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Ottaviani JI, Sagi-Kiss V, Schroeter H, Kuhnle GGC. Reliance on self-reports and estimated food composition data in nutrition research introduces significant bias that can only be addressed with biomarkers. eLife 2024; 13:RP92941. [PMID: 38896457 PMCID: PMC11186626 DOI: 10.7554/elife.92941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
The chemical composition of foods is complex, variable, and dependent on many factors. This has a major impact on nutrition research as it foundationally affects our ability to adequately assess the actual intake of nutrients and other compounds. In spite of this, accurate data on nutrient intake are key for investigating the associations and causal relationships between intake, health, and disease risk at the service of developing evidence-based dietary guidance that enables improvements in population health. Here, we exemplify the importance of this challenge by investigating the impact of food content variability on nutrition research using three bioactives as model: flavan-3-ols, (-)-epicatechin, and nitrate. Our results show that common approaches aimed at addressing the high compositional variability of even the same foods impede the accurate assessment of nutrient intake generally. This suggests that the results of many nutrition studies using food composition data are potentially unreliable and carry greater limitations than commonly appreciated, consequently resulting in dietary recommendations with significant limitations and unreliable impact on public health. Thus, current challenges related to nutrient intake assessments need to be addressed and mitigated by the development of improved dietary assessment methods involving the use of nutritional biomarkers.
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Alqarni S, Alsebai M, Alsaigh BA, Alrashedy AS, Albahrani IT, Aljohar AY, Alazmi AO. Do polyphenols affect body fat and/or glucose metabolism? Front Nutr 2024; 11:1376508. [PMID: 38919387 PMCID: PMC11198119 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2024.1376508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Obesity is reaching epidemic proportions with 51% of the population expected to be obese by 2030. Recently, polyphenols have been highlighted as an effective approach to managing obesity and associated risks. Polyphenols are a large class of bioactive plant compounds classified into two major categories: flavonoids which are distinguished by the fundamental C6-C3-C6 skeleton and non-flavonoids. Objective This systematic review evaluated the effect of different polyphenol sources in overweight and obese people with and without type 2 diabetes. The primary outcome was lipid profile and the secondary outcomes were blood glucose, HbA1c (%), HOMA-IR, weight, and body mass index. Method A search was undertaken in PubMed, Web of Science, Medline, and Wiley for randomized control trials that assessed different sources of polyphenols in overweight and obese people with or without type 2 diabetes. The quality of the included studies was assessed using the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Quality Assessment Tool. Result The search yielded 935 studies, of which six randomized control trials met the inclusion criteria. Five studies found no significant difference in lipid profile between the control and intervention groups in triglycerides, total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, and HDL cholesterol. However, one study showed significant differences in triglycerides (p = 0.04) and HDL cholesterol (p = 0.05) between the two groups with no significant difference in total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol. There were no significant changes in blood glucose observed in the included studies, with only two studies reporting a significant difference in A1c between the groups. Four studies found no difference in HOMA-IR, while one study showed a significant decrease in HOMA-IR in the intervention group compared to the control group. Three studies reported no difference in BMI or weight between the two groups. Conclusion The data associated with the specific health benefits of polyphenols and their sources in people with overweight, obese, and type 2 diabetes are still limited, so further research is required to support their use and prove their benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saleha Alqarni
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, College of Applied Medical Science, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mashael Alsebai
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Nottingham University, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Batool Adal Alsaigh
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, College of Applied Medical Science, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abeer Sayer Alrashedy
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, College of Applied Medical Science, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
| | - Israa Talal Albahrani
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, College of Applied Medical Science, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
| | - Albandri Yousef Aljohar
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, College of Applied Medical Science, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amjad Obaid Alazmi
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, College of Applied Medical Science, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
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Gál R, Halmosi R, Gallyas F, Tschida M, Mutirangura P, Tóth K, Alexy T, Czopf L. Resveratrol and beyond: The Effect of Natural Polyphenols on the Cardiovascular System: A Narrative Review. Biomedicines 2023; 11:2888. [PMID: 38001889 PMCID: PMC10669290 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11112888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are among the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Unhealthy dietary habits have clearly been shown to contribute to the development of CVDs. Beyond the primary nutrients, a healthy diet is also rich in plant-derived compounds. Natural polyphenols, found in fruits, vegetables, and red wine, have a clear role in improving cardiovascular health. In this review, we strive to summarize the results of the relevant pre-clinical and clinical trials that focused on some of the most important natural polyphenols, such as resveratrol and relevant flavonoids. In addition, we aim to identify their common sources, biosynthesis, and describe their mechanism of action including their regulatory effect on signal transduction pathways. Finally, we provide scientific evidence regarding the cardiovascular benefits of moderate, long-term red wine consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland Gál
- Division of Cardiology, 1st Department of Medicine, Medical School, University of Pecs, 7624 Pecs, Hungary; (R.G.); (R.H.); (K.T.)
- Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pecs, 7624 Pecs, Hungary
| | - Róbert Halmosi
- Division of Cardiology, 1st Department of Medicine, Medical School, University of Pecs, 7624 Pecs, Hungary; (R.G.); (R.H.); (K.T.)
- Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pecs, 7624 Pecs, Hungary
| | - Ferenc Gallyas
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, University of Pecs, 7624 Pecs, Hungary;
| | - Michael Tschida
- Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA;
| | - Pornthira Mutirangura
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA;
| | - Kálmán Tóth
- Division of Cardiology, 1st Department of Medicine, Medical School, University of Pecs, 7624 Pecs, Hungary; (R.G.); (R.H.); (K.T.)
- Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pecs, 7624 Pecs, Hungary
| | - Tamás Alexy
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA;
| | - László Czopf
- Division of Cardiology, 1st Department of Medicine, Medical School, University of Pecs, 7624 Pecs, Hungary; (R.G.); (R.H.); (K.T.)
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Sabarathinam S, Dhanasekaran D, Ganamurali N. Insight on sarcopenic obesity and epicatechin as a promising treatment option. Diabetes Metab Syndr 2023; 17:102856. [PMID: 37742361 DOI: 10.1016/j.dsx.2023.102856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Sarcopenic Obesity (SO) in the elderly population is a complex and multifactorial condition which refers to the loss of skeletal muscle mass, strength, and function associated with aging, while obesity involves excessive adipose tissue accumulation. The simultaneous occurrence of these two conditions presents a unique set of challenges to public health and clinical management. This narrative review aims to provide an overview of the use of epicatechin (EC) in the treatment of SO and its related complications. METHOD A survey of studies related to preclinical and clinical evidence of Epicatechin in sarcopenic obesity and its complications was performed in the following database Medline, Scopus, ProQuest, Embase, Web of Science, and Google scholar. Followed by structural activity relationship and pharmacokinetic profile of Epicatechin was discussed in this paper. RESULTS The main pharmacological effect of Epicatechin is myostatin inhibition activity which has been described by both in vitro and in vivo studies earlier. The SO is directly correlated with the alteration of Myostatin. The pre-clinical and clinical studies suggest that epicatechin can be a potential candidate in the management of SO and its related complication. CONCLUSION The present review describes the pharmacokinetic profile and structural activity of epicatechin respective to SO and its related complications. The goal of this review is to update the scientific community on the therapeutic potential of epicatechin in SO and age-related factors. Conduction of clinical and pre-clinical trials, also drug dosage optimization may provide with insights on the use of epicatechin in SO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarvesh Sabarathinam
- Drug Testing Laboratory, Interdisciplinary Institute of Indian System of Medicine (IIISM), SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 603203, India; Clinical Trial Unit, Metabolic Ward, Interdisciplinary Institute of Indian System of Medicine (IIISM), SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 603203, India; Certificate Programme-Analytical Techniques in Herbal Drug Industry, Interdisciplinary Institute of Indian System of Medicine (IIISM), SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 603203, India.
| | - Dhivya Dhanasekaran
- Certificate Programme-Analytical Techniques in Herbal Drug Industry, Interdisciplinary Institute of Indian System of Medicine (IIISM), SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 603203, India
| | - Nila Ganamurali
- Certificate Programme-Analytical Techniques in Herbal Drug Industry, Interdisciplinary Institute of Indian System of Medicine (IIISM), SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 603203, India
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Iqbal I, Wilairatana P, Saqib F, Nasir B, Wahid M, Latif MF, Iqbal A, Naz R, Mubarak MS. Plant Polyphenols and Their Potential Benefits on Cardiovascular Health: A Review. Molecules 2023; 28:6403. [PMID: 37687232 PMCID: PMC10490098 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28176403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 08/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Fruits, vegetables, and other food items contain phytochemicals or secondary metabolites which may be considered non-essential nutrients but have medicinal importance. These dietary phytochemicals exhibit chemopreventive and therapeutic effects against numerous diseases. Polyphenols are secondary metabolites found in vegetables, fruits, and grains. These compounds exhibit several health benefits such as immune modulators, vasodilators, and antioxidants. This review focuses on recent studies on using dietary polyphenols to treat cardiovascular disorders, atherosclerosis, and vascular endothelium deficits. We focus on exploring the safety of highly effective polyphenols to ensure their maximum impact on cardiac abnormalities and discuss recent epidemiological evidence and intervention trials related to these properties. Kaempferol, quercetin, and resveratrol prevent oxidative stress by regulating proteins that induce oxidation in heart tissues. In addition, polyphenols modulate the tone of the endothelium of vessels by releasing nitric oxide (NO) and reducing low-density lipoprotein (LDL) oxidation to prevent atherosclerosis. In cardiomyocytes, polyphenols suppress the expression of inflammatory markers and inhibit the production of inflammation markers to exert an anti-inflammatory response. Consequently, heart diseases such as strokes, hypertension, heart failure, and ischemic heart disease could be prevented by dietary polyphenols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iram Iqbal
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60800, Pakistan; (I.I.); (M.W.); (M.F.L.); (R.N.)
| | - Polrat Wilairatana
- Department of Clinical Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand;
| | - Fatima Saqib
- Department of Clinical Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand;
| | - Bushra Nasir
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60800, Pakistan;
| | - Muqeet Wahid
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60800, Pakistan; (I.I.); (M.W.); (M.F.L.); (R.N.)
| | - Muhammad Farhaj Latif
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60800, Pakistan; (I.I.); (M.W.); (M.F.L.); (R.N.)
| | - Ahmar Iqbal
- Department of General Surgery, Shanxi Medical University, Jinzhong 030600, China;
| | - Rabia Naz
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60800, Pakistan; (I.I.); (M.W.); (M.F.L.); (R.N.)
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Sabarathinam S, Satheesh S, Ganamurali N, Dhanasekaran D, Raja A. Drug designing and toxicity screening of halogen and nitrogen-augmented catechin in sarcopenic obesity. Nat Prod Res 2023:1-6. [PMID: 37571993 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2023.2245536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 07/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/29/2023] [Indexed: 08/14/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the catechin structure was modified with Halogen and Nitrogen base at C-6 and C-8 Positions in Ring A. Pharmacokinetic parameters affirm the drug-likeness property of the designed compounds. Molecular Docking was performed for all the compounds towards the myostatin inhibition target (PDB: 3HH2). Such desirable quality of modified Catechin will create a spark in the novel drug discovery using acting as a bioenhancer. As a result, the present research is aimed to offer an overview of the structural simulation of Cl, F, I, NH2, NO2, and Br at C-6 and C-8 positions in A Ring A of Catechin. This preliminary evidence creates an impact on the novelsemi0synthetic drug discovery for the therapeutic management of sarcopenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarvesh Sabarathinam
- Drug Testing Laboratory, Interdisciplinary Institute of Indian System of Medicine (IIISM), SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
- Clinical Trial Unit, Metabolic Ward, Interdisciplinary Institute of Indian System of Medicine (IIISM), SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
- Certificate Programme-Analytical Techniques in Herbal Drug Industry, Interdisciplinary Institute of Indian System of Medicine (IIISM), SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sanjana Satheesh
- Department of Biotechnology, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Dubai Campus, Dubai International Academic City, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Nila Ganamurali
- Certificate Programme-Analytical Techniques in Herbal Drug Industry, Interdisciplinary Institute of Indian System of Medicine (IIISM), SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Dhivya Dhanasekaran
- Certificate Programme-Analytical Techniques in Herbal Drug Industry, Interdisciplinary Institute of Indian System of Medicine (IIISM), SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Arun Raja
- Department of Community Medicine, Sree Balaji Medical College and Hospital, Chennai, India
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Sirgedaitė-Šėžienė V, Čėsnienė I, Leleikaitė G, Baliuckas V, Vaitiekūnaitė D. Phenolic and Antioxidant Compound Accumulation of Quercus robur Bark Diverges Based on Tree Genotype, Phenology and Extraction Method. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:life13030710. [PMID: 36983864 PMCID: PMC10051228 DOI: 10.3390/life13030710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Oak bark is a rich niche for beneficial bioactive compounds. It is known that the amount of the compounds found in plant tissues can depend on species, genotype, growth site, etc., but it is unclear whether oak phenology, i.e., late or early bud burst, can also influence the amount of phenols and antioxidants that can be extracted. We tested two Quercus robur populations expressing different phenology and five half-sib families in each population to see how phenology, genotype, as well as extrahent differences (75% methanol or water) can determine the total phenol, total flavonoid content, as well as antioxidant activity. Significant statistical differences were found between half-sib families of the same population, between populations representing different oak phenology and different extrahents used. We determined that the extraction of flavonoids was more favorable when using water. So was antioxidant activity using one of the indicators, when significant differences between extrahents were observed. Furthermore, in families where there was a significant difference, phenols showed better results when using methanol. Overall, late bud burst families exhibited higher levels in all parameters tested. Thus, we recommend that for further bioactive compound extraction, all these factors be noted.
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Amponsah-Offeh M, Diaba-Nuhoho P, Speier S, Morawietz H. Oxidative Stress, Antioxidants and Hypertension. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12020281. [PMID: 36829839 PMCID: PMC9952760 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12020281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
As a major cause of morbidity and mortality globally, hypertension remains a serious threat to global public health. Despite the availability of many antihypertensive medications, several hypertensive individuals are resistant to standard treatments, and are unable to control their blood pressure. Regulation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) controlling blood pressure, activation of the immune system triggering inflammation and production of reactive oxygen species, leading to oxidative stress and redox-sensitive signaling, have been implicated in the pathogenesis of hypertension. Thus, besides standard antihypertensive medications, which lower arterial pressure, antioxidant medications were tested to improve antihypertensive treatment. We review and discuss the role of oxidative stress in the pathophysiology of hypertension and the potential use of antioxidants in the management of hypertension and its associated organ damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Amponsah-Offeh
- Institute of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstr. 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany
- Department of Cardiovascular Research, European Center for Angioscience (ECAS), Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Patrick Diaba-Nuhoho
- Division of Vascular Endothelium and Microcirculation, Department of Medicine III, University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
- Department of Paediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Paediatric Haematology and Oncology, University Hospital Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Stephan Speier
- Institute of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstr. 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany
- Paul Langerhans Institute Dresden (PLID) of the Helmholtz Zentrum München at University Clinic Carl Gustav Carus and Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstr. 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 85764 München-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Henning Morawietz
- Division of Vascular Endothelium and Microcirculation, Department of Medicine III, University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-351-4586625; Fax: +49-351-4586354
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Wang YL, Liang P, Wu JN, Zheng T, Xie JH, Pang J. Blackening and blackening control of litopenaeus vannamei during storage at low temperature. CYTA - JOURNAL OF FOOD 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/19476337.2021.2021994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ya Li Wang
- Engineering Research Centre of Fujian-Taiwan Special Marine Food Processing and Nutriton, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Peng Liang
- Engineering Research Centre of Fujian-Taiwan Special Marine Food Processing and Nutriton, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jing Na Wu
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Marine Medicinal Natural Products Resources, Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen, China
| | - Ting Zheng
- Antibiotic Laboratory, Fujian Institute for Food and Drug Quality Control, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jian Hua Xie
- College of Food Engineering, Zhangzhou Institute of Technology, Zhangzhou, China
| | - Jie Pang
- Engineering Research Centre of Fujian-Taiwan Special Marine Food Processing and Nutriton, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
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Trettel G, Bertoncini CRA, Lima-Landman MT. The mechanisms of calcium mobilization by procyanidins, flavonols and flavonoids from Cecropia glaziovii Sneth in pulmonary endothelial cell cultures endorse its popular use as vasodilator phytomedicine. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 144:112231. [PMID: 34610498 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/19/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The hypotensive and antihypertensive activities of the aqueous extract (AE) and butanolic fraction (ButF) isolated from Cecropia glaziovii Sneth have been demonstrated in previous studies in animal models. This study aimed to evaluate the molecular mechanism of action responsible for the vasodilatory effect of procyanidins, flavanols, and flavonoids found in C. glaziovii in endothelial cell culture. For this purpose, we analyzed the effect of procyanidin B2 and B3 compounds, catechin, epicatechin, orientin, isoorientin, and isovitexin in the mobilization of Ca2+ in rat endothelial cell cultures. Parallel associations with different antagonists were examined by considering the following in vivo hypotensive mechanisms: blockage of L-type calcium channels, action on β-2 adrenergic receptors, and vasodilation via the nitric oxide pathway. All measurements of calcium mobilization were carried out by using the fluorescence measurement methodology in a Flexstation M3 spectrophotometer. The results indicate that some of the compounds have mixed actions, acting through different calcium mobilization pathways. The mobilization induced by such compounds significantly decreased when they were incubated with their corresponding antagonists. Taken together, our data suggest that the beneficial effects seen with the popular use of Cecropia glaziovii Sneth in pathological conditions, such as systemic arterial hypertension, seem to be related to the plant's hypotensive effect, very probably promoted by the actions of flavonols, flavonoids, and procyanidins, by different pathways of calcium mobilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella Trettel
- Department of Pharmacology, Federal University of São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Gynaecology, Federal University of São Paulo.
| | - Clelia Rejane Antonio Bertoncini
- CEDEME, Centre of Development of Experimental Models for Medicine and Biology, Federal University of São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Gynaecology, Federal University of São Paulo.
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Corr LD, Field A, Pufal D, Clifford T, Harper LD, Naughton RJ. The effects of cocoa flavanols on indices of muscle recovery and exercise performance: a narrative review. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil 2021; 13:90. [PMID: 34391456 PMCID: PMC8364049 DOI: 10.1186/s13102-021-00319-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD) is associated with oxidative stress and inflammation, muscle soreness, and reductions in muscle function. Cocoa flavanols (CF) are (poly)phenols with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects and thus may attenuate symptoms of EIMD. The purpose of this narrative review was to collate and evaluate the current literature investigating the effect of CF supplementation on markers of exercise-induced oxidative stress and inflammation, as well as changes in muscle function, perceived soreness, and exercise performance. Acute and sub-chronic intake of CF reduces oxidative stress resulting from exercise. Evidence for the effect of CF on exercise-induced inflammation is lacking and the impact on muscle function, perceived soreness and exercise performance is inconsistent across studies. Supplementation of CF may reduce exercise-induced oxidative stress, with potential for delaying fatigue, but more evidence is required for any definitive conclusions on the impact of CF on markers of EIMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liam D Corr
- School of Human and Health Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, UK
| | - Adam Field
- School of Human and Health Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, UK
| | - Deborah Pufal
- School of Human and Health Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, UK
| | - Tom Clifford
- School of Sport, Health, and Exercise Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Liam D Harper
- School of Human and Health Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, UK
| | - Robert J Naughton
- School of Human and Health Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, UK.
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12
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Ciumărnean L, Milaciu MV, Runcan O, Vesa ȘC, Răchișan AL, Negrean V, Perné MG, Donca VI, Alexescu TG, Para I, Dogaru G. The Effects of Flavonoids in Cardiovascular Diseases. Molecules 2020; 25:E4320. [PMID: 32967119 PMCID: PMC7571023 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25184320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 09/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Flavonoids are metabolites of plants and fungus. Flavonoid research has been paid special attention to in recent times after the observation of their beneficial effects on the cardiovascular system. These favorable effects are exerted by flavonoids mainly due to their antioxidant properties, which result from the ability to decrease the oxidation of low-density lipoproteins, thus improving the lipid profiles. The other positive effect exerted on the cardiovascular system is the ability of flavonoids to produce vasodilation and regulate the apoptotic processes in the endothelium. Researchers suggested that these effects, including their anti-inflammatory function, are consequences of flavonoids' potent antioxidant properties, but recent studies have shown multiple signaling pathways linked to them, thus suggesting that there are more mechanisms involved in the beneficial effect of the flavonoids on the human body. This review aims to present the latest data on the classification of these substances, their main mechanisms of action in the human body, and the beneficial effects on the physiological and pathological status of the cardiovascular system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Ciumărnean
- Department 5—Internal Medicine, 4th Medical Clinic, Faculty of Medicine, “Iuliu Haţieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400015 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (L.C.); (M.V.M.); (M.-G.P.); (V.N.); (T.-G.A.); (I.P.)
| | - Mircea Vasile Milaciu
- Department 5—Internal Medicine, 4th Medical Clinic, Faculty of Medicine, “Iuliu Haţieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400015 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (L.C.); (M.V.M.); (M.-G.P.); (V.N.); (T.-G.A.); (I.P.)
| | - Octavia Runcan
- Regional Institute of Gastroenterology and Hepatology ‘Octavian Fodor’ Cluj-Napoca, 400162 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
| | - Ștefan Cristian Vesa
- Department 2—Functional Sciences, Discipline of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, “Iuliu Haţieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400337 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Andreea Liana Răchișan
- Department of Pediatrics, “Iuliu Hațieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400177 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Vasile Negrean
- Department 5—Internal Medicine, 4th Medical Clinic, Faculty of Medicine, “Iuliu Haţieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400015 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (L.C.); (M.V.M.); (M.-G.P.); (V.N.); (T.-G.A.); (I.P.)
| | - Mirela-Georgiana Perné
- Department 5—Internal Medicine, 4th Medical Clinic, Faculty of Medicine, “Iuliu Haţieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400015 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (L.C.); (M.V.M.); (M.-G.P.); (V.N.); (T.-G.A.); (I.P.)
| | - Valer Ioan Donca
- Department of Geriatrics-Gerontology, “Iuliu Haţieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400139 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
| | - Teodora-Gabriela Alexescu
- Department 5—Internal Medicine, 4th Medical Clinic, Faculty of Medicine, “Iuliu Haţieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400015 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (L.C.); (M.V.M.); (M.-G.P.); (V.N.); (T.-G.A.); (I.P.)
| | - Ioana Para
- Department 5—Internal Medicine, 4th Medical Clinic, Faculty of Medicine, “Iuliu Haţieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400015 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (L.C.); (M.V.M.); (M.-G.P.); (V.N.); (T.-G.A.); (I.P.)
| | - Gabriela Dogaru
- Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, “Iuliu Hațieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Louis Pasteur Street 6, 400349 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
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Tauchen J, Huml L, Rimpelova S, Jurášek M. Flavonoids and Related Members of the Aromatic Polyketide Group in Human Health and Disease: Do They Really Work? Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25173846. [PMID: 32847100 PMCID: PMC7504053 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25173846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Some aromatic polyketides such as dietary flavonoids have gained reputation as miraculous molecules with preeminent beneficial effects on human health, for example, as antioxidants. However, there is little conclusive evidence that dietary flavonoids provide significant leads for developing more effective drugs, as the majority appears to be of negligible medicinal importance. Some aromatic polyketides of limited distribution have shown more interesting medicinal properties and additional research should be focused on them. Combretastatins, analogues of phenoxodiol, hepatoactive kavalactones, and silymarin are showing a considerable promise in the advanced phases of clinical trials for the treatment of various pathologies. If their limitations such as adverse side effects, poor water solubility, and oral inactivity are successfully eliminated, they might be prime candidates for the development of more effective and in some case safer drugs. This review highlights some of the newer compounds, where they are in the new drug pipeline and how researchers are searching for additional likely candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Tauchen
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, Praha 6, 165 00 Praha, Czech Republic
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +420-224-862-891
| | - Lukáš Huml
- Department of Chemistry of Natural Compounds, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, Prague 6, 166 28 Prague, Czech Republic; (L.H.); (M.J.)
| | - Silvie Rimpelova
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Food and Biochemical Technology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 3, Prague 6, 166 28 Prague, Czech Republic;
| | - Michal Jurášek
- Department of Chemistry of Natural Compounds, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, Prague 6, 166 28 Prague, Czech Republic; (L.H.); (M.J.)
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Kluknavsky M, Balis P, Skratek M, Manka J, Bernatova I. (-)-Epicatechin Reduces the Blood Pressure of Young Borderline Hypertensive Rats During the Post-Treatment Period. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9020096. [PMID: 31979210 PMCID: PMC7071046 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9020096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of (–)-epicatechin (Epi) in young male borderline hypertensive rats (BHR) during two weeks of treatment (Epi group, 100 mg/kg/day p.o.) and two weeks post treatment (PE group). Epi reduced blood pressure (BP), which persisted for two weeks post treatment. This was associated with delayed reduction of anxiety-like behaviour. Epi significantly increased nitric oxide synthase (NOS) activities in the aorta and left heart ventricle (LHV) vs. the age-matched controls without affecting the brainstem and frontal neocortex. Furthermore, Epi significantly reduced the superoxide production in the aorta and relative content of iron-containing compounds in blood. Two weeks post treatment, the NOS activities and superoxide productions in the heart and aorta did not differ from the age-matched controls. The gene expressions of the NOSs (nNOS, iNOS, eNOS), nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPAR-γ) remained unaltered in the aorta and LHV of the Epi and PE groups. In conclusion, while Epi-induced a decrease of the rats’ BP persisted for two weeks post treatment, continuous Epi treatments seem to be necessary for maintaining elevated NO production as well as redox balance in the heart and aorta without changes in the NOSs, Nrf2, and PPAR-γ gene expressions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Kluknavsky
- Slovak Academy of Sciences, Centre of Experimental Medicine, Institute of Normal and Pathological Physiology, 813 71 Bratislava, Slovakia; (M.K.); (P.B.)
| | - Peter Balis
- Slovak Academy of Sciences, Centre of Experimental Medicine, Institute of Normal and Pathological Physiology, 813 71 Bratislava, Slovakia; (M.K.); (P.B.)
| | - Martin Skratek
- Slovak Academy of Sciences, Institute of Measurement Science, 841 04 Bratislava, Slovakia; (M.S.); (J.M.)
| | - Jan Manka
- Slovak Academy of Sciences, Institute of Measurement Science, 841 04 Bratislava, Slovakia; (M.S.); (J.M.)
| | - Iveta Bernatova
- Slovak Academy of Sciences, Centre of Experimental Medicine, Institute of Normal and Pathological Physiology, 813 71 Bratislava, Slovakia; (M.K.); (P.B.)
- Correspondence:
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Low Plasma Appearance of (+)-Catechin and (-)-Catechin Compared with Epicatechin after Consumption of Beverages Prepared from Nonalkalized or Alkalized Cocoa-A Randomized, Double-Blind Trial. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12010231. [PMID: 31963163 PMCID: PMC7020035 DOI: 10.3390/nu12010231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2019] [Revised: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Flavan-3-ols are claimed to be responsible for the cardioprotective effects of cocoa. Alkalized cocoa powder (ALC), commonly used for many non-confectionary products, including beverages, provides less (+)-catechin, (−)-epicatechin, and procyanidins and more (−)-catechin than nonalkalized cocoa powder (NALC). This may affect the plasma appearance of monomeric flavan-3-ol stereoisomers after consumption of NALC vs. ALC. Within a randomized, crossover trial, 12 healthy nonsmokers ingested a milk-based cocoa beverage providing either NALC or ALC. Blood was collected before and within 6 h postconsumption. (+)-Catechin, (−)-catechin, and epicatechin were analyzed in plasma by HPLC as sum of free and glucuronidated metabolites. Pharmacokinetic parameters were obtained by a one-compartment model with nonlinear regression methods. For epicatechin in plasma, total area under the curve within 6 h postconsumption (AUC0–6h) and incremental AUC0–6h were additionally calculated by using the linear trapezoidal method. After consumption of NALC and ALC, (+)-catechin and (−)-catechin were mostly not detectable in plasma, in contrast to epicatechin. For epicatechin, total AUC0–6h was different between both treatments, but not incremental AUC0–6h. Most kinetic parameters were similar for both treatments, but they varied strongly between individuals. Thus, epicatechin is the main monomeric flavan-3-ol in plasma after cocoa consumption. Whether NALC should be preferred against ALC due to its higher (−)-epicatechin content remains unclear with regard to the results on incremental AUC0–6h. Future studies should investigate epicatechin metabolites in plasma for a period up to 24 h in a larger sample size, taking into account genetic polymorphisms in epicatechin metabolism and should consider all metabolites to understand inter-individual differences after cocoa intake.
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The role of nutraceuticals in prevention and treatment of hypertension: An updated review of the literature. Food Res Int 2019; 128:108749. [PMID: 31955788 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2019.108749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Revised: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Hypertension (HTN) is a worldwide epidemic in both developed and developing countries. It is one of the leading causes of major health problems such as cardiovascular disease, stroke, and heart attack. In recent years, several studies have reported associations between specific dietary ingredients and improving HTN. Nutraceuticals are natural food components with pharmacological properties. Reports suggest that functional foods and nutraceutical ingredients might support patients to obtain the desired therapeutic blood pressure (BP) goals and reduce cardiovascular risks by modulating various risk factors such as oxidative stress, renin-angiotensin system hyperactivity, inflammation, hyperlipidemia, and vascular resistance. We review the recent clinical experiments that have evaluated the biological and pharmacological activities of several types of nutraceuticals, including sour tea, cocoa, common spices, vitamin C, vitamin E, lycopene, flavonoids, coenzyme Q10, milk's tripeptides, calcium, magnesium, polyunsaturated fatty acids, and prebiotics in preventing and treating HTN. This review summarizes recent knowledge about the impact of common nutraceuticals for the regulation of BP.
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Maaliki D, Shaito AA, Pintus G, El-Yazbi A, Eid AH. Flavonoids in hypertension: a brief review of the underlying mechanisms. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2019; 45:57-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2019.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Revised: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Grassia M, Salvatori G, Roberti M, Planeta D, Cinquanta L. Polyphenols, methylxanthines, fatty acids and minerals in cocoa beans and cocoa products. JOURNAL OF FOOD MEASUREMENT AND CHARACTERIZATION 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s11694-019-00089-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Sánchez M, Romero M, Gómez-Guzmán M, Tamargo J, Pérez-Vizcaino F, Duarte J. Cardiovascular Effects of Flavonoids. Curr Med Chem 2019; 26:6991-7034. [DOI: 10.2174/0929867326666181220094721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Revised: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
:
Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) is the major cause of death worldwide, especially in Western
society. Flavonoids are a large group of polyphenolic compounds widely distributed in plants, present
in a considerable amount in fruit and vegetable. Several epidemiological studies found an inverse association
between flavonoids intake and mortality by CVD. The antioxidant effect of flavonoids was
considered the main mechanism of action of flavonoids and other polyphenols. In recent years, the role
of modulation of signaling pathways by direct interaction of flavonoids with multiple protein targets,
namely kinases, has been increasingly recognized and involved in their cardiovascular protective effect.
There are strong evidence, in in vitro and animal experimental models, that some flavonoids induce
vasodilator effects, improve endothelial dysfunction and insulin resistance, exert platelet antiaggregant
and atheroprotective effects, and reduce blood pressure. Despite interacting with multiple targets, flavonoids
are surprisingly safe. This article reviews the recent evidence about cardiovascular effects that
support a beneficial role of flavonoids on CVD and the potential molecular targets involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Sánchez
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, University of Granada, and Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada (ibs.GRANADA), Granada, Spain
| | - Miguel Romero
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, University of Granada, and Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada (ibs.GRANADA), Granada, Spain
| | - Manuel Gómez-Guzmán
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, University of Granada, and Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada (ibs.GRANADA), Granada, Spain
| | - Juan Tamargo
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón (IISGM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Pérez-Vizcaino
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón (IISGM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Duarte
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, University of Granada, and Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada (ibs.GRANADA), Granada, Spain
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Rusu ME, Gheldiu AM, Mocan A, Moldovan C, Popa DS, Tomuta I, Vlase L. Process Optimization for Improved Phenolic Compounds Recovery from Walnut ( Juglans regia L.) Septum: Phytochemical Profile and Biological Activities. Molecules 2018; 23:E2814. [PMID: 30380713 PMCID: PMC6278542 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23112814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Revised: 10/20/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant by-products can be valuable sources of polyphenol bioactive compounds. Walnut (Juglans regia L.) is a very important tree nut rich in biologically active molecules, but its septum was scarcely researched. Experimental data indicated a hypoglycemic effect of septum extracts, with almost no details about its phytochemical composition. The main objectives of this study were: (1) to obtain walnut septum (WS) extracts with high content in bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity based on an original experimental design; (2) characterization of the phytochemical profile of the WS extracts using HPLC-MS/MS; (3) evaluation of the biological potential of the richest polyphenolic WS extract. The variables of the experimental design were: extraction method (maceration and Ultra-Turrax extraction), temperature, solvent (acetone and ethanol), and percentage of water in the solvent. The first quantifiable responses were: total phenolic content, total flavonoid content, condensed tannins, and ABTS antioxidant capacity. The phytochemical profile of lyophilized extracts obtained by Ultra-Turrax extraction (UTE), the most efficient method, was further determined by HPLC-MS/MS analysis of individual polyphenolic and phytosterols compounds. It is the first study to assay the detailed composition of WS in hydrophilic and lipophilic compounds. The biological potential of the richest polyphenolic WS extract was also evaluated by FRAP and DPPH antioxidant capacity and the inhibition of tyrosinase, an enzyme involved in the browning in fruits and vegetables, skin wrinkles and aging. Conclusion: The phytochemical profile of the analyzed extracts proves that WS can be a valuable source of biologically active compounds (polyphenols) for food and/or pharmaceutical industry and warrant the continuation of current research in further evaluating its bioactive potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marius Emil Rusu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, "Iuliu Hatieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 8 Victor Babes, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
| | - Ana-Maria Gheldiu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy, "Iuliu Hatieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 8 Victor Babes, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
| | - Andrei Mocan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy, "Iuliu Hatieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 8 Victor Babes, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
| | - Cadmiel Moldovan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy, "Iuliu Hatieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 8 Victor Babes, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
| | - Daniela-Saveta Popa
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, "Iuliu Hatieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 8 Victor Babes, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
| | - Ioan Tomuta
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, "Iuliu Hatieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 8 Victor Babes, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
| | - Laurian Vlase
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, "Iuliu Hatieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 8 Victor Babes, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
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Regular Intake of a Usual Serving Size of Flavanol-Rich Cocoa Powder Does Not Affect Cardiometabolic Parameters in Stably Treated Patients with Type 2 Diabetes and Hypertension-A Double-Blinded, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10101435. [PMID: 30301127 PMCID: PMC6213512 DOI: 10.3390/nu10101435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Revised: 09/23/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Regular cocoa consumption has been shown to improve blood pressure (BP), insulin sensitivity, and lipid levels in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D), using up to 100 g of chocolate or 54 g of cocoa. These effects, attributed to cocoa flavanols, would be beneficial for patients with T2D if they could be achieved by a usual serving size of flavanol-rich cocoa. Forty-two hypertensive patients with T2D (stable pharmacological treatment, with good adjustment for glucose metabolism, lipids, and BP) ingested capsules with 2.5 g/day of a flavanol-rich cocoa or cocoa-free capsules for 12 weeks in a double-blinded, randomized, placebo-controlled study with parallel group design. Participants had to maintain diet, lifestyle, and medication. Before and after intervention, fasting blood samples were collected; BP and nutritional status were investigated. Cocoa treatment did not affect BP, nor glucose metabolism (glucose, HbA1c, insulin, HOMA-IR) and lipids (triglycerides, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol). Body weight, fat mass, and nutrient supply remained unchanged. Changes in the placebo group did not occur. Regular intake of a usual serving size of flavanol-rich cocoa does not improve cardiometabolic parameters in stably treated patients with T2D and hypertension. As the medication modulates partly the same targets as cocoa flavanols, future studies should focus on the preventive effect of cocoa against diabetes and other cardiometabolic diseases in individuals with preexisting abnormalities that do not require any pharmacological treatment.
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Two flavonoid metabolites, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid and 4-methylcatechol, relax arteries ex vivo and decrease blood pressure in vivo. Vascul Pharmacol 2018; 111:36-43. [PMID: 30118763 DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2018.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Revised: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
SCOPE The flavonoid quercetin reduces arterial blood pressure in animals and humans but the mechanisms remains elusive. The aim of this study was to test the activity of flavonoid microbial metabolites, which can participate on the final vasorelaxant effect. METHODS AND RESULTS Both ex vivo (isolated rat thoracic aorta and mesenteric artery) and in vivo (normotensive and spontaneously hypertensive rats) approaches were used in this study. 4-methylcatechol and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DHPA) had greater vasorelaxant effects on mesenteric artery than 3-(3-hydroxyphenyl)propionic acid, the previously reported metabolite with vasorelaxant effect. In vivo testing confirmed their blood pressure decreasing effect given both as bolus and slow infusion. Their mechanism at molecular level was different. CONCLUSIONS This study is the first to show that flavonoid metabolites DHPA and 4-methylcatechol decrease arterial blood pressure and hence a mixture of microbial metabolites formed in the gastrointestinal tract may be responsible for or contribute to the effect of orally ingested quercetin.
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Kirch N, Berk L, Liegl Y, Adelsbach M, Zimmermann BF, Stehle P, Stoffel-Wagner B, Ludwig N, Schieber A, Helfrich HP, Ellinger S. A nutritive dose of pure (-)-epicatechin does not beneficially affect increased cardiometabolic risk factors in overweight-to-obese adults-a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind crossover study. Am J Clin Nutr 2018; 107:948-956. [PMID: 29868915 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqy066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Regular cocoa consumption has been shown to reduce blood pressure, improve lipid profiles, and increase insulin sensitivity and flow-mediated dilatation in healthy adults. It is assumed that these effects can be attributed to polyphenolic cocoa ingredients such as flavanols, especially to (-)-epicatechin. Nutritive intervention studies to prove this hypothesis are scarce. Objective We aimed to evaluate whether regular consumption of 25 mg of pure (-)-epicatechin can affect increased cardiometabolic risk factors [blood pressure, glucose and lipid metabolism, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) oxidation] in overweight-to-obese subjects. Design Forty-eight overweight or obese nonsmokers [body mass index (kg/m2) ≥25.0, ages 20-65 y] with clear signs of metabolic syndrome (blood pressure ≥130/85 mm Hg, glucose >5.55 mmol/L, or triglycerides >1.69 mmol/L or cholesterol >5.2 mmol/L in fasting blood) and without chronic diseases were included in a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind crossover study. Participants ingested daily 25 mg (-)-epicatechin (encapsulated) or placebo for 2-wk in random order (2-wk washout). After an overnight fast, blood pressure was monitored and blood samples were collected before and after both treatments. Anthropometric data were determined at each visit. Dietary intake was assessed by 3-d food records during both treatments and during run-in and washout phase. Results Supplementation of pure (-)-epicatechin did not significantly affect blood pressure, glucose, insulin, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance, triglycerides, or total, LDL, or HDL cholesterol. Oxidized LDL, vitamins C and E, and β-carotene in plasma were not modulated. Body weight, fat mass, fat distribution, and the intake of energy, nutrients, and (-)-epicatechin from food remained stable throughout the study. Conclusions Daily intake of 25 mg of pure (-)-epicatechin for 2 wk does not reduce cardiometabolic risk factors in overweight-to-obese adults. Thus, the hypothesis that the cardioprotective effects of regular cocoa consumption are exclusively ascribed to (-)-epicatechin should be reconsidered. The study was registered at the German Clinical Trial Register as DRKS-ID: DRKS00009846.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Kirch
- Department of Nutrition, Food and Hospitality Sciences, Hochschule Niederrhein, University of Applied Sciences, Mönchengladbach, Germany.,Nutrition and Food Sciences, Nutritional Physiology
| | - Lea Berk
- Department of Nutrition, Food and Hospitality Sciences, Hochschule Niederrhein, University of Applied Sciences, Mönchengladbach, Germany
| | - Yvonne Liegl
- Department of Nutrition, Food and Hospitality Sciences, Hochschule Niederrhein, University of Applied Sciences, Mönchengladbach, Germany
| | - Marcel Adelsbach
- Department of Nutrition, Food and Hospitality Sciences, Hochschule Niederrhein, University of Applied Sciences, Mönchengladbach, Germany
| | | | - Peter Stehle
- Nutrition and Food Sciences, Nutritional Physiology
| | | | - Norbert Ludwig
- Department of Nutrition, Food and Hospitality Sciences, Hochschule Niederrhein, University of Applied Sciences, Mönchengladbach, Germany
| | - Andreas Schieber
- Departments of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Molecular Food Technology
| | | | - Sabine Ellinger
- Department of Nutrition, Food and Hospitality Sciences, Hochschule Niederrhein, University of Applied Sciences, Mönchengladbach, Germany
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Passon M, Bühlmeier J, Zimmermann BF, Stratmann A, Latz S, Stehle P, Galensa R. Polyphenol Phase-II Metabolites are Detectable in Human Plasma after Ingestion of 13
C Labeled Spinach-a Pilot Intervention Trial in Young Healthy Adults. Mol Nutr Food Res 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201701003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Maike Passon
- Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences; Molecular Food Technology; University of Bonn; Römerstraße 164 53117 Bonn Germany
| | - Judith Bühlmeier
- Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences; Nutritional Physiology; University of Bonn; Nußallee 9 53115 Bonn Germany
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry; University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen; 45147 Essen Germany
| | - Benno F. Zimmermann
- Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences; Molecular Food Technology; University of Bonn; Römerstraße 164 53117 Bonn Germany
- Institut Kurz GmbH; Stöckheimer Weg 1 50829 Köln Germany
| | - Anja Stratmann
- Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences; Food Chemistry; University of Bonn; Endenicher Allee 11-13 53115 Bonn Germany
| | - Stefan Latz
- Department of Urology; University of Bonn; Sigmund-Freud-Street 25 Bonn 53127 Germany
| | - Peter Stehle
- Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences; Nutritional Physiology; University of Bonn; Nußallee 9 53115 Bonn Germany
| | - Rudolf Galensa
- Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences; Food Chemistry; University of Bonn; Endenicher Allee 11-13 53115 Bonn Germany
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Cui C, Shi A, Bai S, Yan P, Li Q, Bi K. Novel Antihypertensive Prodrug from Grape Seed Proanthocyanidin Extract via Acid-Mediated Depolymerization in the Presence of Captopril: Synthesis, Process Optimization, and Metabolism in Rats. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:3700-3707. [PMID: 29569905 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b00373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Grape seed extract contains a high content of proanthocyanidins that can be depolymerized into C-4-substituted (epi)catechin derivatives in the presence of nucleophiles. However, the biological and medicinal values of depolymerization products have been rarely investigated. Recently, we developed a novel depolymerization product (-)-epicatechin-4β- S-captopril methyl ester (ECC) derived from the reaction of grape seed proanthocyanidin extract with captopril in the presence of acidified methanol. A central composite design was employed to select the most appropriate depolymerization temperature and time to obtain the target product ECC with a high yield. A total of 16 metabolites of ECC in rat urine, feces, and plasma were identified using liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry. The in vivo results suggested that ECC could release captopril methyl ester and epicatechin, followed by the generation of further metabolites captopril and epicatechin sulfate conjugates. Therefore, ECC may be used as a potential prodrug with synergistic or additive hypotensive effects.
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Kuhnle GGC. Nutrition epidemiology of flavan-3-ols: The known unknowns. Mol Aspects Med 2017; 61:2-11. [PMID: 29146101 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2017.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2017] [Revised: 10/19/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Nutritional epidemiology has an important role, as it can provide long-term data from large populations and does not rely on surrogate markers for morbidity/mortality. Meaningful interpretation and applications of outcomes from epidemiological studies depend on the accurate assessment of dietary intake, which is currently mainly based on a combination of self-reporting and food composition data. Flavan-3-ols are a group of bioactives (non-essential dietary components with significant impact on health) that is a possible candidate for the development of dietary recommendations. The breadth of data available on their effect on health also provides the basis for investigating the suitability of the methods currently used in nutritional epidemiology to assess the health effects of bioactives. The outcomes of this assessment demonstrate that the limitations of currently used methods make it virtually impossible to estimate intake accurately from self-reported dietary data. This is due to the limitations of self-reporting, especially from food-frequency questionnaires, and the inability of currently used methods to deal with the high variability of food composition. Indeed, the estimated intake of flavan-3-ols, can only be interpreted as a marker of specific dietary patterns, but not as the actual intake amount. The interpretation of results from such studies are fraught with serious limitations, especially for establishing associations between intake and health and the development of dietary recommendations. Alternative assessment not affected by these limitations, such as biomarkers, are required to overcome these limitations. The development of nutritional biomarkers is therefore crucial to investigate the health effect of bioactives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunter G C Kuhnle
- Department of Food & Nutritional Sciences, Harry Nursten Building, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6UR, United Kingdom.
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Abdulkhaleq LA, Assi MA, Noor MHM, Abdullah R, Saad MZ, Taufiq-Yap YH. Therapeutic uses of epicatechin in diabetes and cancer. Vet World 2017; 10:869-872. [PMID: 28919675 PMCID: PMC5591471 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2017.869-872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Epicatechin is a natural flavonoid found in green tea. It has been reported to possess an immense antioxidant effect which contributes to its therapeutic effect against a handful of ailments. In this review, we discuss its therapeutic role in the management of two of the most important human diseases; diabetes and cancer. The consumption of epicatechin has been shown to reduce blood glucose levels in diabetic patients, while is anticancer effect was attributed to its antioxidant properties, antiangiogenic and direct cytotoxicity to cancer cells. Although the exact mechanism of action of epicatechin is still being explored, there is no doubt that it is a promising candidate as an alternative. The significance of this review is to highlight the importance of the usage of natural products (in this case, epicatechin) as an alternative for the treatment of two potentially fatal diseases which is diabetes and cancer. The aim of this review is to educate the scientific community on the role of epicatechin in ameliorating the effects of diabetes and cancers on human while understanding the potential mechanisms of these aforementioned effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Layth Abdulmajeed Abdulkhaleq
- Department of Veterinary Laboratory Diagnostics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.,Department of Pathology and Poultry Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Baghdad University, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Mohammed Abdulrazzaq Assi
- Department of Veterinary Preclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.,Department of Community Health, College of Health and Medical Techniques, Al-Furat Al-Awsat Technical University, Iraq
| | - Mohd Hezmee Mohd Noor
- Department of Veterinary Preclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Rasedee Abdullah
- Department of Veterinary Laboratory Diagnostics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Zamri Saad
- Department of Veterinary Laboratory Diagnostics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Yun Hin Taufiq-Yap
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
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Mangels DR, Mohler ER. Catechins as Potential Mediators of Cardiovascular Health. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2017; 37:757-763. [PMID: 28336557 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.117.309048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The impact of diet on cardiovascular disease has become an increasingly relevant topic as ongoing epidemiological evidence continues to demonstrate clear associations with disease burden and mortality. Certain diets, such as those high in sodium and saturated fat, are associated with cardiovascular disease states, while other diets can be cardioprotective. However, there is limited knowledge on how the micro- and macronutrients within such cardioprotective diets afford their benefits. One such micronutrient is the catechin class, which are naturally occurring compounds in plant foods, such as teas, cocoa, wine, pears, and apples. Recent evidence reveals that catechins may be a key mediator in cardiovascular health via mechanisms of blood pressure reduction, flow-mediated vasodilation, and atherosclerosis attenuation. This review evaluates the current literature on the interplay between catechins and cardiovascular disease, which may have important implications for nutrition counseling and pharmaceutical drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel R Mangels
- From the Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Department of Medicine, Philadelphia (D.R.M.); and Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Division, Section of Vascular Medicine, Philadelphia (E.R.M.).
| | - Emile R Mohler
- From the Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Department of Medicine, Philadelphia (D.R.M.); and Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Division, Section of Vascular Medicine, Philadelphia (E.R.M.)
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29
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Aprotosoaie AC, Miron A, Trifan A, Luca VS, Costache II. The Cardiovascular Effects of Cocoa Polyphenols-An Overview. Diseases 2016; 4:E39. [PMID: 28933419 PMCID: PMC5456324 DOI: 10.3390/diseases4040039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Revised: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Cocoa is a rich source of high-quality antioxidant polyphenols. They comprise mainly catechins (29%-38% of total polyphenols), anthocyanins (4% of total polyphenols) and proanthocyanidins (58%-65% of total polyphenols). A growing body of experimental and epidemiological evidence highlights that the intake of cocoa polyphenols may reduce the risk of cardiovascular events. Beyond antioxidant properties, cocoa polyphenols exert blood pressure lowering activity, antiplatelet, anti-inflammatory, metabolic and anti-atherosclerotic effects, and also improve endothelial function. This paper reviews the role of cocoa polyphenols in cardiovascular protection, with a special focus on mechanisms of action, clinical relevance and correlation between antioxidant activity and cardiovascular health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Clara Aprotosoaie
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Grigore T. Popa Iasi, Universitatii Str. 16, 700115 Iasi, Romania.
| | - Anca Miron
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Grigore T. Popa Iasi, Universitatii Str. 16, 700115 Iasi, Romania.
| | - Adriana Trifan
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Grigore T. Popa Iasi, Universitatii Str. 16, 700115 Iasi, Romania.
| | - Vlad Simon Luca
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Grigore T. Popa Iasi, Universitatii Str. 16, 700115 Iasi, Romania.
| | - Irina-Iuliana Costache
- Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Grigore T. Popa Iasi, Universitatii Str. 16, 700115 Iasi, Romania.
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(-)-Epicatechin Prevents Blood Pressure Increase and Reduces Locomotor Hyperactivity in Young Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2016; 2016:6949020. [PMID: 27885334 PMCID: PMC5112311 DOI: 10.1155/2016/6949020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2016] [Revised: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of subchronic (−)-epicatechin (Epi) treatment on locomotor activity and hypertension development in young spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). Epi was administered in drinking water (100 mg/kg/day) for 2 weeks. Epi significantly prevented the development of hypertension (138 ± 2 versus 169 ± 5 mmHg, p < 0.001) and reduced total distance traveled in the open-field test (22 ± 2 versus 35 ± 4 m, p < 0.01). In blood, Epi significantly enhanced erythrocyte deformability, increased total antioxidant capacity, and decreased nitrotyrosine concentration. In the aorta, Epi significantly increased nitric oxide (NO) synthase (NOS) activity and elevated the NO-dependent vasorelaxation. In the left heart ventricle, Epi increased NOS activity without altering gene expressions of nNOS, iNOS, and eNOS. Moreover, Epi reduced superoxide production in the left heart ventricle and the aorta. In the brain, Epi increased nNOS gene expression (in the brainstem and cerebellum) and eNOS expression (in the cerebellum) but had no effect on overall NOS activity. In conclusion, Epi prevented the development of hypertension and reduced locomotor hyperactivity in young SHR. These effects resulted from improved cardiovascular NO bioavailability concurrently with increased erythrocyte deformability, without changes in NO production in the brain.
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Margalef M, Pons Z, Iglesias-Carres L, Quiñones M, Bravo FI, Arola-Arnal A, Muguerza B. Rat health status affects bioavailability, target tissue levels, and bioactivity of grape seed flavanols. Mol Nutr Food Res 2016; 61. [DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201600342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Revised: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Margalef
- Nutrigenomic Research Group, Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology; Universitat Rovira i Virgili; Tarragona Spain
- Centre Tecnològic de Nutrició i Salut (CTNS); TECNIO, CEICS; Reus Spain
| | - Zara Pons
- Nutrigenomic Research Group, Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology; Universitat Rovira i Virgili; Tarragona Spain
| | - Lisard Iglesias-Carres
- Nutrigenomic Research Group, Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology; Universitat Rovira i Virgili; Tarragona Spain
| | - Mar Quiñones
- Nutrigenomic Research Group, Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology; Universitat Rovira i Virgili; Tarragona Spain
- Department of Physiology; CIMUS; University of Santiago de Compostela - Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria; Santiago de Compostela Spain
| | - Francisca Isabel Bravo
- Nutrigenomic Research Group, Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology; Universitat Rovira i Virgili; Tarragona Spain
| | - Anna Arola-Arnal
- Nutrigenomic Research Group, Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology; Universitat Rovira i Virgili; Tarragona Spain
| | - Begoña Muguerza
- Nutrigenomic Research Group, Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology; Universitat Rovira i Virgili; Tarragona Spain
- Centre Tecnològic de Nutrició i Salut (CTNS); TECNIO, CEICS; Reus Spain
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Damm I, Enger E, Chrubasik-Hausmann S, Schieber A, Zimmermann BF. Fast and comprehensive analysis of secondary metabolites in cocoa products using ultra high-performance liquid chromatography directly after pressurized liquid extraction. J Sep Sci 2016; 39:3113-22. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201600422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Revised: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Irina Damm
- Department of Nutritional and Food Sciences − Molecular Food Technology; University of Bonn; Bonn Germany
| | - Eileen Enger
- Institut Prof. Dr. Georg Kurz GmbH; Köln Germany
| | | | - Andreas Schieber
- Department of Nutritional and Food Sciences − Molecular Food Technology; University of Bonn; Bonn Germany
| | - Benno F. Zimmermann
- Department of Nutritional and Food Sciences − Molecular Food Technology; University of Bonn; Bonn Germany
- Institut Prof. Dr. Georg Kurz GmbH; Köln Germany
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The Impact of Cocoa Flavanols on Cardiovascular Health. Phytother Res 2016; 30:1641-1657. [DOI: 10.1002/ptr.5665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Revised: 05/16/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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34
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Moreno-Ulloa A, Moreno-Ulloa J. Mortality reduction among persons with type 2 diabetes: (−)-Epicatechin as add-on therapy to metformin? Med Hypotheses 2016; 91:86-89. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2016.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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35
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Ellinger S, Stehle P. Impact of Cocoa Consumption on Inflammation Processes-A Critical Review of Randomized Controlled Trials. Nutrients 2016; 8:nu8060321. [PMID: 27240397 PMCID: PMC4924162 DOI: 10.3390/nu8060321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2016] [Revised: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 05/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Cocoa flavanols have strong anti-inflammatory properties in vitro. If these also occur in vivo, cocoa consumption may contribute to the prevention or treatment of diseases mediated by chronic inflammation. This critical review judged the evidence for such effects occurring after cocoa consumption. Methods: A literature search in Medline was performed for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that investigated the effects of cocoa consumption on inflammatory biomarkers. Results: Thirty-three RCTs were included, along with 9 bolus and 24 regular consumption studies. Acute cocoa consumption decreased adhesion molecules and 4-series leukotrienes in serum, nuclear factor κB activation in leukocytes, and the expression of CD62P and CD11b on monocytes and neutrophils. In healthy subjects and in patients with cardiovascular diseases, most regular consumption trials did not find any changes except for a decreased number of endothelial microparticles, but several cellular and humoral inflammation markers decreased in patients suffering from type 2 diabetes and impaired fasting glucose. Conclusions: Little evidence exists that consumption of cocoa-rich food may reduce inflammation, probably by lowering the activation of monocytes and neutrophils. The efficacy seems to depend on the extent of the basal inflammatory burden. Further well-designed RCTs with inflammation as the primary outcome are needed, focusing on specific markers of leukocyte activation and considering endothelial microparticles as marker of vascular inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Ellinger
- Faculty of Food, Nutrition and Hospitality Sciences Hochschule Niederrhein, University of Applied Sciences, Rheydter Str. 277, Mönchengladbach 41065, Germany.
| | - Peter Stehle
- Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Nutritional Physiology, University of Bonn, Endenicher Allee 11-13, Bonn 53115, Germany.
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Najmanová I, Pourová J, Vopršalová M, Pilařová V, Semecký V, Nováková L, Mladěnka P. Flavonoid metabolite 3-(3-hydroxyphenyl)propionic acid formed by human microflora decreases arterial blood pressure in rats. Mol Nutr Food Res 2016; 60:981-91. [PMID: 26790841 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201500761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Revised: 01/06/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
There are reports of positive effects of quercetin on cardiovascular pathologies, however, mainly due to its low biovailability, the mechanism remains elusive. Here, we report that one metabolite formed by human microflora (3-(3-hydroxyphenyl)propionic acid)relaxed isolated rat aorta and decreased arterial blood pressure in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iveta Najmanová
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University in Prague, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Pourová
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University in Prague, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Marie Vopršalová
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University in Prague, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Veronika Pilařová
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University in Prague, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Vladimír Semecký
- Department of Biological and Medical Science, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University in Prague, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Nováková
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University in Prague, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Přemysl Mladěnka
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University in Prague, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
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Rabadán-Chávez GM, Reyes-Maldonado E, Quevedo-Corona L, Paniagua-Castro N, Escalona-Cardoso G, Jaramillo-Flores ME. The prothrombotic state associated with obesity-induced hypertension is reduced by cocoa and its main flavanols. Food Funct 2016; 7:4880-4888. [DOI: 10.1039/c6fo01165a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cocoa flavanols could ameliorate cardiovascular health in obese patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- G. M. Rabadán-Chávez
- Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional-Wilfrido Massiew s/n esq
- Manuel Stampa
- Unidad Profesional Adolfo López Mateos
- C.P. 07738 Ciudad de México
| | - E. Reyes-Maldonado
- Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional-Wilfrido Massiew s/n esq
- Manuel Stampa
- Unidad Profesional Adolfo López Mateos
- C.P. 07738 Ciudad de México
| | - L. Quevedo-Corona
- Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional-Wilfrido Massiew s/n esq
- Manuel Stampa
- Unidad Profesional Adolfo López Mateos
- C.P. 07738 Ciudad de México
| | - N. Paniagua-Castro
- Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional-Wilfrido Massiew s/n esq
- Manuel Stampa
- Unidad Profesional Adolfo López Mateos
- C.P. 07738 Ciudad de México
| | - G. Escalona-Cardoso
- Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional-Wilfrido Massiew s/n esq
- Manuel Stampa
- Unidad Profesional Adolfo López Mateos
- C.P. 07738 Ciudad de México
| | - M. E. Jaramillo-Flores
- Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional-Wilfrido Massiew s/n esq
- Manuel Stampa
- Unidad Profesional Adolfo López Mateos
- C.P. 07738 Ciudad de México
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Davison K, Howe PRC. Potential implications of dose and diet for the effects of cocoa flavanols on cardiometabolic function. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2015; 63:9942-9947. [PMID: 26111215 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b01492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The metabolic syndrome is a pathological state whereby cardiovascular and metabolic dysfunction coexist and typically progress in a mutual feed-forward manner to further dysfunction and ultimately disease. The health and function of the vascular endothelium is integral in this phenomenon and thus represents a logical target for intervention. Consumption of foods high in cocoa flavanols has demonstrated a capacity to markedly improve endothelial function and key markers of the metabolic syndrome including blood pressure and insulin sensitivity. The typically high energy content of foods containing sufficient doses of cocoa flavanols has caused some reservations around its therapeutic use, but this is dependent upon the particulars of the food matrix used. Further to this, the food matrix appears to influence the dose response curve of cocoa flavanols, particularly on blood pressure, with dark chocolate appearing to be 8 times more effective in systolic blood pressure reduction than a cocoa powder drink for the equivalent dose of flavanol. Cocoa flavanol consumption conclusively demonstrates a positive impact on cardiometabolic function; however, more research is needed to understand how best to consume it to maximize the benefit while avoiding excessive fat and sugar consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kade Davison
- School of Health Sciences, University of South Australia , Frome Road, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia 5000
| | - Peter R C Howe
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle , Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia 2308
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Effects of a quercetin-rich onion skin extract on 24 h ambulatory blood pressure and endothelial function in overweight-to-obese patients with (pre-)hypertension: a randomised double-blinded placebo-controlled cross-over trial. Br J Nutr 2015; 114:1263-77. [PMID: 26328470 PMCID: PMC4594049 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114515002950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The polyphenol quercetin may prevent CVD due to its antihypertensive and vasorelaxant properties. We investigated the effects of quercetin after regular intake on blood pressure (BP) in overweight-to-obese patients with pre-hypertension and stage I hypertension. In addition, the potential mechanisms responsible for the hypothesised effect of quercetin on BP were explored. Subjects (n 70) were randomised to receive 162 mg/d quercetin from onion skin extract powder or placebo in a double-blinded, placebo-controlled cross-over trial with 6-week treatment periods separated by a 6-week washout period. Before and after the intervention, ambulatory blood pressure (ABP) and office BP were measured; urine and blood samples were collected; and endothelial function was measured by EndoPAT technology. In the total group, quercetin did not significantly affect 24 h ABP parameters and office BP. In the subgroup of hypertensives, quercetin decreased 24 h systolic BP by -3·6 mmHg (P=0·022) when compared with placebo (mean treatment difference, -3·9 mmHg; P=0·049). In addition, quercetin significantly decreased day-time and night-time systolic BP in hypertensives, but without a significant effect in inter-group comparison. In the total group and also in the subgroup of hypertensives, vasoactive biomarkers including endothelin-1, soluble endothelial-derived adhesion molecules, asymmetric dimethylarginine, angiotensin-converting enzyme activity, endothelial function, parameters of oxidation, inflammation, lipid and glucose metabolism were not affected by quercetin. In conclusion, supplementation with 162 mg/d quercetin from onion skin extract lowers ABP in patients with hypertension, suggesting a cardioprotective effect of quercetin. The mechanisms responsible for the BP-lowering effect remain unclear.
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40
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Moreno-Ulloa A, Mendez-Luna D, Beltran-Partida E, Castillo C, Guevara G, Ramirez-Sanchez I, Correa-Basurto J, Ceballos G, Villarreal F. The effects of (-)-epicatechin on endothelial cells involve the G protein-coupled estrogen receptor (GPER). Pharmacol Res 2015; 100:309-20. [PMID: 26303816 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2015.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2015] [Revised: 08/17/2015] [Accepted: 08/18/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
We have provided evidence that the stimulatory effects of (-)-epicatechin ((-)-EPI) on endothelial cell nitric oxide (NO) production may involve the participation of a cell-surface receptor. Thus far, such entity(ies) has not been fully elucidated. The G protein-coupled estrogen receptor (GPER) is a cell-surface receptor that has been linked to protective effects on the cardiovascular system and activation of intracellular signaling pathways (including NO production) similar to those reported with (-)-EPI. In bovine coronary artery endothelial cells (BCAEC) by the use of confocal imaging, we evidence the presence of GPER at the cell-surface and on F-actin filaments. Using in silico studies we document the favorable binding mode between (-)-EPI and GPER. Such binding is comparable to that of the GPER agonist, G1. By the use of selective blockers, we demonstrate that the activation of ERK 1/2 and CaMKII by (-)-EPI is dependent on the GPER/c-SRC/EGFR axis mimicking those effects noted with G1. We also evidence by the use of siRNA the role that GPER has on mediating ERK1/2 activation by (-)-EPI. GPER appears to be coupled to a non Gαi/o or Gαs, protein subtype. To extrapolate our findings to an ex vivo model, we employed phenylephrine pre-contracted aortic rings evidencing that (-)-EPI can mediate vasodilation through GPER activation. In conclusion, we provide evidence that suggests the GPER as a potential mediator of (-)-EPI effects and highlights the important role that GPER may have on cardiovascular system protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aldo Moreno-Ulloa
- University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, USA; Laboratorio de Investigación Integral Cardiometabólica, Sección de Estudios de Posgrado, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico
| | - David Mendez-Luna
- Laboratorio de modelado Molecular y Diseño de Fármacos, Sección de Estudios de Posgrado, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico
| | | | - Carmen Castillo
- Laboratorio de Investigación Integral Cardiometabólica, Sección de Estudios de Posgrado, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico
| | - Gustavo Guevara
- Laboratorio de Investigación Integral Cardiometabólica, Sección de Estudios de Posgrado, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico
| | - Israel Ramirez-Sanchez
- University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, USA; Laboratorio de Investigación Integral Cardiometabólica, Sección de Estudios de Posgrado, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico
| | - José Correa-Basurto
- Laboratorio de modelado Molecular y Diseño de Fármacos, Sección de Estudios de Posgrado, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico; Laboratorio de Investigación Integral Cardiometabólica, Sección de Estudios de Posgrado, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico
| | - Guillermo Ceballos
- Laboratorio de Investigación Integral Cardiometabólica, Sección de Estudios de Posgrado, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico
| | - Francisco Villarreal
- University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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41
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The mechanisms of action of flavonoids in the brain: Direct versus indirect effects. Neurochem Int 2015; 89:126-39. [PMID: 26260546 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2015.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2015] [Revised: 08/04/2015] [Accepted: 08/05/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The projected increase in the incidence of dementia in the population highlights the urgent need for a more comprehensive understanding of how different aspects of lifestyle, in particular exercise and diet, may affect neural function and consequent cognitive performance throughout the life course. In this regard, flavonoids, found in a variety of fruits, vegetables and derived beverages, have been identified as a group of promising bioactive compounds capable of influencing different aspects of brain function, including cerebrovascular blood flow and synaptic plasticity, both resulting in improvements in learning and memory in mammalian species. However, the precise mechanisms by which flavonoids exert these actions are yet to be fully established, although accumulating data indicate an ability to interact with neuronal receptors and kinase signaling pathways which are key to neuronal activation and communication and synaptic strengthening. Alternatively or concurrently, there is also compelling evidence derived from human clinical studies suggesting that flavonoids can positively affect peripheral and cerebrovascular blood flow, which may be an indirect effective mechanism by which dietary flavonoids can impact on brain health and cognition. The current review examines the beneficial effects of flavonoids on both human and animal brain function and attempts to address and link direct and indirect actions of flavonoids and their derivatives within the central nervous system (CNS).
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Vogiatzoglou A, Mulligan AA, Bhaniani A, Lentjes MAH, McTaggart A, Luben RN, Heiss C, Kelm M, Merx MW, Spencer JPE, Schroeter H, Khaw KT, Kuhnle GGC. Associations between flavan-3-ol intake and CVD risk in the Norfolk cohort of the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer (EPIC-Norfolk). Free Radic Biol Med 2015; 84:1-10. [PMID: 25795512 PMCID: PMC4503814 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2015.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2014] [Revised: 01/27/2015] [Accepted: 03/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Dietary intervention studies suggest that flavan-3-ol intake can improve vascular function and reduce the risk of cardiovascular diseases (CVD). However, results from prospective studies failed to show a consistent beneficial effect. Associations between flavan-3-ol intake and CVD risk in the Norfolk arm of the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC-Norfolk) were investigated. Data were available from 24,885 (11,252 men; 13,633 women) participants, recruited between 1993 and 1997 into the EPIC-Norfolk study. Flavan-3-ol intake was assessed using 7-day food diaries and the FLAVIOLA Flavanol Food Composition database. Missing data for plasma cholesterol and vitamin C were imputed using multiple imputation. Associations between flavan-3-ol intake and blood pressure at baseline were determined using linear regression models. Associations with CVD risk were estimated using Cox regression analyses. Median intake of total flavan-3-ols was 1034mg/d (range: 0-8531mg/d) for men and 970mg/d (0-6695mg/d) for women, median intake of flavan-3-ol monomers was 233mg/d (0-3248mg/d) for men and 217 (0-2712mg/d) for women. There were no consistent associations between flavan-3-ol monomer intake and baseline systolic and diastolic blood pressure (BP). After 286,147 person-years of follow-up, there were 8463 cardiovascular events and 1987 CVD related deaths; no consistent association between flavan-3-ol intake and CVD risk (HR 0.93, 95% CI: 0.87; 1.00; Q1 vs Q5) or mortality was observed (HR 0.93, 95% CI: 0.84; 1.04). Flavan-3-ol intake in EPIC-Norfolk is not sufficient to achieve a statistically significant reduction in CVD risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Vogiatzoglou
- Department of Food & Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, UK
| | - Angela A Mulligan
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, UK
| | - Amit Bhaniani
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Alison McTaggart
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, UK
| | - Robert N Luben
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, UK
| | - Christian Heiss
- Division of Cardiology, Pulmonology and Vascular Medicine, Medical Faculty, University Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Malte Kelm
- Division of Cardiology, Pulmonology and Vascular Medicine, Medical Faculty, University Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Marc W Merx
- Division of Cardiology, Pulmonology and Vascular Medicine, Medical Faculty, University Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jeremy P E Spencer
- Division of Cardiology, Pulmonology and Vascular Medicine, Medical Faculty, University Düsseldorf, Germany
| | | | - Kay-Tee Khaw
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, UK; University of Cambridge, School of Clinical Medicine, Clinical Gerontology Unit, Cambridge, UK
| | - Gunter G C Kuhnle
- Department of Food & Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, UK; Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, UK.
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43
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Novakovic A, Marinko M, Vranic A, Jankovic G, Milojevic P, Stojanovic I, Nenezic D, Ugresic N, Kanjuh V, Yang Q, He GW. Mechanisms underlying the vasorelaxation of human internal mammary artery induced by (-)-epicatechin. Eur J Pharmacol 2015; 762:306-12. [PMID: 26049011 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2015.05.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2015] [Revised: 05/03/2015] [Accepted: 05/21/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Evidences have suggested that flavanol compound (-)-epicatechin is associated with reduced risk of cardiovascular diseases. One of the mechanisms of its cardioprotective effect is vasodilation. However, the exact mechanisms by which (-)-epicatechin causes vasodilation are not yet clearly defined. The aims of the present study were to investigate relaxant effect of flavanol (-)-epicatechin on the isolated human internal mammary artery (HIMA) and to determine the mechanisms underlying its vasorelaxation. Our results showed that (-)-epicatechin induced a concentration-dependent relaxation of HIMA rings pre-contracted by phenylephrine. Among the K(+) channel blockers, 4-aminopyridine (4-AP) and margatoxin, blockers of voltage-gated K(+) (KV) channels, and glibenclamide, a selective ATP-sensitive K(+) (KATP) channels blocker, partly inhibited the (-)-epicatechin-induced relaxation of HIMA, while iberiotoxin, a most selective blocker of large conductance Ca(2+)-activated K(+) channels (BKCa), almost completely inhibited the relaxation. In rings pre-contracted by 80mM K(+), (-)-epicatechin induced partial relaxation of HIMA, whereas in Ca(2+)-free medium, (-)-epicatechin completely relaxed HIMA rings pre-contracted by phenylephrine and caffeine. Finally, thapsigargin, a sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca(2+)-ATPase inhibitor, slightly antagonized (-)-epicatechin-induced relaxation of HIMA pre-contracted by phenylephrine. These results suggest that (-)-epicatechin induces strong endothelium-independent relaxation of HIMA pre-contracted by phenylephrine whilst 4-AP- and margatoxin-sensitive KV channels, as well as BKCa and KATP channels, located in vascular smooth muscle, mediate this relaxation. In addition, it seems that (-)-epicatechin could inhibit influx of extracellular Ca(2+), interfere with intracellular Ca(2+) release and re-uptake by the sarcoplasmic reticulum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Novakovic
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Marija Marinko
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Aleksandra Vranic
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Goran Jankovic
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Predrag Milojevic
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia; Institute for Cardiovascular Diseases "Dedinje", Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ivan Stojanovic
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia; Institute for Cardiovascular Diseases "Dedinje", Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Dragoslav Nenezic
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia; Institute for Cardiovascular Diseases "Dedinje", Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Nenad Ugresic
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | | | - Qin Yang
- Department of Surgery, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; TEDA International Cardiovascular Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Guo-Wei He
- TEDA International Cardiovascular Hospital, Tianjin, China
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44
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Vogiatzoglou A, Mulligan AA, Lentjes MAH, Luben RN, Spencer JPE, Schroeter H, Khaw KT, Kuhnle GGC. Flavonoid intake in European adults (18 to 64 years). PLoS One 2015; 10:e0128132. [PMID: 26010916 PMCID: PMC4444122 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0128132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2015] [Accepted: 04/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Flavonoids are a group of phenolic secondary plant metabolites that are ubiquitous in plant-based diets. Data from anthropological, observational and intervention studies have shown that many flavonoids are bioactive. For this reason, there is an increasing interest in investigating the potential health effects of these compounds. The translation of these findings into the context of the health of the general public requires detailed information on habitual dietary intake. However, only limited data are currently available for European populations. Objective The objective of this study is to determine the habitual intake and main sources of anthocyanidins, flavanols, flavanones, flavones, flavonols, proanthocyanidins, theaflavins and thearubigins in the European Union. Design We use food consumption data from the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) and the FLAVIOLA Food Composition Database to estimate intake of flavonoids. Results Mean (±SEM) intake of total flavonoids in Europe was 428±49 mg/d, of which 136±14 mg/d were monomeric compounds. Gallated flavan-3-ols (53±12 mg/d) were the main contributor. The lowest flavonoid intake was observed in Mediterranean countries (monomeric compounds: 95±11 mg/d). The distribution of intake was skewed in many countries, especially in Germany (monomeric flavonoids; mean intake: 181 mg/d; median intake: 3 mg/d). Conclusions The habitual intake of flavonoids in Europe is below the amounts found to have a significant health effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Vogiatzoglou
- Department of Food & Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom
| | - Angela A. Mulligan
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Marleen A. H. Lentjes
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Robert N. Luben
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Jeremy P. E. Spencer
- Department of Food & Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom
| | | | - Kay-Tee Khaw
- University of Cambridge, School of Clinical Medicine, Clinical Gerontology Unit, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Gunter G. C. Kuhnle
- Department of Food & Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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45
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Bondonno CP, Croft KD, Ward N, Considine MJ, Hodgson JM. Dietary flavonoids and nitrate: effects on nitric oxide and vascular function. Nutr Rev 2015; 73:216-35. [PMID: 26024545 DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuu014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging evidence highlights dietary flavonoids and nitrate as candidates that may explain at least part of the cardioprotective effect of a fruit and vegetable diet. Nitric oxide plays a pivotal role in cardiovascular health. Components of a fruit and vegetable diet that are cardioprotective, in part through effects on nitric oxide status, could substantially reduce the cardiovascular risk profile of the general population with increased intake of such a diet. Epidemiological evidence suggests that dietary flavonoids and nitrate have a cardioprotective effect. Clinical trials with flavonoid- and nitrate-rich foods have shown benefits on measures of vascular health. While the molecular mechanisms by which flavonoids and nitrate are cardioprotective are not completely understood, recent evidence suggests both nonspecific and specific effects through nitric oxide pathways. This review presents an overview of nitric oxide and its key role in cardiovascular health and discusses the possible vascular benefits of flavonoids and nitrate, individually and in combination, through effects on nitric oxide status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine P Bondonno
- C.P. Bondonno, K.D. Croft, N.C. Ward, and J.M. Hodgson are with the School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Perth Western Australia, Australia. M.J. Considine is with the School of Plant Biology, University of Western Australia, Perth Western Australia and the Department of Agriculture and Food Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.
| | - Kevin D Croft
- C.P. Bondonno, K.D. Croft, N.C. Ward, and J.M. Hodgson are with the School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Perth Western Australia, Australia. M.J. Considine is with the School of Plant Biology, University of Western Australia, Perth Western Australia and the Department of Agriculture and Food Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Natalie Ward
- C.P. Bondonno, K.D. Croft, N.C. Ward, and J.M. Hodgson are with the School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Perth Western Australia, Australia. M.J. Considine is with the School of Plant Biology, University of Western Australia, Perth Western Australia and the Department of Agriculture and Food Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Michael J Considine
- C.P. Bondonno, K.D. Croft, N.C. Ward, and J.M. Hodgson are with the School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Perth Western Australia, Australia. M.J. Considine is with the School of Plant Biology, University of Western Australia, Perth Western Australia and the Department of Agriculture and Food Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Jonathan M Hodgson
- C.P. Bondonno, K.D. Croft, N.C. Ward, and J.M. Hodgson are with the School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Perth Western Australia, Australia. M.J. Considine is with the School of Plant Biology, University of Western Australia, Perth Western Australia and the Department of Agriculture and Food Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
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46
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Quiñones M, Margalef M, Arola-Arnal A, Muguerza B, Miguel M, Aleixandre A. The blood pressure effect and related plasma levels of flavan-3-ols in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Food Funct 2015; 6:3479-89. [DOI: 10.1039/c5fo00547g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
We studied the short-term antihypertensive effect of flavan-3-ols (−)-epicatechin, (+)-catechin and (−)-catechin, in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mar Quiñones
- Dpto. Farmacología
- Fac. Medicina
- U. Complutense
- 28040 Madrid
- Spain
| | - Maria Margalef
- Nutrigenomic Group
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology
- Rovira i Virgili University
- Tarragona
- Spain
| | - Anna Arola-Arnal
- Nutrigenomic Group
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology
- Rovira i Virgili University
- Tarragona
- Spain
| | - Begoña Muguerza
- Nutrigenomic Group
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology
- Rovira i Virgili University
- Tarragona
- Spain
| | - Marta Miguel
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de Alimentación (CIAL
- CSIC-UAM
- CEI UAM+CSIC)
- Madrid
- Spain
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47
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Petyaev IM, Dovgalevsky PY, Chalyk NE, Klochkov V, Kyle NH. Reduction in blood pressure and serum lipids by lycosome formulation of dark chocolate and lycopene in prehypertension. Food Sci Nutr 2014; 2:744-50. [PMID: 25493193 PMCID: PMC4256580 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2014] [Revised: 08/11/2014] [Accepted: 08/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Twenty-nine healthy volunteers aged 47–69 years old were randomly assigned to a 28-day oral intake of different dark chocolate (DC) formulations. The main group received daily 30 g of proprietary lycopene-containing (L-tug) lycosome formulation of DC with enhanced bioavailability of cocoa flavanols. Two control groups daily consumed either 30 g of regular DC alone or along with 7 mg of lycopene, which corresponds to the amount of lycopene ingested with L-tug formulation. It was found that L-tug was more efficient in reducing diastolic blood pressure (mean value of −6.22 mmHg, 95% CI: 5.00, 8.00) when compared with the regular DC group (−3.00 mmHg, P < 0.05) or the group which ingested the DC and lycopene as two separate formulations (mean reduction of −4 mmHg, 95% CI: 2.47, 6.00, P = 0.0262). Only marginal superiority for L-tug formulation in the reduction in systolic blood pressure was seen. However, the L-tug formulation was the only formulation of DC which affected serum lipids. There was a reduction in total cholesterol (from median 228.00 mg/dL [95% CI: 206.2, 242.5] to 187.00 mg/dL [95% CI: 166.2, 202.2, P < 0.05]) with corresponding decline of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol (from a median of 166.00 mg/dL [95% CI: 130.8, 177.0] to 151.00 mg/dL [95% CI: 122.8, 167.4; P < 0.05]) at the end of the intervention period. Similar decline was seen in serum triglycerides (P < 0.05). Serum high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, glucose levels, and C-reactive protein (CRP) values remained statistically unchanged in all study groups throughout the intervention period. A superior biological activity of the L-tug lycosome formulation of DC extending beyond its antihypertensive effect to lipid-lowering ability opens up new possibilities for the use of DC for health purposes helping to reduce daily caloric intake without compromising on the health benefits of DC consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan M Petyaev
- Lycotec Ltd Granta Park Campus, Cambridge, CB21 6GP, United Kingdom
| | | | - Natalia E Chalyk
- Institute of Cardiology 12 Chernyshevskogo Str, Saratov, 410028, Russia
| | - Victor Klochkov
- Institute of Cardiology 12 Chernyshevskogo Str, Saratov, 410028, Russia
| | - Nigel H Kyle
- Lycotec Ltd Granta Park Campus, Cambridge, CB21 6GP, United Kingdom
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48
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Gasper A, Hollands W, Casgrain A, Saha S, Teucher B, Dainty JR, Venema DP, Hollman PC, Rein MJ, Nelson R, Williamson G, Kroon PA. Consumption of both low and high (-)-epicatechin apple puree attenuates platelet reactivity and increases plasma concentrations of nitric oxide metabolites: a randomized controlled trial. Arch Biochem Biophys 2014; 559:29-37. [PMID: 24929184 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2014.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2014] [Revised: 05/19/2014] [Accepted: 05/31/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
We hypothesised that consumption of flavanol-containing apple puree would modulate platelet activity and increase nitric oxide metabolite status, and that high flavanol apple puree would exert a greater effect than low flavanol apple puree. 25 subjects consumed 230 g of apple puree containing 25 and 100mg epicatechin (low and high flavanol apple puree, respectively) and aspirin (75 mg) in random order. Measurements were made at baseline, acutely after treatment (2, 6 and 24 h), and after 14 d of treatment. Low flavanol apple puree significantly attenuated ADP and epinephrine-induced integrin-β3 expression 2 h and 6 h after consumption and ADP and epinephrine-induced P-selectin expression within 2h of consumption. High flavanol apple puree attenuated epinephrine and ADP-induced integrin-β3 expression after 2 and 6h. ADP and epinephrine-induced integrin-β3 expression was significantly attenuated 2, 6 and 24 h after consumption of aspirin, whilst 14 d aspirin consumption attenuated collagen-induced P-selectin expression only. The plasma total nitric oxide metabolite conc. was significantly increased 6h after consumption of both low and high flavanol apple purees. In conclusion, consumption of apple purees containing ⩾25 or 100 mg flavanols transiently attenuated ex vivo integrin-β3 and P-selectin expression and increased plasma nitric oxide metabolite conc. in healthy subjects, but the effect was not enhanced for the high flavanol apple puree.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Gasper
- Food and Health Programme, Institute of Food Research, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UA, UK
| | - Wendy Hollands
- Food and Health Programme, Institute of Food Research, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UA, UK
| | - Amelie Casgrain
- Food and Health Programme, Institute of Food Research, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UA, UK
| | - Shikha Saha
- Food and Health Programme, Institute of Food Research, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UA, UK
| | - Birgit Teucher
- Food and Health Programme, Institute of Food Research, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UA, UK
| | - Jack R Dainty
- Food and Health Programme, Institute of Food Research, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UA, UK
| | - Dini P Venema
- RIKILT-Institute of Food Safety, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Peter C Hollman
- RIKILT-Institute of Food Safety, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Maarit J Rein
- Nestle Research Center, Vers-chez-les-Blanc, 1000 Lausanne 26, Switzerland
| | - Rebecca Nelson
- Nestle Research Center, Vers-chez-les-Blanc, 1000 Lausanne 26, Switzerland
| | - Gary Williamson
- Nestle Research Center, Vers-chez-les-Blanc, 1000 Lausanne 26, Switzerland; School of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Paul A Kroon
- Food and Health Programme, Institute of Food Research, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UA, UK.
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49
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Houston M. The role of nutrition and nutraceutical supplements in the treatment of hypertension. World J Cardiol 2014; 6:38-66. [PMID: 24575172 PMCID: PMC3935060 DOI: 10.4330/wjc.v6.i2.38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2013] [Revised: 10/22/2013] [Accepted: 12/17/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Vascular biology, endothelial and vascular smooth muscle and cardiac dysfunction play a primary role in the initiation and perpetuation of hypertension, cardiovascular disease and target organ damage. Nutrient-gene interactions and epigenetics are predominant factors in promoting beneficial or detrimental effects in cardiovascular health and hypertension. Macronutrients and micronutrients can prevent, control and treat hypertension through numerous mechanisms related to vascular biology. Oxidative stress, inflammation and autoimmune dysfunction initiate and propagate hypertension and cardiovascular disease. There is a role for the selected use of single and component nutraceutical supplements, vitamins, antioxidants and minerals in the treatment of hypertension based on scientifically controlled studies which complement optimal nutrition, coupled with other lifestyle modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Houston
- Mark Houston, Hypertension Institute, Saint Thomas Medical Plaza, Nashville, TN 37205, United States
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50
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Assessment of the dietary intake of total flavan-3-ols, monomeric flavan-3-ols, proanthocyanidins and theaflavins in the European Union. Br J Nutr 2013; 111:1463-73. [PMID: 24331295 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114513003930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Dietary interventions with flavan-3-ols have shown beneficial effects on vascular function. The translation of these findings into the context of the health of the general public requires detailed information on habitual dietary intake. However, only limited data are currently available for European populations. Therefore, in the present study, we assessed the habitual intake of flavan-3-ol monomers, proanthocyanidins (PA) and theaflavins in the European Union (EU) and determined their main food sources using the EFSA (European Food Safety Authority) Comprehensive European Food Consumption Database. Data for adults aged 18-64 years were available from fourteen European countries, and intake was determined using the FLAVIOLA Flavanol Food Composition Database, developed for the present study and based on the latest US Department of Agriculture and Phenol-Explorer databases. The mean habitual intake of flavan-3-ol monomers, theaflavins and PA ranged from 181 mg/d (Czech Republic) to 793 mg/d (Ireland). The highest intakes of flavan-3-ol monomers and theaflavins were observed in Ireland (191/505 mg/d) and the lowest intakes in Spain (24/9 mg/d). In contrast, the daily intake of PA was highest in Spain (175 mg/d) and lowest in The Netherlands (96 mg/d). Main sources were tea (62%), pome fruits (11%), berries (3%) and cocoa products (3%). Tea was the major single contributor to monomer intake (75%), followed by pome fruits (6%). Pome fruits were also the main source of PA (28%). The present study provides important data on the population-based intake of flavanols in the EU and demonstrates that dietary intake amounts for flavan-3-ol monomers, PA and theaflavins vary significantly across European countries. The average habitual intake of flavan-3-ols is considerably below the amounts used in most dietary intervention studies.
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