vivo models. Their capacity to adsorb deoxynivalenol (DON), zearalenone (ZEA), and ochratoxin A (OTA) was evaluated using an in vitro model designed to simulate the pH conditions during gastric passage in a monogastric animal. Results showed that only one product, an enzymatic yeast hydrolysate (YHY) of a novel strain Saccharomyces cerevisiae, adsorbed about 45% of DON in solution. Next, we determined the effect of YHY on oral absorption of a DON, ZEA, and OTA mixture using a toxicokinetic model in swine. Toxicokinetic modeling of the plasma concentration-time profiles of DON, OTA, and zearalenone-glucuronide (ZEA-GlcA) showed that YHY tended to reduce the maximal plasma concentration of OTA by 17%. YHY did not reduce oral bioavailability of OTA, DON, and ZEA-GlcA. Within the context of this experiment, and despite some positive indications from both the in vitro and in vivo models employed, we conclude that the YHY prototype was not an effective agent for multiple mycotoxin adsorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Gerard Bruinenberg
- Trouw Nutrition R&D, Stationsstraat 77, 3811 MH Amersfoort, The Netherlands
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +31-622482661
| | - Mathieu Castex
- Lallemand SAS, 19 rue des Briquetiers, BP 59, CEDEX, 31702 Blagnac, France;
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Tolosa J, Rodríguez-Carrasco Y, Ruiz MJ, Vila-Donat P. Multi-mycotoxin occurrence in feed, metabolism and carry-over to animal-derived food products: A review. Food Chem Toxicol 2021; 158:112661. [PMID: 34762978 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2021.112661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The world requests for raw materials used in animal feed has been steadily rising in the last years driven by higher demands for livestock production. Mycotoxins are frequent toxic metabolites present in these raw materials. The exposure of farm animals to mycotoxins could result in undesirable residues in animal-derived food products. Thus, the potential ingestion of edible animal products (milk, meat and fish) contaminated with mycotoxins constitutes a public health concern, since they enter the food chain and may cause adverse effects upon human health. The present review summarizes the state-of-the-art on the occurrence of mycotoxins in feed, their metabolism and carry-over into animal source foodstuffs, focusing particularly on the last decade. Maximum levels (MLs) for various mycotoxins have been established for a number of raw feed materials and animal food products. Such values are sometimes exceeded, however. Aflatoxins (AFs), fumonisins (FBs), ochratoxin A (OTA), trichothecenes (TCs) and zearalenone (ZEN) are the most prevalent mycotoxins in animal feed, with aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) predominating in milk and dairy products, and OTA in meat by-products. The co-occurrence of mycotoxins in feed raw materials tends to be the rule rather than the exception, and the carry-over of mycotoxins from feed to animal source foods is more than proven.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Tolosa
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, Valencia, 46100, Spain
| | - Y Rodríguez-Carrasco
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, Valencia, 46100, Spain
| | - M J Ruiz
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, Valencia, 46100, Spain
| | - P Vila-Donat
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, Valencia, 46100, Spain.
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Nagl V, Grenier B, Pinton P, Ruczizka U, Dippel M, Bünger M, Oswald IP, Soler L. Exposure to Zearalenone Leads to Metabolic Disruption and Changes in Circulating Adipokines Concentrations in Pigs. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13110790. [PMID: 34822574 PMCID: PMC8618343 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13110790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Zearalenone (ZEN) is a mycotoxin classified as an endocrine disruptor. Many endocrine disruptors are also metabolic disruptors able to modulate energy balance and inflammatory processes in a process often involving a family of protein hormones known as adipokines. The aim of our study was to elucidate the role of ZEN as metabolic disruptor in pigs by investigating the changes in energy balance and adipokines levels in response to different treatment diets. To this end, weaned piglets (n = 10/group) were exposed to either basal feed or feed contaminated with 680 and 1620 µg/kg ZEN for 28 days. Serum samples collected at days 7 and 21 were subjected to biochemistry analysis, followed by determination of adipokine levels using a combined approach of protein array and ELISA. Results indicate that ZEN has an impact on lipid and glucose metabolism that was different depending on the dose and time of exposure. In agreement with these changes, ZEN altered circulating adipokines concentrations, inducing significant changes in adiponectin, resistin, and fetuin B. Our results suggest that ZEN may function as a natural metabolism-disrupting chemical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Nagl
- BIOMIN Research Center, BIOMIN Holding GmbH, Technopark 1, 3430 Tulln, Austria; (V.N.); (B.G.)
| | - Bertrand Grenier
- BIOMIN Research Center, BIOMIN Holding GmbH, Technopark 1, 3430 Tulln, Austria; (V.N.); (B.G.)
| | - Philippe Pinton
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, University of Toulouse, UPS, 31027 Toulouse, France; (P.P.); (I.P.O.)
| | - Ursula Ruczizka
- University Clinic for Swine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria; (U.R.); (M.D.); (M.B.)
| | - Maximiliane Dippel
- University Clinic for Swine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria; (U.R.); (M.D.); (M.B.)
| | - Moritz Bünger
- University Clinic for Swine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria; (U.R.); (M.D.); (M.B.)
| | - Isabelle P. Oswald
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, University of Toulouse, UPS, 31027 Toulouse, France; (P.P.); (I.P.O.)
| | - Laura Soler
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, University of Toulouse, UPS, 31027 Toulouse, France; (P.P.); (I.P.O.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-582-066-403
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Motbaynor A, Kassaye D, Keffale M, Wasihun P. Magnitude of Aflatoxigenic Aspergillus Species, Level of Aflatoxin B1, and Associated Factors in Stored Feed at Poultry Farms in Dire Dawa, Ethiopia. Vet Med Int 2021; 2021:6638083. [PMID: 34721834 PMCID: PMC8553476 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6638083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Aflatoxin, the secondary toxic metabolite of Aspergillus species, particularly aflatoxigenic Aspergillus flavus and parasiticus, has a detrimental effect on poultry health and production. There exists some information gap about the magnitudes of aflatoxigenic Aspergillus species and aflatoxin in poultry feeds in the study area. Thus, the study was conducted to estimate the magnitude and assess the related potential factors of aflatoxigenic Aspergillus species with evaluations of the level of aflatoxin B1 in stored poultry feed at selected farms in Dire Dawa, Ethiopia. A cross-sectional study design was carried out on 374 poultry feed samples recruited by using a stratified simple random sampling technique. A pretested structured questionnaire was used to assess the level of knowledge and prevention practices associated with aflatoxin in poultry feed. The isolation of aflatoxigenic Aspergillus species was made by Aspergillus flavus parasiticus media, and aflatoxin B1 was estimated by aflatoxin B1 enzyme-linked immune sorbent assay. Results showed that the magnitude of aflatoxigenic Aspergillus species was 72.5% (95% CI: 67.6-76.9). The odds at which the species isolated were higher (p < 0.05) in feeds stored more than two months (AOR = 2.69), the presence of rodents in the storing room (AOR = 2.67), feeds having high moisture content (AOR = 1.5), and feed ingredient types (AOR = 4.3) compared to their counter parts. Only 34.4 and 32.8 percent of the respondents have better knowledge and apply prevention practice about fungal contamination and aflatoxin production in poultry feed, respectively. The occurrence of aflatoxigenic Aspergillus species in poultry feed was associated with the presence of rodents in the feed storing room with long storing period and high moisture contents of the feed. The knowledge and prevention practices employed by farm managers and workers about fungal contamination and aflatoxin in poultry feed are found low.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ambachew Motbaynor
- Haramaya University, College of Veterinary Medicine, P.O.Box 138, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia
| | - Dawit Kassaye
- Haramaya University, College of Veterinary Medicine, P.O.Box 138, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia
| | - Migbaru Keffale
- Haramaya University, College of Veterinary Medicine, P.O.Box 138, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia
| | - Pawlos Wasihun
- Haramaya University, College of Veterinary Medicine, P.O.Box 138, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia
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Hooft JM, Bureau DP. Deoxynivalenol: Mechanisms of action and its effects on various terrestrial and aquatic species. Food Chem Toxicol 2021; 157:112616. [PMID: 34662691 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2021.112616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 10/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Deoxynivalenol, a type B trichothecene mycotoxin produced by Fusarium species of fungi, is a ubiquitious contaminant of cereal grains worldwide. Chronic, low dose consumption of feeds contaminated with DON is associated with a wide range of symptoms in terrestrial and aquatic species including decreased feed intake and feed refusal, reduced weight gain, and altered nutritional efficiency. Acute, high dose exposure to DON may be associated with more severe symptoms such as vomiting, diarrhea, intestinal inflammation and gastrointestinal hemorrhage. The toxicity of DON is partly related to its ability to disrupt eukaryotic protein synthesis via binding to the peptidyl transferase site of the ribosome. Moreover, DON exerts its effects at the cellular level by activating mitogen activated protein kinases (MAPK) through a process known as the ribotoxic stress response (RSR). The outcome of DON-associated MAPK activation is dose and duration dependent; acute low dose exposure results in immunostimulation characterized by the upregulation of cytokines, chemokines and other proinflammatory-related proteins, whereas longer term exposure to higher doses generally results in apoptosis, cell cycle arrest, and immunosuppression. The order of decreasing sensitivity to DON is considered to be: swine > rats > mice > poultry ≈ ruminants. However, studies conducted within the past 10 years have demonstrated that some species of fish, such as rainbow trout, are highly sensitive to DON. The aims of this review are to explore the effects of DON on terrestrial and aquatic species as well as its mechanisms of action, metabolism, and interaction with other Fusarium mycotoxins. Notably, a considerable emphasis is placed on reviewing the effects of DON on different species of fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie M Hooft
- Wittaya Aqua International, 1 University Ave, Floor 5, Toronto, ON, M5J 2P1, Canada.
| | - Dominique P Bureau
- Wittaya Aqua International, 1 University Ave, Floor 5, Toronto, ON, M5J 2P1, Canada; Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road E, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
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Leslie JF, Moretti A, Mesterházy Á, Ameye M, Audenaert K, Singh PK, Richard-Forget F, Chulze SN, Ponte EMD, Chala A, Battilani P, Logrieco AF. Key Global Actions for Mycotoxin Management in Wheat and Other Small Grains. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:725. [PMID: 34679018 PMCID: PMC8541216 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13100725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxins in small grains are a significant and long-standing problem. These contaminants may be produced by members of several fungal genera, including Alternaria, Aspergillus, Fusarium, Claviceps, and Penicillium. Interventions that limit contamination can be made both pre-harvest and post-harvest. Many problems and strategies to control them and the toxins they produce are similar regardless of the location at which they are employed, while others are more common in some areas than in others. Increased knowledge of host-plant resistance, better agronomic methods, improved fungicide management, and better storage strategies all have application on a global basis. We summarize the major pre- and post-harvest control strategies currently in use. In the area of pre-harvest, these include resistant host lines, fungicides and their application guided by epidemiological models, and multiple cultural practices. In the area of post-harvest, drying, storage, cleaning and sorting, and some end-product processes were the most important at the global level. We also employed the Nominal Group discussion technique to identify and prioritize potential steps forward and to reduce problems associated with human and animal consumption of these grains. Identifying existing and potentially novel mechanisms to effectively manage mycotoxin problems in these grains is essential to ensure the safety of humans and domesticated animals that consume these grains.
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Affiliation(s)
- John F. Leslie
- Throckmorton Plant Sciences Center, Department of Plant Pathology, 1712 Claflin Avenue, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA;
| | - Antonio Moretti
- Institute of the Science of Food Production, National Research Council (CNR-ISPA), Via Amendola 122/O, 70126 Bari, Italy;
| | - Ákos Mesterházy
- Cereal Research Non-Profit Ltd., Alsókikötő sor 9, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary;
| | - Maarten Ameye
- Department of Plant and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (M.A.); (K.A.)
| | - Kris Audenaert
- Department of Plant and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (M.A.); (K.A.)
| | - Pawan K. Singh
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), Apdo. Postal 6-641, Mexico 06600, DF, Mexico;
| | | | - Sofía N. Chulze
- Research Institute on Mycology and Mycotoxicology (IMICO), National Scientific and Technical Research Council-National University of Río Cuarto (CONICET-UNRC), 5800 Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina;
| | - Emerson M. Del Ponte
- Departamento de Fitopatologia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa 36570-900, MG, Brazil;
| | - Alemayehu Chala
- College of Agriculture, Hawassa University, P.O. Box 5, Hawassa 1000, Ethiopia;
| | - Paola Battilani
- Department of Sustainable Crop Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environmental Sciences, Universitá Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, via E. Parmense, 84-29122 Piacenza, Italy;
| | - Antonio F. Logrieco
- Institute of the Science of Food Production, National Research Council (CNR-ISPA), Via Amendola 122/O, 70126 Bari, Italy;
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Jia H, Liu N, Zhang Y, Wang C, Yang Y, Wu Z. 3-Acetyldeoxynivalenol induces cell death through endoplasmic reticulum stress in mouse liver. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 286:117238. [PMID: 33984781 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 04/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Ingestion of food or cereal products contaminated by deoxynivalenol (DON) and related derivatives poses a threat to the health of humans and animals. However, the toxicity and underlying mechanisms of 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol (3-Ac-DON), an acetylated form of deoxynivalenol, have not been fully elucidated. In the present study, we showed that 3-Ac-DON caused significant oxidative damage, as shown by elevated aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) in serum, increased lipid peroxidation products, such as hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and malondialdehyde (MDA), decreased activities of antioxidant enzymes catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD). In addition, 3-Ac-DON exposure led to elevated infiltrations of immune cell, increased apoptosis and autophagy in the liver. Interestingly, 3-Ac-DON-resulted apoptosis and liver injury were partially reduced by autophagy inhibitors. Further study showed that 3-Ac-DON-treated mice had altered ultrastructural changes of endoplasmic reticulum (ER), as well as enhanced protein levels of p-IRE1α, p-PERK, and downstream targets, indicating activation of unfolded protein response (UPR) in the liver. Importantly, 3-Ac-DON induced ER stress, oxidative damage, cell death, infiltration of immune cells, and increased mRNA levels of inflammatory cytokines were significantly abolished by 4-phenylbutyric acid (4-PBA), an ER stress inhibitor, indicating a critical role of UPR signaling for the cellular damage of the liver in response to 3-Ac-DON exposure. In conclusion, using mice as an animal model, we showed that 3-Ac-DON exposure impaired the function of liver, as shown by oxidative damage, cell death, and infiltration of immune cell, in which ER stress played an important role. Restoration of the ER function might be a preventive strategy to reduce the deleterious effect of 3-Ac-DON on the liver of animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Ning Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yunchang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Chao Wang
- College of Biological Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Ying Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
| | - Zhenlong Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China; Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
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Monitoring Seasonal Differences on Contamination and Carry-over of Zearalenone from Feedstuffs to Foods by Molecularly Imprinted Solid-phase Extraction and HPLC-FLD. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-021-02133-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Hou S, Ma J, Cheng Y, Wang H, Sun J, Yan Y. The toxicity mechanisms of DON to humans and animals and potential biological treatment strategies. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2021; 63:790-812. [PMID: 34520302 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2021.1954598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Deoxynivalenol, also known as vomitotoxin, is produced by Fusarium, belonging to the group B of the trichothecene family. DON is widely polluted, mainly polluting cereal crops such as wheat, barley, oats, corn and related cereal products, which are closely related to lives of people and animals. At present, there have been articles summarizing DON induced toxicity, biological detoxification and the protective effect of natural products, but there is no systematic summary of this information. In addition to ribosome and endoplasmic reticulum, recent investigations support that mitochondrion is also organelles that DON can damage. DON can't directly act on mitochondria, but can indirectly cause mitochondrial damage and changes through other means. DON can indirectly inhibit mitochondrial biogenesis and mitochondrial electron transport chain activity, ATP production, and mitochondrial transcription and translation. This review will provide the latest progress on mitochondria as the research object, and systematically summarizes all the toxic mechanisms of DON. Here, we discuss DON induced mitochondrial-mediated apoptosis and various mitochondrial toxicity. For the toxicity of DON, many methods have been derived to prevent or reduce the toxicity. Biological detoxification and the antioxidant effect of natural products are potentially effective treatments for DON toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silu Hou
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jingjiao Ma
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuqiang Cheng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hengan Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianhe Sun
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yaxian Yan
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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Ponce-García N, Palacios-Rojas N, Serna-Saldivar SO, García-Lara S. Aflatoxin contamination in maize: occurrence and health implications in Latin America. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2021. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2020.2666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
According to the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organisation, mycotoxicoses constitute the second most pressing food safety problem worldwide, with most cases occurring in developing countries. Maize (Zea mays L.), the main staple for many Latin Americans, is one of the best suitable substrates for mycotoxigenic Aspergillus fungi. Aflatoxins (AFs) produced primarily by Aspergillus flavus, are of significant concern, especially in developing countries. While AFs production occurs mainly in warmer, tropical, and subtropical environments, recent evidence suggests that global climate change favours their presence in regions with little or no awareness of this issue. AFs interfere with metabolic processes, causing cancer and other health disorders resulting in health hazards and even death. The setting of national acceptable regulatory levels of AFs is necessary for Latin American countries. Unfortunately, no estimates of the economic impact of AFs in this region are currently available nor the cost of regulatory programs designed to reduce health risks to animals and humans. This review explores relevant data about incidence of AFs in maize produced in the region and the adverse effects of the consumption of contaminated foods and the associated health consequences for Latin American consumers. Regulations aimed to mitigate AFs exposure to consumers are also reviewed and identified gaps for researchers and actors of the maize value chain are also proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- N. Ponce-García
- Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Autonomous University of Mexico State, UAEMéx, Campus Universitario ‘El Cerrillo’, El Cerrillo Piedras Blancas, P.O. Box 50200, Toluca, Estado de Mexico, Mexico
| | - N. Palacios-Rojas
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), Carretera Mexico-Veracruz Km. 45, P.O. Box 56237, El Batán, Texcoco, Mexico
| | - S. O. Serna-Saldivar
- Centro de Biotecnología FEMSA, Tecnológico de Monterrey, Campus Monterrey, Av. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501 Sur, C.P. 64849, Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | - S. García-Lara
- Centro de Biotecnología FEMSA, Tecnológico de Monterrey, Campus Monterrey, Av. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501 Sur, C.P. 64849, Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico
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Vanhoutte I, De Tender C, Demeyere K, Abdallah MF, Ommeslag S, Vermeir P, Saeger SD, Debode J, Meyer E, Croubels S, Audenaert K, De Gelder L. Bacterial Enrichment Cultures Biotransform the Mycotoxin Deoxynivalenol into a Novel Metabolite Toxic to Plant and Porcine Cells. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13080552. [PMID: 34437423 PMCID: PMC8402469 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13080552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The mycotoxin deoxynivalenol (DON), produced in wheat, barley and maize by Fusarium graminearum and Fusarium culmorum, is threatening the health of humans and animals. With its worldwide high incidence in food and feed, mitigation strategies are needed to detoxify DON, maintaining the nutritional value and palatability of decontaminated commodities. A promising technique is biological degradation, where microorganisms are used to biotransform mycotoxins into less toxic metabolites. In this study, bacterial enrichment cultures were screened for their DON detoxification potential, where DON and its potential derivatives were monitored. The residual phytotoxicity was determined through a bioassay using the aquatic plant Lemna minor L. Two bacterial enrichment cultures were found to biotransform DON into a still highly toxic metabolite for plants. Furthermore, a cytotoxic effect was observed on the cellular viability of intestinal porcine epithelial cells. Through liquid chromatography high-resolution mass spectrometry analysis, an unknown compound was detected, and tentatively characterized with a molecular weight of 30.0 Da (i.e., CH2O) higher than DON. Metabarcoding of the subsequently enriched bacterial communities revealed a shift towards the genera Sphingopyxis, Pseudoxanthomonas, Ochrobactrum and Pseudarthrobacter. This work describes the discovery of a novel bacterial DON-derived metabolite, toxic to plant and porcine cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilse Vanhoutte
- Laboratory of Environmental Biotechnology, Department of Applied Biosciences, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium;
| | - Caroline De Tender
- Plant Sciences Unit, Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (ILVO), 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium; (C.D.T.); (S.O.); (J.D.)
- Computer Science and Statistics, Department of Applied Mathematics, Faculty of Sciences, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kristel Demeyere
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium; (K.D.); (E.M.); (S.C.)
| | - Mohamed F. Abdallah
- Centre of Excellence in Mycotoxicology and Public Health, Department of Bioanalysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (M.F.A.); (S.D.S.)
| | - Sarah Ommeslag
- Plant Sciences Unit, Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (ILVO), 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium; (C.D.T.); (S.O.); (J.D.)
| | - Pieter Vermeir
- Laboratory of Chemical Analysis (LCA), Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium;
| | - Sarah De Saeger
- Centre of Excellence in Mycotoxicology and Public Health, Department of Bioanalysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (M.F.A.); (S.D.S.)
| | - Jane Debode
- Plant Sciences Unit, Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (ILVO), 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium; (C.D.T.); (S.O.); (J.D.)
| | - Evelyne Meyer
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium; (K.D.); (E.M.); (S.C.)
| | - Siska Croubels
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium; (K.D.); (E.M.); (S.C.)
| | - Kris Audenaert
- Laboratory of Applied Mycology and Phenomics, Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium;
| | - Leen De Gelder
- Laboratory of Environmental Biotechnology, Department of Applied Biosciences, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +32-9-243-24-75
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Gagiu V, Mateescu E, Dobre AA, Smeu I, Cucu ME, Oprea OA, Alexandru D, Iorga E, Belc N. Deoxynivalenol Occurrence in Triticale Crops in Romania during the 2012-2014 Period with Extreme Weather Events. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13070456. [PMID: 34210066 PMCID: PMC8310060 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13070456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
This article aims to evaluate deoxynivalenol occurrence in triticale crops in Romania in years with extreme weather events (2012: Siberian anticyclone with cold waves and heavy snowfall; 2013 and 2014: “Vb” cyclones with heavy precipitation and floods in spring). The deoxynivalenol level in triticale samples (N = 236) was quantified by ELISA. In Romania, the extreme weather events favoured deoxynivalenol occurrence in triticale in Transylvania and the Southern Hilly Area (44–47° N, 22–25° E) with a humid/balanced-humid temperate continental climate, luvisols and high/very high risk of floods. Maximum deoxynivalenol contamination was lower in the other regions, although heavy precipitation in May–July 2014 was higher, with chernozems having higher aridity. Multivariate analysis of the factors influencing deoxynivalenol occurrence in triticale showed at least a significant correlation for all components of variation source (agricultural year, agricultural region, average of deoxynivalenol, average air temperature, cumulative precipitation, soil moisture reserve, aridity indices) (p-value < 0.05). The spatial and geographic distribution of deoxynivalenol in cereals in the countries affected by the 2012–2014 extreme weather events revealed a higher contamination in Central Europe compared to southeastern and eastern Europe. Deoxynivalenol occurrence in cereals was favoured by local and regional agroclimatic factors and was amplified by extreme weather events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Gagiu
- National Research & Development Institute for Food Bioresources—IBA Bucharest, 5 Baneasa Ancuta Street, 2nd District, 020323 Bucharest, Romania; (A.A.D.); (I.S.); (M.E.C.); (E.I.); (N.B.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Elena Mateescu
- National Meteorological Administration (METEO—Romania), 97 Bucuresti-Ploiesti Street, 1st District, 013686 Bucharest, Romania; (E.M.); (O.A.O.); (D.A.)
| | - Alina Alexandra Dobre
- National Research & Development Institute for Food Bioresources—IBA Bucharest, 5 Baneasa Ancuta Street, 2nd District, 020323 Bucharest, Romania; (A.A.D.); (I.S.); (M.E.C.); (E.I.); (N.B.)
| | - Irina Smeu
- National Research & Development Institute for Food Bioresources—IBA Bucharest, 5 Baneasa Ancuta Street, 2nd District, 020323 Bucharest, Romania; (A.A.D.); (I.S.); (M.E.C.); (E.I.); (N.B.)
| | - Mirela Elena Cucu
- National Research & Development Institute for Food Bioresources—IBA Bucharest, 5 Baneasa Ancuta Street, 2nd District, 020323 Bucharest, Romania; (A.A.D.); (I.S.); (M.E.C.); (E.I.); (N.B.)
| | - Oana Alexandra Oprea
- National Meteorological Administration (METEO—Romania), 97 Bucuresti-Ploiesti Street, 1st District, 013686 Bucharest, Romania; (E.M.); (O.A.O.); (D.A.)
| | - Daniel Alexandru
- National Meteorological Administration (METEO—Romania), 97 Bucuresti-Ploiesti Street, 1st District, 013686 Bucharest, Romania; (E.M.); (O.A.O.); (D.A.)
| | - Enuța Iorga
- National Research & Development Institute for Food Bioresources—IBA Bucharest, 5 Baneasa Ancuta Street, 2nd District, 020323 Bucharest, Romania; (A.A.D.); (I.S.); (M.E.C.); (E.I.); (N.B.)
| | - Nastasia Belc
- National Research & Development Institute for Food Bioresources—IBA Bucharest, 5 Baneasa Ancuta Street, 2nd District, 020323 Bucharest, Romania; (A.A.D.); (I.S.); (M.E.C.); (E.I.); (N.B.)
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Møller CODA, Freire L, Rosim RE, Margalho LP, Balthazar CF, Franco LT, Sant'Ana ADS, Corassin CH, Rattray FP, de Oliveira CAF. Effect of Lactic Acid Bacteria Strains on the Growth and Aflatoxin Production Potential of Aspergillus parasiticus, and Their Ability to Bind Aflatoxin B 1, Ochratoxin A, and Zearalenone in vitro. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:655386. [PMID: 33967993 PMCID: PMC8100588 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.655386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The increased consumption of plant-based foods has intensified the concern related to mycotoxin intoxication. This study aimed to investigate the effect of selected lactic acid bacteria (LAB) strains on the growth of Aspergillus parasiticus NRRL 2999 and its production of aflatoxin (AF). The ability of the heat-killed (100°C for 1 h) LAB strains to bind aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) in milk and aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), ochratoxin A (OTA), and zearalenone (ZEN) in potassium phosphate buffer (PPB) was also evaluated in vitro. Ten LAB strains were tested individually, by inoculating them simultaneously with the fungus or after incubation of the fungus for 24 or 48 h at 25°C. Double layer yeast extract sucrose (YES) agar, de Man Rogosa and Sharpe (MRS) agar, and YES broth were incubated for 7 days at 25°C to follow the development of the fungus. Levilactobacillus spp. 3QB398 and Levilactobacillus brevis 2QB422 strains were able to delay the growth of A. parasiticus in YES broth, even when these strains were inoculated 24 h after the fungus. The inhibitory effect of these LAB strains was confirmed by the reduction of fungus colony size, suggesting dominance of LAB by competition (a Lotka-Voltera effect). The production of AFB1 by A. parasiticus was inhibited when the fungus was inoculated simultaneously with Lactiplantibacillus plantarum 3QB361 or L. plantarum 3QB350. No AFB1 was found when Levilactobacillus spp. 2QB383 was present, even when the LAB was inoculated 48 h after the fungus. In binding studies, seven inactivated LAB strains were able to promote a reduction of at least 50% the level of AFB1, OTA, and ZEN. This reduction varied depending on the pH of the PPB. In milk, however, only two inactivated LAB strains were able to reduce AFM1, with a reduction of 33 and 45% for Levilactobacillus spp. 3QB398 (Levilactobacillus spp.) and L. brevis 2QB422, respectively. Nevertheless, these results clearly indicate the potential of using LAB for mycotoxin reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Luisa Freire
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Food Engineering, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Roice Eliana Rosim
- Department of Food Engineering, School of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga, Brazil
| | - Larissa Pereira Margalho
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Food Engineering, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Celso Fasura Balthazar
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Food Engineering, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Larissa Tuanny Franco
- Department of Food Engineering, School of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga, Brazil
| | - Anderson de Souza Sant'Ana
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Food Engineering, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Carlos Humberto Corassin
- Department of Food Engineering, School of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga, Brazil
| | - Fergal Patrick Rattray
- Division of Microbiology and Fermentation, Department of Food Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
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Tkaczyk A, Jedziniak P. Development of a multi-mycotoxin LC-MS/MS method for the determination of biomarkers in pig urine. Mycotoxin Res 2021; 37:169-181. [PMID: 33772455 PMCID: PMC8163674 DOI: 10.1007/s12550-021-00428-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2020] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
An LC-MS/MS method has been developed for the sensitive and selective determination of 35 mycotoxins (biomarkers of exposure) in pig urine samples. Sample preparation includes creatinine adjustment (with the developed LC-UV method) with enzymatic hydrolysis of pig urine samples followed by liquid-liquid (LLE) extraction. The LLE protocol, as well as enzymatic hydrolysis for indirect mycotoxin glucuronides determination, was optimized in this study. Additionally, two other sample preparation protocols were compared with the developed LLE method: immunoaffinity columns and solid-phase extraction cartridges (Oasis HLB). The detection and quantification of the biomarkers were performed using triple quadrupole mass spectrometry.The method was validated with regard to the guidelines specified by the EMEA (European Medicines Agency). The extraction recoveries were higher than 60% for 77% of the analytes studied, with the intra- and inter-day relative standard deviation being lower than 20% for most of the compounds at four different concentration levels. The limits of quantification ranged from 0.1 ng/mL for zearalenone and sterigmatocystin to 8 ng/mL for nivalenol. To the best knowledge of the authors, the matrix effect was evaluated for the first time in this study for six different urine samples, and the coefficient of variation was found to be lower than 15% for most analytes studied. Finally, the developed method was applied to analyse 56 pig urine samples. Deoxynivalenol (1-20 ng/mL), zearalenone (0.1-1.5 ng/mL) and ochratoxin A (1.5-15 ng/mL) were the main analytes detected in these samples. Moreover, the co-occurrence of alternariol monomethyl ether and alternariol in pig urine is reported herein for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Tkaczyk
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Veterinary Research Institute, Partyzantow 57, 24-100, Pulawy, Poland.
| | - Piotr Jedziniak
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Veterinary Research Institute, Partyzantow 57, 24-100, Pulawy, Poland
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Abstract
Mycotoxins are toxic secondary metabolites naturally produced by fungi. They can cause various kinds of acute and chronic diseases in both humans and animals since food usually contains trace amounts of mycotoxins. Thus, it is important to develop a rapid and sensitive technique for mycotoxin detection. Except for the original and classical enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA), a series of biosensors has been developed to analyze mycotoxins in food in the last decade with the advantages of rapid analysis, simplicity, portability, reproducibility, stability, accuracy, and low cost. Nanomaterials have been incorporated into biosensors for the purpose of achieving better analytical performance in terms of limit of detection, linear range, analytical stability, low production cost, etc. Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) are one of the most extensively studied and commonly used nanomaterials, which can be employed as an immobilization carrier, signal amplifier, mediator and mimic enzyme label. This paper aims to present an extensive overview of the recent progress in AuNPs in mycotoxin detection through ELISA and biosensors. The details of the detection methods and their application principles are described, and current challenges and future prospects are discussed as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linxia Wu
- Beijing Research Center for Agricultural Standards and Testing, No. 9 Middle Road of Shuguanghuayuan, Haidian Dist., Beijing, 100097, China.
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Haas R, Imami D, Miftari I, Ymeri P, Grunert K, Meixner O. Consumer Perception of Food Quality and Safety in Western Balkan Countries: Evidence from Albania and Kosovo. Foods 2021; 10:foods10010160. [PMID: 33466641 PMCID: PMC7828718 DOI: 10.3390/foods10010160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Domestic food markets are of significant importance to Kosovar and Albanian companies because access to export markets is under-developed, partly as a result of the gaps in food safety and quality standards. Kosovar and Albanian consumers’ use of food safety attributes and their evaluation of the quality of domestic food versus imported food are the research objectives of this study. The paper is based on a structured consumer survey of 300 Kosovars and 349 Albanians analyzing their perceptions of issues related to food safety and quality, measured through two respective batteries of items using a 5-point Likert scale. We used the t-test to identify differences between populations, correlation analysis and the bootstrapping method. Despite the prevalent problems with food safety, consumers in both countries consider domestic food to be safer as well as of higher quality than imported products. Kosovars are more likely than Albanians to perceive domestic food products to be significantly better than imported products. Female and better educated consumers use information related to food safety more often. Expiry date, domestic and local origin, and brand reputation are the most frequently used safety and quality cues for both samples. International food standards such as ISO or HACCP are less frequently used as quality cues by these consumer groups. It is important to strengthen the institutional framework related to food safety and quality following best practices from EU countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rainer Haas
- Department of Economics and Social Sciences, Institute of Marketing & Innovation, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, 1180 Vienna, Austria;
| | - Drini Imami
- Faculty of Economics and Agribusiness, Agricultural University of Tirana, 1025 Tirana, Albania;
- Faculty of Tropical Agri Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague and CERGE EI, 16500 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Iliriana Miftari
- Department of Agricultural Economics, Faculty of Agriculture and Veterinary, University of Prishtina, 10000 Prishtina, Kosovo; (I.M.); (P.Y.)
| | - Prespa Ymeri
- Department of Agricultural Economics, Faculty of Agriculture and Veterinary, University of Prishtina, 10000 Prishtina, Kosovo; (I.M.); (P.Y.)
| | - Klaus Grunert
- Centre for Research on Customer Relations in the Food Sector MAPP, Aarhus University, 8210 Aarhus, Denmark;
| | - Oliver Meixner
- Department of Economics and Social Sciences, Institute of Marketing & Innovation, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, 1180 Vienna, Austria;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +43-1-47654-73515
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Ndaw S, Jargot D, Antoine G, Denis F, Melin S, Robert A. Investigating Multi-Mycotoxin Exposure in Occupational Settings: A Biomonitoring and Airborne Measurement Approach. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:54. [PMID: 33450876 PMCID: PMC7828332 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13010054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Investigating workplace exposure to mycotoxins is of the utmost importance in supporting the implementation of preventive measures for workers. The aim of this study was to provide tools for measuring mycotoxins in urine and airborne samples. A multi-class mycotoxin method was developed in urine for the determination of aflatoxin B1, aflatoxin M1, ochratoxin A, ochratoxin α, deoxynivalenol, zearalenone, α-zearalenol, β-zearalenol, fumonisin B1, HT2-toxin and T2-toxin. Analysis was based on liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry. Sample pre-treatments included enzymatic digestion and an online or offline sample clean-up step. The method was validated according to the European Medicines Agency guidance procedures. In order to estimate external exposure, air samples collected with a CIP 10 (Capteur Individuel de Particules 10) personal dust sampler were analyzed for the quantification of up to ten mycotoxins, including aflatoxins, ochratoxin A, deoxynivalenol, zearalenone, fumonisin B1 and HT-2 toxin and T-2 toxin. The method was validated according to standards for workplace exposure to chemical and biological agents EN 482. Both methods, biomonitoring and airborne mycotoxin measurement, showed good analytical performances. They were successfully applied in a small pilot study to assess mycotoxin contamination in workers during cleaning of a grain elevator. We demonstrated that this approach was suitable for investigating occupational exposure to mycotoxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Ndaw
- Toxicology and Biomonitoring Department, INRS—French National Research and Safety Institute for the Prevention of Occupational Accidents and Diseases, 54500 Vandoeuvre-Lés-Nancy, France; (G.A.); (F.D.); (A.R.)
| | - Daniele Jargot
- Pollutant Metrology Department, INRS—French National Research and Safety Institute for the Prevention of Occupational Accidents and Diseases, 54500 Vandoeuvre-Lés-Nancy, France; (D.J.); (S.M.)
| | - Guillaume Antoine
- Toxicology and Biomonitoring Department, INRS—French National Research and Safety Institute for the Prevention of Occupational Accidents and Diseases, 54500 Vandoeuvre-Lés-Nancy, France; (G.A.); (F.D.); (A.R.)
| | - Flavien Denis
- Toxicology and Biomonitoring Department, INRS—French National Research and Safety Institute for the Prevention of Occupational Accidents and Diseases, 54500 Vandoeuvre-Lés-Nancy, France; (G.A.); (F.D.); (A.R.)
| | - Sandrine Melin
- Pollutant Metrology Department, INRS—French National Research and Safety Institute for the Prevention of Occupational Accidents and Diseases, 54500 Vandoeuvre-Lés-Nancy, France; (D.J.); (S.M.)
| | - Alain Robert
- Toxicology and Biomonitoring Department, INRS—French National Research and Safety Institute for the Prevention of Occupational Accidents and Diseases, 54500 Vandoeuvre-Lés-Nancy, France; (G.A.); (F.D.); (A.R.)
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Tyska D, Mallmann AO, Vidal JK, de Almeida CAA, Gressler LT, Mallmann CA. Multivariate method for prediction of fumonisins B1 and B2 and zearalenone in Brazilian maize using Near Infrared Spectroscopy (NIR). PLoS One 2021; 16:e0244957. [PMID: 33412558 PMCID: PMC7790530 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0244957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Fumonisins (FBs) and zearalenone (ZEN) are mycotoxins which occur naturally in grains and cereals, especially maize, causing negative effects on animals and humans. Along with the need for constant monitoring, there is a growing demand for rapid, non-destructive methods. Among these, Near Infrared Spectroscopy (NIR) has made great headway for being an easy-to-use technology. NIR was applied in the present research to quantify the contamination level of total FBs, i.e., fumonisin B1+fumonisin B2 (FB1+FB2), and ZEN in Brazilian maize. From a total of six hundred and seventy-six samples, 236 were analyzed for FBs and 440 for ZEN. Three regression models were defined: one with 18 principal components (PCs) for FB1, one with 10 PCs for FB2, and one with 7 PCs for ZEN. Partial least square regression algorithm with full cross-validation was applied as internal validation. External validation was performed with 200 unknown samples (100 for FBs and 100 for ZEN). Correlation coefficient (R), determination coefficient (R2), root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP), standard error of prediction (SEP) and residual prediction deviation (RPD) for FBs and ZEN were, respectively: 0.809 and 0.991; 0.899 and 0.984; 659 and 69.4; 682 and 69.8; and 3.33 and 2.71. No significant difference was observed between predicted values using NIR and reference values obtained by Liquid Chromatography Coupled to Tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), thus indicating the suitability of NIR to rapidly analyze a large numbers of maize samples for FBs and ZEN contamination. The external validation confirmed a fair potential of the model in predicting FB1+FB2 and ZEN concentration. This is the first study providing scientific knowledge on the determination of FBs and ZEN in Brazilian maize samples using NIR, which is confirmed as a reliable alternative methodology for the analysis of such toxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denize Tyska
- Department of Animal Health and Reproduction, Laboratory of Mycotoxicological Analyses (LAMIC), Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | | | - Juliano Kobs Vidal
- Department of Animal Health and Reproduction, Laboratory of Mycotoxicological Analyses (LAMIC), Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Carlos Alberto Araújo de Almeida
- Department of Animal Health and Reproduction, Laboratory of Mycotoxicological Analyses (LAMIC), Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | | | - Carlos Augusto Mallmann
- Department of Animal Health and Reproduction, Laboratory of Mycotoxicological Analyses (LAMIC), Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
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