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Shafiq NE, Mahdee AF, Mohammed Hasan ZY. Leaf Extracts of Moringa oleifera Cultivated in Baghdad: Characterization and Antimicrobial Potential against Endodontic Pathogens. ScientificWorldJournal 2024; 2024:6658164. [PMID: 38450244 PMCID: PMC10917486 DOI: 10.1155/2024/6658164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024] Open
Abstract
The use of medicinal plant preparations to clean and disinfect root canal infection is gaining popularity. The aim of this study was to evaluate the bioactive composition of leaf extracts of Moringa oleifera plants cultivated in Iraq (specifically Baghdad) and their antimicrobial activity against selected root canal pathogens for potential application in endodontic treatment. Materials and Methods. Moringa leaf extracts were prepared either through cold maceration or warm digestion techniques to perform an ethanolic or aqueous extraction, respectively. Phytochemical detection was performed before thin layer chromatography (TLC) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) to measure flavonoids and phenolic compounds within both extracts. Then, their antimicrobial activities were investigated against Streptococcus mutans, Enterococcus faecalis, and Candida albicans through minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC), minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC), and agar well diffusion assay in comparison to NaOCl and Ca(OH)2. Results. Phytochemical screening showed several active ingredients but with higher expression of flavonoids and phenolic compounds. Also, different types of these compounds were detected through TLC and quantified by HPLC. MIC values for ethanolic extract against Streptococcus mutans, Enterococcus faecalis, and Candida albicans were 60, 65, and 55, respectively, while for aqueous extract, MIC values were 70, 80, and 50, respectively. Aqueous extract showed a higher inhibition zone than ethanolic extract for both Streptococcus mutans and Enterococcus faecalis with a statistically significant difference (p ≤ 0.001) for all tested materials except with NaOCl and Ca(OH)2 in Streptococcus mutans and Enterococcus faecalis, respectively. The ethanolic extract showed a higher inhibition zone against Candida albicans, with a statistically significant difference (p ≤ 0.001) for all tested materials. Conclusion. Ethanolic and aqueous extracts of Moringa oleifera leaves cultivated in Baghdad contain considerable quantities of phytochemicals, especially flavonoid and phenolic compounds, and demonstrated antimicrobial activities against selected endodontic pathogens. Therefore, Moringa leaf extracts could be suggested as an alternative antimicrobial material in endodontic treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nada E. Shafiq
- Restorative and Aesthetic Dentistry Department, College of Dentistry, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Anas F. Mahdee
- Restorative and Aesthetic Dentistry Department, College of Dentistry, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq
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Saikia D, Kesavan R, Stephen Inbaraj B, Dikkala PK, Nayak PK, Sridhar K. Bioactive Compounds and Health-Promoting Properties of Elephant Apple ( Dillenia indica L.): A Comprehensive Review. Foods 2023; 12:2993. [PMID: 37627992 PMCID: PMC10453057 DOI: 10.3390/foods12162993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Elephant apple (Dillenia indica L.) grows wild in Southeast Asia's forests, including in China, India, Nepal, Bangladesh, and Sri Lanka. Elephant apples are considered essential fruit crops because of their high nutritional value, which includes high levels of vitamin C, carbohydrates, fats, fibre, protein, minerals, and fatty acids. It is important to understand the nutritional value and health benefits of elephant apples in order to increase fruit intake in people's daily diets. The present review paper focuses on elephant apple's phytochemistry, bioactive compounds, therapeutic value, and medicinal capabilities for designing and developing a wide range of food formulations. Proteins, minerals, fats, crude fibre, carbohydrates, vitamin C, tannins, malic acid, and glucose are abundant in the leaves, bark, and fruit of the elephant apple. In addition to nutritional components, many phytochemicals found in elephant apples have been identified as bioactive compounds with a broad range of biological activities, the most prominent of which are antioxidant, anticancer, antidiabetic, and anti-inflammatory properties. Overall, elephant apple is a rich, natural source of bioactive compounds with potential applications in the production of value-added foods and nutraceuticals for disease prevention and management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepanka Saikia
- Department of Agricultural Engineering, Centurion University of Technology and Management, Paralakhemundi 761211, Odisha, India
- Department of Food Engineering & Technology, Central Institute of Technology Kokrajhar, Kokrajhar 783370, Assam, India
| | - Radhakrishnan Kesavan
- Department of Food Engineering & Technology, Central Institute of Technology Kokrajhar, Kokrajhar 783370, Assam, India
| | | | - Praveen Kumar Dikkala
- School of Food Technology, Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University Kakinada, Kakinada 533003, Andhra Pradesh, India;
| | - Prakash Kumar Nayak
- Department of Food Engineering & Technology, Central Institute of Technology Kokrajhar, Kokrajhar 783370, Assam, India
| | - Kandi Sridhar
- Department of Food Technology, Karpagam Academy of Higher Education (Deemed to be University), Coimbatore 641021, Tamil Nadu, India
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Naidoo D, Naidoo Y, Naidoo G, Kianersi F, Dewir YH. Histochemical Analysis and Ultrastructure of Trichomes and Laticifers of Croton gratissimus Burch. var. gratissimus (Euphorbiaceae). PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:772. [PMID: 36840119 PMCID: PMC9964807 DOI: 10.3390/plants12040772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2022] [Revised: 02/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Croton gratissimus (Lavender croton) possesses three distinct secretory structures. These include lepidote and glandular trichomes and non-articulated unbranched laticifers. The lepidote trichomes form a dense indumentum on the abaxial surface of the leaves and canopy the glandular trichomes. Although assumed to be non-glandular, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) indicated high metabolic activity within the stalk and radial cells. Glandular trichomes are embedded in the epidermal layer and consist of a single cell which forms a prominent stalk and dilated head. Laticifers occur on the mid-vein of leaves and are predominantly associated with vascular tissue. In the stems, laticifers are associated with the phloem and pith. Both trichome types and laticifers stained positive for alkaloids, phenolic compounds, and lipids. Positive staining for these compounds in lepidote trichomes suggests their involvement in the production and accumulation of secondary metabolites. These metabolites could provide chemical defense for the plant and potentially be useful for traditional medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danesha Naidoo
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Life Sciences, College of Agriculture, Engineering and Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Private Bag X54001, Durban 4000, South Africa
| | - Yougasphree Naidoo
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Life Sciences, College of Agriculture, Engineering and Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Private Bag X54001, Durban 4000, South Africa
| | - Gonasageran Naidoo
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Life Sciences, College of Agriculture, Engineering and Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Private Bag X54001, Durban 4000, South Africa
| | - Farzad Kianersi
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Yaser Hassan Dewir
- Plant Production Department, College of Food & Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
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Mahboob A, Senevirathne DKL, Paul P, Nabi F, Khan RH, Chaari A. An investigation into the potential action of polyphenols against human Islet Amyloid Polypeptide aggregation in type 2 diabetes. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 225:318-350. [PMID: 36400215 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.11.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes (T2D), a chronic metabolic disease characterized by hyperglycemia, results in significant disease burden and financial costs globally. Whilst the majority of T2D cases seem to have a genetic basis, non-genetic modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors for T2D include obesity, diet, physical activity and lifestyle, smoking, age, ethnicity, and mental stress. In healthy individuals, insulin secretion from pancreatic islet β-cells is responsible for keeping blood glucose levels within normal ranges. T2D patients suffer from multifactorial onset of β-cell dysfunction and/or loss of β-cell mass owing to reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, mitochondrial dysfunction, autophagy, and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. Most predominantly however, and the focus of this review, it is the aggregation and misfolding of human Islet Amyloid Polypeptide (hIAPP, also known as amylin), which is detrimental to β-cell function and health. Whilst hIAPP is found in healthy individuals, its misfolded version is cytotoxic and able to induce β-cell dysfunction and/or death through various mechanisms including membrane changes in β-cell causing influx of calcium ions, arresting complete granule membrane recovery and ER stress. There are several existing therapeutics for T2D. However, there is a need for alternative or adjunct therapies for T2D with milder adverse effects and greater availability. Foremost among the potential natural therapeutics are polyphenols. Extensive data from studies evaluating the potential of polyphenols to inhibit hIAPP aggregation and disassemble aggregated hIAPP are promising. Moreover, in-vivo, and in-silico studies also highlight the potential effects of polyphenols against hIAPP aggregation and mitigation of larger pathological effects of T2D. Whilst there have been some promising clinical studies on the therapeutic potential of polyphenols, extensive further clinical studies and in-vitro studies evaluating the mechanisms of action and ideal doses for many of these compounds are required. The need for these studies is made more important by the postulated link between Alzheimer's disease (AD) and T2D pathophysiology given the similar aggregation process of their respective amyloid proteins, which evokes thoughts of cross-reactive polyphenols which can be effective for both AD and T2D patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anns Mahboob
- Premedical Division Weill Cornell Medicine Qatar, Qatar Foundation, Education City, P.O. Box 24144, Doha, Qatar
| | | | - Pradipta Paul
- Weill Cornell Medicine Qatar, Qatar Foundation, Education City, P.O. Box 24144, Doha, Qatar
| | - Faisal Nabi
- Interdisciplinary Biotechnology Unit, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202001, India
| | - Rizwan Hasan Khan
- Interdisciplinary Biotechnology Unit, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202001, India
| | - Ali Chaari
- Premedical Division Weill Cornell Medicine Qatar, Qatar Foundation, Education City, P.O. Box 24144, Doha, Qatar.
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Ethiopian Medicinal Plants Used for Respiratory Tract Disorders: Ethnomedicinal Review. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2023; 2023:7612804. [PMID: 36660273 PMCID: PMC9845041 DOI: 10.1155/2023/7612804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Respiratory tract infections (RTIs) refer to infections in any part of the respiratory tract, which are common, with most of the world's population contracting at least one infection annually. These infections are becoming important causes of death and morbidity due to the rapid development of antimicrobial resistance that has resulted in reduced efficacy of existing drugs. Different local societies residing in Ethiopia have been reported to use traditional medicinal plants to treat RTIs. Nevertheless, up-to-date summarized data on the diversity of plants used in the traditional medicine system to treat RTIs in Ethiopia are lacking. The purpose of this review was to assess plant species used in traditional medicine to treat respiratory tract infections in Ethiopia. It attempts to compile available data required for undertaking further scientific investigations. The data were collected by searching for published scientific articles and other grey literature. Following this, medicinal plant (MP) diversity, growth forms, plant parts used, modes of remedy preparation and application, sources and distributions, and frequently treated respiratory disorders were examined. An Excel spreadsheet and SigmaPlot software were used to summarize and present the data. Two hundred twenty-nine (229) plant species that have been used to treat respiratory disorders in Ethiopia were documented. Lamiaceae was the most cited family (27 species), followed by Asteraceae (23 species), and Fabaceae (18 species), whereas cough was primarily cited as being treated by MPs and scored the highest frequency of citation (FOC = 243), followed by the common cold (FOC = 151) and asthma (FOC = 63). The top-cited plant species used in the treatment of RTIs were Eucalyptus globulus (6.8%), Allium sativum (5.5%), Zingiber officinale (4.2%), Ruta chalepensis (3.8%), and Ocimum lamiifolium (2.8%). Herbs were the dominant plant growth form (46%) used to treat respiratory diseases, and the most commonly used MP parts were leaves (37%). The leading traditional method used for preparation was decoction (25.5%), and the remedies were usually administered orally (64.6%). The MP origin reported was mainly from the wild (59%). High diversity of medicinal plants was reported as being used to treat various RTIs in Ethiopia. Information obtained from this review could be used as a reference for the selection of plants for further pharmacological, phytochemical, and toxicological investigations for their possible therapeutic applications and the development of new plant-based drugs.
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Albuquerque PM, Azevedo SG, de Andrade CP, D’Ambros NCDS, Pérez MTM, Manzato L. Biotechnological Applications of Nanoencapsulated Essential Oils: A Review. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14245495. [PMID: 36559861 PMCID: PMC9782583 DOI: 10.3390/polym14245495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Essential oils (EOs) are complex mixtures of volatile and semi-volatile organic compounds that originate from different plant tissues, including flowers, buds, leaves and bark. According to their chemical composition, EOs have a characteristic aroma and present a wide spectrum of applications, namely in the food, agricultural, environmental, cosmetic and pharmaceutical sectors. These applications are mainly due to their biological properties. However, EOs are unstable and easily degradable if not protected from external factors such as oxidation, heat and light. Therefore, there is growing interest in the encapsulation of EOs, since polymeric nanocarriers serve as a barrier between the oil and the environment. In this context, nanoencapsulation seems to be an interesting approach as it not only prevents the exposure and degradation of EOs and their bioactive constituents by creating a physical barrier, but it also facilitates their controlled release, thus resulting in greater bioavailability and efficiency. In this review, we focused on selecting recent articles whose objective concerned the nanoencapsulation of essential oils from different plant species and highlighted their chemical constituents and their potential biotechnological applications. We also present the fundamentals of the most commonly used encapsulation methods, and the biopolymer carriers that are suitable for encapsulating EOs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia Melchionna Albuquerque
- Research Group on Chemistry Applied to Technology (QAT), School of Technology, Amazonas State University, Manaus 69050-020, Brazil
- Correspondence:
| | - Sidney Gomes Azevedo
- Laboratory of Synthesis and Characterization of Nanomaterials (LSCN), Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Amazonas, Manaus 69075-351, Brazil
| | - Cleudiane Pereira de Andrade
- Research Group on Chemistry Applied to Technology (QAT), School of Technology, Amazonas State University, Manaus 69050-020, Brazil
| | - Natália Corrêa de Souza D’Ambros
- Research Group on Chemistry Applied to Technology (QAT), School of Technology, Amazonas State University, Manaus 69050-020, Brazil
| | - Maria Tereza Martins Pérez
- Laboratory of Synthesis and Characterization of Nanomaterials (LSCN), Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Amazonas, Manaus 69075-351, Brazil
| | - Lizandro Manzato
- Laboratory of Synthesis and Characterization of Nanomaterials (LSCN), Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Amazonas, Manaus 69075-351, Brazil
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Odilia MR, Putri DTZA, Rosetyadewi AW, Wijayanti AD, Budiyanto A, Jadi AR, Pratama AM. Identification of antinutritional, antioxidant, and antimicrobial activity of plants that cause livestock poisoning in Bojonegoro Regency, Indonesia. Vet World 2022; 15:2131-2140. [PMID: 36341053 PMCID: PMC9631382 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2022.2131-2140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim: The utilization of cassava leaves and peels, ceara rubber leaves, sweet potato leaves, Chinese Albizia leaves, and lophatheri leaves from Bojonegoro Regency has led to the poisoning of livestock due to antinutritional factors. Nevertheless, the plants are known to have bioactive components and potential antioxidant and antibacterial activity if appropriately processed. This study aimed to determine the antinutritional compounds as well as the antioxidant and antibacterial potential of these plants responsible for livestock poisoning in the Bojonegoro Regency. Materials and Methods: Extraction was performed by the maceration method using 70% (v/v) ethanol solvent. The samples were analyzed qualitatively to determine the presence of tannins, alkaloids, oxalates, cardiac glycosides, and cyanogenic glycosides. The antioxidant activity was determined using the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl method, while the antimicrobial activity was assessed by different testing concentrations (125, 250, and 500 mg/mL) against Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus aureus, and Escherichia coli. Results: The ethanolic extract of the plants was found to contain antinutritional tannins, alkaloids, cardiac glycosides, and cyanogenic glycosides suspected of causing livestock poisoning. Despite the presence of these antinutrients, all extracts also had antioxidant and antibacterial potential. Cassava peels and sweet potato leaves had the highest antioxidant activity, whereas Chinese Albizia leaves had the most potent antibacterial activity. Conclusion: Cassava leaves and peels, ceara rubber leaves, sweet potato leaves, Chinese Albizia leaves, and lophatheri leaves obtained from Bojonegoro Regency and used as agricultural waste contain antinutritional factors but also possess potentially effective antioxidant and antimicrobial components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Rosaria Odilia
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Jl. Fauna No. 2 Karangmalang, Yogyakarta, 55281, Indonesia
| | - Dhiya Tajhanun Zahra Astika Putri
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Jl. Fauna No. 2 Karangmalang, Yogyakarta, 55281, Indonesia
| | | | - Agustina Dwi Wijayanti
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Jl. Fauna No. 2 Karangmalang, Yogyakarta, 55281, Indonesia
| | - Agung Budiyanto
- Department of Reproduction and Obstetrics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Jl. Fauna No. 2 Karangmalang, Yogyakarta, 55281, Indonesia
| | - Arvendi Rachma Jadi
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Jl. Fauna No. 2 Karangmalang, Yogyakarta, 55281, Indonesia
| | - Anggi Muhtar Pratama
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Jl. Fauna No. 2 Karangmalang, Yogyakarta, 55281, Indonesia
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Santos TRJ, Santana LCLDA. Conventional and emerging techniques for extraction of bioactive compounds from fruit waste. BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF FOOD TECHNOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1590/1981-6723.13021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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9
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Molo Z, Tel-Çayan G, Deveci E, Öztürk M, Duru ME. Insight into isolation and characterization of compounds of Chaerophyllum bulbosum aerial part with antioxidant, anticholinesterase, anti-urease, anti-tyrosinase, and anti-diabetic activities. FOOD BIOSCI 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbio.2021.101201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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10
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Kahsay BN, Ziegler J, Imming P, Gebre-Mariam T, Neubert RHH, Moeller L. Free amino acid contents of selected Ethiopian plant and fungi species: a search for alternative natural free amino acid sources for cosmeceutical applications. Amino Acids 2021; 53:1105-1122. [PMID: 34106335 PMCID: PMC8241648 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-021-03008-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Free amino acids (FAAs), the major constituents of the natural moisturizing factor (NMF), are very important for maintaining the moisture balance of human skin and their deficiency results in dry skin conditions. There is a great interest in the identification and use of nature-based sources of these molecules for such cosmeceutical applications. The objective of the present study was, therefore, to investigate the FAA contents of selected Ethiopian plant and fungi species; and select the best sources so as to use them for the stated purpose. About 59 different plant species and oyster mushroom were included in the study and the concentrations of 27 FAAs were analyzed. Each sample was collected, lyophilized, extracted using aqueous solvent, derivatized with Fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl chloride (Fmoc-Cl) prior to solid-phase extraction and quantified using Liquid Chromatography Electrospray Ionization Tandem Mass Spectrometric (LC-ESI-MS/MS) system. All the 27 FAAs were detected in most of the samples. The dominant FAAs that are part of the NMF were found at sufficiently high concentration in the mushroom and some of the plants. This indicates that FAAs that could be included in the preparations for the management of dry skin condition can be obtained from a single natural resource and the use of these resources for the specified purpose have both economic and therapeutic advantage in addition to fulfilling customer needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birhanu Nigusse Kahsay
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Social Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, P. O. Box 9086, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Jörg Ziegler
- Department of Molecular Signal Processing, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Weinberg 3, 06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Peter Imming
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacy, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Kurt-Mothes-Str. 3, 06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Tsige Gebre-Mariam
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Social Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, P. O. Box 9086, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Reinhard H H Neubert
- Institute of Applied Dermatopharmacy, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Weinbergweg 23, 06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Lucie Moeller
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacy, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Kurt-Mothes-Str. 3, 06120, Halle (Saale), Germany. .,Department Centre for Environmental Biotechnology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Permoserstr. 15, 04318, Leipzig, Germany.
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Khanna K, Kohli SK, Kaur R, Bhardwaj A, Bhardwaj V, Ohri P, Sharma A, Ahmad A, Bhardwaj R, Ahmad P. Herbal immune-boosters: Substantial warriors of pandemic Covid-19 battle. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 85:153361. [PMID: 33485605 PMCID: PMC7532351 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2020.153361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Current scenario depicts that world has been clenched by COVID-19 pandemic. Inevitably, public health and safety measures could be undertaken in order to dwindle the infection threat and mortality. Moreover, to overcome the global menace and drawing out world from moribund stage, there is an exigency for social distancing and quarantines. Since December, 2019, coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) have came into existence and up till now world is still in the state of shock.At this point of time, COVID-19 has entered perilous phase, creating havoc among individuals, and this has been directly implied due to enhanced globalisation and ability of the virus to acclimatize at all conditions. The unabated transmission is due to lack of drugs, vaccines and therapeutics against this viral outbreak. But research is still underway to formulate the vaccines or drugs by this means, as scientific communities are continuously working to unravel the pharmacologically active compounds that might offer a new insight for curbing infections and pandemics. Therefore, the topical COVID-19 situation highlights an immediate need for effective therapeutics against SARS-CoV-2. Towards this effort, the present review discusses the vital concepts related to COVID-19, in terms of its origin, transmission, clinical aspects and diagnosis. However, here, we have formulated the novel concept hitherto, ancient means of traditional medicines or herbal plants to beat this pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanika Khanna
- Plant Stress Biology Lab, Department of Botanical and Environmental Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143005, Punjab, India
| | - Sukhmeen Kaur Kohli
- Plant Stress Biology Lab, Department of Botanical and Environmental Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143005, Punjab, India
| | - Ravdeep Kaur
- Plant Stress Biology Lab, Department of Botanical and Environmental Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143005, Punjab, India
| | - Abhay Bhardwaj
- Department of Bio-organic and Biological Chemistry, Kharkiv National Medical University, Kharkiv 61000, Ukraine
| | - Vinay Bhardwaj
- Department of Bio-organic and Biological Chemistry, Kharkiv National Medical University, Kharkiv 61000, Ukraine
| | - Puja Ohri
- Department of Zoology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143005, Punjab, India
| | - Anket Sharma
- Plant Stress Biology Lab, Department of Botanical and Environmental Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143005, Punjab, India; State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Ajaz Ahmad
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Renu Bhardwaj
- Plant Stress Biology Lab, Department of Botanical and Environmental Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143005, Punjab, India.
| | - Parvaiz Ahmad
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.
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12
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Lammari N, Louaer O, Meniai AH, Fessi H, Elaissari A. Plant oils: From chemical composition to encapsulated form use. Int J Pharm 2021; 601:120538. [PMID: 33781879 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.120538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The last decade has witnessed a burgeoning global movement towards essential and vegetable oils in the food, agriculture, pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and textile industries thanks to their natural and safe status, broad acceptance by consumers, and versatile functional properties. However, efforts to develop new therapy or functional agents based on plant oils have met with challenges of limited stability and/or reduced efficacy. As a result, there has been increased research interest in the encapsulation of plant oils, whereby the nanocarriers serve as barrier between plant oils and the environment and control oil release leading to improved efficacy, reduced toxicity and enhanced patient compliance and convenience. In this review, special concern has been addressed to the encapsulation of essential and vegetable oils in three types of nanocarriers: polymeric nanoparticles, liposomes and solid lipid nanoparticles. First, the chemical composition of essential and vegetable oils was handled. Moreover, we gather together the research findings reported by the literature regarding the different techniques used to generate these nanocarriers with their significant findings. Finally, differences and similarities between these nanocarriers are discussed, along with current and future applications that are warranted by their structures and properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narimane Lammari
- Univ Lyon, University Claude Bernard Lyon-1, CNRS, ISA-UMR 5280, 69622 Villeurbanne, France; Environmental Process Engineering Laboratory, University Constantine 3, Salah Boubnider, Constantine, Algeria
| | - Ouahida Louaer
- Environmental Process Engineering Laboratory, University Constantine 3, Salah Boubnider, Constantine, Algeria
| | - Abdeslam Hassen Meniai
- Environmental Process Engineering Laboratory, University Constantine 3, Salah Boubnider, Constantine, Algeria
| | - Hatem Fessi
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon-1, CNRS, LAGEP UMR 5007, F-69622 Lyon, France
| | - Abdelhamid Elaissari
- Univ Lyon, University Claude Bernard Lyon-1, CNRS, ISA-UMR 5280, 69622 Villeurbanne, France.
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Ohiagu FO, Chikezie PC, Chikezie CM, Enyoh CE. Anticancer activity of Nigerian medicinal plants: a review. FUTURE JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES 2021. [DOI: 10.1186/s43094-021-00222-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Cancer is currently the leading cause of death globally and the number of deaths from cancer is on the rise daily. Medicinal plants have been in continuous use over the years for the management of cancer, particularly, in most developing countries of the world including Nigeria. The use of synthetic drugs for the treatment of cancer is often accompanied by toxic side effects. Thus, the alternative use of readily available and inexpensive medicinal plants is the panacea to the toxic side effects associated with synthetic drugs.
Main body
The present review summarized the anticancer activity of 51 medicinal plants that are widespread in all regions of Nigeria. Furthermore, the proposed anticancer pharmacological actions as well as the anticancer bioactive compounds, the type of cancer cell inhibited, the plant parts responsible for the anticancer activity, and the nature of the extracts used for the studies were discussed in this review. The 51 Nigerian medicinal plants were reported to exhibit anticancer activities of the prostate, cervices, lung, skin, colon, esophagus, blood, ovary, central nervous system/brain, breast, stomach, pancreas, larynx, and kidney. The major classes of bioactive compounds indicated to be responsible for the anticancer activity include the polyphenols, flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, triterpenes, tannins, and quinones. The major anticancer pharmacological actions of these bioactive compounds were antiproliferative, cytotoxic, cytostatic, antimetastatic, apoptotic, and antioxidative as well as provoked cell cycle arrest, inhibition of angiogenesis and reduction of cancer cell viability.
Conclusion
The Nigerian medicinal plants can be harnessed to provide for readily available and inexpensive anticancer drugs in the future because the plants reported in this review showed promising anticancer activity.
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Yulvianti M, Zidorn C. Chemical Diversity of Plant Cyanogenic Glycosides: An Overview of Reported Natural Products. Molecules 2021; 26:719. [PMID: 33573160 PMCID: PMC7866531 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26030719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyanogenic glycosides are an important and widespread class of plant natural products, which are however structurally less diverse than many other classes of natural products. So far, 112 naturally occurring cyanogenic glycosides have been described in the phytochemical literature. Currently, these unique compounds have been reported from more than 2500 plant species. Natural cyanogenic glycosides show variations regarding both the aglycone and the sugar part of the molecules. The predominant sugar moiety is glucose but many substitution patterns of this glucose moiety exist in nature. Regarding the aglycone moiety, four different basic classes can be distinguished, aliphatic, cyclic, aromatic, and heterocyclic aglycones. Our overview covers all cyanogenic glycosides isolated from plants and includes 33 compounds with a non-cyclic aglycone, 20 cyclopentane derivatives, 55 natural products with an aromatic aglycone, and four dihydropyridone derivatives. In the following sections, we will provide an overview about the chemical diversity known so far and mention the first source from which the respective compounds had been isolated. This review will serve as a first reference for researchers trying to find new cyanogenic glycosides and highlights some gaps in the knowledge about the exact structures of already described compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meri Yulvianti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, 24118 Kiel, Germany;
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Sultan Ageng Tirtayasa, Serang 42124, Indonesia
- Indonesia Center of Excellence for Food Security, University of Sultan Ageng Tirtayasa, Serang 42124, Indonesia
| | - Christian Zidorn
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, 24118 Kiel, Germany;
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Shi Q, He Y, Chen J, Lu L. Thermally Induced Actinidine Production in Biological Samples. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:12252-12258. [PMID: 33089981 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c02540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Actinidine, a methylcyclopentane monoterpenoid pyridine alkaloid, has been found in many iridoid-rich plants and insect species. In a recent research on a well-known actinidine- and iridoid-producing ant species, Tapinoma melanocephalum (Fabricius) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), no actinidine was detected in its hexane extracts by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis using a common sample injection method, but a significant amount of actinidine was detected when a solid injection technique with a thermal separation probe was used. This result led us to hypothesize that heat can induce the production of actinidine in iridoid-rich organisms. To test our hypothesis, the occurrence of actinidine was investigated in four iridoid-rich organisms under different sample preparation temperatures, including two ant species, T. melanocephalum and Iridomyrmex anceps Roger (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), and two plant species, Actinidia polygama Maxim (Ericales: Actinidiaceae) and Nepeta cataria L. (Lamiales: Lamiaceae). Within a temperature range of 50, 100, 150, 200, and 250 °C, no actinidine was detected at 50 °C, but it appeared at temperatures above 100 °C for all four species. A positive relationship was observed between the heating temperature and actinidine production. The results indicate that actinidine could be generated at high temperatures. We also found that the presence of methylcyclopentane monoterpenoid iridoids (iridodials and nepetalactone) was needed for thermally induced actinidine production in all tested samples. These results suggest that the presence of actinidine in iridoid-rich plants and ants might be a consequence of using high temperatures during sample preparation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingxing Shi
- Plant Protection Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 7 Jinying Rd., Tianhe District, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510640, China
| | - Yurong He
- Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Wushan Street, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510642, China
| | - Jian Chen
- Southeast Area, Agriculture Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, National Biological Control Laboratory, 59 Lee Road, Stoneville, Mississippi 38776, United States
| | - Lihua Lu
- Plant Protection Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 7 Jinying Rd., Tianhe District, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510640, China
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Cao-Ngoc P, Leclercq L, Rossi JC, Hertzog J, Tixier AS, Chemat F, Nasreddine R, Al Hamoui Dit Banni G, Nehmé R, Schmitt-Kopplin P, Cottet H. Water-Based Extraction of Bioactive Principles from Blackcurrant Leaves and Chrysanthellum americanum: A Comparative Study. Foods 2020; 9:E1478. [PMID: 33081198 PMCID: PMC7602794 DOI: 10.3390/foods9101478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The water-based extraction of bioactive components from flavonoid-rich medicinal plants is a key step that should be better investigated. This is especially true when dealing with easy-to-use home-made conditions of extractions, which are known to be a bottleneck in the course for a better control and optimization of the daily uptake of active components from medicinal plants. In this work, the water-based extraction of Blackcurrant (Ribes nigrum) leaves (BC) and Chrysanthellum americanum (CA), known to have complementary pharmacological properties, was studied and compared with a previous work performed on the extraction of Hawthorn (Crataegus, HAW). Various extraction modes in water (infusion, percolation, maceration, ultrasounds, microwaves) were compared for the extraction of bioactive principles contained in BC and CA in terms of extraction yield, of amount of flavonoids, phenolic compounds, and proanthocyanidin oligomers, and of UHPLC profiles of the extracted compounds. The qualitative and quantitative aspects of the extraction, in addition to the kinetic of extraction, were studied. The optimized easy-to-use-at-home extraction protocol developed for HAW was found very efficient to easily extract bioactive components from BC and CA plants. UHPLC-ESI-MS and high-resolution Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR MS) were also implemented to get more qualitative information on the specific and common chemical compositions of the three plants (including HAW). Their antihyaluronidase, antioxidant, and antihypertensive activities were also determined and compared, demonstrating similar activities as the reference compound for some of these plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phu Cao-Ngoc
- IBMM, University of Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, 34093 Montpellier, France; (P.C.-N.); (J.-C.R.)
| | - Laurent Leclercq
- IBMM, University of Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, 34093 Montpellier, France; (P.C.-N.); (J.-C.R.)
| | - Jean-Christophe Rossi
- IBMM, University of Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, 34093 Montpellier, France; (P.C.-N.); (J.-C.R.)
| | - Jasmine Hertzog
- Analytical BioGeoChemistry, Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; (J.H.); (P.S.-K.)
- Analytical Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Muenchen, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Anne-Sylvie Tixier
- GREEN Extraction Team, INRA, University of Avignon, 84916 Avignon, France; (A.-S.T.); (F.C.)
| | - Farid Chemat
- GREEN Extraction Team, INRA, University of Avignon, 84916 Avignon, France; (A.-S.T.); (F.C.)
| | - Rouba Nasreddine
- Institute of Organic and Analytical Chemistry (ICOA), CNRS, University of Orléans, 45067 Orléans, France; (R.N.); (G.A.H.D.B.); (R.N.)
| | - Ghassan Al Hamoui Dit Banni
- Institute of Organic and Analytical Chemistry (ICOA), CNRS, University of Orléans, 45067 Orléans, France; (R.N.); (G.A.H.D.B.); (R.N.)
| | - Reine Nehmé
- Institute of Organic and Analytical Chemistry (ICOA), CNRS, University of Orléans, 45067 Orléans, France; (R.N.); (G.A.H.D.B.); (R.N.)
| | - Philippe Schmitt-Kopplin
- Analytical BioGeoChemistry, Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; (J.H.); (P.S.-K.)
- Analytical Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Muenchen, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Hervé Cottet
- IBMM, University of Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, 34093 Montpellier, France; (P.C.-N.); (J.-C.R.)
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Rummun N, Rondeau P, Bourdon E, Pires E, McCullagh J, Claridge TDW, Bahorun T, Li WW, Neergheen VS. Terminalia bentzoë, a Mascarene Endemic Plant, Inhibits Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells Growth In Vitro via G0/G1 Phase Cell Cycle Arrest. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2020; 13:ph13100303. [PMID: 33053825 PMCID: PMC7650599 DOI: 10.3390/ph13100303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Revised: 10/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Tropical forests constitute a prolific sanctuary of unique floral diversity and potential medicinal sources, however, many of them remain unexplored. The scarcity of rigorous scientific data on the surviving Mascarene endemic taxa renders bioprospecting of this untapped resource of utmost importance. Thus, in view of valorizing the native resource, this study has as its objective to investigate the bioactivities of endemic leaf extracts. Herein, seven Mascarene endemic plants leaves were extracted and evaluated for their in vitro antioxidant properties and antiproliferative effects on a panel of cancer cell lines, using methyl thiazolyl diphenyl-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) and clonogenic cell survival assays. Flow cytometry and comet assay were used to investigate the cell cycle and DNA damaging effects, respectively. Bioassay guided-fractionation coupled with liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (MS), gas chromatography-MS, and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopic analysis were used to identify the bioactive compounds. Among the seven plants tested, Terminaliabentzoë was comparatively the most potent antioxidant extract, with significantly (p < 0.05) higher cytotoxic activities. T. bentzoë extract further selectively suppressed the growth of human hepatocellular carcinoma cells and significantly halted the cell cycle progression in the G0/G1 phase, decreased the cells' replicative potential and induced significant DNA damage. In total, 10 phenolic compounds, including punicalagin and ellagic acid, were identified and likely contributed to the extract's potent antioxidant and cytotoxic activities. These results established a promising basis for further in-depth investigations into the potential use of T. bentzoë as a supportive therapy in cancer management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nawraj Rummun
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Mauritius, Réduit 80837, Mauritius;
- Biopharmaceutical Unit Centre for Biomedical and Biomaterials Research, MSIRI Building, University of Mauritius, Réduit 80837, Mauritius;
- School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Keele University, Thornburrow Drive, Stoke on Trent ST4 7QB, UK
| | - Philippe Rondeau
- Université de La Réunion, INSERM, UMR 1188 Diabète athérothrombose Thérapies Réunion Océan Indien (DéTROI), Saint-Denis de La Réunion, 97490 Sainte-Clotilde, Reunion, France; (P.R.); (E.B.)
| | - Emmanuel Bourdon
- Université de La Réunion, INSERM, UMR 1188 Diabète athérothrombose Thérapies Réunion Océan Indien (DéTROI), Saint-Denis de La Réunion, 97490 Sainte-Clotilde, Reunion, France; (P.R.); (E.B.)
| | - Elisabete Pires
- Chemical Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, UK; (E.P.); (J.M.); (T.D.W.C.)
| | - James McCullagh
- Chemical Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, UK; (E.P.); (J.M.); (T.D.W.C.)
| | - Timothy D. W. Claridge
- Chemical Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, UK; (E.P.); (J.M.); (T.D.W.C.)
| | - Theeshan Bahorun
- Biopharmaceutical Unit Centre for Biomedical and Biomaterials Research, MSIRI Building, University of Mauritius, Réduit 80837, Mauritius;
| | - Wen-Wu Li
- School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Keele University, Thornburrow Drive, Stoke on Trent ST4 7QB, UK
- Correspondence: (W.-W.L.); (V.S.N.)
| | - Vidushi S. Neergheen
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Mauritius, Réduit 80837, Mauritius;
- Biopharmaceutical Unit Centre for Biomedical and Biomaterials Research, MSIRI Building, University of Mauritius, Réduit 80837, Mauritius;
- Correspondence: (W.-W.L.); (V.S.N.)
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18
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Antimicrobial Importance of Medicinal Plants in Nigeria. ScientificWorldJournal 2020; 2020:7059323. [PMID: 33029108 PMCID: PMC7528132 DOI: 10.1155/2020/7059323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the success of antibiotic discovery, infectious diseases remain the second leading source of death worldwide, while the resistance to antibiotics is among the significant problems in the twenty-first century. Medicinal plants are very rich in phytochemicals which can be structurally optimized and processed into new drugs. Nigeria enjoys a diverse collection of medicinal plants, and joint research has ascertained the efficacy of these plants. Plants such as guava (Psidium guajava), ginger (Zingiber officinale), neem (Azadirachta indica), and moringa (Moringa oleifera) have been found to exhibit broad range of antimicrobial activities. Studies on Nigerian plants have shown that they contain alkaloids, polyphenols, terpenes, glycosides, and others with possible therapeutic potentials. The antimicrobial activities of some new compounds such as alloeudesmenol, hanocokinoside, orosunol, and 8-demethylorosunol, identified from medicinal plants in Nigeria, are not yet explored. Further investigation and optimization of these compounds will facilitate the development of new sets of pharmacologically acceptable antimicrobial agents. This review study revealed the efficacy of medicinal plants as an alternative therapy in combating and curtailing the development and survival of multidrug-resistant pathogens coupled with the toxic effects of some antibiotics. Due to enormous therapeutic possibilities buried in medicinal plants, there is a need for more research into unique fingerprints and novel compounds that can provide cure to the neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) of humans and animals facing Africa, especially Nigeria.
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19
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Singh N, Tiwari P, Sharma B. Kinetic characterization of rat brain acetylcholinesterase modulated by lead and cartap: the ameliorative effect of Citrus limon fruit juice. J Basic Clin Physiol Pharmacol 2020; 33:243-254. [PMID: 32924379 DOI: 10.1515/jbcpp-2020-0040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Objectives Human exposure to heavy metals and pesticides is a worldwide major health problem. These environmental pollutants have been considered as the most neurotoxic agents and responsible to causing neurological toxicity. Plant-based therapeutic supplement may be used in the event of toxicity. Citrus limon contains several useful bioactive ingredients including flavonoids, dietary fiber, carotenoids, vitamins, pectin, minerals, and essential oils, which are responsible for its therapeutic potential. In the present investigation, we have studied the toxicity of heavy metals such as lead (Pb) and a carbamate pesticide such as cartap (Cp) on rat brain acetylcholinesterase (AChE). Methods The chemical characterization of C. limon involved determination of total antioxidants and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl-hydrate free radical scavenging activity using known methods. The AChE activity and its kinetic characterization were performed by assaying the enzyme activity at varying substrate concentrations, pH, temperature, and time of reaction. Its different kinetic parameters such as K i , V max, K m , K cat, and K cat/K m were determined by using standard procedures. The amelioration potential of the extract was evaluated on the neurotransmission system of rat brain AChE treated with Pb, Cp, and their combination (Pb-Cp), considering their 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) values. Results The optimal activity of rat brain AChE was recorded at 25 µg of protein, pH of 7.4, substrate concentration [S] of 0.5 mM, and temperature of 37.4-40°C. The enzyme was stable for 10 min when incubated at 37.4 °C in vitro. The enzyme displayed 70% of its activity remaining even after 160 min of incubation in this condition. It may be stable up to 1 month when stored at -20°C. The IC50 values for Pb, Cp, and Pb-Cp were found to be 75, 2.9, and 5 mM, respectively. Pb, Cp, and Pb-Cp inhibited the activity of rat brain AChE in the noncompetitive, mixed, and uncompetitive manners, respectively, with their respective K i values to be 675, 2.37, and 22.72 mM. Conclusions The results indicated that the Pb and Cp were able to cause significant alterations in the level and properties of AChE. However, the introduction of lemon juice on Pb- and Cp-treated AChE indicated protection of its activity from their adverse effects. The results may be useful in prospective therapeutic applications of lemon juice or as a food supplement to protect mammalian systems from adverse effects of these toxicants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitika Singh
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Allahabad, Allahabad, India
| | - Priyanka Tiwari
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Allahabad, Allahabad, India
| | - Bechan Sharma
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Allahabad, Allahabad, India
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20
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Oyeyinka BO, Afolayan AJ. Comparative and Correlational Evaluation of the Phytochemical Constituents and Antioxidant Activity of Musa sinensis L. and Musa paradisiaca L. Fruit Compartments (Musaceae). ScientificWorldJournal 2020; 2020:4503824. [PMID: 32831803 PMCID: PMC7428880 DOI: 10.1155/2020/4503824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Secondary metabolites and their biological activity have pharmacological relevance in the prevention and therapeutic management of disease, including the facilitation of normal physiological processes through biochemical mechanisms. In this study, phytochemical constituents and antioxidant activity were evaluated quantitatively on the acetone, ethanol, and aqueous extracts of the flesh, and peel, as well as the boiled peel extract compartments of Musa sinensis L. and Musa paradisiaca L. fruits. Total phenol, proanthocyanidin, and flavonoid contents were estimated and measured spectrophotometrically. The free radical scavenging antioxidant capacity of the extracts was tested on DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl ethanol), ABTS (2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid)), and FRAP (ferric reducing antioxidant power) assay models. Correlation between phytoconstituents and antioxidant activity was analysed using Pearson's coefficient. The results showed varying amounts of phytochemicals in the solvent extracts of the flesh and peel, including the boiled peel extract of M. sinensis and M. paradisiaca. All acetone extracts of M. sinensis flesh, M. paradisiaca flesh, and M. paradisiaca peel had the highest phytochemical contents, with the exception of the ethanol extract of M. sinensis peel which had the highest phenol content; just as on the overall scale, the peel compartments had generally higher phytochemical profiles than the soft flesh in both fruits. The boiled peel extracts of M. sinensis and M. paradisiaca had the highest ABTS (0.03 mg/mL) and DPPH (0.03 mg/mL) activity. Ferric reducing power (FRAP) was the highest in the ethanol extracts of M. sinensis flesh and peel, and M. paradisiaca flesh, while it was the highest in the acetone extract of M. paradisiaca at the peak concentration used (0.1 mg/mL). There was a significant negative correlation between the total phenol and flavonoid contents of M. sinensis flesh with its DPPH radical scavenging activity and proanthocyanidin content of M. paradisiaca flesh with its DPPH radical scavenging activity. The correlation outcomes indicate that none of the phytochemical constituents solely affected antioxidant activity; instead, a combination of the polyphenolic constituents contributed to antioxidant activity. This study shows the therapeutic potentials of the flesh and, importantly, the peel of M. sinensis and M. paradisiaca fruits on the basis of the polyphenolic constitution against free radicals and oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barnabas Oluwatomide Oyeyinka
- Medicinal Plants and Economic Development (MPED) Research Centre, Department of Botany, University of Fort Hare, Alice 5700, South Africa
| | - Anthony Jide Afolayan
- Medicinal Plants and Economic Development (MPED) Research Centre, Department of Botany, University of Fort Hare, Alice 5700, South Africa
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21
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Tun KNW, Aminah NS, Kristanti AN, Aung HT, Takaya Y. Natural products isolated from Casimiroa. OPEN CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1515/chem-2020-0128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
AbstractAbout 140 genera and more than 1,600 species belong to the Rutaceae family. They grow in temperate and tropical zones on both hemispheres, as trees, shrubs, and herbs. Casimiroa is one of the genera constituting 13 species, most of which are found in tropical and subtropical regions. Many chemical constituents have been derived from this genus, including quinoline alkaloids, flavonoids, coumarins, and N-benzoyltyramide derivatives. This article reviews different studies carried out on aromatic compounds of genus Casimiroa; their biological activities; the different skeletons of coumarins, alkaloids, flavonoids, and others; and their characteristic NMR spectral data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khun Nay Win Tun
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universitas Airlangga, Komplek Kampus C UNAIR, Jl. Mulyorejo, Surabaya, Indonesia
- Department of Chemistry, Taunggyi University, Taunggyi, Myanmar
| | - Nanik Siti Aminah
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universitas Airlangga, Komplek Kampus C UNAIR, Jl. Mulyorejo, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Alfinda Novi Kristanti
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universitas Airlangga, Komplek Kampus C UNAIR, Jl. Mulyorejo, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | | | - Yoshiaki Takaya
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, 150 Yagotoyama, Tempaku, Nagoya, 468-8503, Japan
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Madhumita M, Guha P, Nag A. Bio-actives of betel leaf (Piper betle L.): A comprehensive review on extraction, isolation, characterization, and biological activity. Phytother Res 2020; 34:2609-2627. [PMID: 32524688 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.6715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Revised: 03/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Piper betle L., belonging to Piperaceae family, known as a traditional herbal medicinal plant and used for several health benefits in Asian countries. Currently, demand for its products such as herbal drugs, medicines, and natural herbal formulations has increased. The beneficial effects of betel leaves and its products have traditionally exploited for the treatment of several diseases like bad breath, cuts, injuries, inflammations, cold cough, indigestion, etc. Till now, a broad range of bioactive compounds including polyphenols, terpenes, etc., has been identified from the extracts and essential oil (EO) of betel leaves. The structural and functional characterization of the extract and EO bio-actives has been derived by various advanced standard methods. Most of the health-related benefits of betel leaves have been associated with their bioactive phenolic compounds. The extract of this highly perishable product can be used in organic synthesis, food, and beverage industry, pharmaceuticals, etc., to the environmental issues. The present review provides information on extraction techniques, identification of bioactive compounds, and their biological activities. That apart, information on processing, preservation, and health benefits along with their mechanisms has also been added.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitali Madhumita
- Agricultural and Food Engineering Department, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, India
| | - Proshanta Guha
- Agricultural and Food Engineering Department, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, India
| | - Ahnidra Nag
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, India
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Dahibhate NL, Roy U, Kumar K. Phytochemical Screening, Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Activities of Selected Mangrove Species. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020. [DOI: 10.2174/1573407214666180808121118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Background:
Mangrove plant extracts are used in folkloric medicine as aphrodisiac, sedative,
antioxidant, antimicrobial and antimalarial. Screening for antimicrobial, phytochemical and antioxidant
activities of fourteen mangroves plant species (Aegiceras corniculatum, Acanthus ilicifolius, Avicennia
alba, Avicennia marina, Avicennia officinalis, Bruguiera cylindrica, Bruguiera gymnorhiza, Ceriops
tagel, Excoecaria agallocha, Kandelia candel, Rhizophora apiculata, Rhizophora mucronata, Sonneratia
alba, and Sonneratia caseolaris) in various solvents are reported in this work.
Methods:
The antimicrobial screening was carried out using agar well diffusion method. In this study,
nine pathogenic strains were used, including three Gram-positive and six Gram-negative bacteria. Phytochemical
screening, total flavonoids, total phenolic and antioxidant activity was tested by DPPH radical
scavenging assay. Four phenolic compounds (gallic acid, vanillin, tannic acid and quercetin) were
quantified by LC-MS/MS in selected mangrove species.
Results:
Antimicrobial screening showed Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Enterococcus
faecalis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were most susceptible to ethyl acetate extract as compared
to ethanol and methanol extract. Ethyl acetate extract of Avicennia marina and Bruguiera gymnorhiza
showed strong antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis,
Enterococcus faecalis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence
of saponins, phenolics, flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, and terpenoids, which was found to be variable
as per the solvent used for extraction. In addition, total phenolics and total flavonoids content with
different solvents were found in the range of 11.08 to 196.76 mg GAE/g and 12.92 to 110.3 mg QE/g of
extract respectively. Moreover, antioxidant capacities expressed in terms of IC50 (mg/mL) showed that
methanol extract exhibited higher antioxidant capacity followed by ethanol extract. LC-MS/MS analysis
showed gallic acid and tannic acid are present in higher concentration in Aegiceras corniculatum and Sonneratia
caseolaris than other species. The vanillin and quercetin were found in the least concentration.
Conclusion:
Mangroves species are rich source of antioxidant, phenolics and antimicrobial compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nilesh L. Dahibhate
- Department of Biological Sciences, Birla Institute of Technology & Science Pilani, K. K. Birla Goa Campus, Goa-403726, India
| | - Utpal Roy
- Department of Biological Sciences, Birla Institute of Technology & Science Pilani, K. K. Birla Goa Campus, Goa-403726, India
| | - Kundan Kumar
- Department of Biological Sciences, Birla Institute of Technology & Science Pilani, K. K. Birla Goa Campus, Goa-403726, India
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Chikezie PC, Ekeanyanwu RC, Chile-Agada AB. Phytocomponents from Anacardium occidentale, Psidium guajava, and Terminalia catappa altered membrane osmotic stability of sickle erythrocytes. BENI-SUEF UNIVERSITY JOURNAL OF BASIC AND APPLIED SCIENCES 2020. [DOI: 10.1186/s43088-019-0030-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
The present study identified, quantified, and characterized the combinations of phytocomponents from fractionated leaf extracts of Anacardium occidentale, Psidium guajava, and Terminalia catappa that stabilized sickle erythrocyte membrane against osmotic stress, or otherwise, using standard chromatographic-spectrophotometric techniques, namely GC-MS, FT-IR, and UV-visible systems.
Results
The percentage hemolysis of the control sample, in 0.9 g/100 mL NaCl, was 35.08 ± 11.64%, whereas those of the samples containing 40 mg/100 mL, 60 mg/100 mL, and 80 mg/100 mL of ethylacetate extracts of T. catappa ranged between 31.82 ± 8.32 and 39.18 ± 6.94%. Ethylacetate extract of T. catappa contained comparative high quantities of hexadecanoic acid methyl ester, 9,11-octadecadienoic acid, methyl ester, (E, E)-, trans-13-octadecenoic acid methyl ester, and methyl stearate. FT-IR and UV-visible spectra showed that ethylacetate extract of T. catappa contained aromatic compounds as well as nitro-compounds, phenolics, and esters.
Conclusion
To mention but a few, the combinations of major phytocomponents that stabilized sickle erythrocyte membrane against osmotic stress were hexadecanoic acid, methyl ester, 11-octadecenoic acid, methyl ester, dibutyl phthalate, pentacosane, trans-13-octadecenoic acid, methyl ester, whereas the minor phytocomponents include methyl tetradecanoate, methoxyacetic acid, 3-pentadecyl ester, methyl stearate, hexadecanoic acid, isoxazole, 4,5-dimethyl-.
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Optimizing Water-Based Extraction of Bioactive Principles of Hawthorn: From Experimental Laboratory Research to Homemade Preparations. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24234420. [PMID: 31816956 PMCID: PMC6930565 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24234420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Revised: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hawthorn (Crataegus) is used for its cardiotonic, hypotensive, vasodilative, sedative, antiatherosclerotic, and antihyperlipidemic properties. One of the main goals of this work was to find a well-defined optimized extraction protocol usable by each of us that would lead to repeatable, controlled, and quantified daily uptake of active components from hawthorn at a drinkable temperature (below 60 °C). A thorough investigation of the extraction mode in water (infusion, maceration, percolation, ultrasounds, microwaves) on the yield of extraction and the amount of phenolic compounds, flavonoids, and proanthocyanidin oligomers as well as on the Ultra High Performance Liquid Chromatography (UHPLC) profiles of the extracted compounds was carried out. High-resolution Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry was also implemented to discriminate the different samples and conditions of extraction. The quantitative and qualitative aspects of the extraction as well as the kinetics of extraction were studied, not only according to the part (flowers or leaves), the state (fresh or dried), and the granulometry of the dry plant, but also the stirring speed, the temperature, the extraction time, the volume of the container (cup, mug or bowl) and the use of infusion bags.
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Total Hyptolide of Indonesian Hyptis pectinata extracts in a various solvent using HPLC and UV-Vis spectroscopy and their toxicities. JURNAL KIMIA SAINS DAN APLIKASI 2019. [DOI: 10.14710/jksa.22.6.305-309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The bioactive compound of hyptolide has been isolated from an Indonesian plant Hyptis pectinata using various solvents. The pure compound was then used as a standard in quantitative analysis using HPLC and UV-Vis spectroscopy in ethanol (EEth), ethyl acetate (EEa), acetone (Eac) and hexane (Ehex) extract each earned 3.14%, 0.01%, 1.33% and 0.04% (dry weight per sample). The standard curve of hyptolide using UV spectroscopy has been obtained with the coefficient of relationship (r) of 0.997. However, the use of spectroscopy was not recommended for the standardization of hyptolide in the extract due to interference from other compounds that absorb the same wavelength. Furthermore, the toxicity test using the Brine Shrimp lethality test shows LC50 value of 92-181 ppm, which was in EEa compared to EEth, Eac, and Ehex.
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Mondal S, Rai VR. Molecular profiling of endophytic Streptomyces cavourensis MH16 inhabiting Millingtonia hortensis Linn. and influence of different culture media on biosynthesis of antimicrobial metabolites. Naturwissenschaften 2019; 106:51. [PMID: 31455975 DOI: 10.1007/s00114-019-1646-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Revised: 08/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Endophytic actinomycetes, a prolific source of natural products, are well known for their diverse metabolic versatility, and their association with medicinal plants and antimicrobial potential are well worth exploring. We isolated and identified the Streptomyces cavourensis strain MH16 inhabiting the tree Millingtonia hortensis Linn. using phylogenetic analysis based on a 16S rRNA molecular approach. We used the disc diffusion method to evaluate the impact of differences in the compositions of the media on the production of secondary metabolites from strain MH16. The production of antimicrobial metabolites was determined by the observation of inhibition zones on intensive bands when using a TLC-bioautography assay. Biosynthesis of secondary metabolites was optimal when the strain MH16 was cultured in ISP-2 medium as depicted by a zone of inhibition. Strain MH16 effectively inhibited methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Candida albicans, and other multi drug-resistant pathogens. The minimum inhibitory concentration of the antimicrobial metabolites was 25-100 μg mL-1. The study manifests the optimization and utilization of different fermentation media which best suits for increased production of the secondary metabolites from Streptomyces cavourensis. This research suggests that the antimicrobial metabolites of strain MH16 found in M. hortensis has great potential for the biodiscovery of new anti-infective drugs against a wide range of multidrug-resistant pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soma Mondal
- Department of Studies in Microbiology, University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, Mysuru, Karnataka, 570 006, India.
| | - Vittal Ravishankar Rai
- Department of Studies in Microbiology, University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, Mysuru, Karnataka, 570 006, India.
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George TK, Joy A, Divya K, Jisha MS. In vitro and in silico docking studies of antibacterial compounds derived from endophytic Penicillium setosum. Microb Pathog 2019; 131:87-97. [PMID: 30951817 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2019.03.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2018] [Revised: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Occasionally, endophytic fungal species cognize as a hidden prospective source of plant secondary metabolites. In this study, a potent Penicillium setosum sp. nov. was explored for its detailed antibacterial action on Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus through different in vitro and in silico assays. Fluorescence based viability assay determined increase in the number of dead cells in course of time with the continual exposure of extract during a 4 h period. Scanning electron micrographs reflect the distinguishable morphological changes in treated cells, namely shortening of size, bubbles, and blisters on the surface of E. coli, as well as open holes and deep craters on the surface of S. aureus, ultimately leading to rupture of cells. Significant intracellular changes in bacteria were remarkably noticed through different membrane permeabilization assays. The rate of Na+ and K+ leakage with respect to time, intracellular material and cytoplasmic β-galactosidase release were measured spectroscopically. The results indisputably prove that membrane disruption of S. aureus cells occurs within 2 h and in E.coli occurs in between 2 and 4 h of exposure. Crude extract of P. setosum was fractioned using semi-preparative HPLC and the separated antibacterial active fraction showed antibacterial efficacy with the minimum inhibitory concentration of 8 μg/mL against both organisms. Active fraction contains four well-known plant metabolite belongs to the polyphenolic group (Leucodelphinidin, dihydroquercetin, kaempferol, and quercetin) and one polyketide (patulin) familiar as fungal metabolite, identified through high resolution LC-MS. Interaction mechanisms of identified compounds with nine important antimicrobial drug targets showed highest binding affinity by leucodelphinidin followed by dihydroquercetin > kaempferol > quercetin. This is the first instance of using leucodelphinidin and dihydroquercetin for detailed interaction study with multiple targets, and it was found that they showed more effective interaction than quercetin, which was earlier utilized for antibacterial studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tijith K George
- School of Biosciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam, Kerala, 686560, India
| | - Akhil Joy
- School of Biosciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam, Kerala, 686560, India
| | - K Divya
- School of Biosciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam, Kerala, 686560, India
| | - M S Jisha
- School of Biosciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam, Kerala, 686560, India.
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Patra JK, Das G, Lee S, Kang SS, Shin HS. Selected commercial plants: A review of extraction and isolation of bioactive compounds and their pharmacological market value. Trends Food Sci Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2018.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Abstract
Plants provide the oxygen required for maintenance of human life. They are essential for human life in terms of food and health. Thousands of years ago, humans explored the therapeutic power of plants and preferred to benefit from them to live healthily. According to the data of the World Health Organization (WHO), the number of plants used for therapeutic purposes is around 20,000. Since the beginning of using plants for human health, the bioactivity characteristics of the plants have been studied in laboratories. There are various bioactive components in plants, the most important of which are secondary metabolites. It is very important how and by which methods the secondary metabolites of plants are characterized as well as their isolation, proper and effective performance of their extraction process and identification of their various biological activities that might be used in alternative medicine. This review examines the usability of supplementary medical support products after the identification of bioactive characteristics of plants by means of various biochemical and molecular biological methods.
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Chintapanti S, Pratap Reddy K, Sreenivasula Reddy P. Behavioral and neurochemical consequences of perinatal exposure to lead in adult male Wistar rats: protective effect by Centella asiatica. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:13173-13185. [PMID: 29492815 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-1500-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The present study evaluated the protective effects of Centella asiatica (CA) leaf extract on behavioral deficits and neurotoxicity in adult rat exposed to lead during perinatal period. Adult Wistar rats were exposed to 0.15% lead acetate (Pb) from gestation day 6 through drinking water and the pups were exposed lactationally to Pb till weaning. Significant perturbations in locomotor activity and exploratory behavior were observed in rats exposed to Pb during perinatal period. The levels of lipid peroxidation increased significantly with a reduction in levels of glutathione and activity levels of acetylcholinesterase and antioxidant enzymes in hippocampus, cerebrum, cerebellum, and medulla of brains excised from Pb-exposed rats. Oral supplementation of CA during postweaning period provided significant protection against Pb-induced behavioral impairments and neurotoxicity, without chelating tissue Pb levels. The possible neuroprotective efficacy of CA may be due to its antioxidant potential but not by lowering effects of brain Pb content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swetha Chintapanti
- Department of Biotechnology, Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati, 517502, India
- Department of Zoology, Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati, 517502, India
| | - K Pratap Reddy
- Department of Biotechnology, Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati, 517502, India
- Department of Zoology, Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati, 517502, India
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Hepato- and neuro-protective effects of watermelon juice on acute ethanol-induced oxidative stress in rats. Toxicol Rep 2016; 3:288-294. [PMID: 28959549 PMCID: PMC5615783 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2016.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2015] [Revised: 12/26/2015] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic and acute alcohol exposure has been extensively reported to cause oxidative stress in hepatic and extra-hepatic tissues. Watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) is known to possess various beneficial properties including; antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, anti-diabetic, anti-ulcerogenic effects. However, there is a lack of pertinent information on its importance in acute alcohol-induced hepato- and neuro-toxicity. The present study evaluated the potential protective effects of watermelon juice on ethanol-induced oxidative stress in the liver and brain of male Wistar rats. Rats were pre-treated with the watermelon juice at a dose of 4 ml/kg body weight for a period of fifteen days prior to a single dose of ethanol (50%; 12 ml/kg body weight). Ethanol treatment reduced body weight gain and significantly altered antioxidant status in the liver and brain. This is evidenced by the significant elevation of malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration; depletion in reduced glutathione (GSH) levels and an increased catalase (CAT) activity in the brain and liver. There was no significant difference in the activity of glutathione peroxidase (GPX) in the liver and brain. Oral administration of watermelon juice for fifteen (15) days prior to ethanol intoxication, significantly reduced the concentration of MDA in the liver and brain of rats. In addition, water melon pre-treatment increased the concentration of GSH and normalized catalase activity in both tissues in comparison to the ethanol control group. Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of phenol, alkaloids, saponins, tannins and steroids in watermelon juice. Our findings indicate that watermelon juice demonstrate anti-oxidative effects in ethanol-induced oxidation in the liver and brain of rats; which could be associated with the plethora of antioxidant phyto-constituents present there-in.
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