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Monteyne AJ, West S, Stephens FB, Wall BT. Reconsidering the pre-eminence of dietary leucine and plasma leucinemia for predicting the stimulation of postprandial muscle protein synthesis rates. Am J Clin Nutr 2024; 120:7-16. [PMID: 38705358 PMCID: PMC11251220 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajcnut.2024.04.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024] Open
Abstract
The regulation of postprandial muscle protein synthesis (MPS) with or without physical activity has been an intensely studied area within nutrition and physiology. The leucine content of dietary protein and the subsequent plasma leucinemia it elicits postingestion is often considered the primary drivers of the postprandial MPS response. This concept, generally known as the leucine "trigger" hypothesis, has also been adopted within more applied aspects of nutrition. Our view is that recent evidence is driving a more nuanced picture of the regulation of postprandial MPS by revealing a compelling dissociation between ingested leucine or plasma leucinemia and the magnitude of the postprandial MPS response. Much of this lack of coherence has arisen as experimental progress has demanded relevant studies move beyond reliance on isolated amino acids and proteins to use increasingly complex protein-rich meals, whole foods, and mixed meals. Our overreliance on the centrality of leucine in this field has been reflected in 2 recent systematic reviews. In this perspective, we propose a re-evaluation of the pre-eminent role of these leucine variables in the stimulation of postprandial MPS. We view the development of a more complex intellectual framework now a priority if we are to see continued progress concerning the mechanistic regulation of postprandial muscle protein turnover, but also consequential from an applied perspective when evaluating the value of novel dietary protein sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alistair J Monteyne
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences, Nutritional Physiology Research Group, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Sam West
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences, Nutritional Physiology Research Group, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Francis B Stephens
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences, Nutritional Physiology Research Group, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Benjamin T Wall
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences, Nutritional Physiology Research Group, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom.
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2
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Prosser S, Fava M, Rogers LM, Liaset B, Breen L. Postprandial plasma amino acid and appetite responses with ingestion of a novel salmon-derived protein peptide in healthy young adults. Br J Nutr 2024; 131:1860-1872. [PMID: 38418422 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114524000540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/01/2024]
Abstract
This study assessed postprandial plasma aminoacidemia, glycemia, insulinemia and appetite responses to ingestion of a novel salmon-derived protein peptide (Salmon PP) compared with milk protein isolate (Milk PI). In a randomised, participant-blind crossover design, eleven healthy adults (M = 5, F = 6; mean ± sd age: 22 ± 3 years; BMI: 24 ± 3 kg/m2) ingested 0·3 g/kg/body mass of Salmon PP or Milk PI. Arterialised blood samples were collected whilst fasted and over a 240-min postprandial period. Appetite sensations were measured via visual analogue scales. An ad libitum buffet-style test meal was administered after each trial. The incremental AUC (iAUC) plasma essential amino acid (EAA) response was similar between Salmon PP and Milk PI. The iAUC plasma leucine response was significantly greater following Milk PI ingestion (P < 0·001), whereas temporal and iAUC plasma total amino acid (P = 0·001), non-essential amino acid (P = 0·002), glycine (P = 0·0025) and hydroxyproline (P < 0·001) responses were greater following Salmon PP ingestion. Plasma insulin increased similarly above post-absorptive values following Salmon PP and Milk PI ingestion, whilst plasma glucose was largely unaltered. Indices of appetite were similarly altered following Salmon PP and Milk PI ingestion, and total energy and macronutrient intake during the ad libitum meal was similar between Salmon PP and Milk PI. The postprandial plasma EAA, glycine, proline and hydroxyproline response to Salmon PP ingestion suggest this novel protein source could support muscle and possibly connective tissue adaptive remodelling, which warrants further investigation, particularly as the plasma leucine response to Salmon PP ingestion was inferior to Milk PI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Prosser
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, BirminghamB15 2TT, UK
| | - Mia Fava
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, BirminghamB15 2TT, UK
| | - Lucy M Rogers
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, BirminghamB15 2TT, UK
| | | | - Leigh Breen
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, BirminghamB15 2TT, UK
- MRC-Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Birmingham, UK
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3
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Bird SP, Nienhuis M, Biagioli B, De Pauw K, Meeusen R. Supplementation Strategies for Strength and Power Athletes: Carbohydrate, Protein, and Amino Acid Ingestion. Nutrients 2024; 16:1886. [PMID: 38931241 PMCID: PMC11206787 DOI: 10.3390/nu16121886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2024] [Revised: 06/07/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
It is a common belief amongst strength and power athletes that nutritional supplementation strategies aid recovery by shifting the anabolic/catabolic profile toward anabolism. Factors such as nutrient quantity, nutrient quality, and nutrient timing significantly impact upon the effectiveness of nutritional strategies in optimizing the acute responses to resistance exercise and the adaptive response to resistance training (i.e., muscle growth and strength expression). Specifically, the aim of this review is to address carbohydrates (CHOs), protein (PRO), and/or amino acids (AAs) supplementation strategies, as there is growing evidence suggesting a link between nutrient signaling and the initiation of protein synthesis, muscle glycogen resynthesis, and the attenuation of myofibrillar protein degradation following resistance exercise. Collectively, the current scientific literature indicates that nutritional supplementation strategies utilizing CHO, PRO, and/or AA represents an important approach aimed at enhancing muscular responses for strength and power athletes, primarily increased muscular hypertrophy and enhanced strength expression. There appears to be a critical interaction between resistance exercise and nutrient-cell signaling associated with the principle of nutrient timing (i.e., pre-exercise, during, and post-exercise). Recommendations for nutritional supplementation strategies to promote muscular responses for strength and athletes are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen P. Bird
- School of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Southern Queensland, Ipswich, QLD 4305, Australia
- Centre for Health Research, University of Southern Queensland, Ipswich, QLD 4305, Australia
| | - Mitch Nienhuis
- Movement Science, Grand Valley State University, Allendale, MI 49401, USA
| | - Brian Biagioli
- Kinesiology and Sport Sciences, School of Education and Human Development, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL 33146, USA
| | - Kevin De Pauw
- Human Physiology and Sports Physiotherapy Research Group (MFYS), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1050 Brussel, Belgium
- Brussels Human Robotics Research Center (BruBotics), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1050 Brussel, Belgium
| | - Romain Meeusen
- Human Physiology and Sports Physiotherapy Research Group (MFYS), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1050 Brussel, Belgium
- Department of Sports, Recreation, Exercise and Sciences, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town 7535, South Africa
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4
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Carroll CC, Campbell NW, Lewis RL, Preston SE, Garrett CM, Winstone HM, Barker AC, Vanos JM, Stouder LS, Reyes C, Fortino MA, Goergen CJ, Hass ZJ, Campbell WW. Greater Protein Intake Emphasizing Lean Beef Does Not Affect Resistance Training-Induced Adaptations in Skeletal Muscle and Tendon of Older Women: A Randomized Controlled Feeding Trial. J Nutr 2024; 154:1803-1814. [PMID: 38604504 DOI: 10.1016/j.tjnut.2024.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although experimental research supports that resistance training (RT), especially with greater dietary protein intake, improves muscle mass and strength in older adults, comparable research on tendons is needed. OBJECTIVES We assessed the effects of a protein-rich diet emphasizing lean beef, compared with 2 control diets, on RT-induced changes in skeletal muscle and tendon size and strength in older women. METHODS We randomly assigned women [age: 66 ± 1 y, body mass index (BMI): 28 ± 1] to groups that consumed 1) 0.8 g total protein/kg body weight/day from mixed food sources (normal protein control, n = 16); 2) 1.4 g/kg/d protein from mixed food sources (high protein control, n = 17); or 3) 1.4 g/kg/d protein emphasizing unprocessed lean beef (high protein experimental group, n = 16). Participants were provided with all foods and performed RT 3 times/wk, 70% of 1-repetition maximum for 12 wk. We measured quadriceps muscle volume via magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). We estimated patellar tendon biomechanical properties and cross-sectional area (CSA) using ultrasound and MRI. RESULTS Dietary intake did not influence RT-induced increases in quadriceps strength (P < 0.0001) or muscle volume (P < 0.05). We noted a trend for an RT effect on mean tendon CSA (P = 0.07), with no differences among diets (P > 0.05). Proximal tendon CSA increased with RT (P < 0.05) with no difference between dietary groups (P > 0.05). Among all participants, midtendon CSA increased with RT (P ≤ 0.05). We found a decrease in distal CSA in the 0.8 g group (P < 0.05) but no change in the 1.4 g group (P > 0.05). Patellar tendon MRI signal or biomechanical properties were unchanged. CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicated that greater daily protein intake, emphasizing beef, did not influence RT-induced changes in quadriceps muscle strength or muscle volume of older women. Although we noted trends in tendon CSA, we did not find a statistically significant impact of greater daily protein intake from beef on tendon outcomes. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT04347447.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chad C Carroll
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States.
| | - Nathan Wc Campbell
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Rebecca L Lewis
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Sarah E Preston
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Chloe M Garrett
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Hannah M Winstone
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Anna C Barker
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Johnny M Vanos
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Lucas S Stouder
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Camila Reyes
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Matthew A Fortino
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Craig J Goergen
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States; Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Zachary J Hass
- School of Nursing, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States; School of Industrial Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States; Regenstrief Center for Healthcare Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Wayne W Campbell
- Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
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5
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Milan AM, Menting GGA, Barnett MPG, Liu Y, McNabb WC, Roy NC, Hutchings SC, Mungure T, Weeks M, Li S, Hort J, Calder S, O'Grady G, Mithen RF. The impact of heat-set milk protein gel textures modified by pH on circulating amino acid appearance and gastric function in healthy female adults: a randomised controlled trial. Food Funct 2024; 15:5613-5626. [PMID: 38722062 DOI: 10.1039/d3fo04474b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2024]
Abstract
Modification of dairy proteins during processing impacts structural assemblies, influencing textural and nutritional properties of dairy products, and release and availability of amino acids during digestion. By modifying only pH, acid heat-set bovine dairy gels with divergent textural properties were developed to alter protein digestion. In vitro assay confirmed faster digestion of protein from a firm gel (pH 5.65) versus a soft gel (pH 6.55). We hypothesised that firm gel (FIRM-G; pH 5.6) would result in greater indispensable amino acid (IAA) appearance in circulation over 5 h and corresponding differences in gastric myoelectrical activity relative to soft gel (SOFT-G; pH 6.2). In a randomised, single-blind cross-over trial, healthy females (n = 20) consumed 150 g of each gel; plasma amino acid appearance was assessed over 5 hours. Iso-nitrogenous, iso-caloric gels were prepared from identical mixtures of bovine milk and whey protein concentrates; providing 17.7 g (FIRM-G) and 18.9 g (SOFT-G) of protein per serving. Secondary outcomes included gastric myoelectrical activity measured by body surface gastric mapping, glycaemic, triglyceridaemic, and subjective appetite and digestive responses. Overall plasma IAA (area under the curve) did not differ between gels. However, plasma IAA concentrations were higher, and increased more rapidly over time after SOFT-G compared with FIRM-G (1455 ± 53 versus 1350 ± 62 μmol L-1 at 30 min, p = 0.024). Similarly, total, branched-chain and dispensable amino acids were higher at 30 min with SOFT-G than FIRM-G (total: 3939 ± 97 versus 3702 ± 127 μmol L-1, p = 0.014; branched-chain: 677 ± 30 versus 619 ± 34 μmol L-1, p = 0.047; dispensable: 2334 ± 53 versus 2210 ± 76 μmol L-1, p = 0.032). All other measured parameters were similar between gels. Peak postprandial aminoacidaemia was higher and faster following ingestion of SOFT-G. Customised plasma amino acid appearance from dairy is achievable by altering gel coagulum structure using pH during processing and may have minimal influence on related postprandial responses, with implications for targeting food design for optimal health. The Clinical Trial Registry number is ACTRN12622001418763 (https://www.anzctr.org.au) registered November 7, 2022.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber M Milan
- The Liggins Institute, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
- AgResearch Limited, Palmerston North, New Zealand.
- The High-Value Nutrition National Science Challenge, Auckland, New Zealand
| | | | - Matthew P G Barnett
- AgResearch Limited, Palmerston North, New Zealand.
- The Riddet Institute, Palmerston North, New Zealand.
| | - Yutong Liu
- The Liggins Institute, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
| | - Warren C McNabb
- The High-Value Nutrition National Science Challenge, Auckland, New Zealand
- The Riddet Institute, Palmerston North, New Zealand.
| | - Nicole C Roy
- The High-Value Nutrition National Science Challenge, Auckland, New Zealand
- The Riddet Institute, Palmerston North, New Zealand.
- Department of Human Nutrition, The University of Otago, Otago, New Zealand.
| | | | - Tanyaradzwa Mungure
- AgResearch Limited, Palmerston North, New Zealand.
- The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.
| | - Mike Weeks
- AgResearch Limited, Palmerston North, New Zealand.
| | - Siqi Li
- The Riddet Institute, Palmerston North, New Zealand.
| | - Joanne Hort
- The Riddet Institute, Palmerston North, New Zealand.
- Food Experience and Sensory Testing Lab, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand.
| | - Stefan Calder
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
- Auckland Bioengineering Institute, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Greg O'Grady
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
- Auckland Bioengineering Institute, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Richard F Mithen
- The Liggins Institute, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
- The High-Value Nutrition National Science Challenge, Auckland, New Zealand
- The Riddet Institute, Palmerston North, New Zealand.
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van der Heijden I, West S, Monteyne AJ, Finnigan TJA, Abdelrahman DR, Murton AJ, Stephens FB, Wall BT. Ingestion of a variety of non-animal-derived dietary protein sources results in diverse postprandial plasma amino acid responses which differ between young and older adults. Br J Nutr 2024; 131:1540-1553. [PMID: 38220222 PMCID: PMC11043913 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114524000163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
Whole-body tissue protein turnover is regulated, in part, by the postprandial rise in plasma amino acid concentrations, although minimal data exist on the amino acid response following non-animal-derived protein consumption. We hypothesised that the ingestion of novel plant- and algae-derived dietary protein sources would elicit divergent plasma amino acid responses when compared with vegan- and animal-derived control proteins. Twelve healthy young (male (m)/female (f): 6/6; age: 22 ± 1 years) and 10 healthy older (m/f: 5/5; age: 69 ± 2 years) adults participated in a randomised, double-blind, cross-over trial. During each visit, volunteers consumed 30 g of protein from milk, mycoprotein, pea, lupin, spirulina or chlorella. Repeated arterialised venous blood samples were collected at baseline and over a 5-h postprandial period to assess circulating amino acid, glucose and insulin concentrations. Protein ingestion increased plasma total and essential amino acid concentrations (P < 0·001), to differing degrees between sources (P < 0·001), and the increase was further modulated by age (P < 0·001). Postprandial maximal plasma total and essential amino acid concentrations were highest for pea (2828 ± 106 and 1480 ± 51 µmol·l-1) and spirulina (2809 ± 99 and 1455 ± 49 µmol·l-1) and lowest for chlorella (2053 ± 83 and 983 ± 35 µmol·l-1) (P < 0·001), but were not affected by age (P > 0·05). Postprandial total and essential amino acid availabilities were highest for pea, spirulina and mycoprotein and lowest for chlorella (all P < 0·05), but no effect of age was observed (P > 0·05). The ingestion of a variety of novel non-animal-derived dietary protein sources elicits divergent plasma amino acid responses, which are further modulated by age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ino van der Heijden
- Department of Public Health and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Heavitree Road, University of Exeter, ExeterEX1 2LU, UK
| | - Sam West
- Department of Public Health and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Heavitree Road, University of Exeter, ExeterEX1 2LU, UK
| | - Alistair J. Monteyne
- Department of Public Health and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Heavitree Road, University of Exeter, ExeterEX1 2LU, UK
| | | | - Doaa R. Abdelrahman
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
- Sealy Center on Aging, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Andrew J. Murton
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
- Sealy Center on Aging, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Francis B. Stephens
- Department of Public Health and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Heavitree Road, University of Exeter, ExeterEX1 2LU, UK
| | - Benjamin T. Wall
- Department of Public Health and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Heavitree Road, University of Exeter, ExeterEX1 2LU, UK
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7
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Milan AM, Barnett MP, McNabb WC, Roy NC, Coutinho S, Hoad CL, Marciani L, Nivins S, Sharif H, Calder S, Du P, Gharibans AA, O'Grady G, Fraser K, Bernstein D, Rosanowski SM, Sharma P, Shrestha A, Mithen RF. The impact of heat treatment of bovine milk on gastric emptying and nutrient appearance in peripheral circulation in healthy females: a randomized controlled trial comparing pasteurized and ultra-high temperature milk. Am J Clin Nutr 2024; 119:1200-1215. [PMID: 38452857 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajcnut.2024.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Heat treatments of dairy, including pasteurization and ultra-high temperature (UHT) processing, alter milk macromolecular structures, and ultimately affect digestion. In vitro, animal, and human studies show faster nutrient release or circulating appearance after consuming UHT milk (UHT-M) compared with pasteurized milk (PAST-M), with a faster gastric emptying (GE) rate proposed as a possible mechanism. OBJECTIVES To investigate the impact of milk heat treatment on GE as a mechanism of faster nutrient appearance in blood. We hypothesized that GE and circulating nutrient delivery following consumption would be faster for UHT-M than PAST-M. METHODS In this double-blind randomized controlled cross-over trial, healthy female (n = 20; 27.3 ± 1.4 y, mean ± SD) habitual dairy consumers, consumed 500 mL of either homogenized bovine UHT-M or PAST-M (1340 compared with 1320 kJ). Gastric content volume (GCV) emptying half-time (T50) was assessed over 3 h by magnetic resonance imaging subjective digestive symptoms, plasma amino acid, lipid and B vitamin concentrations, and gastric myoelectrical activity were measured over 5 h. RESULTS Although GCV T50 did not differ (102 ± 7 min compared with 89 ± 8 min, mean ± SEM, UHT-M and PAST-M, respectively; P = 0.051), GCV time to emptying 25% of the volume was 31% longer following UHT-M compared with PAST-M (42 ± 2 compared with 32 ± 4 min, P = 0.004). Although GCV remained larger for a longer duration following UHT-M (treatment × time interaction, P = 0.002), plasma essential amino acid AUC was greater following UHT-M than PAST-M (55,324 ± 3809 compared with 36,598 ± 5673 μmol·min·L-1, P = 0.006). Heat treatment did not impact gastric myoelectrical activity, plasma appetite hormone markers or subjective appetite scores. CONCLUSIONS Contrary to expectations, GE was slower with UHT-M, yet, as anticipated, aminoacidemia was greater. The larger GCV following UHT-M suggests that gastric volume may poorly predict circulating nutrient appearance from complex food matrices. Dairy heat treatment may be an effective tool to modify nutrient release by impacting digestion kinetics. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRY www.anzctr.org.au (ACTRN12620000172909).
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber Marie Milan
- The Liggins Institute, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand; AgResearch Limited, Palmerston North, New Zealand; The High-Value Nutrition National Science Challenge, Auckland, New Zealand.
| | - Matthew Pg Barnett
- AgResearch Limited, Palmerston North, New Zealand; The Riddet Institute, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Warren C McNabb
- The High-Value Nutrition National Science Challenge, Auckland, New Zealand; The Riddet Institute, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Nicole C Roy
- The High-Value Nutrition National Science Challenge, Auckland, New Zealand; The Riddet Institute, Palmerston North, New Zealand; Department of Human Nutrition, The University of Otago, Otago, New Zealand
| | - Schynell Coutinho
- The Liggins Institute, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand; AgResearch Limited, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Caroline L Hoad
- Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; NIHR Nottingham BRC, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust and the University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Luca Marciani
- NIHR Nottingham BRC, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust and the University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Nottingham Digestive Diseases Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Samson Nivins
- The Liggins Institute, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand; Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
| | - Hayfa Sharif
- NIHR Nottingham BRC, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust and the University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Nottingham Digestive Diseases Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Amiri Hospital, Ministry of Health, Civil Service Commission, Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | - Stefan Calder
- Auckland Bioengineering Institute, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Peng Du
- Auckland Bioengineering Institute, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Armen A Gharibans
- Auckland Bioengineering Institute, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand; Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Greg O'Grady
- Auckland Bioengineering Institute, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand; Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Karl Fraser
- AgResearch Limited, Palmerston North, New Zealand; The High-Value Nutrition National Science Challenge, Auckland, New Zealand; The Riddet Institute, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | | | | | - Pankaja Sharma
- The Liggins Institute, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand; AgResearch Limited, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Aahana Shrestha
- The Liggins Institute, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand; AgResearch Limited, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Richard F Mithen
- The Liggins Institute, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand; The High-Value Nutrition National Science Challenge, Auckland, New Zealand; The Riddet Institute, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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8
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Paulussen KJM, Askow AT, Deutz MT, McKenna CF, Garvey SM, Guice JL, Kesler RM, Barnes TM, Tinker KM, Paluska SA, Ulanov AV, Bauer LL, Dilger RN, Burd NA. Acute Microbial Protease Supplementation Increases Net Postprandial Plasma Amino Acid Concentrations After Pea Protein Ingestion in Healthy Adults: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial. J Nutr 2024; 154:1549-1560. [PMID: 38467279 PMCID: PMC11130700 DOI: 10.1016/j.tjnut.2024.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Digestibility is a primary factor in determining the quality of dietary protein. Microbial protease supplementation may be a strategy for improving protein digestion and subsequent postprandial plasma amino acid availability. OBJECTIVES To assess the effect of co-ingesting a microbial protease mixture with pea protein on postprandial plasma amino acid concentrations. DESIGN A mixture of 3 microbial protease preparations (P3) was tested for proteolytic efficacy in an in vitro static simulation of gastrointestinal digestion. Subsequently, in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover trial, 24 healthy adults (27 ± 4 y; 12 females, 12 males) ingested 25 g pea protein isolate (20 g protein, 2.2 g fat) with either P3 or maltodextrin placebo (PLA). Blood samples were collected at baseline and throughout a 0‒5 h postprandial period and both the early (0-2 h) iAUC and total (0-5 h) iAUC were examined. RESULTS Plasma glucose concentrations decreased in both conditions (P < 0.001), with higher concentrations after P3 ingestion compared with PLA (P < 0.001). Plasma insulin concentrations increased for both conditions (P < 0.001) with no difference between conditions (P = 0.331). Plasma total amino acid (TAA) concentrations increased over time (P < 0.001) with higher concentrations observed for P3 compared with PLA (P = 0.010) during the 0‒5 h period. There was a trend for elevated essential amino acid (EAA) concentrations for P3 compared with PLA (P = 0.099) during the 0‒5 h postprandial period but not for leucine (P = 0.282) or branched-chain amino acids (BCAA, P = 0.410). The early net exposure (0‒2 h iAUC) to amino acids (leucine, BCAA, EAA, and TAA) was higher for P3 compared with PLA (all, P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Microbial protease co-ingestion increases plasma TAA concentrations (0-5 h) and leucine, BCAA, EAA, and TAA availability in the early postprandial period (0‒2 h) compared with ingesting pea protein with placebo in healthy adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin J M Paulussen
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Andrew T Askow
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Max T Deutz
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Colleen F McKenna
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Sean M Garvey
- Department of Research and Development, BIO-CAT, Inc., Troy, VA, United States
| | - Justin L Guice
- Department of Research and Development, BIO-CAT, Inc., Troy, VA, United States
| | - Richard M Kesler
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States; Illinois Fire Service Institute, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Takeshi M Barnes
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Kelly M Tinker
- Department of Research and Development, BIO-CAT, Inc., Troy, VA, United States
| | - Scott A Paluska
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Alexander V Ulanov
- Roy J. Carver Biotechnology Center, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, States
| | - Laura L Bauer
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Ryan N Dilger
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States; Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States; Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Nicholas A Burd
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States; Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States.
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9
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Yu X, Nie W, Chen X, Zou LF, Xu BC, Chen CG. Anionic polysaccharides benefit the bioavailability of pork myofibrillar protein gels: Evidence from a perspective of protein absorption and metabolism. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 263:130246. [PMID: 38378115 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.130246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Revised: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
This study aimed to probe the bioavailability of myofibrillar protein (MP) gels in mice as affected by incorporating anionic xanthan (XMP) and sodium alginate (SMP)/cationic chitosan (CSMP)/neutral curdlan (CMP) and konjac (KMP), respectively. The results showed that the numbers of peptides absorbed were obviously higher in anionic XMP and SMP groups (88 and 126, respectively) than in the cationic CSMP (51) group. The contents of free amino acids absorbed in SMP and XMP were significantly greater than that in CSMP and CMP groups (P < 0.05). Furthermore, the antioxidant capacity of bioactive compounds absorbed in the SMP group was higher than those in the other groups (P < 0.05), and the expression of tight junction protein (Occludin and ZO-1) was up-regulated in SMP group. The low contents of free ammonia, indole and p-cresol were observed in the anionic XMP, SMP and neutral KMP groups, compared to CSMP group. This work highlights the benefits of anionic polysaccharides (sodium alginate and xanthan) in developing low-fat meat products with high MP bioavailability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Yu
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230601, Anhui province, People's Republic of China.
| | - Wen Nie
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230601, Anhui province, People's Republic of China; School of Biological Science and Food Engineering, Chuzhou University, Chuzhou 239000, Anhui province, People's Republic of China
| | - Xing Chen
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China.
| | - Li-Fang Zou
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230601, Anhui province, People's Republic of China.
| | - Bao-Cai Xu
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230601, Anhui province, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory for Animal Food Green Manufacturing and Resource Mining of Anhui Province, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230601, Anhui province, People's Republic of China
| | - Cong-Gui Chen
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230601, Anhui province, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory for Animal Food Green Manufacturing and Resource Mining of Anhui Province, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230601, Anhui province, People's Republic of China.
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10
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Martín-Rodríguez A, Belinchón-deMiguel P, Rubio-Zarapuz A, Tornero-Aguilera JF, Martínez-Guardado I, Villanueva-Tobaldo CV, Clemente-Suárez VJ. Advances in Understanding the Interplay between Dietary Practices, Body Composition, and Sports Performance in Athletes. Nutrients 2024; 16:571. [PMID: 38398895 PMCID: PMC10892519 DOI: 10.3390/nu16040571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The dietary practices of athletes play a crucial role in shaping their body composition, influencing sports performance, training adaptations, and overall health. However, despite the widely acknowledged significance of dietary intake in athletic success, there exists a gap in our understanding of the intricate relationships between nutrition, body composition, and performance. Furthermore, emerging evidence suggests that many athletes fail to adopt optimal nutritional practices, which can impede their potential achievements. In response, this Special Issue seeks to gather research papers that delve into athletes' dietary practices and their potential impacts on body composition and sports performance. Additionally, studies focusing on interventions aimed at optimizing dietary habits are encouraged. This paper outlines the key aspects and points that will be developed in the ensuing articles of this Special Issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Martín-Rodríguez
- Faculty of Sports Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, 28670 Villaviciosa de Odón, Spain; (A.M.-R.); (A.R.-Z.); (V.J.C.-S.)
| | - Pedro Belinchón-deMiguel
- Faculty of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Department of Nursing and Nutrition, Universidad Europea de Madrid, 28670 Villaviciosa de Odón, Spain;
| | - Alejandro Rubio-Zarapuz
- Faculty of Sports Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, 28670 Villaviciosa de Odón, Spain; (A.M.-R.); (A.R.-Z.); (V.J.C.-S.)
| | - Jose Francisco Tornero-Aguilera
- Faculty of Sports Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, 28670 Villaviciosa de Odón, Spain; (A.M.-R.); (A.R.-Z.); (V.J.C.-S.)
| | - Ismael Martínez-Guardado
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Camilo José Cela University, C. Castillo de Alarcón, 49, Villafranca del Castillo, 28692 Madrid, Spain;
| | | | - Vicente Javier Clemente-Suárez
- Faculty of Sports Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, 28670 Villaviciosa de Odón, Spain; (A.M.-R.); (A.R.-Z.); (V.J.C.-S.)
- Grupo de Investigación en Cultura, Educación y Sociedad, Universidad de la Costa, Barranquilla 080002, Colombia
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11
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Saeed F, Afzaal M, Khalid A, Shah YA, Ateeq H, Islam F, Akram N, Ejaz A, Nayik GA, Shah MA. Role of mycoprotein as a non-meat protein in food security and sustainability: a review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD PROPERTIES 2023. [DOI: 10.1080/10942912.2023.2178456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Farhan Saeed
- Department of Food Science, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Afzaal
- Department of Food Science, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Armghan Khalid
- Department of Food Science, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Yasir Abbas Shah
- Department of Food Science, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Huda Ateeq
- Department of Food Science, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Fakhar Islam
- Department of Food Science, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Noor Akram
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Afaf Ejaz
- Department of Food Science, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Gulzar Ahmad Nayik
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Government Degree College Shopian, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Mohd Asif Shah
- Department of Economics, Kebri Dehar University, Jigjiga, Ethiopia
- Division of Research and Development, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, India
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12
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Loveday SM. Protein digestion and absorption: the influence of food processing. Nutr Res Rev 2023; 36:544-559. [PMID: 36522674 DOI: 10.1017/s0954422422000245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The rates of dietary protein digestion and absorption can be significantly increased or decreased by food processing treatments such as heating, gelling and enzymatic hydrolysis, with subsequent metabolic impacts, e.g. on muscle synthesis and glucose homeostasis.This review examines in vivo evidence that industrial and domestic food processing modify the kinetics of amino acid release and absorption following a protein-rich meal. It focuses on studies that used compositionally-matched test meals processed in different ways.Food processing at extremely high temperature at alkaline pH and/or in the presence of reducing sugars can modify amino acid sidechains, leading to loss of bioavailability. Some protein-rich food ingredients are deliberately aggregated, gelled or hydrolysed during manufacture. Hydrolysis accelerates protein digestion/absorption and increases splanchnic utilisation. Aggregation and gelation may slow or accelerate proteolysis in the gut, depending on the aggregate/gel microstructure.Milk, beef and eggs are heat processed prior to consumption to eliminate pathogens and improve palatability. The temperature and time of heating affect protein digestion and absorption rates, and effects are sometimes non-linear. In light of a dietary transition away from animal proteins, more research is needed on how food processing affects digestion and absorption of non-animal proteins.Food processing modifies the microstructure of protein-rich foods, and thereby alters protein digestion and absorption kinetics in the stomach and small intestine. Exploiting this principle to optimise metabolic outcomes requires more human clinical trials in which amino acid absorption rates are measured and food microstructure is explicitly considered, measured and manipulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon M Loveday
- Singapore Institute of Food and Biotechnology Innovation (SIFBI), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore138673, Singapore
- Riddet Institute Centre of Research Excellence, Massey University, Private Bag 11 222, Palmerston North4442, New Zealand
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13
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van der Heijden I, West S, Monteyne AJ, Finnigan TJA, Abdelrahman DR, Murton AJ, Stephens FB, Wall BT. Algae Ingestion Increases Resting and Exercised Myofibrillar Protein Synthesis Rates to a Similar Extent as Mycoprotein in Young Adults. J Nutr 2023; 153:3406-3417. [PMID: 37716611 PMCID: PMC10739781 DOI: 10.1016/j.tjnut.2023.08.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Spirulina [SPIR] (cyanobacterium) and chlorella [CHLO] (microalgae) are foods rich in protein and essential amino acids; however, their capacity to stimulate myofibrillar protein synthesis (MyoPS) in humans remains unknown. OBJECTIVES We assessed the impact of ingesting SPIR and CHLO compared with an established high-quality nonanimal-derived dietary protein source (fungal-derived mycoprotein [MYCO]) on plasma amino acid concentrations, as well as resting and postexercise MyoPS rates in young adults. METHODS Thirty-six healthy young adults (age: 22 ± 3 y; BMI: 23 ± 3 kg·m-2; male [m]/female [f], 18/18) participated in a randomized, double-blind, parallel-group trial. Participants received a primed, continuous infusion of L-[ring-2H5]-phenylalanine and completed a bout of unilateral-resistance leg exercise before ingesting a drink containing 25 g protein from MYCO (n = 12; m/f, 6/6), SPIR (n = 12; m/f, 6/6), or CHLO (n = 12; m/f, 6/6). Blood and bilateral muscle samples were collected at baseline and during a 4-h postprandial and postexercise period to assess the plasma amino acid concentrations and MyoPS rates in rested and exercised tissue. RESULTS Protein ingestion increased the plasma total and essential amino acid concentrations (time effects; all P < 0.001), but most rapidly and with higher peak responses following the ingestion of SPIR compared with MYCO and CHLO (P < 0.05), and MYCO compared with CHLO (P < 0.05). Protein ingestion increased MyoPS rates (time effect; P < 0.001) in both rested (MYCO, from 0.041 ± 0.032 to 0.060 ± 0.015%·h-1; SPIR, from 0.042 ± 0.030 to 0.066 ± 0.022%·h-1; and CHLO, from 0.037 ± 0.007 to 0.055 ± 0.019%·h-1, respectively) and exercised tissue (MYCO, from 0.046 ± 0.014 to 0.092 ± 0.024%·h-1; SPIR, from 0.038 ± 0.011 to 0.086 ± 0.028%·h-1; and CHLO, from 0.048 ± 0.019 to 0.090 ± 0.024%·h-1, respectively), with no differences between groups (interaction effect; P > 0.05), but with higher rates in exercised compared with rested muscle (time × exercise effect; P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS The ingestion of a single bolus of algae-derived SPIR and CHLO increases resting and postexercise MyoPS rates to a comparable extent as MYCO, despite divergent postprandial plasma amino acid responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ino van der Heijden
- Department of Public Health and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Sam West
- Department of Public Health and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Alistair J Monteyne
- Department of Public Health and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | | | - Doaa R Abdelrahman
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States; Sealy Center on Aging, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Andrew J Murton
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States; Sealy Center on Aging, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Francis B Stephens
- Department of Public Health and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Benjamin T Wall
- Department of Public Health and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom.
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14
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Wilkinson K, Koscien CP, Monteyne AJ, Wall BT, Stephens FB. Association of postprandial postexercise muscle protein synthesis rates with dietary leucine: A systematic review. Physiol Rep 2023; 11:e15775. [PMID: 37537134 PMCID: PMC10400406 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.15775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dietary protein ingestion augments post (resistance) exercise muscle protein synthesis (MPS) rates. It is thought that the dose of leucine ingested within the protein (leucine threshold hypothesis) and the subsequent plasma leucine variables (leucine trigger hypothesis; peak magnitude, rate of rise, and total availability) determine the magnitude of the postprandial postexercise MPS response. METHODS A quantitative systematic review was performed extracting data from studies that recruited healthy adults, applied a bout of resistance exercise, ingested a bolus of protein within an hour of exercise, and measured plasma leucine concentrations and MPS rates (delta change from basal). RESULTS Ingested leucine dose was associated with the magnitude of the MPS response in older, but not younger, adults over acute (0-2 h, r2 = 0.64, p = 0.02) and the entire postprandial (>2 h, r2 = 0.18, p = 0.01) period. However, no single plasma leucine variable possessed substantial predictive capacity over the magnitude of MPS rates in younger or older adults. CONCLUSION Our data provide support that leucine dose provides predictive capacity over postprandial postexercise MPS responses in older adults. However, no threshold in older adults and no plasma leucine variable was correlated with the magnitude of the postexercise anabolic response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiera Wilkinson
- Nutritional Physiology Research Group, Public Health and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life SciencesUniversity of ExeterExeterUK
| | - Christopher P. Koscien
- Nutritional Physiology Research Group, Public Health and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life SciencesUniversity of ExeterExeterUK
| | - Alistair J. Monteyne
- Nutritional Physiology Research Group, Public Health and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life SciencesUniversity of ExeterExeterUK
| | - Benjamin T. Wall
- Nutritional Physiology Research Group, Public Health and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life SciencesUniversity of ExeterExeterUK
| | - Francis B. Stephens
- Nutritional Physiology Research Group, Public Health and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life SciencesUniversity of ExeterExeterUK
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15
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Boulier A, Denis S, Henry G, Guérin S, Alric M, Meunier N, Blot A, Pereira B, Malpuech-Brugere C, Remond D, Boirie Y, Baniel A, Richard R, Dupont D, Boudry G. Casein structures differently affect postprandial amino acid delivery through their intra-gastric clotting properties. Food Chem 2023; 415:135779. [PMID: 36863238 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.135779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/27/2023]
Abstract
We aimed to assess if casein structure affects its digestion and its subsequent amino acid delivery kinetic. Higher nitrogen levels were recovered in dialysates after in vitro digestions of sodium caseinate (SC, formed of small aggregates) compared to micellar casein (MC, native form of casein) and calcium caseinate (CC, intermediate structure). Likewise, plasma indispensable amino-acid concentration peak was higher after SC compared to MC or CC ingestion in healthy volunteers in a randomized, double blind, cross-over study. In pigs, gamma-scintigraphy using labelled meals revealed that SC was mainly localized in the proximal part of the stomach whereas MC was distributed in the whole gastric cavity. Caseins were found in both solid and liquid phases and partly hydrolyzed casein in the solid phase shortly after SC drink ingestion. These data support the concept of slow (MC) and rapid (SC) casein depending of casein structure, likely due to their intra-gastric clotting properties.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sylvain Denis
- UMR 454 MEDIS, Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, Clermont-Ferrand, France; Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | | | - Sylvie Guérin
- Institut Numecan, INSERM, INRAE, Univ Rennes, Rennes, France
| | - Monique Alric
- UMR 454 MEDIS, Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, Clermont-Ferrand, France; Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Nathalie Meunier
- Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France; Unité d'Exploration en Nutrition, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Adeline Blot
- Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France; Unité d'Exploration en Nutrition, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Bruno Pereira
- CHU Clermont-Ferrand, University Hospital of Clermont-Ferrand, Biostatistics Unit, the Clinical Research and Innovation Direction, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | | | - Didier Remond
- Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France; Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, UNH, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Yves Boirie
- Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France; Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, UNH, Clermont-Ferrand, France; Clinical Nutrition Department, University Hospital of Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | | | - Ruddy Richard
- Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | | | - Gaëlle Boudry
- Institut Numecan, INSERM, INRAE, Univ Rennes, Rennes, France.
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16
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Paulussen KJ, Barnes TM, Askow AT, Salvador AF, McKenna CF, Scaroni SE, Fliflet A, Ulanov AV, Li Z, West DW, Bauer LL, Paluska SA, Dilger RN, Moore DR, Boppart MD, Burd NA. Underpinning the Food Matrix Regulation of Postexercise Myofibrillar Protein Synthesis by Comparing Salmon Ingestion With the Sum of Its Isolated Nutrients in Healthy Young Adults. J Nutr 2023; 153:1359-1372. [PMID: 36870539 DOI: 10.1016/j.tjnut.2023.02.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 01/28/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Protein is most commonly consumed as whole foods as opposed to single nutrients. However, the food matrix regulation of the postprandial muscle protein synthetic response has received little attention. OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of eating salmon (SAL) and of ingesting the same nutrients as an isolated mixture of crystalline amino acids and fish oil (ISO) on the stimulation of postexercise myofibrillar protein synthesis (MPS) and whole-body leucine oxidation rates in healthy young adults. METHODS Ten recreationally active adults (24 ± 4 y; 5 men, 5 women) performed an acute bout of resistance exercise, followed by the ingestion of SAL or ISO in a crossover fashion. Blood, breath, and muscle biopsies were collected at rest and after exercise during primed continuous infusions of L-[ring-2H5]phenylalanine and L-[1-13C]leucine. All data are presented as means ± SD and/or mean differences (95% CIs). RESULTS Postprandial essential amino acid (EAA) concentrations peaked earlier (P = 0.024) in the ISO group than those in the SAL group. Postprandial leucine oxidation rates increased over time (P < 0.001) and peaked earlier in the ISO group (1.239 ± 0.321 nmol/kg/min; 63 ± 25 min) than those in the SAL group (1.230 ± 0.561 nmol/kg/min; 105 ± 20 min; P = 0.003). MPS rates for SAL (0.056 ± 0.022 %/h; P = 0.001) and ISO (0.046 ± 0.025 %/h; P = 0.025) were greater than the basal rates (0.020 ± 0.011 %/h) during the 0- to 5-h recovery period, with no differences between conditions (P = 0.308). CONCLUSION We showed that the postexercise ingestion of SAL or ISO stimulate postexercise MPS rates with no differences between the conditions. Thus, our results indicate that ingesting protein from SAL as a whole-food matrix is similarly anabolic to ISO in healthy young adults. This trial was registered at www. CLINICALTRIALS gov as NCT03870165.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Jm Paulussen
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Takeshi M Barnes
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Andrew T Askow
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Amadeo F Salvador
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Colleen F McKenna
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Susannah E Scaroni
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Alexander Fliflet
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Alexander V Ulanov
- Roy J. Carver Biotechnology Center, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Zhong Li
- Roy J. Carver Biotechnology Center, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Daniel Wd West
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; KITE Research, Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Laura L Bauer
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Scott A Paluska
- Department of Family Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Ryan N Dilger
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States; Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States; Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Daniel R Moore
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Marni D Boppart
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States; Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Nicholas A Burd
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States; Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States.
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17
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Guan X, Yan Q, Ma Z, Zhou J. Production of mature myotubes in vitro improves the texture and protein quality of cultured pork. Food Funct 2023; 14:3576-3587. [PMID: 36946193 DOI: 10.1039/d3fo00445g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/23/2023]
Abstract
Cultured meat technology provides a promising strategy for the production of meat protein, which is an important nutrient in daily life. Currently, there is still a lack of systematic research on the basic determinants of the texture and protein quality of cultured meat. Here we first developed a chemically defined serum-free medium consisting of serum substitutes and the differentiation-promoting natural compound naringenin (NAR), which showed excellent efficacy in inducing differentiation of porcine satellite cells (PSCs) to generate mature myotubes in vitro. Then, cultured pork samples consisting of proliferating PSCs or differentiated myotubes were manufactured by culturing PSCs in different media with textured vegetable protein (TVP) scaffolds. By analyzing the appearance, texture, chemical composition, and amino acid ratio of these cultured pork samples, we found that the content and maturity of myotubes in cultured meat play an essential role in determining its quality as meat. These findings contribute to the commercial application and establishment of standards for cultured meat as a new protein food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Guan
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China.
- Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
- Engineering Research Center of Ministry of Education on Food Synthetic Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qiyang Yan
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China.
- Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhenwu Ma
- College of Mechanical Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou 215009, China.
| | - Jingwen Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China.
- Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
- Engineering Research Center of Ministry of Education on Food Synthetic Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
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18
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Kim J, Jeong EW, Baek Y, Go GW, Lee HG. Comparison of the effects of commercial whey protein and native whey protein on muscle strength and muscle protein synthesis in rats. Food Sci Biotechnol 2023; 32:381-388. [PMID: 36778088 PMCID: PMC9905349 DOI: 10.1007/s10068-023-01248-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Commercial whey protein (CWP) is generally produced in the cheese making process with heat treatment. Recently, native whey protein (NWP) can be obtained through microfiltration without heat treatment. The difference in physicochemical properties of CWP and NWP was confirmed in previous studies; however, in vivo research on the effect on muscle strength and protein synthesis is still lacking. In this study, rats were orally administered 1.56 g protein/kg body weight of lyophilized beverages containing CWP and NWP for 8 weeks. The biological value and net protein utilization in the NWP were significantly higher than in the CWP. Moreover, NWP increased muscle mass and grip strength compared to CWP. NWP also increased the phosphorylation of the mammalian target of rapamycin and ribosomal protein S6 kinase, pivotal proteins for muscle protein synthesis. These results suggest that NWP enhance muscle strength and protein synthesis more effectively than CWP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiyun Kim
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763 Korea
| | - Eun Woo Jeong
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763 Korea
| | - Youjin Baek
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763 Korea
| | - Gwang-woong Go
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763 Korea
| | - Hyeon Gyu Lee
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763 Korea
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19
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van der Heijden I, Monteyne AJ, Stephens FB, Wall BT. Alternative dietary protein sources to support healthy and active skeletal muscle aging. Nutr Rev 2023; 81:206-230. [PMID: 35960188 DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuac049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
To mitigate the age-related decline in skeletal muscle quantity and quality, and the associated negative health outcomes, it has been proposed that dietary protein recommendations for older adults should be increased alongside an active lifestyle and/or structured exercise training. Concomitantly, there are growing environmental concerns associated with the production of animal-based dietary protein sources. The question therefore arises as to where this dietary protein required for meeting the protein demands of the rapidly aging global population should (or could) be obtained. Various non-animal-derived protein sources possess favorable sustainability credentials, though much less is known (compared with animal-derived proteins) about their ability to influence muscle anabolism. It is also likely that the anabolic potential of various alternative protein sources varies markedly, with the majority of options remaining to be investigated. The purpose of this review was to thoroughly assess the current evidence base for the utility of alternative protein sources (plants, fungi, insects, algae, and lab-grown "meat") to support muscle anabolism in (active) older adults. The solid existing data portfolio requires considerable expansion to encompass the strategic evaluation of the various types of dietary protein sources. Such data will ultimately be necessary to support desirable alterations and refinements in nutritional guidelines to support healthy and active aging, while concomitantly securing a sustainable food future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ino van der Heijden
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Alistair J Monteyne
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Francis B Stephens
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Benjamin T Wall
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
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20
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Moore DR, Williamson EP, Hodson N, Estafanos S, Mazzulla M, Kumbhare D, Gillen JB. Walking or body weight squat 'activity snacks' increase dietary amino acid utilization for myofibrillar protein synthesis during prolonged sitting. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2022; 133:777-785. [PMID: 35952344 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00106.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Interrupting prolonged sitting with intermittent exercise enhances postprandial glycemic control but has unknown effects on sensitizing skeletal muscle to dietary amino acids. We hypothesized that brief walking or body weight squats would enhance the utilization of dietary phenylalanine for myofibrillar protein synthesis (MyoPS) during prolonged sitting. Participants (7 males and 5 females; ~23y; ~25.1kg/m2; ~7300 steps/d) completed three 7.5h trials consisting of prolonged sitting (SIT) or sitting with intermittent (every 30 minutes) walking (WALK) or body weight squatting (SQUAT). Two mixed-macronutrient meals (~55:30:15% carbohydrate:fat:protein), enriched with L-[ring-2H5]phenylalanine or L-[ring-13C6]phenylalanine, were provided to mimic breakfast and lunch. Tracer incorporation into myofibrillar protein was determined from the vastus lateralis with MyoPS estimated using plasma enrichment as precursor surrogate. Phosphorylation of candidate anabolic signaling proteins were determined by immunoblotting. There was no difference between conditions (p≥0.78) in the time course or area under the curve for plasma phenylalanine enrichment. MyoPS was greater (p<0.05, weighted planned comparison) in SQUAT (0.103±0.030%/h) and WALK (0.118±0.037%/h) compared to SIT (0.080±0.032%/h). Compared to SIT, there were moderate-to-large effect sizes, respectively, for SQUAT (ES=0.75; 95% CI -0.10-1.55) and WALK (ES=1.10; 95% CI 0.20-1.91). Fold change in rpS6Ser240/244 phosphorylation was greater in SQUAT compared to SIT (7.6±2.7 vs. 1.6±0.45 fold, p<0.05) with no difference (p≥0.21) in any other targets measured (4E-BP1Thr37/46, eEF2Thr56, mTORSer2448, ERK1/2Thr202/Tyr204). Interrupting prolonged sitting with short 'activity snacks' improves the utilization of dietary amino acids for MyoPS. The long term impact of this practical lifestyle modification for muscle mass or quality should be investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel R Moore
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Eric P Williamson
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Nathan Hodson
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Stephanie Estafanos
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Michael Mazzulla
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | - Jenna B Gillen
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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21
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Fuchs CJ, Hermans WJH, Smeets JSJ, Senden JM, van Kranenburg J, Gorissen SHM, Burd NA, Verdijk LB, van Loon LJC. Raw Eggs To Support Postexercise Recovery in Healthy Young Men: Did Rocky Get It Right or Wrong? J Nutr 2022; 152:2376-2386. [PMID: 36774104 PMCID: PMC9644172 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxac174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Egg protein is ingested during recovery from exercise to facilitate the postexercise increase in muscle protein synthesis rates and, as such, to support the skeletal muscle adaptive response to exercise training. The impact of cooking egg protein on postexercise muscle protein synthesis is unknown. OBJECTIVES We sought to compare the impact of ingesting unboiled (raw) compared with boiled eggs during postexercise recovery on postprandial myofibrillar protein synthesis rates. METHODS In a parallel design, 45 healthy, resistance-trained young men (age: 24 y; 95% CI: 23, 25 y) were randomly assigned to ingest 5 raw eggs (∼30 g protein), 5 boiled eggs (∼30 g protein), or a control breakfast (∼5 g protein) during recovery from a single session of whole-body resistance-type exercise. Primed continuous l-[ring-13C6]-phenylalanine infusions were applied, with frequent blood sampling. Muscle biopsies were collected immediately after cessation of resistance exercise and at 2 and 5 h into the postexercise recovery period. Primary (myofibrillar protein synthesis rates) and secondary (plasma amino acid concentrations) outcomes were analyzed using repeated-measures (time × group) ANOVA. RESULTS Ingestion of eggs significantly increased plasma essential amino acid (EAA) concentrations, with 20% higher peak concentrations following ingestion of boiled compared with raw eggs (time × group: P < 0.001). Myofibrillar protein synthesis rates were significantly increased during the postexercise period when compared with basal, postabsorptive values in all groups (2-4-fold increase: P < 0.001). Postprandial myofibrillar protein synthesis rates were 20% higher after ingesting raw eggs [0.067%/h; 95% CI: 0.056, 0.077%/h; effect size (Cohen d): 0.63], and 18% higher after ingesting boiled eggs (0.065%/h; 95% CI: 0.058, 0.073%/h; effect size: 0.69) when compared with the control breakfast (0.056%/h; 95% CI: 0.048, 0.063%/h), with no significant differences between groups (time × group: P = 0.077). CONCLUSIONS The ingestion of raw, as opposed to boiled, eggs attenuates the postprandial rise in circulating EAA concentrations. However, postexercise muscle protein synthesis rates do not differ after ingestion of 5 raw compared with 5 boiled eggs in healthy young men. This trial was registered at the Nederlands Trial Register as NL6506 (www.trialregister.nl).
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Affiliation(s)
- Cas J Fuchs
- Human Biology, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Wesley J H Hermans
- Human Biology, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Joey S J Smeets
- Human Biology, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Joan M Senden
- Human Biology, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Janneau van Kranenburg
- Human Biology, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Stefan H M Gorissen
- Human Biology, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Nicholas A Burd
- Human Biology, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Lex B Verdijk
- Human Biology, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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22
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Loos CMM, McLeod KR, Vanzant ES, Stratton SA, Bohannan AD, Coleman RJ, van Doorn DA, Urschel KL. Differential effect of two dietary protein sources on time course response of muscle anabolic signaling pathways in normal and insulin dysregulated horses. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:896220. [PMID: 35978710 PMCID: PMC9376591 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.896220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of the study was to characterize the temporal changes of phosphorylation patterns of mTOR signaling proteins in response to two dietary protein sources in insulin dysregulated (ID, n = 8) and non-ID (n = 8) horses. Horses were individually housed and fed timothy grass hay and 2 daily concentrate meals so that protein was the first limiting nutrient and the total diet provided 120% of daily DE requirements for maintenance. On sample days, horses randomly received 0.25 g CP/kg BW of a pelleted alfalfa (AP) or commercial protein supplement (PS). Blood samples were collected before and 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, 180, 210, 240, 300, 360, 420, and 480 min post feeding and analyzed for plasma glucose, insulin and amino acid (AA) concentrations. Gluteus Medius muscle samples were obtained before and 90, 180, and 300 min after feeding and analyzed for relative abundance of phosphorylated mTOR pathway components using western immunoblot analysis. There was no effect of protein source on postprandial glucose and insulin responses (P ≥ 0.14) but consumption of PS elicited a 2 times larger AUC for essential AA (EAA), greater peak concentrations of EAA and a shorter time to reach peak EAA concentrations compared to AP. Abundance of phosphorylated mTOR (P = 0.08) and rpS6 (P = 0.10) tended to be ~1.5-fold greater after consumption of PS at 90 min compared to AP. Dephosphorylation patterns differed between protein sources and was slower for AP compared to PS. ID horses had a 2 times greater (P = 0.009) AUC and 3 times higher postprandial peak concentrations (P < 0.0001) for insulin compared to non-ID horses after consumption of both treatment pellets, but EAA responses were similar between groups (P = 0.53). Insulin status did not affect rpS6 or mTOR phosphorylation after consumption of either protein source (P ≥ 0.35), but phosphorylated rpS6 abundance was twice as high in ID compared to non-ID horses (P = 0.007). These results suggest that the consumption of higher quality protein sources may result in greater postprandial activation of the mTOR pathway compared to equal amounts of a forage-based protein source. Moreover, ID does not impair postprandial activation of mTOR and rpS6 proteins in horses following a protein-rich meal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline M. M. Loos
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
- *Correspondence: Caroline M. M. Loos
| | - Kyle R. McLeod
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Eric S. Vanzant
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Sophie A. Stratton
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Adam D. Bohannan
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Robert J. Coleman
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | | | - Kristine L. Urschel
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
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23
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Prevention of Loss of Muscle Mass and Function in Older Adults during COVID-19 Lockdown: Potential Role of Dietary Essential Amino Acids. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19138090. [PMID: 35805748 PMCID: PMC9265941 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19138090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
As the COVID-19 pandemic became a global emergency, social distancing, quarantine, and limitations in outdoor activities have resulted in an environment of enforced physical inactivity (EPI). A prolonged period of EPI in older individuals accelerates the deterioration of skeletal muscle health, including loss of muscle mass and function, commonly referred to as sarcopenia. Sarcopenia is associated with an increased likelihood of the progression of diabetes, obesity, and/or depression. Well-known approaches to mitigate the symptoms of sarcopenia include participation in resistance exercise training and/or intake of balanced essential amino acids (EAAs) and high-quality (i.e., containing high EEAs) protein. As the pandemic situation discourages physical exercise, nutritional approaches, especially dietary EAA intake, could be a good alternative for counteracting against EPI-promoted loss of muscle mass and function. Therefore, in the present review, we cover (1) the impact of EPI-induced muscle loss and function on health, (2) the therapeutic potential of dietary EAAs for muscle health (e.g., muscle mass and function) in the EPI condition in comparison with protein sources, and finally (3) practical guidelines of dietary EAA intake for optimal anabolic response in EPI.
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24
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Mazzulla M, Hodson N, West DWD, Kumbhare DA, Moore DR. A non-invasive 13CO2 breath test detects differences in anabolic sensitivity with feeding and heavy resistance exercise in healthy young males: a randomized control trial. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2022; 47:860-870. [PMID: 35609328 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2021-0808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
There are limited tools to measure anabolic sensitivity non-invasively in response to acute physiological stimuli, which represents a challenge for research in free-living settings and vulnerable populations. We tested the ability of a stable isotope breath test to detect changes in leucine oxidation (OX) and leucine retention (intake - OX) across a range of anabolic sensitivities. Healthy males ingested a beverage containing 0.25 g·kg-1 protein and 0.75 g·kg-1 carbohydrate with the leucine content enriched to 5% with L-[1-13C]leucine at rest (FED) or after a bout of resistance exercise (EXFED), with a parallel group consuming only the tracer (FAST). Concurrent primed-constant infusions of L-[5,5,5-2H3]leucine revealed high peripheral bioavailability for FED (~81%), EXFED (~80%), and FAST (~117%). After beverage ingestion, whole-body protein synthesis was greater in FED and EXFED than FAST. OX was greater in FED and EXFED than FAST, with EXFED lower than FED. Leucine retention demonstrated expected physiological differences in anabolic sensitivity (EXFED > FED > FAST). We demonstrated that a non-invasive breath test based on an amino acid (leucine) that is preferentially metabolized in peripheral (muscle) tissues can detect differences in anabolic sensitivity. Future studies could examine this test within a variety of populations experiencing muscle growth or atrophy. Novelty Bullets • An oral L-[1-13C]leucine breath test can detect greater anabolic sensitivity after feeding and resistance exercise. • This tool may be applied in growing (e.g., children) or wasting (e.g. aging) populations where invasive procedures are not possible.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nathan Hodson
- University of Toronto, 7938, Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, Toronto, Ontario, Canada;
| | - Daniel W D West
- University of Toronto, 7938, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, 7961, Toronto, Ontario, Canada;
| | - Dinesh A Kumbhare
- Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, 7961, Medicine, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,University of Toronto Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, 177420, Toronto, Ontario, Canada;
| | - Daniel R Moore
- CAN, 7641, Department of Exercise Sciences, Stockholm, Sweden;
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25
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26
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Nishimura Y, Jensen M, Bülow J, Thomsen TT, Arimitsu T, van Hall G, Fujita S, Holm L. Co-ingestion of cluster dextrin carbohydrate does not increase exogenous protein-derived amino acid release or myofibrillar protein synthesis following a whole-body resistance exercise in moderately trained younger males: a double-blinded randomized controlled crossover trial. Eur J Nutr 2022; 61:2475-2491. [PMID: 35182194 PMCID: PMC9279228 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-021-02782-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Purpose This study investigates if co-ingestion of cluster dextrin (CDX) augments the appearance of intrinsically labeled meat protein hydrolysate-derived amino acid (D5-phenylalanine), Akt/mTORC1 signaling, and myofibrillar protein fractional synthetic rate (FSR). Methods Ten moderately trained healthy males (age: 21.5 ± 2.1 years, body mass: 75.7 ± 7.6 kg, body mass index (BMI): 22.9 ± 2.1 kg/m2) were included for a double-blinded randomized controlled crossover trial. Either 75 g of CDX or glucose (GLC) was given in conjunction with meat protein hydrolysate (0.6 g protein * FFM−1) following a whole-body resistance exercise. A primed-continuous intravenous infusion of L-[15N]-phenylalanine with serial muscle biopsies and venous blood sampling was performed. Results A time × group interaction effect was found for serum D5-phenylalanine enrichment (P < 0.01). Serum EAA and BCAA concentrations showed a main effect for group (P < 0.05). Tmax serum BCAA was greater in CDX as compared to GLC (P < 0.05). However, iAUC of all serum parameters did not differ between CDX and GLC (P > 0.05). Tmax serum EAA showed a trend towards a statistical significance favoring CDX over GLC. The phosphorylation of p70S6KThr389, rpS6Ser240/244, ERK1/2Thr202/Tyr204 was greater in CDX compared to GLC (P < 0.05). However, postprandial myofibrillar FSR did not differ between CDX and GLC (P = 0.17). Conclusion In moderately trained younger males, co-ingestion of CDX with meat protein hydrolysate does not augment the postprandial amino acid availability or myofibrillar FSR as compared to co-ingestion of GLC during the recovery from a whole-body resistance exercise despite an increased intramuscular signaling. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov ID: NCT03303729 (registered on October 3, 2017).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Nishimura
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.,Department of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Shiga, Japan
| | - Mikkel Jensen
- Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Department of Orthopedic Surgery M, Bispebjerg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jacob Bülow
- Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Department of Orthopedic Surgery M, Bispebjerg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thomas Tagmose Thomsen
- Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Department of Orthopedic Surgery M, Bispebjerg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Takuma Arimitsu
- Department of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Shiga, Japan
| | - Gerrit van Hall
- Clinical Metabolomics Core Facility, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Satoshi Fujita
- Department of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Shiga, Japan
| | - Lars Holm
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK. .,Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Department of Orthopedic Surgery M, Bispebjerg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark. .,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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27
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Wang B, Mi MM, Zhang QY, Bao N, Pan L, Zhao Y, Qin GX. Relationship between the amino acid release kinetics of feed proteins and nitrogen balance in finishing pigs. Animal 2021; 15:100359. [PMID: 34536654 DOI: 10.1016/j.animal.2021.100359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
In current nutrition requirements of swine, although the protein diets are formulated based on the ileal digestibility of protein and amino acid (AA), there is a difference in nitrogen utilisation among various protein diets, which might be related to the AA release kinetics. To evaluate the relationship between AA release kinetics of feed proteins and nitrogen balance in finishing pigs, pigs were fed diets based on casein (CAS) or corn gluten meal (CGM) at normal or low-protein concentrations, and the AA release patterns were assessed. A 2 × 2 full factorial experimental design was used. 24 pigs (Duroc × Landrace × Yorkshire) with an initial weight of 67.0 ± 1.8 kg were randomly assigned to consume a normal-protein casein-based diet (N.CAS, 10% CP), normal-protein corn gluten meal-based diet (N.CGM, 10% CP), low-protein casein-based diet (L.CAS, 8.5% CP), or low-protein corn gluten meal-based diet (L.CGM, 8.5% CP) for 14 days (n = 6 per group; pigs housed and fed separately). The low-protein diets were associated with a more rapid release of AAs in the early stages of gastric digestion than the normal-protein diets. The N.CAS and L.CAS diets were associated with a peak AA release at approximately 4 h during trypsin digestion, whereas N.CGM and L.CGM were at approximately 16 h. The N.CAS diet was associated with the least dispersed release curves and lowest synchronisation indexes, implying that it was associated with the best AA release synchronism, whereas the L.CGM diet was on the contrary. The nitrogen intake (NI), faecal nitrogen, urine nitrogen (UN), total nitrogen, net protein utilisation and apparent biological value (ABV) of protein of pigs fed the L.CAS or L.CGM diets were lower than those fed the N.CAS or N.CGM diets (P < 0.05). Notably, there was a difference in NI (P < 0.05) and trends with respect to UN and ABV (0.05 < P < 0.1), but no differences in retained nitrogen or apparent nitrogen digestibility between pigs fed the N.CAS or L.CAS diets and those fed the N.CGM or L.CGM diets. Pigs fed the N.CAS or N.CGM diets had higher serum concentrations of UN than pigs fed the L.CAS or L.CGM diets (P < 0.05), but there were no differences in serum total protein, albumin, triglyceride, glucose, alanine transaminase, or aspartate aminotransferase between the groups. In addition, there was an interaction between protein level and protein source on serum globulin (P < 0.05). Therefore, the diet with a better AA release synchronism can improve protein utilisation efficiency in finishing pigs and to reduce environmental pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Production, Product Quality and Security, Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, PR China
| | - M M Mi
- Key Laboratory of Animal Production, Product Quality and Security, Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, PR China
| | - Q Y Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Production, Product Quality and Security, Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, PR China
| | - N Bao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Production, Product Quality and Security, Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, PR China
| | - L Pan
- Key Laboratory of Animal Production, Product Quality and Security, Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, PR China
| | - Y Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Production, Product Quality and Security, Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, PR China.
| | - G X Qin
- Key Laboratory of Animal Production, Product Quality and Security, Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, PR China
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28
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Abstract
There is a global trend of an increased interest in plant-based diets. This includes an increase in the consumption of plant-based proteins at the expense of animal-based proteins. Plant-derived proteins are now also frequently applied in sports nutrition. So far, we have learned that the ingestion of plant-derived proteins, such as soy and wheat protein, result in lower post-prandial muscle protein synthesis responses when compared with the ingestion of an equivalent amount of animal-based protein. The lesser anabolic properties of plant-based versus animal-derived proteins may be attributed to differences in their protein digestion and amino acid absorption kinetics, as well as to differences in amino acid composition between these protein sources. Most plant-based proteins have a low essential amino acid content and are often deficient in one or more specific amino acids, such as lysine and methionine. However, there are large differences in amino acid composition between various plant-derived proteins or plant-based protein sources. So far, only a few studies have directly compared the muscle protein synthetic response following the ingestion of a plant-derived protein versus a high(er) quality animal-derived protein. The proposed lower anabolic properties of plant- versus animal-derived proteins may be compensated for by (i) consuming a greater amount of the plant-derived protein or plant-based protein source to compensate for the lesser quality; (ii) using specific blends of plant-based proteins to create a more balanced amino acid profile; (iii) fortifying the plant-based protein (source) with the specific free amino acid(s) that is (are) deficient. Clinical studies are warranted to assess the anabolic properties of the various plant-derived proteins and their protein sources in vivo in humans and to identify the factors that may or may not compromise the capacity to stimulate post-prandial muscle protein synthesis rates. Such work is needed to determine whether the transition towards a more plant-based diet is accompanied by a transition towards greater dietary protein intake requirements.
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Zaromskyte G, Prokopidis K, Ioannidis T, Tipton KD, Witard OC. Evaluating the Leucine Trigger Hypothesis to Explain the Post-prandial Regulation of Muscle Protein Synthesis in Young and Older Adults: A Systematic Review. Front Nutr 2021; 8:685165. [PMID: 34307436 PMCID: PMC8295465 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.685165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The "leucine trigger" hypothesis was originally conceived to explain the post-prandial regulation of muscle protein synthesis (MPS). This hypothesis implicates the magnitude (amplitude and rate) of post-prandial increase in blood leucine concentrations for regulation of the magnitude of MPS response to an ingested protein source. Recent evidence from experimental studies has challenged this theory, with reports of a disconnect between blood leucine concentration profiles and post-prandial rates of MPS in response to protein ingestion. Aim: The primary aim of this systematic review was to qualitatively evaluate the leucine trigger hypothesis to explain the post-prandial regulation of MPS in response to ingested protein at rest and post-exercise in young and older adults. We hypothesized that experimental support for the leucine trigger hypothesis will depend on age, exercise status (rest vs. post-exercise), and type of ingested protein (i.e., isolated proteins vs. protein-rich whole food sources). Methods: This qualitative systematic review extracted data from studies that combined measurements of post-prandial blood leucine concentrations and rates of MPS following ingested protein at rest and following exercise in young and older adults. Data relating to blood leucine concentration profiles and post-prandial MPS rates were extracted from all studies, and reported as providing sufficient or insufficient evidence for the leucine trigger hypothesis. Results: Overall, 16 of the 29 eligible studies provided sufficient evidence to support the leucine trigger hypothesis for explaining divergent post-prandial rates of MPS in response to different ingested protein sources. Of these 16 studies, 13 were conducted in older adults (eight of which conducted measurements post-exercise) and 14 studies included the administration of isolated proteins. Conclusion: This systematic review underscores the merits of the leucine trigger hypothesis for the explanation of the regulation of MPS. However, our data indicate that the leucine trigger hypothesis confers most application in regulating the post-prandial response of MPS to ingested proteins in older adults. Consistent with our hypothesis, we provide data to support the idea that the leucine trigger hypothesis is more relevant within the context of ingesting isolated protein sources rather than protein-rich whole foods. Future mechanistic studies are warranted to understand the complex series of modulatory factors beyond blood leucine concentration profiles within a food matrix that regulate post-prandial rates of MPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Zaromskyte
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Konstantinos Prokopidis
- Department of Musculoskeletal Biology, Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Theofilos Ioannidis
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kevin D Tipton
- Institute of Performance Nutrition, London, United Kingdom
| | - Oliver C Witard
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.,Centre for Human and Applied Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
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30
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Januszko P, Lange E. Nutrition, supplementation and weight reduction in combat sports: a review. AIMS Public Health 2021; 8:485-498. [PMID: 34395698 PMCID: PMC8334642 DOI: 10.3934/publichealth.2021038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Nutrition is the aspect closely connected to physical activity and may affect body composition, sports performance and post-workout regeneration. Using an appropriate diet plan is a proven method to optimize performance improvements in combat sports. In the majority of combat sports athletes are classified according to their body mass in order to minimize differences between competitors. Many athletes induce weight loss in order to gain an advantage over their opponents. The review was undertaken to provide safe, evidence-based protocols helping athletes in weight reduction without negative effects on sports performance. The nutritional requirements for combat sports athletes, sports supplements, gradual and rapid weight reduction strategies are discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Januszko
- Department of Dietetics, Institute of Human Nutrition Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, SGGW, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ewa Lange
- Department of Dietetics, Institute of Human Nutrition Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, SGGW, Warsaw, Poland
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31
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Williamson E, Moore DR. A Muscle-Centric Perspective on Intermittent Fasting: A Suboptimal Dietary Strategy for Supporting Muscle Protein Remodeling and Muscle Mass? Front Nutr 2021; 8:640621. [PMID: 34179054 PMCID: PMC8219935 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.640621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Muscle protein is constantly “turning over” through the breakdown of old/damaged proteins and the resynthesis of new functional proteins, the algebraic difference determining net muscle gain, maintenance, or loss. This turnover, which is sensitive to the nutritional environment, ultimately determines the mass, quality, and health of skeletal muscle over time. Intermittent fasting has become a topic of interest in the health community as an avenue to improve health and body composition primarily via caloric deficiency as well as enhanced lipolysis and fat oxidation secondary to attenuated daily insulin response. However, this approach belies the established anti-catabolic effect of insulin on skeletal muscle. More importantly, muscle protein synthesis, which is the primary regulated turnover variable in healthy humans, is stimulated by the consumption of dietary amino acids, a process that is saturated at a moderate protein intake. While limited research has explored the effect of intermittent fasting on muscle-related outcomes, we propose that infrequent meal feeding and periods of prolonged fasting characteristic of models of intermittent fasting may be counter-productive to optimizing muscle protein turnover and net muscle protein balance. The present commentary will discuss the regulation of muscle protein turnover across fasted and fed cycles and contrast it with studies exploring how dietary manipulation alters the partitioning of fat and lean body mass. It is our position that intermittent fasting likely represents a suboptimal dietary approach to remodel skeletal muscle, which could impact the ability to maintain or enhance muscle mass and quality, especially during periods of reduced energy availability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Williamson
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Daniel R Moore
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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32
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Paulussen KJM, McKenna CF, Beals JW, Wilund KR, Salvador AF, Burd NA. Anabolic Resistance of Muscle Protein Turnover Comes in Various Shapes and Sizes. Front Nutr 2021; 8:615849. [PMID: 34026802 PMCID: PMC8131552 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.615849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Anabolic resistance is defined by a blunted stimulation of muscle protein synthesis rates (MPS) to common anabolic stimuli in skeletal muscle tissue such as dietary protein and exercise. Generally, MPS is the target of most exercise and feeding interventions as muscle protein breakdown rates seem to be less responsive to these stimuli. Ultimately, the blunted responsiveness of MPS to dietary protein and exercise underpins the loss of the amount and quality of skeletal muscle mass leading to decrements in physical performance in these populations. The increase of both habitual physical activity (including structured exercise that targets general fitness characteristics) and protein dense food ingestion are frontline strategies utilized to support muscle mass, performance, and health. In this paper, we discuss anabolic resistance as a common denominator underpinning muscle mass loss with aging, obesity, and other disease states. Namely, we discuss the fact that anabolic resistance exists as a dimmer switch, capable of varying from higher to lower levels of resistance, to the main anabolic stimuli of feeding and exercise depending on the population. Moreover, we review the evidence on whether increased physical activity and targeted exercise can be leveraged to restore the sensitivity of skeletal muscle tissue to dietary amino acids regardless of the population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin J. M. Paulussen
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Colleen F. McKenna
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Joseph W. Beals
- Center for Human Nutrition, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Kenneth R. Wilund
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Amadeo F. Salvador
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Nicholas A. Burd
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
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33
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Morgan PT, Breen L. The role of protein hydrolysates for exercise-induced skeletal muscle recovery and adaptation: a current perspective. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2021; 18:44. [PMID: 33882976 PMCID: PMC8061049 DOI: 10.1186/s12986-021-00574-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The protein supplement industry is expanding rapidly and estimated to have a multi-billion market worth. Recent research has centred on understanding how the manufacturing processes of protein supplements may impact muscle recovery and remodeling. The hydrolysed forms of protein undergo a further heating extraction process during production which may contribute to amino acids (AA) appearing in circulation at a slightly quicker rate, or greater amplitude, than the intact form. Whilst the relative significance of the rate of aminoacidemia to muscle protein synthesis is debated, it has been suggested that protein hydrolysates, potentially through the more rapid delivery and higher proportion of di-, tri- and smaller oligo-peptides into circulation, are superior to intact non-hydrolysed proteins and free AAs in promoting skeletal muscle protein remodeling and recovery. However, despite these claims, there is currently insufficient evidence to support superior muscle anabolic properties compared with intact non-hydrolysed proteins and/or free AA controls. Further research is warranted with appropriate protein controls, particularly in populations consuming insufficient amounts of protein, to support and/or refute an important muscle anabolic role of protein hydrolysates. The primary purpose of this review is to provide the reader with a current perspective on the potential anabolic effects of protein hydrolysates in individuals wishing to optimise recovery from, and maximise adaptation to, exercise training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul T Morgan
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.
| | - Leigh Breen
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
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34
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Gut amino acid absorption in humans: Concepts and relevance for postprandial metabolism. CLINICAL NUTRITION OPEN SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nutos.2020.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
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35
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Whole-body protein kinetic models to quantify the anabolic response to dietary protein consumption. CLINICAL NUTRITION OPEN SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nutos.2021.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
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36
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Lees MJ, Nolan D, Amigo-Benavent M, Raleigh CJ, Khatib N, Harnedy-Rothwell P, FitzGerald RJ, Egan B, Carson BP. A Fish-Derived Protein Hydrolysate Induces Postprandial Aminoacidaemia and Skeletal Muscle Anabolism in an In Vitro Cell Model Using Ex Vivo Human Serum. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13020647. [PMID: 33671235 PMCID: PMC7922518 DOI: 10.3390/nu13020647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Fish-derived proteins, particularly fish protein hydrolysates (FPH), offer potential as high-quality sources of dietary protein, whilst enhancing economic and environmental sustainability. This study investigated the impact of a blue whiting-derived protein hydrolysate (BWPH) on aminoacidaemia in vivo and skeletal muscle anabolism in vitro compared with whey protein isolate (WPI) and an isonitrogenous, non-essential amino acid (NEAA) control (0.33 g·kg−1·body mass−1) in an ex vivo, in vitro experimental design. Blood was obtained from seven healthy older adults (two males, five females; age: 72 ± 5 years, body mass index: 24.9 ± 1.6 kg·m2) in three separate trials in a randomised, counterbalanced, double-blind design. C2C12 myotubes were treated with ex vivo human serum-conditioned media (20%) for 4 h. Anabolic signalling (phosphorylation of mTOR, p70S6K, and 4E-BP1) and puromycin incorporation were determined by immunoblotting. Although BWPH and WPI both induced postprandial essential aminoacidaemia in older adults above the NEAA control, peak and area under the curve (AUC) leucine and essential amino acids were more pronounced following WPI ingestion. Insulin was elevated above baseline in WPI and BWPH only, a finding reinforced by higher peak and AUC values compared with NEAA. Muscle protein synthesis, as measured by puromycin incorporation, was greater after incubation with WPI-fed serum compared with fasted serum (P = 0.042), and delta change was greater in WPI (P = 0.028) and BWPH (P = 0.030) compared with NEAA. Myotube hypertrophy was greater in WPI and BWPH compared with NEAA (both P = 0.045), but was similar between bioactive conditions (P = 0.853). Taken together, these preliminary findings demonstrate the anabolic potential of BWPH in vivo and ex vivo, thus providing justification for larger studies in older adults using gold-standard measures of acute and chronic MPS in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J. Lees
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Education and Health Sciences, University of Limerick, V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland; (M.J.L.); (C.J.R.)
| | - David Nolan
- School of Health and Human Performance, Dublin City University, D09 V209 Dublin, Ireland; (D.N.); (B.E.)
| | - Miryam Amigo-Benavent
- Health Research Institute, University of Limerick, V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland;
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Limerick, V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland; (N.K.); (P.H.-R.); (R.J.F.)
| | - Conor J. Raleigh
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Education and Health Sciences, University of Limerick, V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland; (M.J.L.); (C.J.R.)
| | - Neda Khatib
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Limerick, V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland; (N.K.); (P.H.-R.); (R.J.F.)
| | - Pádraigín Harnedy-Rothwell
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Limerick, V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland; (N.K.); (P.H.-R.); (R.J.F.)
| | - Richard J. FitzGerald
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Limerick, V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland; (N.K.); (P.H.-R.); (R.J.F.)
| | - Brendan Egan
- School of Health and Human Performance, Dublin City University, D09 V209 Dublin, Ireland; (D.N.); (B.E.)
| | - Brian P. Carson
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Education and Health Sciences, University of Limerick, V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland; (M.J.L.); (C.J.R.)
- Health Research Institute, University of Limerick, V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland;
- Correspondence:
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37
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Moghadam MT, Taati B, Paydar Ardakani SM, Suzuki K. Ramadan Fasting During the COVID-19 Pandemic; Observance of Health, Nutrition and Exercise Criteria for Improving the Immune System. Front Nutr 2021; 7:570235. [PMID: 33521030 PMCID: PMC7838371 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2020.570235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Fasting is one of the religious rituals of Muslims worldwide who refrain from eating foods and liquids every year during Ramadan. This year (2020), Ramadan is very different from previous years due to the outbreak of a terrible microscopic giant called coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The pandemic COVID-19 has made Ramadan very important this year because the virus has infected millions of people around the world and killed thousands, especially people with immunodeficiency. In dealing with COVID-19, maintaining good hygiene and supporting the immune system are effective, preventive approaches. Moderate exercise training and proper nutrition are the most important factors to support immune function. Lack of facilities, poor health and many traditions that lead to public community gatherings have made many Islamic countries susceptible to this dangerous virus. In such an unprecedented situation, there are many Muslims who doubt whether they can fast or not. Therefore, the proposal of usable exercise programs and effective nutritional strategies is imperative. In this study, we will look at the proposed health effects of fasting and its impact on the immune system, the effects of Ramadan intermittent fasting on resting values and responses of immunological/antioxidant biomarkers in elite and recreational athletes, together with the important health, nutrition, and exercise advice that fasting people need to follow in the event of a COVID-19 outbreak.
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Affiliation(s)
- Majid Taati Moghadam
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Student Research Committee, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Behzad Taati
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sports Sciences, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran
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38
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Abstract
All tissues are in a constant state of turnover, with a tightly controlled regulation of protein synthesis and breakdown rates. Due to the relative ease of sampling skeletal muscle tissue, basal muscle protein synthesis rates and the protein synthetic responses to various anabolic stimuli have been well defined in human subjects. In contrast, only limited data are available on tissue protein synthesis rates in other organs. Several organs such as the brain, liver and pancreas, show substantially higher (basal) protein synthesis rates when compared to skeletal muscle tissue. Such data suggest that these tissues may also possess a high level of plasticity. It remains to be determined whether protein synthesis rates in these tissues can be modulated by external stimuli. Whole-body protein synthesis rates are highly responsive to protein intake. As the contribution of muscle protein synthesis rates to whole-body protein synthesis rates is relatively small considering the large amount of muscle mass, this suggests that other organ tissues may also be responsive to (protein) feeding. Whole-body protein synthesis rates in the fasted or fed state can be quantified by measuring plasma amino acid kinetics, although this requires the production of intrinsically labelled protein. Protein intake requirements to maximise whole-body protein synthesis may also be determined by the indicator amino acid oxidation technique, but the technique does not allow the assessment of actual protein synthesis and breakdown rates. Both approaches have several other methodological and inferential limitations that will be discussed in detail in this paper.
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39
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Mercer D, Convit L, Condo D, Carr AJ, Hamilton DL, Slater G, Snipe RMJ. Protein Requirements of Pre-Menopausal Female Athletes: Systematic Literature Review. Nutrients 2020; 12:E3527. [PMID: 33207749 PMCID: PMC7696053 DOI: 10.3390/nu12113527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
This systematic literature review aimed to determine the protein requirements of pre-menopausal (e.g., 18-45 years) female athletes and identify if the menstrual cycle phase and/or hormonal contraceptive use influence protein requirements. Four databases were searched for original research containing pre-menopausal female athletes that ingested protein alongside exercise. The Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics Quality Criteria Checklist was used to determine study quality. Fourteen studies, which included 204 recreationally active or competitive females, met the eligibility criteria for inclusion in this review, and all were assessed as positive quality. The estimated average requirement (EAR) for protein intake of pre-menopausal recreational and/or competitive female athletes is similar for those undertaking aerobic endurance (1.28-1.63 g/kg/day), resistance (1.49 g/kg/day) and intermittent exercise (1.41 g/kg/day) of ~60-90 min duration. The optimal acute protein intake and influence of menstrual cycle phase or hormonal contraceptive use on protein requirements could not be determined. However, pre- and post-exercise protein intakes of 0.32-0.38 g/kg have demonstrated beneficial physiological responses in recreational and competitive female athletes completing resistance and intermittent exercise. The protein requirements outlined in this review can be used for planning and assessing protein intakes of recreational and competitive pre-menopausal female athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Drew Mercer
- Centre for Sport Research, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood 3125, Victoria, Australia; (D.M.); (L.C.); (D.C.); (A.J.C.)
| | - Lilia Convit
- Centre for Sport Research, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood 3125, Victoria, Australia; (D.M.); (L.C.); (D.C.); (A.J.C.)
| | - Dominique Condo
- Centre for Sport Research, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood 3125, Victoria, Australia; (D.M.); (L.C.); (D.C.); (A.J.C.)
| | - Amelia J. Carr
- Centre for Sport Research, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood 3125, Victoria, Australia; (D.M.); (L.C.); (D.C.); (A.J.C.)
| | - D. Lee Hamilton
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition Research, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong 3216, Victoria, Australia;
| | - Gary Slater
- School of Health and Sport Sciences, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore 4558, Queensland, Australia;
| | - Rhiannon M. J. Snipe
- Centre for Sport Research, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood 3125, Victoria, Australia; (D.M.); (L.C.); (D.C.); (A.J.C.)
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40
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Ma B, Zhang L, Li J, Xing T, Jiang Y, Gao F. Heat stress alters muscle protein and amino acid metabolism and accelerates liver gluconeogenesis for energy supply in broilers. Poult Sci 2020; 100:215-223. [PMID: 33357684 PMCID: PMC7772709 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2020.09.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2020] [Revised: 09/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Heat stress impairs growth performance and alters body protein and amino acid metabolism. This study was investigated to explore how body protein and amino acid metabolism changed under heat stress (HS) and the stress adaptation mechanism. A total of 144 broilers (28 d old) were divided into 3 treatment groups for 1 wk: HS group (32°C), normal control group (22°C), and pair-feeding group (22°C). We found that HS elevated the feed-to-gain ratio, reduced the ADFI and ADG, decreased breast muscle mass and plasma levels of several amino acids (glycine, lysine, threonine, and tyrosine), and increased serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT) activity and corticosterone (CORT) level and liver GOT and glutamic pyruvic transaminase activities. Heat stress elevated muscle atrophy F-box mRNA expression and reduced mRNA expression of the 70-kD ribosomal protein S6 kinase in the breast muscle of broilers. Broilers in the HS group exhibited striking increases of mRNA expressions of solute carrier family 1 member 1, family 3 member 1, family 7 member 1, and family 7 member-like in the liver and liver gluconeogenesis genes (PCKc, PCKm, PC, and FBP1) in comparison with the other 2 groups. In conclusion, HS increased the circulating CORT level and subsequently caused muscle protein breakdown to provide amino acid substrates to liver gluconeogenesis responsible for energy supply.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingbing Ma
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Animal Origin Food Production and Safety Guarantee of Jiangsu Province, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Meat Production and Processing, Quality and Safety Control, Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, National Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center of Animal Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Lin Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Animal Origin Food Production and Safety Guarantee of Jiangsu Province, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Meat Production and Processing, Quality and Safety Control, Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, National Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center of Animal Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Jiaolong Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Animal Origin Food Production and Safety Guarantee of Jiangsu Province, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Meat Production and Processing, Quality and Safety Control, Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, National Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center of Animal Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Tong Xing
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Animal Origin Food Production and Safety Guarantee of Jiangsu Province, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Meat Production and Processing, Quality and Safety Control, Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, National Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center of Animal Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Yun Jiang
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Feng Gao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Animal Origin Food Production and Safety Guarantee of Jiangsu Province, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Meat Production and Processing, Quality and Safety Control, Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, National Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center of Animal Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China.
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41
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Howard EE, Margolis LM, Berryman CE, Lieberman HR, Karl JP, Young AJ, Montano MA, Evans WJ, Rodriguez NR, Johannsen NM, Gadde KM, Harris MN, Rood JC, Pasiakos SM. Testosterone supplementation upregulates androgen receptor expression and translational capacity during severe energy deficit. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2020; 319:E678-E688. [PMID: 32776828 PMCID: PMC7750513 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00157.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Testosterone supplementation during energy deficit promotes whole body lean mass accretion, but the mechanisms underlying that effect remain unclear. To elucidate those mechanisms, skeletal muscle molecular adaptations were assessed from muscle biopsies collected before, 1 h, and 6 h after exercise and a mixed meal (40 g protein, 1 h postexercise) following 14 days of weight maintenance (WM) and 28 days of an exercise- and diet-induced 55% energy deficit (ED) in 50 physically active nonobese men treated with 200 mg testosterone enanthate/wk (TEST) or placebo (PLA) during the ED. Participants (n = 10/group) exhibiting substantial increases in leg lean mass and total testosterone (TEST) were compared with those exhibiting decreases in both of these measures (PLA). Resting androgen receptor (AR) protein content was higher and fibroblast growth factor-inducible 14 (Fn14), IL-6 receptor (IL-6R), and muscle ring-finger protein-1 gene expression was lower in TEST vs. PLA during ED relative to WM (P < 0.05). Changes in inflammatory, myogenic, and proteolytic gene expression did not differ between groups after exercise and recovery feeding. Mechanistic target of rapamycin signaling (i.e., translational efficiency) was also similar between groups at rest and after exercise and the mixed meal. Muscle total RNA content (i.e., translational capacity) increased more during ED in TEST than PLA (P < 0.05). These findings indicate that attenuated proteolysis at rest, possibly downstream of AR, Fn14, and IL-6R signaling, and increased translational capacity, not efficiency, may drive lean mass accretion with testosterone administration during energy deficit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily E Howard
- Military Nutrition Division, United States Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, Massachusetts
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, Tennessee
- University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut
| | - Lee M Margolis
- Military Nutrition Division, United States Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, Massachusetts
| | - Claire E Berryman
- Military Nutrition Division, United States Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, Massachusetts
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, Tennessee
- Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida
| | - Harris R Lieberman
- Military Nutrition Division, United States Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, Massachusetts
| | - J Philip Karl
- Military Nutrition Division, United States Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, Massachusetts
| | - Andrew J Young
- Military Nutrition Division, United States Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, Massachusetts
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, Tennessee
| | - Monty A Montano
- MyoSyntax Corporation, Worcester, Massachusetts
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - William J Evans
- University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California
- Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | | | - Neil M Johannsen
- Louisiana State University's Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana
| | - Kishore M Gadde
- Louisiana State University's Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana
| | - Melissa N Harris
- Louisiana State University's Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana
| | - Jennifer C Rood
- Louisiana State University's Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana
| | - Stefan M Pasiakos
- Military Nutrition Division, United States Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, Massachusetts
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42
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Park S, Church DD, Starck C, Schutzler SE, Azhar G, Kim IY, Ferrando AA, Moughan PJ, Wolfe RR. The impact of Hayward green kiwifruit on dietary protein digestion and protein metabolism. Eur J Nutr 2020; 60:1141-1148. [PMID: 32970234 PMCID: PMC7900049 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-020-02363-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Purpose The purpose of the study was to determine if an actinidin protease aids gastric digestion and the protein anabolic response to dietary protein. Methods Hayward green kiwifruit (containing an actinidin protease) and Hort 16A gold kiwifruit (devoid of actinidin protease) were given in conjunction with a beef meal to healthy older subjects. Twelve healthy older males (N = 6) and females (N = 6) were studied with a randomized, double-blinded, crossover design to assess muscle and whole-body protein metabolism before and after ingestion of kiwifruit and 100 g of ground beef. Subjects consumed 2 of each variety of kiwifruit daily for 14 d prior to each metabolic study, and again during each study with beef intake. Results Hayward green kiwifruit consumption with beef resulted in a more rapid increase in peripheral plasma essential amino acid concentrations. There were significant time by kiwifruit intake interactions for plasma concentrations of EAAs, branched chain amino acids (BCAAs), and leucine (P < 0.01). However, there was no difference in the total amount of EAAs absorbed. As a result, there were no differences between kiwifruit in any of the measured parameters of protein kinetics. Conclusion Consumption of Hayward green kiwifruit, with a beef meal facilitates protein digestion and absorption of the constituent amino acids as compared to Hort 16A gold kiwifruit. Clinical trial NCT04356573, April 21, 2020 “retrospectively registered”.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanghee Park
- University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 West Markham Street, Slot 806, Little Rock, AR, 72205-7199, USA.,Department of Molecular Medicine, Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, College of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - David D Church
- University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 West Markham Street, Slot 806, Little Rock, AR, 72205-7199, USA
| | - Carlene Starck
- Riddet Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Scott E Schutzler
- University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 West Markham Street, Slot 806, Little Rock, AR, 72205-7199, USA
| | - Gohar Azhar
- Riddet Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Il-Young Kim
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, College of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Arny A Ferrando
- University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 West Markham Street, Slot 806, Little Rock, AR, 72205-7199, USA
| | - Paul J Moughan
- Riddet Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Robert R Wolfe
- University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 West Markham Street, Slot 806, Little Rock, AR, 72205-7199, USA.
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43
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Coelho MOC, Monteyne AJ, Dunlop MV, Harris HC, Morrison DJ, Stephens FB, Wall BT. Mycoprotein as a possible alternative source of dietary protein to support muscle and metabolic health. Nutr Rev 2020; 78:486-497. [PMID: 31841152 DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuz077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The world's population is expanding, leading to an increased global requirement for dietary protein to support health and adaptation in various populations. Though a strong evidence base supports the nutritional value of animal-derived dietary proteins, mounting challenges associated with sustainability of these proteins have led to calls for the investigation of alternative, non-animal-derived dietary protein sources. Mycoprotein is a sustainably produced, protein-rich, high-fiber, whole food source derived from the fermentation of fungus. Initial investigations in humans demonstrated that mycoprotein consumption can lower circulating cholesterol concentrations. Recent data also report improved acute postprandial glycemic control and a potent satiety effect following mycoprotein ingestion. It is possible that these beneficial effects are attributable to the amount and type of dietary fiber present in mycoprotein. Emerging data suggest that the amino acid composition and bioavailability of mycoprotein may also position it as a promising dietary protein source to support skeletal muscle protein metabolism. Mycoprotein may be a viable dietary protein source to promote training adaptations in athletes and the maintenance of muscle mass to support healthy aging. Herein, current evidence underlying the metabolic effects of mycoprotein is reviewed, and the key questions to be addressed are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana O C Coelho
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Alistair J Monteyne
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Mandy V Dunlop
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Hannah C Harris
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom.,School of Medicine, Dentistry and Nursing, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom.,Scottish Universities Environmental Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Douglas J Morrison
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom.,Scottish Universities Environmental Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Francis B Stephens
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Benjamin T Wall
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
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The Potential Role of Fish-Derived Protein Hydrolysates on Metabolic Health, Skeletal Muscle Mass and Function in Ageing. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12082434. [PMID: 32823615 PMCID: PMC7468851 DOI: 10.3390/nu12082434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Fish protein represents one of the most widely consumed dietary protein sources by humans. The processing of material from the fishing industry generates substantial unexploited waste products, many of which possess high biological value. Protein hydrolysates, such as fish protein hydrolysates (FPH), containing predominantly di- and tripeptides, are more readily absorbed than free amino acids and intact protein. Furthermore, in animal models, FPH have been shown to possess numerous beneficial properties for cardiovascular, neurological, intestinal, renal, and immune health. Ageing is associated with the loss of skeletal muscle mass and function, as well as increased oxidative stress, compromised vascularisation, neurological derangements, and immunosenescence. Thus, there appears to be a potential application for FPH in older persons as a high-quality protein source that may also confer additional health benefits. Despite this, there remains a dearth of information concerning the impact of FPH on health outcomes in humans. The limited evidence from human interventional trials suggests that FPH may hold promise for supporting optimal body composition and maintaining gut integrity. FPH also provide a high-quality source of dietary protein without negatively impacting on subjective appetite perceptions or regulatory hormones. Further studies are needed to assess the impact and utility of FPH on skeletal muscle health in older persons, ideally comparing FPH to ‘established’ protein sources or a non-bioactive, nitrogen-matched control. In particular, the effects of acute and chronic FPH consumption on post-exercise aminoacidaemia, skeletal muscle protein synthesis, and intramyocellular anabolic signalling in older adults are worthy of investigation. FPH may represent beneficial and sustainable alternative sources of high-quality protein to support skeletal muscle health and anabolism in ageing, without compromising appetite and subsequent energy intake.
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45
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Monteyne AJ, Coelho MOC, Porter C, Abdelrahman DR, Jameson TSO, Jackman SR, Blackwell JR, Finnigan TJA, Stephens FB, Dirks ML, Wall BT. Mycoprotein ingestion stimulates protein synthesis rates to a greater extent than milk protein in rested and exercised skeletal muscle of healthy young men: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr 2020; 112:318-333. [PMID: 32438401 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqaa092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mycoprotein is a fungal-derived sustainable protein-rich food source, and its ingestion results in systemic amino acid and leucine concentrations similar to that following milk protein ingestion. OBJECTIVE We assessed the mixed skeletal muscle protein synthetic response to the ingestion of a single bolus of mycoprotein compared with a leucine-matched bolus of milk protein, in rested and exercised muscle of resistance-trained young men. METHODS Twenty resistance-trained healthy young males (age: 22 ± 1 y, body mass: 82 ± 2 kg, BMI: 25 ± 1 kg·m-2) took part in a randomized, double-blind, parallel-group study. Participants received primed, continuous infusions of L-[ring-2H5]phenylalanine and ingested either 31 g (26.2 g protein: 2.5 g leucine) milk protein (MILK) or 70 g (31.5 g protein: 2.5 g leucine) mycoprotein (MYCO) following a bout of unilateral resistance-type exercise (contralateral leg acting as resting control). Blood and m. vastus lateralis muscle samples were collected before exercise and protein ingestion, and following a 4-h postprandial period to assess mixed muscle fractional protein synthetic rates (FSRs) and myocellular signaling in response to the protein beverages in resting and exercised muscle. RESULTS Mixed muscle FSRs increased following MILK ingestion (from 0.036 ± 0.008 to 0.052 ± 0.006%·h-1 in rested, and 0.035 ± 0.008 to 0.056 ± 0.005%·h-1 in exercised muscle; P <0.01) but to a greater extent following MYCO ingestion (from 0.025 ± 0.006 to 0.057 ± 0.004%·h-1 in rested, and 0.024 ± 0.007 to 0.072 ± 0.005%·h-1 in exercised muscle; P <0.0001) (treatment × time interaction effect; P <0.05). Postprandial FSRs trended to be greater in MYCO compared with MILK (0.065 ± 0.004 compared with 0.054 ± 0.004%·h-1, respectively; P = 0.093) and the postprandial rise in FSRs was greater in MYCO compared with MILK (Delta 0.040 ± 0.006 compared with Delta 0.018 ± 0.005%·h-1, respectively; P <0.01). CONCLUSIONS The ingestion of a single bolus of mycoprotein stimulates resting and postexercise muscle protein synthesis rates, and to a greater extent than a leucine-matched bolus of milk protein, in resistance-trained young men. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as 660065600.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alistair J Monteyne
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Heavitree Road, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Mariana O C Coelho
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Heavitree Road, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Craig Porter
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Medical Branch & Shriners Hospital for Children, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Doaa R Abdelrahman
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Medical Branch & Shriners Hospital for Children, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Thomas S O Jameson
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Heavitree Road, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Sarah R Jackman
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Heavitree Road, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Jamie R Blackwell
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Heavitree Road, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | | | - Francis B Stephens
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Heavitree Road, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Marlou L Dirks
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Heavitree Road, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Benjamin T Wall
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Heavitree Road, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
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46
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Trommelen J, Weijzen MEG, van Kranenburg J, Ganzevles RA, Beelen M, Verdijk LB, van Loon LJC. Casein Protein Processing Strongly Modulates Post-Prandial Plasma Amino Acid Responses In Vivo in Humans. Nutrients 2020; 12:E2299. [PMID: 32751788 PMCID: PMC7468913 DOI: 10.3390/nu12082299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Micellar casein is characterized as a slowly digestible protein source, and its structure can be modulated by various food processing techniques to modify its functional properties. However, little is known about the impact of such modifications on casein protein digestion and amino acid absorption kinetics and the subsequent post-prandial plasma amino acid responses. In the present study, we determined post-prandial aminoacidemia following ingestion of isonitrogenous amounts of casein protein (40 g) provided as micellar casein (Mi-CAS), calcium caseinate (Ca-CAS), or cross-linked sodium caseinate (XL-CAS). Fifteen healthy, young men (age: 26 ± 4 years, BMI: 23 ± 1 kg·m-2) participated in this randomized cross-over study and ingested 40 g Mi-Cas, Ca-CAS, and XL-CAS protein, with a ~1 week washout between treatments. On each trial day, arterialized blood samples were collected at regular intervals during a 6 h post-prandial period to assess plasma amino acid concentrations using ultra-performance liquid chromatography. Plasma amino acid concentrations were higher following the ingestion of XL-CAS when compared to Mi-CAS and Ca-CAS from t = 15 to 90 min (all p < 0.05). Plasma amino acid concentrations were higher following ingestion of Mi-CAS compared to Ca-CAS from t = 30 to 45 min (both p < 0.05). Plasma total amino acids iAUC were higher following the ingestion of XL-CAS when compared to Ca-CAS (294 ± 63 vs. 260 ± 75 mmol·L-1, p = 0.006), with intermediate values following Mi-CAS ingestion (270 ± 63 mmol·L-1, p > 0.05). In conclusion, cross-linked sodium caseinate is more rapidly digested when compared to micellar casein and calcium caseinate. Protein processing can strongly modulate the post-prandial rise in plasma amino acid bioavailability in vivo in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorn Trommelen
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translation Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands; (J.T.); (M.E.G.W.); (J.v.K.); (M.B.); (L.B.V.)
- Top Institute Food and Nutrition (TIFN), 6709 PA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Michelle E. G. Weijzen
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translation Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands; (J.T.); (M.E.G.W.); (J.v.K.); (M.B.); (L.B.V.)
| | - Janneau van Kranenburg
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translation Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands; (J.T.); (M.E.G.W.); (J.v.K.); (M.B.); (L.B.V.)
| | | | - Milou Beelen
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translation Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands; (J.T.); (M.E.G.W.); (J.v.K.); (M.B.); (L.B.V.)
| | - Lex B. Verdijk
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translation Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands; (J.T.); (M.E.G.W.); (J.v.K.); (M.B.); (L.B.V.)
- Top Institute Food and Nutrition (TIFN), 6709 PA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Luc J. C. van Loon
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translation Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands; (J.T.); (M.E.G.W.); (J.v.K.); (M.B.); (L.B.V.)
- Top Institute Food and Nutrition (TIFN), 6709 PA Wageningen, The Netherlands
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47
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Novel Essential Amino Acid Supplements Following Resistance Exercise Induce Aminoacidemia and Enhance Anabolic Signaling Irrespective of Age: A Proof-of-Concept Trial. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12072067. [PMID: 32664648 PMCID: PMC7400893 DOI: 10.3390/nu12072067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the effects of ingesting a leucine-enriched essential amino acid (EAA) gel alone or combined with resistance exercise (RE) versus RE alone (control) on plasma aminoacidemia and intramyocellular anabolic signaling in healthy younger (28 ± 4 years) and older (71 ± 3 years) adults. Blood samples were obtained throughout the three trials, while muscle biopsies were collected in the postabsorptive state and 2 h following RE, following the consumption of two 50 mL EAA gels (40% leucine, 15 g total EAA), and following RE with EAA (combination (COM)). Protein content and the phosphorylation status of key anabolic signaling proteins were determined via immunoblotting. Irrespective of age, during EAA and COM peak leucinemia (younger: 454 ± 32 µM and 537 ± 111 µM; older: 417 ± 99 µM and 553 ± 136 µM) occurred ~60–120 min post-ingestion (younger: 66 ± 6 min and 120 ± 60 min; older: 90 ± 13 min and 78 ± 12 min). In the pooled sample, the area under the curve for plasma leucine and the sum of branched-chain amino acids was significantly greater in EAA and COM compared with RE. For intramyocellular signaling, significant main effects were found for condition (mTOR (Ser2481), rpS6 (Ser235/236)) and age (S6K1 (Thr421/Ser424), 4E-BP1 (Thr37/46)) in age group analyses. The phosphorylation of rpS6 was of similar magnitude (~8-fold) in pooled and age group data 2 h following COM. Our findings suggest that a gel-based, leucine-enriched EAA supplement is associated with aminoacidemia and a muscle anabolic signaling response, thus representing an effective means of stimulating muscle protein anabolism in younger and older adults following EAA and COM.
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48
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Impact of caseins and whey proteins ratio and lipid content on in vitro digestion and ex vivo absorption. Food Chem 2020; 319:126514. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.126514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Revised: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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49
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Hannaian SJ, Hodson N, Abou Sawan S, Mazzulla M, Kato H, Matsunaga K, Waskiw-Ford M, Duncan J, Kumbhare DA, Moore DR. Leucine-enriched amino acids maintain peripheral mTOR-Rheb localization independent of myofibrillar protein synthesis and mTORC1 signaling postexercise. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2020; 129:133-143. [PMID: 32525432 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00241.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Postexercise protein ingestion can elevate rates of myofibrillar protein synthesis (MyoPS), mTORC1 activity, and mTOR translocation/protein-protein interactions. However, it is unclear if leucine-enriched essential amino acids (LEAA) can similarly facilitate intracellular mTOR trafficking in humans after exercise. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of postexercise LEAA (4 g total EAAs, 1.6 g leucine) on acute MyoPS and mTORC1 translocation and signaling. Recreationally active men performed lower-body resistance exercise (5 × 8-10 leg press and leg extension) to volitional failure. Following exercise participants consumed LEAA (n = 8) or an isocaloric carbohydrate drink (PLA; n = 10). MyoPS was measured over 1.5-4 h of recovery by oral pulse of l-[ring-2H5]-phenylalanine. Phosphorylation of proteins in the mTORC1 pathway were analyzed via immunoblotting and mTORC1-LAMP2/WGA/Rheb colocalization via immunofluorescence microscopy. There was no difference in MyoPS between groups (LEAA = 0.098 ± 0.01%/h; PL = 0.090 ± 0.01%/h; P > 0.05). Exercise increased (P < 0.05) rpS6Ser240/244(LEAA = 35.3-fold; PLA = 20.6-fold), mTORSer2448(LEAA = 1.8-fold; PLA = 1.2-fold) and 4EBP1Thr37/46(LEAA = 1.5-fold; PLA = 1.4-fold) phosphorylation irrespective of nutrition (P > 0.05). LAT1 and SNAT2 protein expression were not affected by exercise or nutrient ingestion. mTOR-LAMP2 colocalization was greater in LEAA preexercise and decreased following exercise and supplement ingestion (P < 0.05), yet was unchanged in PLA. mTOR-WGA (cell periphery marker) and mTOR-Rheb colocalization was greater in LEAA compared with PLA irrespective of time-point (P < 0.05). In conclusion, the postexercise consumption of 4 g of LEAA maintains mTOR in peripheral regions of muscle fibers, in closer proximity to its direct activator Rheb, during prolonged recovery independent of differences in MyoPS or mTORC1 signaling compared with PLA ingestion. This intracellular localization of mTOR may serve to "prime" the kinase for future anabolic stimuli.NEW & NOTEWORTHY This is the first study to investigate whether postexercise leucine-enriched amino acid (LEAA) ingestion elevates mTORC1 translocation and protein-protein interactions in human skeletal muscle. Here, we observed that although LEAA ingestion did not further elevate postexercise MyoPS or mTORC1 signaling compared with placebo, mTORC1 peripheral location and interaction with Rheb were maintained. This may serve to "prime" mTORC1 for subsequent anabolic stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarkis J Hannaian
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, Department of Exercise Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Nathan Hodson
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, Department of Exercise Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Sidney Abou Sawan
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, Department of Exercise Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Michael Mazzulla
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, Department of Exercise Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Hiroyuki Kato
- Technology Development Center, Institute of Food Sciences and Technologies, Ajinomoto Co., Inc., Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Keiko Matsunaga
- Technology Development Center, Institute of Food Sciences and Technologies, Ajinomoto Co., Inc., Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Marcus Waskiw-Ford
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, Department of Exercise Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Justin Duncan
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, Department of Exercise Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | | | - Daniel R Moore
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, Department of Exercise Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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50
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Atherton C, McNaughton LR, Close GL, Sparks A. Post-exercise provision of 40 g of protein during whole body resistance training further augments strength adaptations in elderly males. Res Sports Med 2020; 28:469-483. [PMID: 32482095 DOI: 10.1080/15438627.2020.1770251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the elderly, low protein intake exacerbates the effects of sarcopenia and anabolic resistance. Protein supplementation to maximise muscle protein synthesis, may be an effective intervention. Aim: To determine the effects of a low/high dose of protein, ingested immediately post-exercise, during resistance training in novice elderly males. Method: 24 elderly (70.5±5.1, years) males were recruited (body mass: 92.4±14.9 kg; fat free mass: 61.4±7.6 kg). After exclusion criteria, 18 males participated. Participants continued their normal dietary intake and were allocated into two matched groups, then randomly assigned to either a 20 g or 40 g dose intervention. Following determination of 1 repetition maximum (1RM), participants completed 10 x 3d-1 wk resistance training and consumed protein supplements immediately following exercise. Results: Significant improvements in chest press (p = 0.014, ɳp2 0.34) shoulder press (p = 0.005, ɳp2 0.43) and leg extension strength (p = 0.014, ɳp2 0.34), were observed following the 40 g dose, resulting in performance improvements of 19.1, 21.1, and 16.1% respectively, compared to the 20 g dose. Conclusion:Findings suggest that ingesting 40 g of protein following resistance exercise, produces greater responses to training and may be an important nutritional strategy when prescribing resistance exercise in the elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig Atherton
- Department of Sport and Physical Activity, Edge Hill University, Sports Nutrition and Performance Research Group , Ormskirk, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Lars R McNaughton
- Department of Sport and Physical Activity, Edge Hill University, Sports Nutrition and Performance Research Group , Ormskirk, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.,Department of Sport and Movement Studies, Faculty of Health Science, University of Johannesburg , Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Graeme L Close
- School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University , Liverpool, UK
| | - Andy Sparks
- Department of Sport and Physical Activity, Edge Hill University, Sports Nutrition and Performance Research Group , Ormskirk, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
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