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Hutelin Z, Ahrens M, Baugh ME, Oster ME, Hanlon AL, DiFeliceantonio AG. Creation and validation of a NOVA scored picture set to evaluate ultra-processed foods. Appetite 2024; 198:107358. [PMID: 38621591 PMCID: PMC11092385 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2024.107358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
There has been a rapid shift in the modern food environment towards increased processing in foods consumed in the United States (US) and globally. The NOVA system (not an acronym) for classifying food on degree of processing currently has the most empirical support. Consumption of foods in the NOVA 4 category, ultra-processed foods (UPF), is a risk factor for a host of poor health outcomes including heart disease, stroke, and cancer. Despite these poor health outcomes, UPF make up 58% of calories consumed in the US. Methodologies for assessing the reinforcing and rewarding properties of these foods are necessary tools. The Becker-DeGroot-Marschak auction paradigm (BDM) is a well validated tool for measuring value and is amenable to neuromonitoring environments. To allow for the testing of hypotheses based on level of food processing, we present a picture set of 14 UPF and 14 minimally-processed foods (MPF) matched on visual properties, food characteristics (fat, carbohydrate, cost, etc.), and rated perceptual properties. Further, we report our scoring of these foods using the NOVA classification system and provide additional data from credentialed nutrition professionals and on inter-rater reliability using NOVA, a critique of the system. Finally, we provide all pictures, data, and code used to create this picture set as a tool for researchers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zach Hutelin
- Graduate Program in Translational Biology, Medicine, and Health, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States; Fralin Biomedical Research Institute, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA, United States.
| | - Monica Ahrens
- Center for Biostatistics and Health Data Science, Department of Statistics, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA, United States
| | | | - Mary E Oster
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA, United States
| | - Alexandra L Hanlon
- Center for Biostatistics and Health Data Science, Department of Statistics, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA, United States
| | - Alexandra G DiFeliceantonio
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA, United States; Department of Human Nutrition, Foods, and Exercise, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
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Epstein LH, Temple JL, Faith MS, Hostler D, Rizwan A. A psychobioecological model to understand the income-food insecurity-obesity relationship. Appetite 2024; 196:107275. [PMID: 38367912 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2024.107275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 02/19/2024]
Abstract
Food insecurity, defined by unpredictable access to food that may not meet a person's nutritional needs, is associated with higher BMI (kg/m2) and obesity. People with food insecurity often have less access to food, miss meals and go hungry, which can lead to psychological and metabolic changes that favor energy conservation and weight gain. We describe a conceptual model that includes psychological (food reinforcement and delay discounting) and physiological (thermic effect of food and substrate oxidation) factors to understand how resource scarcity associated with food insecurity evolves into the food insecurity-obesity paradox. We present both animal and human translational research to describe how behavioral and metabolic adaptations to resource scarcity based on behavioral ecology theory may occur for people with food insecurity. We conclude with ideas for interventions to prevent or modify the behaviors and underlying physiology that characterize the income-food insecurity-obesity relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonard H Epstein
- Department of Pediatrics, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA.
| | - Jennifer L Temple
- Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, School of Public Health and Health Professions, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Myles S Faith
- Department of Counseling, School and Educational Psychology, Graduate School of Education, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - David Hostler
- Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, School of Public Health and Health Professions, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Ashfique Rizwan
- Department of Pediatrics, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA; Department of Counseling, School and Educational Psychology, Graduate School of Education, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
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Chopra AK. Dietary management of dyslipidemia. Indian Heart J 2024; 76 Suppl 1:S65-S72. [PMID: 38122980 PMCID: PMC11019336 DOI: 10.1016/j.ihj.2023.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The rising burden of cardiovascular disease (CVD) has made the achievement of optimal lipoprotein levels a major public health priority. As nearly a fifth of global mortality is associated with dietary factors, and recommendations have been mired in controversy, a fresh look on the available data is attempted. Well established concepts regarding nutrition and cardiometabolic health, role of macronutrients, calories, and controversial foods are discussed followed by recommendations in the Indian context. A healthy dietary pattern rather than individual foods or nutrients is emphasized, and this is generally plant based with optional consumption of dairy, eggs, and meats within the suggested limits. Suggestions/recommendations are given for consumption of individual foods, remembering that choosing appropriate replacement foods is as important as restricting unhealthy foods.
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Epstein LH, Rizwan A, Rashid S, Bickel WK, Ghanim H. Glucose response to sugar challenge moderates the effect of insulin resistance on reinforcing value of sugar-sweetened yogurt. Appetite 2024; 193:107160. [PMID: 38101518 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2023.107160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
We have shown insulin resistance is associated with the choice of sugar-sweetened over monk fruit sweetened yogurt. This study extends this research by assessing the association between insulin resistance and reinforcing value for sugar versus monk fruit-sweetened yogurt, and testing the hypothesis that this effect is moderated by greater blood glucose response in people with insulin resistance. Eighteen people with overweight/obesity (BMI = 35.8 kg/m2, range 26.2-48.5) with varying degrees of insulin resistance (Homeostatic Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR) = 2.6, range of 0.6-8.0) had blood glucose measured for 2 h after a sugar challenge. Over six days, they consumed, in a double-blind fashion, novel flavored-colored sugar or monk fruit-sweetened yogurts, and the reinforcing value of sugar or monk fruit-sweetened yogurts and delay discounting (DD) were measured. HOMA-IR (r = 0.62, p = .006) and insulin (r = 0.51, p = .03) were related to the reinforcing value of sugar-sweetened, but not monk fruit-sweetened yogurt (r = -0.07, -0.10, respectively). The blood glucose area under the curve moderated the relationship between HOMA-IR and the reinforcing value of sugar-sweetened yogurt (p = .02). People with greater HOMA-IR and greater blood glucose excursions responded the most for sugar-sweetened yogurt. These results extend previous research and confirm the hypothesis that individual differences in response to sugar may activate brain reward centers and condition people to prefer high-sugar foods. DD was related to sugar reinforcement (r = -0.46, p = .03), consistent with the idea that those with high sugar reinforcement desire immediate gratification, and DD moderated the relationship between HOMA-IR and the reinforcing value of sugar-sweetened yogurt (p < .001). Research should test whether reducing insulin resistance would permit people with insulin resistance to choose lower-sugar foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonard H Epstein
- Department of Pediatrics, Jacobs School of Medicine, And Biomedical Sciences, Buffalo, NY, USA; University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA.
| | - Ashfique Rizwan
- Department of Pediatrics, Jacobs School of Medicine, And Biomedical Sciences, Buffalo, NY, USA; University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Sameeha Rashid
- Department of Pediatrics, Jacobs School of Medicine, And Biomedical Sciences, Buffalo, NY, USA; University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Warren K Bickel
- Addiction Recovery Research Center, Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carillion School of Medicine, USA
| | - Husam Ghanim
- University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA; Division of Endocrinology Diabetes and Metabolism, Jacobs School of Medicine, and Biomedical Sciences, USA
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Chekima K, Yan SW, Lee SWH, Wong TZ, Noor MI, Ooi YB, Metzendorf MI, Lai NM. Low glycaemic index or low glycaemic load diets for people with overweight or obesity. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2023; 6:CD005105. [PMID: 37345841 PMCID: PMC10313499 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd005105.pub3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The prevalence of obesity is increasing worldwide, yet nutritional management remains contentious. It has been suggested that low glycaemic index (GI) or low glycaemic load (GL) diets may stimulate greater weight loss than higher GI/GL diets or other weight reduction diets. The previous version of this review, published in 2007, found mainly short-term intervention studies. Since then, randomised controlled trials (RCTs) with longer-term follow-up have become available, warranting an update of this review. OBJECTIVES To assess the effects of low glycaemic index or low glycaemic load diets on weight loss in people with overweight or obesity. SEARCH METHODS We searched CENTRAL, MEDLINE, one other database, and two clinical trials registers from their inception to 25 May 2022. We did not apply any language restrictions. SELECTION CRITERIA We included RCTs with a minimum duration of eight weeks comparing low GI/GL diets to higher GI/GL diets or any other diets in people with overweight or obesity. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS We used standard Cochrane methods. We conducted two main comparisons: low GI/GL diets versus higher GI/GL diets and low GI/GL diets versus any other diet. Our main outcomes included change in body weight and body mass index, adverse events, health-related quality of life, and mortality. We used GRADE to assess the certainty of the evidence for each outcome. MAIN RESULTS In this updated review, we included 10 studies (1210 participants); nine were newly-identified studies. We included only one study from the previous version of this review, following a revision of inclusion criteria. We listed five studies as 'awaiting classification' and one study as 'ongoing'. Of the 10 included studies, seven compared low GI/GL diets (233 participants) with higher GI/GL diets (222 participants) and three studies compared low GI/GL diets (379 participants) with any other diet (376 participants). One study included children (50 participants); one study included adults aged over 65 years (24 participants); the remaining studies included adults (1136 participants). The duration of the interventions varied from eight weeks to 18 months. All trials had an unclear or high risk of bias across several domains. Low GI/GL diets versus higher GI/GL diets Low GI/GL diets probably result in little to no difference in change in body weight compared to higher GI/GL diets (mean difference (MD) -0.82 kg, 95% confidence interval (CI) -1.92 to 0.28; I2 = 52%; 7 studies, 403 participants; moderate-certainty evidence). Evidence from four studies reporting change in body mass index (BMI) indicated low GI/GL diets may result in little to no difference in change in BMI compared to higher GI/GL diets (MD -0.45 kg/m2, 95% CI -1.02 to 0.12; I2 = 22%; 186 participants; low-certainty evidence)at the end of the study periods. One study assessing participants' mood indicated that low GI/GL diets may improve mood compared to higher GI/GL diets, but the evidence is very uncertain (MD -3.5, 95% CI -9.33 to 2.33; 42 participants; very low-certainty evidence). Two studies assessing adverse events did not report any adverse events; we judged this outcome to have very low-certainty evidence. No studies reported on all-cause mortality. For the secondary outcomes, low GI/GL diets may result in little to no difference in fat mass compared to higher GI/GL diets (MD -0.86 kg, 95% CI -1.52 to -0.20; I2 = 6%; 6 studies, 295 participants; low certainty-evidence). Similarly, low GI/GL diets may result in little to no difference in fasting blood glucose level compared to higher GI/GL diets (MD 0.12 mmol/L, 95% CI 0.03 to 0.21; I2 = 0%; 6 studies, 344 participants; low-certainty evidence). Low GI/GL diets versus any other diet Low GI/GL diets probably result in little to no difference in change in body weight compared to other diets (MD -1.24 kg, 95% CI -2.82 to 0.34; I2 = 70%; 3 studies, 723 participants; moderate-certainty evidence). The evidence suggests that low GI/GL diets probably result in little to no difference in change in BMI compared to other diets (MD -0.30 kg in favour of low GI/GL diets, 95% CI -0.59 to -0.01; I2 = 0%; 2 studies, 650 participants; moderate-certainty evidence). Two adverse events were reported in one study: one was not related to the intervention, and the other, an eating disorder, may have been related to the intervention. Another study reported 11 adverse events, including hypoglycaemia following an oral glucose tolerance test. The same study reported seven serious adverse events, including kidney stones and diverticulitis. We judged this outcome to have low-certainty evidence. No studies reported on health-related quality of life or all-cause mortality. For the secondary outcomes, none of the studies reported on fat mass. Low GI/GL diets probably do not reduce fasting blood glucose level compared to other diets (MD 0.03 mmol/L, 95% CI -0.05 to 0.12; I2 = 0%; 3 studies, 732 participants; moderate-certainty evidence). AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: The current evidence indicates there may be little to no difference for all main outcomes between low GI/GL diets versus higher GI/GL diets or any other diet. There is insufficient information to draw firm conclusions about the effect of low GI/GL diets on people with overweight or obesity. Most studies had a small sample size, with only a few participants in each comparison group. We rated the certainty of the evidence as moderate to very low. More well-designed and adequately-powered studies are needed. They should follow a standardised intervention protocol, adopt objective outcome measurement since blinding may be difficult to achieve, and make efforts to minimise loss to follow-up. Furthermore, studies in people from a wide range of ethnicities and with a wide range of dietary habits, as well as studies in low- and middle-income countries, are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khadidja Chekima
- School of Biosciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Taylor's University, Subang Jaya, Malaysia
| | - See Wan Yan
- School of Hospitality Management, Macao Institute for Tourism Studies, Macao, Macao
| | | | - Tziak Ze Wong
- School of Food Studies and Gastronomy, Taylor's University, Subang Jaya, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Ismail Noor
- School of Culinary Arts and Food Studies, Taylor's University, Subang Jaya, Malaysia
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, The National University of Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Yasmin Bh Ooi
- Faculty of Food Science and Nutrition, University Malaysia Sabah (UMS), Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia
| | - Maria-Inti Metzendorf
- Institute of General Practice, Medical Faculty of the Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Nai Ming Lai
- School of Medicine, Taylor's University, Subang Jaya, Malaysia
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Benbaibeche H, Saidi H, Bounihi A, Koceir EA. Emotional and external eating styles associated with obesity. J Eat Disord 2023; 11:67. [PMID: 37131270 PMCID: PMC10152697 DOI: 10.1186/s40337-023-00797-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity is related to eating habits. Overeating is the most behavioural trait implicated in obesity; emotional, external and rigid restrained eating are three maladaptive eating habits that are associated to overeating. OBJECTIVES The current study assesses the eating styles of Algerian adults. It identifies and analyses differences in eating styles in a sample from adults with normal BMI and who have obesity. The study examines the relationship between eating styles and BMI. METHODS The sample consisted of 200 volunteers aged from 31 to 62 years old, 110 with obesity and 90 having normal BMI. The participants were recruited from hospital and university employees. They were questioned about their eating habits. The participants did not receive any treatment. To assess eating styles, participants completed the DEBQ. RESULTS The prevalence of women was in the majority, representing 61% (n = 122) in the total sample (63.63% (n = 70) with obesity, and 55.77% (n = 52) with normal BMI). The prevalence of men represents 39% (n = 78) in the total sample (36.36% (n = 40) with obesity, and 42.22% (n = 38) with normal BMI). Participants with obesity showed pathological eating styles. They scored higher on emotional and external eating styles than to normal BMI group. However, restraint eating showed a slight no significant increase. The mean scores ± standard deviations observed in each eating styles were: emotional eating (2.88 ± 0.99** vs. 1.71 ± 0.32), external eating (3.31 ± 0.68** vs. 1.96 ± 0.29), and retrained eating (1.81 ± 0.7ns vs. 1.3 ± 0.30). The linear regression analysis showed an effect of emotional and external eating on BMI. CONCLUSION These results could be used to provide clinical information at the initial screening for obesity criteria, obesity prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassiba Benbaibeche
- Faculté des sciences, département des sciences de la nature et de la vie, Université Alger 1, Alger, Algérie.
| | - Hamza Saidi
- University of Sciences and Technology Houari Boumediene, Algiers, Algeria
| | - Abdenour Bounihi
- Ecole Supérieure des Sciences de l'Aliment et des Industries Agroalimentaires, Alger, Algérie
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Epstein LH, Biondolillo MJ, Rizwan A, Ghanim H, Dandona P, Bickel WK, Paluch RA. Insulin Resistance and Glycated Hemoglobin in Obesity Are Associated With Preference for Sugar-Sweetened Yogurt: A Pilot Study. Psychosom Med 2023; 85:289-293. [PMID: 36799726 PMCID: PMC10528876 DOI: 10.1097/psy.0000000000001171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Insulin resistance is associated with elevated activation of food reward, which should be associated with an increased reinforcing value of food. Research has also shown that sugar is a macronutrient strongly associated with reward and reinforcing value of food. This research is designed to assess whether insulin resistance is associated with a stronger preference for sugar-sweetened, thus elevating blood glucose responses in obese people with varying degrees of insulin resistance. METHODS Thirteen people with obesity (body mass index, 39.1 kg/m 2 ; range, 30.0-45.1 kg/m 2 ) with varying degrees of insulin resistance (Homeostatic Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance, 5.2; range, 0.7-11.6) consumed novel flavored-colored yogurts that were sweetened with either sugar or monkfruit daily for 6 days to assess whether when given the choice of sugar-sweetened versus monkfruit-sweetened yogurts to consume, participants preferred sugar-sweetened yogurts. RESULTS Participants consumed a greater amount ( p = .009) and percentage ( p = .04) of sugar-sweetened yogurt earned than monkfruit-sweetened yogurt. The percent of sugar-sweetened versus monkfruit-sweetened yogurt consumed in relationship to amount earned was related to insulin resistance ( r = 0.64, p = .019), glycated hemoglobin ( r = 0.61, p = .027), insulin ( r = 0.58, p = .007), and glucose ( r = 0.56, p = .048). CONCLUSIONS Insulin resistance is associated with preference for sugar-sweetened foods in participants with obesity, which may make it hard to make dietary changes. Research is needed to assess whether treatments that improve insulin resistance also change the preference for sugar-sweetened or high-glycemic-index foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonard H Epstein
- From the Department of Pediatrics (Epstein, Biondolillo, Rizwan, Paluch) and Division of Endocrinology Diabetes and Metabolism (Ghanim, Dandona), Jacobs School of Medicine, and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York; and Addiction Recovery Research Center (Bickel), Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carillion School of Medicine, Roanoke, Virginia
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Yisahak SF, Boone KM, Rausch J, Keim SA. The timing and quality of sleep was associated with dietary quality and anthropometry in toddlers born preterm. Acta Paediatr 2023. [PMID: 36905082 DOI: 10.1111/apa.16750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023]
Abstract
AIM The aim of the study was to examine prospective associations of sleep characteristics (duration, timing, quality) with dietary and anthropometric measures among toddlers born preterm (<35 weeks). METHODS Children participated in the Omega Tots trial at 10-17 months' corrected age (Ohio, USA; 26 April 2012 to 6 April 2017). Caregivers reported toddlers' sleep at baseline using the Brief Infant Sleep Questionnaire. After 180 days, caregivers reported toddlers' past month diet in a food frequency questionnaire, and anthropometry was measured using standardised protocols. The toddler diet quality index (TDQI: higher scores indicating better quality), and weight-for-length, triceps skinfold and subscapular skinfold z-scores were calculated. Linear and logistic regression assessed adjusted associations with dietary and anthropometric outcomes at 180-day follow-up (n = 284), and linear mixed models assessed changes in anthropometry. RESULTS Daytime sleep was associated with lower TDQI (βadj per hour = -1.62 (95% CI: -2.71, -0.52)) whereas night-time sleep was associated with higher TDQI (βadj = 1.01 (95% CI: 0.16, 1.85)). Night-time awakenings and caregiver-reported sleep problems were also associated with lower TDQI. Night awakening duration and sleep-onset latency were associated with higher triceps skinfold z-score. CONCLUSION Daytime and night-time caregiver-reported sleep showed opposite associations with diet quality, suggesting that sleep timing may be important.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samrawit F Yisahak
- Center for Biobehavioral Health, Abigail Wexner Research Institute, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Kelly M Boone
- Center for Biobehavioral Health, Abigail Wexner Research Institute, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Joseph Rausch
- Center for Biobehavioral Health, Abigail Wexner Research Institute, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Sarah A Keim
- Center for Biobehavioral Health, Abigail Wexner Research Institute, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Division of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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Grout M, Lovegrove JA, Lamport DJ. A multimeal paradigm producing a low glycemic response is associated with modest cognitive benefits relative to a high glycemic response: a randomized, crossover trial in patients with type 2 diabetes. Am J Clin Nutr 2023; 117:859-869. [PMID: 36841444 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajcnut.2023.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Type 2 diabetes (T2DM) and poor glucose regulation in the immediate postprandial period are both associated with impairments in cognitive function. There is evidence that foods that generate a better postprandial glycemic response, such as low GI foods (which produce a lower glycemic peak, less variability, and a more sustained decline), are associated with cognitive benefits over the morning. However, the potential impact of consuming multiple meals of this nature over the course of a day on cognition in T2DM has not been explored. OBJECTIVES The primary aim of this research was to investigate whether a multimeal paradigm producing a low glycemic response was associated with cognitive benefits in patients with noninsulin-dependent T2DM relative to a multimeal paradigm producing a high glycemic response. METHODS Twenty-five adults with noninsulin-dependent T2DM (mean age: 57 y) consumed 2 multimeal profiles consisting of a breakfast, lunch, and afternoon snack on 2 separate test days following a randomized, counterbalanced, crossover design. The 2 conditions were a low GI profile (LGIP) and a high GI profile (HGIP). RESULTS Cognitive function, glycemic response, mood, and satiety were assessed over the day from 8:30 to 17:00. Overall, there were limited cognitive effects. However, there was evidence for cognitive benefits in the period before lunch, as demonstrated by better global cognitive and executive functions for the LGIP relative to the HGIP. No clear effects were observed for mood. CONCLUSIONS This study shows that a multimeal paradigm producing a low glycemic response was associated with some benefits for cognitive function in patients with T2DM. CLINICAL TRAIL REGISTRY REFERENCE NCT03360604 (clinical trial.gov).
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Grout
- School of Psychology and Clinical Language Science, University of Reading, United Kingdom
| | - Julie A Lovegrove
- Hugh Sinclair Unit of Human Nutrition and Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Food and Nutrition Sciences, University of Reading, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel J Lamport
- School of Psychology and Clinical Language Science, University of Reading, United Kingdom.
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Wang M, Du X, Huang W, Xu Y. Ultra-processed Foods Consumption Increases the Risk of Hypertension in Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Am J Hypertens 2022; 35:892-901. [PMID: 35750049 DOI: 10.1093/ajh/hpac069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Effect of ultra-processed foods (UPFs) consumption on health has attracted widespread attention in recent years. However, the relationship between UPFs consumption and hypertension is unclear. This meta-analysis was conducted to analyze the above association. METHODS We systematically searched PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Library for all relevant studies published up to 31 January 2022 without language limitation. The random-effects model was selected to pool the effect sizes and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). RESULTS Nine observational studies involving 111,594 participants were included. Results from this meta-analysis showed that higher UPFs consumption significantly increased the risk of hypertension (odds ratio: 1.23; 95% CI: 1.11, 1.37; P = 0.034). Furthermore, analyses were performed based on gender, study design, exposure assessment, outcome assessment, body mass index, energy intake, and physical activity, which suggested that the results remained statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggested that UPFs might have detrimental effects on the incidence of hypertension in the general population. Although current evidence is limited, it cannot be denied that reducing consumption of UPFs may contribute to decrease the risk of chronic noncommunicable diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Wang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China.,Luzhou Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, the Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China.,Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Nephropathy, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Luzhou, Sichuan, China.,Metabolic Vascular Disease Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Xinyi Du
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China.,Luzhou Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, the Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China.,Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Nephropathy, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Luzhou, Sichuan, China.,Metabolic Vascular Disease Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Wei Huang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China.,Luzhou Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, the Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China.,Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Nephropathy, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Luzhou, Sichuan, China.,Metabolic Vascular Disease Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Yong Xu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China.,Luzhou Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, the Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China.,Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Nephropathy, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Luzhou, Sichuan, China.,Metabolic Vascular Disease Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
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The impact of caloric availability on eating behavior and ultra-processed food reward. Appetite 2022; 178:106274. [PMID: 35963586 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2022.106274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The food environment has changed rapidly and dramatically in the last 50 years. While industrial food processing has increased the safety and stability of the food supply, a rapid expansion in the scope and scale of food processing in the 1980's has resulted in a market dominated by ultra-processed foods. Here, we use the NOVA definition of category 4 ultra-processed foods (UPFs) as they make up around 58% of total calories consumed in the US and 66% of calories in US children. UPFs are formulated from ingredients with no or infrequent culinary use, contain additives, and have a long shelf-life, spending long periods in contact with packaging materials, allowing for the absorption of compounds from those materials. The full implications of this dietary shift to UPFs on human health and disease outcomes are difficult, if not impossible, to quantify. However, UPF consumption is linked with various forms of cancer, increased cardiovascular disease, and increased all-cause mortality. Understanding food choice is, therefore, a critical problem in health research. Although many factors influence food choice, here we focus on the properties of the foods themselves. UPFs are generally treated as food, not as the highly refined, industrialized substances that they are, whose properties and components must be studied. Here, we examine one property of UPFs, that they deliver useable calories rapidly as a potential factor driving UPF overconsumption. First, we explore evidence that UPFs deliver calories more rapidly. Next, we examine the role of the gut-brain axis and its interplay with canonical reward systems, and last, we describe how speed affects both basic learning processes and drugs of abuse.
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12
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Guleken Z, Uzbay T. Neurobiological and neuropharmacological aspects of food addiction. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2022; 139:104760. [PMID: 35780976 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 06/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This review aims to draw attention to current studies on syndromes related to food eating behavior, including food addiction, and to highlight the neurobiological and neuropharmacological aspects of food addiction toward the development of new therapies. Food addiction and eating disorders are influenced by several neurobiological factors. Changes in feeding behavior, food addiction, and its pharmacological therapy are related to complex neurobiological processes in the brain. Thus, it is not surprising that there is inconsistency among various individual studies. In this review, we assessed literature including both experimental and clinical studies regarding food addiction as a feeding disorder. We selected articles from animal studies, randomized clinical trials, meta-analyses, narrative, and systemic reviews given that, crucial quantitative data with a measure of neurobiological, neuropharmacological aspects and current therapies of food addiction as an outcome. Thus, the main goal to outline here is to investigate and discuss the association between the brain reward system and feeding behavior in the frame of food addiction in the light of current literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zozan Guleken
- Uskudar University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Physiology, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Tayfun Uzbay
- Uskudar University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Pharmacology, İstanbul, Turkey; Üsküdar University, Neuropsychopharmacology Application, and Research Center (NPARC), İstanbul, Turkey.
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Competing paradigms of obesity pathogenesis: energy balance versus carbohydrate-insulin models. Eur J Clin Nutr 2022; 76:1209-1221. [PMID: 35896818 PMCID: PMC9436778 DOI: 10.1038/s41430-022-01179-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The obesity pandemic continues unabated despite a persistent public health campaign to decrease energy intake (“eat less”) and increase energy expenditure (“move more”). One explanation for this failure is that the current approach, based on the notion of energy balance, has not been adequately embraced by the public. Another possibility is that this approach rests on an erroneous paradigm. A new formulation of the energy balance model (EBM), like prior versions, considers overeating (energy intake > expenditure) the primary cause of obesity, incorporating an emphasis on “complex endocrine, metabolic, and nervous system signals” that control food intake below conscious level. This model attributes rising obesity prevalence to inexpensive, convenient, energy-dense, “ultra-processed” foods high in fat and sugar. An alternative view, the carbohydrate-insulin model (CIM), proposes that hormonal responses to highly processed carbohydrates shift energy partitioning toward deposition in adipose tissue, leaving fewer calories available for the body’s metabolic needs. Thus, increasing adiposity causes overeating to compensate for the sequestered calories. Here, we highlight robust contrasts in how the EBM and CIM view obesity pathophysiology and consider deficiencies in the EBM that impede paradigm testing and refinement. Rectifying these deficiencies should assume priority, as a constructive paradigm clash is needed to resolve long-standing scientific controversies and inform the design of new models to guide prevention and treatment. Nevertheless, public health action need not await resolution of this debate, as both models target processed carbohydrates as major drivers of obesity.
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Preparation of a Low-Calorie, Gluten-Free All-in-One Cake Mix, Containing Bacillus Coagulans Using Quinoa and Inulin Functionality. J FOOD QUALITY 2022. [DOI: 10.1155/2022/8550086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Celiac patients must follow a strict gluten-free diet along the life that leads to many nutritional deficiencies. This study aimed to produce an “all-in-one gluten-free cakemix based on quinoa flour” for celiac patients and other gluten-sensitive people. Nine treatments were provided with quinoa flour (25, 27.5, and 30% of total formula), inulin as a prebiotic, fat replacer and natural sweetener (2.4, 3.2, and 4% of total formula). The content of oil was reduced using oil powder consisting of sunflower oil and wall materials (resistant starch and maltodextrin 50 : 50). Bacillus coagulans was added as a probiotic bacteria. A commercial cakemix was considered as a control sample. The nutritional and chemical properties of cake mixes (percentage of moisture, protein, mineral, carbohydrate, crude fiber, fat, and calorie) and physical and textural properties of cakes (springiness, specific volume, porosity, chewiness, browning reaction, moisture, and water activity) were tested. Data were analyzed by https://graphpad.ir/prism/software using one way analysis of variance (ANOVA). After sensory evaluation, the treatment number 5 was selected as the most acceptable cake among all treatments. Its amino acid profile, fatty acid profile, and peroxide index were determined. The minerals, protein, and fiber of quinoa cake mixes were significantly higher, and the fat, carbohydrate and calorie were lower than control. Addition of quinoa reduced springiness, specific volume, porosity, chewiness, and increased the browning reaction. But these changes did not have a very negative effect in general. The moisture, water activity, and bacteria count changes were followed during four days of cakes preservation in refrigerator. The reduction trend of quinoa cakes moisture and water activity was slower than control. The number of bacteria was enough to be considered as a probiotic product after 4 days. Quinoa flour could improve the nutritional and functional properties of gluten-free cake mixes.
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15
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Intake of carbohydrates and SFA and risk of CHD in middle-age adults: the Hordaland Health Study (HUSK). Public Health Nutr 2022; 25:634-648. [PMID: 32907659 PMCID: PMC9991815 DOI: 10.1017/s1368980020003043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Limiting SFA intake may minimise the risk of CHD. However, such reduction often leads to increased intake of carbohydrates. We aimed to evaluate associations and the interplay of carbohydrate and SFA intake on CHD risk. DESIGN Prospective cohort study. SETTING We followed participants in the Hordaland Health Study, Norway from 1997-1999 through 2009. Information on carbohydrate and SFA intake was obtained from a FFQ and analysed as continuous and categorical (quartiles) variables. Multivariable Cox regression estimated hazard ratios (HR) and 95 % CI. Theoretical substitution analyses modelled the substitution of carbohydrates with other nutrients. CHD was defined as fatal or non-fatal CHD (ICD9 codes 410-414 and ICD10 codes I20-I25). PARTICIPANTS 2995 men and women, aged 46-49 years. RESULTS Adjusting for age, sex, energy intake, physical activity and smoking, SFA was associated with lower risk (HRQ4 v. Q1 0·44, 95 % CI 0·26, 0·76, Ptrend = 0·002). For carbohydrates, the opposite pattern was observed (HRQ4 v. Q1 2·10, 95 % CI 1·22, 3·63, Ptrend = 0·003). SFA from cheese was associated with lower CHD risk (HRQ4 v. Q1 0·44, 95 % CI 0·24, 0·83, Ptrend = 0·006), while there were no associations between SFA from other food items and CHD. A 5 E% substitution of carbohydrates with total fat, but not SFA, was associated with lower CHD risk (HR 0·75, 95 % CI 0·62, 0·90). CONCLUSIONS Higher intake of predominantly high glycaemic carbohydrates and lower intake of SFA, specifically lower intake from cheese, were associated with higher CHD risk. Substituting carbohydrates with total fat, but not SFA, was associated with significantly lower risk of CHD.
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English L, Carmona YR, Peterson KE, Jansen EC, Téllez Rojo MM, Torres Olascoaga L, Cantoral A. Changes in Sugar Sweetened Beverage Intake Are Associated with Changes in Body Composition in Mexican Adolescents: Findings from the ELEMENT Cohort. Nutrients 2022; 14:719. [PMID: 35277078 PMCID: PMC8839416 DOI: 10.3390/nu14030719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Changes in consumption of sugar sweetened beverage (SSBs) have been associated with increased body mass index (BMI), but little work has evaluated the effect on waist circumference (WC) and body fat percentage during adolescence, a period characterized by rapid growth and change in dietary behaviors. We examined the relationship of changes in SSB intake and changes in adiposity over two years in 464 Mexican adolescents. Food frequency questionnaires were used to sum intake of regular soda, coffee with sugar, tea with sugar, sweetened water with fruit, chocolate milk, corn atole, and a sweetened probiotic milk beverage. Linear regression models were used to estimate the associations of changes in SSBs with changes in BMI, body fat percentage, and WC, adjusting for sex, socioeconomic status, screen time, physical activity, age, and change in age. Adolescents who increased their daily SSB intake by >2 serving had a −2.72% higher body fat percentage (95% CI: 0.61, 4.82); a 1−2 serving increase was associated with a 2.49 cm increase (95% CI: 0.21, 4.76) in WC compared with those with no change in intake. Within an adolescent sample, changes in SSB intake were related to concomitant changes in body fat percentage and WC, but not BMI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsey English
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND 58202, USA;
| | - Yanelli R. Carmona
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; (Y.R.C.); (K.E.P.); (E.C.J.)
| | - Karen E. Peterson
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; (Y.R.C.); (K.E.P.); (E.C.J.)
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Erica C. Jansen
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; (Y.R.C.); (K.E.P.); (E.C.J.)
| | - Martha María Téllez Rojo
- Center for Health and Nutrition Research, National Institute of Public Health in Mexico, Cuernavaca 62100, Mexico; (M.M.T.R.); (L.T.O.)
| | - Libni Torres Olascoaga
- Center for Health and Nutrition Research, National Institute of Public Health in Mexico, Cuernavaca 62100, Mexico; (M.M.T.R.); (L.T.O.)
| | - Alejandra Cantoral
- Department of Health, Universidad Iberoamericana Ciudad de México, Mexico City 01219, Mexico
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Munguía L, Camacho-Barcia L, Gaspar-Pérez A, Granero R, Galiana C, Jiménez-Murcia S, Dieguez C, Gearhardt AN, Fernández-Aranda F. Food addiction in Bulimia Nervosa: Analysis of body composition, psychological and problematic foods profile. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:1032150. [PMID: 36339881 PMCID: PMC9632855 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.1032150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Food Addiction (FA) has been related with eating disorders (ED), especially Bulimia Nervosa (BN). BN + FA may have different physical characteristics than patients with BN without the comorbidity, such as body mass index (BMI) or body composition, and psychological as emotion regulation. However, the relationship between psychological and physical aspects, connected by problematic food and its influence on body composition, has been barely studied. Therefore, the aims of the present study are. AIMS (a) To explore the differences in body composition between FA positive (FA+) and negative (FA-) in women with BN; (b) to identify problematic relationship with certain food types, according with the foods mentioned in the YFAS scale questionnaire, between FA+ and FA- patients; (c) to know the psychological characteristic differences between FA+ and FA- patients, considering emotion regulation, personality traits and general psychopathological state; (d) to identify the relationship between physical and psychological traits, and the identified problematic foods, in patients with BN and FA. METHODOLOGY N = 81 BN women patients, with a mean age of 29.73 years ± 9.80 SD, who completed the questionnaires: Yale Food Addiction Scale V 1.0 (YFAS 1.0), Eating Disorder Inventory-2 (EDI-2), Symptom Checklist-90 Items-Revised (SCL-90-R), and Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Strategies (DERS). YFAS problematic foods were grouped considering their principal nutrients sources. Body composition and difference in metabolic age was determined using bioimpedance analyzer. RESULTS The 88% of patients with BN presented FA+. Patients with BN who were FA+ self-reported more problematic relationships with sweets and starches. Also presented higher emotion regulation difficulties, general psychopathology and eating symptomatology severity, than those without FA. Finally, emotional regulation difficulties were positively associated with higher eating disorder symptomatology and more types of foods self-reported as problematic, which increased indirectly fat mass. CONCLUSION The results suggest that BN + FA presented more eating and psychopathology symptomatology and higher problems with specific food types. As well, the path analysis emphasized that emotion regulation difficulties might be related with problematic food relationship in BN, impacting over the ED severity. IMPLICATIONS The results may impact the development of precise therapies for patients with BN + FA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucero Munguía
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Bellvitge, Barcelona, Spain.,Psychoneurobiology of Eating and Addictive Behaviors Group, Neurosciences Program, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain.,CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lucía Camacho-Barcia
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Bellvitge, Barcelona, Spain.,Psychoneurobiology of Eating and Addictive Behaviors Group, Neurosciences Program, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain.,CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anahí Gaspar-Pérez
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Bellvitge, Barcelona, Spain.,Psychoneurobiology of Eating and Addictive Behaviors Group, Neurosciences Program, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Roser Granero
- Psychoneurobiology of Eating and Addictive Behaviors Group, Neurosciences Program, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain.,CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Psychobiology and Methodology, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carla Galiana
- Psychoneurobiology of Eating and Addictive Behaviors Group, Neurosciences Program, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Susana Jiménez-Murcia
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Bellvitge, Barcelona, Spain.,Psychoneurobiology of Eating and Addictive Behaviors Group, Neurosciences Program, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain.,CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carlos Dieguez
- CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Physiology, Centro Singular de Investigación en Medicina Molecular y Enfermedades Crónicas (CIMUS), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | | | - Fernando Fernández-Aranda
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Bellvitge, Barcelona, Spain.,Psychoneurobiology of Eating and Addictive Behaviors Group, Neurosciences Program, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain.,CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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19
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Improved Glycemic Control and Variability: Application of Healthy Ingredients in Asian Staples. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13093102. [PMID: 34578981 PMCID: PMC8468310 DOI: 10.3390/nu13093102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A reduction in carbohydrate intake and low-carbohydrate diets are often advocated to prevent and manage diabetes. However, limiting or eliminating carbohydrates may not be a long-term sustainable and maintainable approach for everyone. Alternatively, diet strategies to modulate glycemia can focus on the glycemic index (GI) of foods and glycemic load (GL) of meals. To assess the effect of a reduction in glycemic load of a 24 h diet by incorporating innovative functional ingredients (β-glucan, isomaltulose) and alternative low GI Asian staples (noodles, rice)on glycemic control and variability, twelve Chinese men (Age: 27.0 ± 5.1 years; BMI:21.6 ± 1.8kg/m2) followed two isocaloric, typically Asian, 24h diets with either a reduced glycemic load (LGL) or high glycemic load (HGL) in a randomized, single-blind, controlled, cross-over design. Test meals included breakfast, lunch, snack and dinner and the daily GL was reduced by 37% in the LGL diet. Continuous glucose monitoring provided 24 h glycemic excursion and variability parameters: incremental area under the curve (iAUC), max glucose concentration (Max), max glucose range, glucose standard deviation (SD), and mean amplitude of glycemic excursion (MAGE), time in range (TIR). Over 24h, the LGL diet resulted in a decrease in glucose Max (8.12 vs. 6.90 mmol/L; p = 0.0024), glucose range (3.78 vs. 2.21 mmol/L; p = 0.0005), glucose SD (0.78 vs. 0.43 mmol/L; p = 0.0002), mean amplitude of glycemic excursion (2.109 vs. 1.008; p < 0.0001), and increase in 4.5-6.5mmol/L TIR (82.2 vs. 94.6%; p = 0.009), compared to the HGL diet. The glucose iAUC, MAX, range and SD improved during the 2 h post-prandial window of each LGL meal, and this effect was more pronounced later in the day. The current results validate the dietary strategy of incorporating innovative functional ingredients (β-glucan, isomaltulose) and replacing Asian staples with alternative low GI carbohydrate sources to reduce daily glycemic load to improve glycemic control and variability as a viable alternative to the reduction in carbohydrate intake alone. These observations provide substantial public health support to encourage the consumption of staples of low GI/GL to reduce glucose levels and glycemic variability. Furthermore, there is growing evidence that the role of chrononutrition, as reported in this paper, requires further examination and should be considered as an important addition to the understanding of glucose homeostasis variation throughout the day.
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20
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Holsen LM, Hoge WS, Lennerz BS, Cerit H, Hye T, Moondra P, Goldstein JM, Ebbeling CB, Ludwig DS. Diets Varying in Carbohydrate Content Differentially Alter Brain Activity in Homeostatic and Reward Regions in Adults. J Nutr 2021; 151:2465-2476. [PMID: 33852013 PMCID: PMC8349124 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxab090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity has one of the highest refractory rates of all chronic diseases, in part because weight loss induced by calorie restriction, the first-line treatment for obesity, elicits biological adaptations that promote weight regain. Although acute feeding trials suggest a role for macronutrient composition in modifying brain activity related to hunger and satiety, relevance of these findings to weight-loss maintenance has not been studied. OBJECTIVES We investigated effects of weight-loss maintenance diets varying in macronutrient content on regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) in brain regions involved in hunger and reward. METHODS In conjunction with a randomized controlled feeding trial, we investigated the effects of weight-loss maintenance diets varying in carbohydrate content [high, 60% of total energy: n = 20; 6 men/14 women; mean age: 32.5 y; mean BMI (in kg/m 2): 27.4; moderate, 40% of total energy: n = 22; 10 men/12 women; mean age: 32.5 y; mean BMI: 29.0; low, 20% of total energy: n = 28; 12 men/16 women; mean age: 33.2 y; mean BMI: 27.7] on rCBF in brain regions involved in hunger and reward preprandial and 4 h postprandial after 14-20 wk on the diets. The primary outcome was rCBF in the nucleus accumbens (NAcc) at 4 h postprandial; the secondary outcome was preprandial rCBF in the hypothalamus. RESULTS Consistent with a priori hypothesis, at 4 h postprandial, NAcc rCBF was 43% higher in adults assigned to the high- compared with low-carbohydrate diet {P[family-wise error (FWE)-corrected] < 0.05}. Preprandial hypothalamus rCBF was 41% higher on high-carbohydrate diet [P(FWE-corrected) < 0.001]. Exploratory analyses revealed that elevated rCBF on high-carbohydrate diet was not specific to prandial state: preprandial NAcc rCBF [P(FWE-corrected) < 0.001] and 4 h postprandial rCBF in hypothalamus [P(FWE-corrected) < 0.001]. Insulin secretion predicted differential postprandial activation of the NAcc by diet. CONCLUSIONS We report significant differences in rCBF in adults assigned to diets varying in carbohydrate content for several months, which appear to be partially associated with insulin secretion. These findings suggest that chronic intake of a high-carbohydrate diet may affect brain reward and homeostatic activity in ways that could impede weight-loss maintenance. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02300857.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura M Holsen
- Division of Women's Health and Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - W Scott Hoge
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Belinda S Lennerz
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- New Balance Foundation Obesity Prevention Center, Division of Endocrinology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Hilâl Cerit
- Division of Women's Health and Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Taryn Hye
- Division of Women's Health and Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Priyanka Moondra
- Division of Women's Health and Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jill M Goldstein
- Division of Women's Health and Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Cara B Ebbeling
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- New Balance Foundation Obesity Prevention Center, Division of Endocrinology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - David S Ludwig
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- New Balance Foundation Obesity Prevention Center, Division of Endocrinology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
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Abstract
As ultraprocessed foods (i.e., foods composed of mostly cheap industrial sources of dietary energy and nutrients plus additives) have become more abundant in our food supply, rates of obesity and diet-related disease have increased simultaneously. Food addiction has emerged as a phenotype of significant empirical interest within the past decade, conceptualized most commonly as a substance-based addiction to ultraprocessed foods. We detail (a) how approaches used to understand substance-use disorders may be applicable for operationalizing food addiction, (b) evidence for the reinforcing potential of ingredients in ultraprocessed foods that may drive compulsive consumptions, (c) the utility of conceptualizing food addiction as a substance-use disorder versus a behavioral addiction, and (d) clinical and policy implications that may follow if ultraprocessed foods exhibit an addictive potential. Broadly, the existing literature suggests biological and behavioral parallels between food addiction and substance addictions, with ultraprocessed foods high in both added fat and refined carbohydrates being most implicated in addictive-like eating. Future research priorities are also discussed, including the need for longitudinal studies and the potential negative impact of addictive ultraprocessed foods on children. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Nutrition, Volume 41 is September 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley N Gearhardt
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA;
| | - Erica M Schulte
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA;
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Rama Chandran S, Zaremba N, Harrison A, Choudhary P, Cheah Y, Allan J, Debong F, Reid F, Treasure J, Hopkins D, Ismail K, Stadler M. Disordered eating in women with type 1 diabetes: Continuous glucose monitoring reveals the complex interactions of glycaemia, self-care behaviour and emotion. Diabet Med 2021; 38:e14446. [PMID: 33141942 DOI: 10.1111/dme.14446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 10/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Glycaemia in people with type 1 diabetes and disordered eating is not well characterised. We explored the glycaemia, self-care behaviour and emotional state of women with type 1 diabetes and disordered eating. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS In all, 13 women with and 10 without disordered eating and type 1 diabetes participated in this case-control study. We used a mixed-methods approach with a 7-day blinded continuous glucose monitoring and real-time record of non-prompted capillary glucose (CG), emotion, activity and physical symptoms on a diabetes diary using a smartphone application (mySugr®). We compared groups using Mann-Whitney U test or Fisher's exact test. We conducted thematic analyses of free-text diary entries (NVivo®) and quantitative analysis of emotion/symptom tags. RESULTS People with type 1 diabetes and disordered eating spent longer time above range in level 2 hyperglycaemia (>13.9 mmol/L, Median [interquartile range]: 21% [16,60] vs 5% [2,17], p = 0.015). They had lower time in range and similar time below range compared to those without disordered eating. The standard deviation of CG was significantly higher in the disordered eating group (4.7 mmol/L [4.5, 6.1] vs 3 [2.8, 3.2], p = 0.018). The median of the percentage of rising sensor glucose trends was three times higher in the disordered eating group. They also had higher negative emotional and physical symptoms associated with high blood glucose (>15 mmol/L). CONCLUSIONS Disordered eating has a significant impact on the glycaemia and emotion of a person with type 1 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suresh Rama Chandran
- Department of Diabetes, King's College Hospital, London, UK
- Department of Endocrinology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore
| | - Natalie Zaremba
- Diabetes Research Group, King's College London, Weston Education Centre, London, UK
| | - Amy Harrison
- Diabetes Research Group, King's College London, Weston Education Centre, London, UK
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Pratik Choudhary
- Department of Diabetes, King's College Hospital, London, UK
- Diabetes Research Group, King's College London, Weston Education Centre, London, UK
| | - Yee Cheah
- Department of Diabetes, King's College Hospital, London, UK
| | - Jacqueline Allan
- Diabetes Research Group, King's College London, Weston Education Centre, London, UK
| | | | - Fiona Reid
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, Population Health, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Janet Treasure
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - David Hopkins
- Institute of Diabetes Endocrinology and Obesity, King's Health Partners, London, UK
| | - Khalida Ismail
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Marietta Stadler
- Diabetes Research Group, King's College London, Weston Education Centre, London, UK
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
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23
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Kahleova H, Tintera J, Thieme L, Veleba J, Klementova M, Kudlackova M, Malinska H, Oliyarnyk O, Markova I, Haluzik M, Pavlovicova R, Hill M, Tura A, Pelikanova T. A plant-based meal affects thalamus perfusion differently than an energy- and macronutrient-matched conventional meal in men with type 2 diabetes, overweight/obese, and healthy men: A three-group randomized crossover study. Clin Nutr 2020; 40:1822-1833. [PMID: 33081982 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2020.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Reward circuitry in the brain plays a key role in weight regulation. We tested the effects of a plant-based meal on these brain regions. METHODS A randomized crossover design was used to test the effects of two energy- and macronutrient-matched meals: a vegan (V-meal) and a conventional meat (M-meal) on brain activity, gastrointestinal hormones, and satiety in participants with type 2 diabetes (T2D; n = 20), overweight/obese participants (O; n = 20), and healthy controls (H; n = 20). Brain perfusion was measured, using arterial spin labeling functional brain imaging; satiety was assessed using a visual analogue scale; and plasma concentrations of gut hormones were determined at 0 and 180 min. Repeated-measures ANOVA was used for statistical analysis. Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons was applied. The Hedge's g statistic was used to measure the effect size for means of paired difference between the times (180-0 min) and meal types (M-V meal) for each group. RESULTS Thalamus perfusion was the highest in patients with T2D and the lowest in overweight/obese individuals (p = 0.001). Thalamus perfusion decreased significantly after ingestion of the M-meal in men with T2D (p = 0.04) and overweight/obese men (p = 0.004), and it decreased significantly after ingestion of the V-meal in healthy controls (p < 0.001; Group x Meal x Time: F = 3.4; p = 0.035). The effect size was -0.41 (95% CI, -1.14 to 0.31; p = 0.26) for men with diabetes; -0.72 (95% CI, -1.48 to 0.01; p = 0.05) for overweight/obese men; and 0.82 (95% CI, 0.09 to 1.59; p = 0.03) for healthy men. Postprandial secretion of active GLP-1 increased after the V-meal compared with the M-meal by 42% (95% CI 25-62%; p = 0.003) in men with T2D and by 41% (95% CI 24-61%; p = 0.002) in healthy controls. Changes in thalamus perfusion after ingestion of both test meals correlated with changes in satiety (r = +0.68; p < 0.01), fasting plasma insulin (r = +0.40; p < 0.01), C-peptide (r = +0.48; p < 0.01) and amylin (r = +0.55; p < 0.01), and insulin secretion at 5 mmol/l (r = +0.77; p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS The higher postprandial GLP-1 secretion after the V-meal in men with T2D, with concomitant greater satiety and changes in thalamus perfusion, suggest a potential use of plant-based meals in addressing the key pathophysiologic mechanisms of food intake regulation. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT02474147.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hana Kahleova
- Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic; Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine, Washington, DC, USA.
| | - Jaroslav Tintera
- Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Thieme
- Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jiri Veleba
- Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Marta Klementova
- Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic
| | | | - Hana Malinska
- Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Olena Oliyarnyk
- Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Irena Markova
- Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Haluzik
- Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Renata Pavlovicova
- Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Hill
- Institute of Endocrinology, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Andrea Tura
- Metabolic Unit, CNR Institute of Neuroscience, Padua, Italy
| | - Terezie Pelikanova
- Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic
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24
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Sethi S, Sinha A, Gearhardt AN. Low carbohydrate ketogenic therapy as a metabolic treatment for binge eating and ultraprocessed food addiction. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes 2020; 27:275-282. [PMID: 32773576 DOI: 10.1097/med.0000000000000571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The aim of this study was to highlight the recent advancements and future directions for potential use of a low carbohydrate ketogenic dietary approach to treat binge eating and ultraprocessed food addiction. Herein, we explore proposed mechanisms of why a diet low in refined carbohydrates, processed sugar and higher fat content may be helpful in alleviating symptoms. RECENT FINDINGS Emerging evidence suggests there may be a metabolic role in development of maladaptive eating. These findings broaden our understanding of eating psychopathology causes. Ultraprocessed, refined or high glycemic index carbohydrates are a possible trigger mediating neurochemical responses similar to addiction. The carbohydrate-insulin model of obesity supports observations of these foods triggering abnormal blood sugar and insulin spikes subsequently leading to changes in metabolic and neurobiological signaling. This results in overeating symptoms and hunger exacerbation, which differs from observed effects of healthy fat consumption and lack of similar insulin spikes. As supported in recent case series, significantly reducing or abstaining from these addictive-like ultraprocessed foods and highly refined carbohydrates could be considered a treatment approach. SUMMARY The current review highlights recent and pertinent evidence with respect to theoretical and practical application of low carbohydrate ketogenic therapeutic approaches for ultraprocessed food addiction and binge eating symptoms. VIDEO ABSTRACT:.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shebani Sethi
- Metabolic Psychiatry Clinic, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine
| | - Anika Sinha
- Department of Human Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Ashley N Gearhardt
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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25
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Monaco AP. An epigenetic, transgenerational model of increased mental health disorders in children, adolescents and young adults. Eur J Hum Genet 2020; 29:387-395. [PMID: 32948849 PMCID: PMC7940651 DOI: 10.1038/s41431-020-00726-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Prevalence rates of mental health disorders in children and adolescents have increased two to threefold from the 1990s to 2016. Some increase in prevalence may stem from changing environmental conditions in the current generation which interact with genes and inherited genetic variants. Current measured genetic variant effects do not explain fully the familial clustering and high heritability estimates in the population. Another model considers environmental conditions shifting in the previous generation, which altered brain circuits epigenetically and were transmitted to offspring via non-DNA-based mechanisms (intergenerational and transgenerational effects). Parental substance use, poor diet and obesity are environmental factors with known epigenetic intergenerational and transgenerational effects, that regulate set points in brain pathways integrating sensory-motor, reward and feeding behaviors. Using summary statistics for eleven neuropsychiatric and three metabolic disorders from 128,989 families, an epigenetic effect explains more of the estimated heritability when a portion of parental environmental effects are transmitted to offspring alongside additive genetic variance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony P Monaco
- Office of the President, Ballou Hall, Tufts University, Medford, MA, 02155, USA.
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26
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Yu AHM, Phoon PY, Ng GCF, Henry CJ. Physicochemical characteristics of green banana flour and its use in the development of konjac-green banana noodles. J Food Sci 2020; 85:3026-3033. [PMID: 32940358 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.15458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Asian noodles typically have high glycemic index, and an unbalanced diet heavily laden with carbohydrates has been linked to weight gain and obesity. Shirataki noodles from Japan is made from konjac glucomannan (KGM) and water and is widely known for its multiple health benefits and ability to promote satiety. However, it imparts negligible nutritional value due to its low energy content. In this study, the feasibility of making low calorie, gluten-free Shirataki noodles with improved nutritional value was shown by adding green banana flour (GBF), an underutilized subproduct of low commercial value and significance in the food industry. The optimal KGM-GBF noodles (with 6% w/w KGM, 35% w/w GBF) had 27% lower total energy content, 13% lower carbohydrate content, 5.4% higher fiber content, 2% higher ash content, and 80% hardness (as measured by texture profile analysis) when compared to commercial yellow alkaline wheat noodles. Multiple regression analysis showed that KGM level was a more influential factor than GBF level on the hardness of cooked KGM-GBF noodles (P < 0.01). The compatibility of GBF with KGM in noodle making lay in GBF's high gelatinizing and pasting temperatures, which allowed optimal KGM hydration during dough formation to develop the primary network structure in the noodles. Through this study, the potential of GBF as a functional food ingredient in product processing and nutrition enhancement was demonstrated. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: The addition of green banana flour can improve the nutritional value and sensorial properties of konjac (Shirataki) noodles. This offers a gluten-free and low glycemic index alternative to wheat and starch noodles currently available commercially. A novel method of noodle-making to create KGM noodles, without the use of high alkalinity, was developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley Hui Min Yu
- Singapore Institute of Food and Biotechnology Innovation (SIFBI), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, 138669, Singapore
| | - Pui Yeu Phoon
- Singapore Institute of Food and Biotechnology Innovation (SIFBI), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, 138669, Singapore
| | - Grace Cui Fang Ng
- Singapore Institute of Food and Biotechnology Innovation (SIFBI), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, 138669, Singapore
| | - Christiani Jeyakumar Henry
- Singapore Institute of Food and Biotechnology Innovation (SIFBI), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, 138669, Singapore.,Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117596, Singapore
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27
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Shimy KJ, Feldman HA, Klein GL, Bielak L, Ebbeling CB, Ludwig DS. Effects of Dietary Carbohydrate Content on Circulating Metabolic Fuel Availability in the Postprandial State. J Endocr Soc 2020; 4:bvaa062. [PMID: 32666008 PMCID: PMC7326475 DOI: 10.1210/jendso/bvaa062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Context According to the carbohydrate-insulin model of obesity, an elevated insulin-to-glucagon ratio in response to a high-carbohydrate diet directs metabolic fuels toward storage, resulting in lower circulating energy. Objective To determine differences in total circulating energy post-meal related to dietary carbohydrate. Design Ancillary study within the Framingham State Food Study. Setting University community. Participants 29 adults (aged 20 to 65 years) with overweight or obesity (body mass index ≥25 kg/m2) Intervention After achieving 10% to 14% weight loss on a run-in diet, participants were randomized to weight-loss-maintenance test diets varying in carbohydrate content (high-carbohydrate, 60% of total energy, n = 11; moderate-carbohydrate, 40%, n = 8; low-carbohydrate, 20%, n = 10) and controlled for protein (20%). During 24-hour metabolic ward admissions between 10 and 15 weeks on the test diets, metabolic fuels and hormones were measured. Main Outcome Measure Energy availability (EA) based on energy content of blood glucose, beta-hydroxybutyrate, and free fatty acids, in the late postprandial period (180 to 300 minutes). Insulin at 30 minutes into the test meal (Meal Insulin-30) was measured as an effect modifier. Results Insulin-to-glucagon ratio was 7-fold higher in participants on the high- vs low-carbohydrate diet (2.5 and 0.36, respectively). Late postprandial EA was 0.58 kcal/L lower on the high- vs low-carbohydrate diet (P < 0.0001), primarily related to suppression of free fatty acids. Early postprandial EA (30 to 180 minutes) declined fastest in the high-carbohydrate group, and Meal Insulin-30 modified this diet effect. Conclusions During weight-loss maintenance on a high-carbohydrate diet, late postprandial EA is reduced, consistent with the carbohydrate-insulin model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim J Shimy
- New Balance Foundation Obesity Prevention Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Division of Endocrinology, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC
| | - Henry A Feldman
- Institutional Centers for Clinical and Translational Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Gloria L Klein
- New Balance Foundation Obesity Prevention Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Lisa Bielak
- New Balance Foundation Obesity Prevention Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Cara B Ebbeling
- New Balance Foundation Obesity Prevention Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - David S Ludwig
- New Balance Foundation Obesity Prevention Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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28
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Saunders KH, Igel LI, Tchang BG. Surgical and Nonsurgical Weight Loss for Patients with Obstructive Sleep Apnea. Otolaryngol Clin North Am 2020; 53:409-420. [PMID: 32334866 DOI: 10.1016/j.otc.2020.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
A strong association exists between excess weight and obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), and most patients with OSA have elevated body mass index. Weight loss is an essential part of treatment for patients with OSA and overweight or obesity. Lifestyle interventions are cornerstones of weight management. However, most patients have difficulty achieving and maintaining clinically significant weight loss with lifestyle interventions alone. Health care providers who treat patients with OSA should be familiar with advanced treatment options for overweight and obesity including antiobesity medications, bariatric surgery, and devices. The future of weight management is a customized, multidisciplinary approach for each patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine H Saunders
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Comprehensive Weight Control Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1165 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA.
| | - Leon I Igel
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Comprehensive Weight Control Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1165 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Beverly G Tchang
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Comprehensive Weight Control Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1165 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
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29
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The Mediterranean way: why elderly people should eat wholewheat sourdough bread-a little known component of the Mediterranean diet and healthy food for elderly adults. Aging Clin Exp Res 2020; 32:1-5. [PMID: 31721096 DOI: 10.1007/s40520-019-01392-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The aim of this review is to describe animal models that simulate the features of eating disorders. The literature pertaining to animal models that are of relevance for clinical eating disorders and the possible underpinning mechanisms was reviewed using PubMed, Ovid database and Google Scholar. RECENT FINDINGS New refinements of the circuits regulated by neurotransmitters and neuropeptides which instigate eating behaviours and the various feedback pathways which monitor acute and chronic nutrient status continue to be discovered. Moreover, work with the animal models that simulate the behavioural features and risk factors related to eating disorders is flourishing and providing new insights into possible causal mechanisms. For example, rodents develop binge-eating behaviours if they are intermittently exposed to processed, palatable foods and/or sugar adulterated drinks. This led to the controversial conceptualization of binge eating as a form of food addiction. Self-starvation taken to a fatal consequence such as occurs in anorexia nervosa can emerge in rodents exposed to triggers like social exclusion and/or the opportunity to exercise. SUMMARY There are plausible animal models for both anorexia nervosa and binge-eating disorders. These can be used to elaborate the theoretical models to explain the mechanisms underpinning eating disorders.
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31
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Iozzo P, Guzzardi MA. Imaging of brain glucose uptake by PET in obesity and cognitive dysfunction: life-course perspective. Endocr Connect 2019; 8:R169-R183. [PMID: 31590145 PMCID: PMC6865363 DOI: 10.1530/ec-19-0348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The prevalence of obesity has reached epidemic proportions and keeps growing. Obesity seems implicated in the pathogenesis of cognitive dysfunction, Alzheimer's disease and dementia, and vice versa. Growing scientific efforts are being devoted to the identification of central mechanisms underlying the frequent association between obesity and cognitive dysfunction. Glucose brain handling undergoes dynamic changes during the life-course, suggesting that its alterations might precede and contribute to degenerative changes or signaling abnormalities. Imaging of the glucose analog 18F-labeled fluorodeoxyglucose (18FDG) by positron emission tomography (PET) is the gold-standard for the assessment of cerebral glucose metabolism in vivo. This review summarizes the current literature addressing brain glucose uptake measured by PET imaging, and the effect of insulin on brain metabolism, trying to embrace a life-course vision in the identification of patterns that may explain (and contribute to) the frequent association between obesity and cognitive dysfunction. The current evidence supports that brain hypermetabolism and brain insulin resistance occur in selected high-risk conditions as a transient phenomenon, eventually evolving toward normal or low values during life or disease progression. Associative studies suggest that brain hypermetabolism predicts low BDNF levels, hepatic and whole body insulin resistance, food desire and an unfavorable balance between anticipated reward from food and cognitive inhibitory control. Emerging mechanistic links involve the microbiota and the metabolome, which correlate with brain metabolism and cognition, deserving attention as potential future prevention targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Iozzo
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council (CNR), Pisa, Italy
- Correspondence should be addressed to P Iozzo:
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32
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Mozaffarian D. Dairy Foods, Obesity, and Metabolic Health: The Role of the Food Matrix Compared with Single Nutrients. Adv Nutr 2019; 10:917S-923S. [PMID: 31518410 PMCID: PMC6743828 DOI: 10.1093/advances/nmz053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Revised: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
In the 20th century, scientific and geopolitical events led to the concept of food as a delivery system for calories and specific isolated nutrients. As a result, conventional dietary guidelines have focused on individual nutrients to maintain health and prevent disease. For dairy foods, this has led to general dietary recommendations to consume 2-3 daily servings of reduced-fat dairy foods, without regard to type (e.g., yogurt, cheese, milk), largely based on theorized benefits of isolated nutrients for bone health (e.g., calcium, vitamin D) and theorized harms of isolated nutrients for cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) and obesity (e.g., total fat, saturated fat, total calories). However, advances in nutrition science have demonstrated that foods represent complex matrices of nutrients, minerals, bioactives, food structures, and other factors (e.g., phoshopholipids, prebiotics, probiotics) with correspondingly complex effects on health and disease. The present evidence suggests that whole-fat dairy foods do not cause weight gain, that overall dairy consumption increases lean body mass and reduces body fat, that yogurt consumption and probiotics reduce weight gain, that fermented dairy consumption including cheese is linked to lower CVD risk, and that yogurt, cheese, and even dairy fat may protect against type 2 diabetes. Based on the current science, dairy consumption is part of a healthy diet, without strong evidence to favor reduced-fat products; while intakes of probiotic-containing unsweetened and fermented dairy products such as yogurt and cheese appear especially beneficial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dariush Mozaffarian
- Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
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33
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Satiating Effect of a Ketogenic Diet and Its Impact on Muscle Improvement and Oxidation State in Multiple Sclerosis Patients. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11051156. [PMID: 31126118 PMCID: PMC6566517 DOI: 10.3390/nu11051156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Revised: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: It was previously established that Multiple sclerosis (MS) generates energy alterations at the mitochondrial level related to the loss of muscle mass. Ketone bodies, mainly beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB), re-establish this energy alteration causing satiety, changes in body composition and a decrease in hormone-dependant hunger, such as ghrelin. The aim of this study was to establish possible improvements in body composition and the level of oxidation in patients with MS, by means of the satiating effect of a ketogenic diet. Methods: A pilot study was carried out with 27 MS patients who were given a Mediterranean isocaloric and ketogenic diet for 4 months. Anthropometric measurements, as well as satiety and hunger perception (VAS scale), were taken. In addition, BHB and paraoxonase 1 (PON1), as an oxidation marker, were measured by spectrophotometric automated assays, and ghrelin was determined by an enzyme immunoassay in the serum. All measurements were taken before and after the intervention. Results: A significant increase in satiety perception at lunch and dinner and of BHB in the blood was obtained. Hunger perception decreased significantly at lunch and dinner with similar levels of ghrelin. In addition, an important increase in lean mass and PON1 was observed. To our knowledge, this is the first study addressing improvements in body composition, oxidation state and metabolism in MS patients, based on the satiating effect of a Mediterranean isocaloric diet. Conclusion: A ketogenic diet increases lean mass and decreases inflammation and oxidation possibly as a consequence of an increase in satiety and decrease in hunger in MS patients.
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Kadar GE, Thompson HG. Obesity bias among preclinical and clinical chiropractic students and faculty at an integrative health care institution: A cross-sectional study. THE JOURNAL OF CHIROPRACTIC EDUCATION 2019; 33:8-15. [PMID: 30044139 PMCID: PMC6417871 DOI: 10.7899/jce-17-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2017] [Revised: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 03/05/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to assess the prevalence of obesity bias among preclinical and clinical chiropractic students and faculty at an integrative health care academic institution. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional quantitative, single-method survey with group comparison using the Beliefs About Obese Persons scale (BAOP) and the Attitudes Toward Obese Persons scale. Both instruments were administered as a single 28 question survey via email to 450 students and 46 faculty members in a doctor of chiropractic (DC) program. Differences were determined by 2 tailed t tests. RESULTS: The response rate for faculty and students was 31% and 65%, respectively. One hundred forty-three DC students, preclinical ( n = 65) and clinical ( n = 78), and 30 DC faculty, preclinical ( n = 15) and clinical ( n = 15) completed the survey. Both students and faculty harbored antiobesity attitudes and moderate antiobesity beliefs. Students demonstrated slightly more positive attitudes toward obese persons than did preclinical faculty. Although preclinical faculty did not demonstrate more biased attitudes than did preclinical students ( p = .057), they were more biased than clinical students ( p = .26). On the BAOP, preclinical faculty scored significantly lower than both preclinical students and clinical students ( p = .013 and .017, respectively). CONCLUSION: Obesity bias was common among clinical and preclinical chiropractic students and faculty at our institution. A cultural shift that reduces bias may require changes in both the curriculum and cocurriculum.
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Zafar MI, Mills KE, Zheng J, Peng MM, Ye X, Chen LL. Low glycaemic index diets as an intervention for obesity: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Obes Rev 2019; 20:290-315. [PMID: 30460737 DOI: 10.1111/obr.12791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Revised: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Low glycaemic index (GI) diets may aid in weight loss by reducing postprandial blood glucose excursions, leading to more stable blood glucose concentrations and therefore a reduction in hunger. To test this hypothesis, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials comparing low GI diets with other diet types. METHODS We included 101 studies involving 109 study arms and 8,527 participants. We meta-analysed the studies using a random-effects model and conducted subgroup analyses and meta-regression based on control diet, blood glucose control, baseline BMI and dietary GI. RESULTS Low GI diets resulted in small but significant improvements in body weight, BMI, LDL and total cholesterol overall, although no individual control diet was significantly different from low GI diets. Studies in people with normal blood glucose who achieved a difference in GI of 20 points or more resulted in a larger reduction in body weight (SMD = -0.26; 95% CIs [-0.43, -0.09]), and total cholesterol (SMD = -0.24; 95% CIs [-0.42, -0.05]) than studies that only achieved a smaller reduction in GI. CONCLUSIONS Low GI diets, especially diets achieving a substantial decrease in GI, were moderately effective in lowering body weight. However, efforts should be made to increase compliance with low GI diets, in order for them to be effective in people with overweight and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- M I Zafar
- Department of Endocrinology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - K E Mills
- Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Canberra, Canberra, Australia
| | - J Zheng
- Department of Endocrinology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - M M Peng
- Department of Endocrinology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - X Ye
- Department of Endocrinology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - L L Chen
- Department of Endocrinology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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A Novel Spatiotemporal Longitudinal Methodology for Predicting Obesity Using Near Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS) Cerebral Functional Activity Data. Cognit Comput 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s12559-017-9541-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor β/δ does not regulate glucose uptake and lactose synthesis in bovine mammary epithelial cells cultivated in vitro. J DAIRY RES 2018; 85:295-302. [PMID: 29941059 DOI: 10.1017/s0022029918000365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The hypothesis of the study was that inhibition of PPARβ/δ increases glucose uptake and lactose synthesis in bovine mammary epithelial cells by reducing the expression of the glucose transporter mRNA destabiliser calreticulin. Three experiments were conducted to test the hypothesis using immortalised bovine mammary alveolar (MACT) and primary bovine mammary (PBMC) cells. In Experiment 1, the most effective dose to inhibit PPARβ/δ activity among two synthetic antagonists (GSK-3787 and PT-s58) was assessed using a gene reporter assay. In Experiment 2, the effect on glucose uptake and lactose synthesis was evaluated by measuring glucose and lactose in the media and expression of related key genes upon modulation of PPARβ/δ using GSK-3787, the synthetic PPARβ/δ agonist GW-501516, or a combination of the two in cells cultivated in plastic. In Experiment 3, the same treatments were applied to cells cultivated in Matrigel and glucose and lactose in media were measured. In Experiment 1 it was determined that a significant inhibition of PPARβ/δ in the presence or absence of fetal bovine serum was achieved with ≥ 1000 nm GSK-3787 but no significant inhibition was observed with PT-s58. In Experiment 2, inhibition of PPARβ/δ had no effect on glucose uptake and lactose synthesis but they were both increased by GW-501516 in PBMC. The mRNA abundance of PPARβ/δ target gene pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 4 was increased but transcription of calreticulin was decreased (only in MACT cells) by GW-501516. Treatment with GSK-3787 did not affect the transcription of measured genes. No effects on glucose uptake or lactose synthesis were detected by modulation of PPARβ/δ activity on cells cultivated in Matrigel. The above data do not provide support for the original hypothesis and suggest that PPARβ/δ does not play a major role in glucose uptake and lactose synthesis in bovine mammary epithelial cells.
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Belfort-DeAguiar R, Seo D, Lacadie C, Naik S, Schmidt C, Lam W, Hwang J, Constable T, Sinha R, Sherwin RS. Humans with obesity have disordered brain responses to food images during physiological hyperglycemia. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2018; 314:E522-E529. [PMID: 29381374 PMCID: PMC6048387 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00335.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Blood glucose levels influence brain regulation of food intake. This study assessed the effect of mild physiological hyperglycemia on brain response to food cues in individuals with obesity (OB) versus normal weight individuals (NW). Brain responses in 10 OB and 10 NW nondiabetic healthy adults [body mass index: 34 (3) vs. 23 (2) kg/m2, means (SD), P < 0.0001] were measured with functional MRI (blood oxygen level-dependent contrast) in combination with a two-step normoglycemic-hyperglycemic clamp. Participants were shown food and nonfood images during normoglycemia (~95 mg/dl) and hyperglycemia (~130 mg/dl). Plasma glucose levels were comparable in both groups during the two-step clamp ( P = not significant). Insulin and leptin levels were higher in the OB group compared with NW, whereas ghrelin levels were lower (all P < 0.05). During hyperglycemia, insula activity showed a group-by-glucose level effect. When compared with normoglycemia, hyperglycemia resulted in decreased activity in the hypothalamus and putamen in response to food images ( P < 0.001) in the NW group, whereas the OB group exhibited increased activity in insula, putamen, and anterior and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (aPFC/dlPFC; P < 0.001). These data suggest that OB, compared with NW, appears to have disruption of brain responses to food cues during hyperglycemia, with reduced insula response in NW but increased insula response in OB, an area involved in food perception and interoception. In a post hoc analysis, brain activity in obesity appears to be associated with dysregulated motivation (striatum) and inappropriate self-control (aPFC/dlPFC) to food cues during hyperglycemia. Hyperstimulation for food and insensitivity to internal homeostatic signals may favor food consumption to possibly play a role in the pathogenesis of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Belfort-DeAguiar
- Section of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine , New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Dongju Seo
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine , New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Cheryl Lacadie
- Department of Radiology, Yale University School of Medicine , New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Sarita Naik
- Section of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine , New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Christian Schmidt
- Section of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine , New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Wai Lam
- Section of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine , New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Janice Hwang
- Section of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine , New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Todd Constable
- Department of Radiology, Yale University School of Medicine , New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Rajita Sinha
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine , New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Robert S Sherwin
- Section of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine , New Haven, Connecticut
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Co-Ingestion of Rice Bran Soymilk or Plain Soymilk with White Bread: Effects on the Glycemic and Insulinemic Response. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10040449. [PMID: 29617350 PMCID: PMC5946234 DOI: 10.3390/nu10040449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Revised: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The regular consumption of soy products is associated with inverse incidence of type 2 diabetes, and there has been an increasing interest in the glycemia reducing potential of rice bran and its components. In this study, we investigated whether consuming soymilk with the addition of rice bran (fiber) can reduce the glycemic response of a carbohydrate meal. Seventeen healthy Asian men (BMI: 18.5–29 kg/m2) participated in this randomized crossover trial. On four occasions, they consumed white bread (two times) and white bread with two different soymilks differing in protein and rice bran content. Blood samples were taken to measure glucose and insulin response over a period of 3 hours. Taking the glycemic index (GI) value of white bread as a reference value of 100, the GI of white bread when co-ingested with rice bran soymilk (RBS) was 83.1 (±7.7) and sugar-free soymilk (SFS) was 77.5 (±10.1), both were lower than white bread (p < 0.05). The insulin response of both soymilk treatments was similar to white bread (p > 0.05). The glucose/insulin ratio of RBS and SFS were respectively 43.1 (±6.1) and 60.0 (±17.0) and were lower (p < 0.05) than white bread (123.5 ± 21.1) during the first 30 min. In conclusion, co-ingestion of low amounts of soy protein with a carbohydrate meal stimulated early-phase insulin secretion and thereby increased blood glucose clearance effectiveness. Furthermore, rice bran-fortified soymilk reduced the glycemic response similarly to soymilk with a greater dose of soy protein. Rice bran and its components offer therapeutic potential for glycemic and insulinemic control.
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Treasure J, Leslie M, Chami R, Fernández-Aranda F. Are trans diagnostic models of eating disorders fit for purpose? A consideration of the evidence for food addiction. EUROPEAN EATING DISORDERS REVIEW 2018; 26:83-91. [DOI: 10.1002/erv.2578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Revised: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Janet Treasure
- Section of Eating Disorders, Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience; King's College London; London UK
| | - Monica Leslie
- Section of Eating Disorders, Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience; King's College London; London UK
| | - Rayane Chami
- Section of Eating Disorders, Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience; King's College London; London UK
| | - Fernando Fernández-Aranda
- Eating Disorders Unit, Department of Psychiatry; University Hospital of Bellvitge and CIBERobn (ISCIII); Barcelona Spain
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Onna Lo YM. Glycemic Index and Glycemic Load. Integr Med (Encinitas) 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-35868-2.00087-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Leigh SJ, Morris MJ. The role of reward circuitry and food addiction in the obesity epidemic: An update. Biol Psychol 2018; 131:31-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2016.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Revised: 10/10/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Lennerz B, Lennerz JK. Food Addiction, High-Glycemic-Index Carbohydrates, and Obesity. Clin Chem 2017; 64:64-71. [PMID: 29158252 DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2017.273532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Treatment success in obesity remains low, and recently food addiction has been delineated as an underlying etiologic factor with therapeutic relevance. Specifically, current treatment focuses on reduced food intake and increase of physical activity, whereas interventions for addiction encompass behavioral therapy, abstinence, and environmental interventions such as taxation, restrictions on advertising, and regulation of school menus. CONTENT Here, we reviewed the pertinent literature on food addiction with a specific focus on the role of high-glycemic-index carbohydrates in triggering addictive symptoms. Three lines of evidence support the concept of food addiction: (a) behavioral responses to certain foods are similar to substances of abuse; (b) food intake regulation and addiction rely on similar neurobiological circuits; (c) individuals suffering from obesity or addiction show similar neurochemical- and brain activation patterns.High-glycemic-index carbohydrates elicit a rapid shift in blood glucose and insulin levels, akin to the pharmacokinetics of addictive substances. Similar to drugs of abuse, glucose and insulin signal to the mesolimbic system to modify dopamine concentration. Sugar elicits addiction-like craving, and self-reported problem foods are rich in high-glycemic-index carbohydrates. These properties make high-glycemic-index carbohydrates plausible triggers for food addiction. SUMMARY We argue that food addiction is a plausible etiological factor contributing to the heterogeneous condition and phenotype of obesity. In at least a subset of vulnerable individuals, high-glycemic-index carbohydrates trigger addiction-like neurochemical and behavioral responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belinda Lennerz
- Boston Children's Hospital, Division of Endocrinology & Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA;
| | - Jochen K Lennerz
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Department of Pathology, Center for Integrated Diagnostics & Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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Dopamine D2 Receptor Signaling in the Nucleus Accumbens Comprises a Metabolic-Cognitive Brain Interface Regulating Metabolic Components of Glucose Reinforcement. Neuropsychopharmacology 2017; 42:2365-2376. [PMID: 28580946 PMCID: PMC5645735 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2017.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2017] [Revised: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 05/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Appetitive drive is influenced by coordinated interactions between brain circuits that regulate reinforcement and homeostatic signals that control metabolism. Glucose modulates striatal dopamine (DA) and regulates appetitive drive and reinforcement learning. Striatal DA D2 receptors (D2Rs) also regulate reinforcement learning and are implicated in glucose-related metabolic disorders. Nevertheless, interactions between striatal D2R and peripheral glucose have not been previously described. Here we show that manipulations involving striatal D2R signaling coincide with perseverative and impulsive-like responding for sucrose, a disaccharide consisting of fructose and glucose. Fructose conveys orosensory (ie, taste) reinforcement but does not convey metabolic (ie, nutrient-derived) reinforcement. Glucose however conveys orosensory reinforcement but unlike fructose, it is a major metabolic energy source, underlies sustained reinforcement, and activates striatal circuitry. We found that mice with deletion of dopamine- and cAMP-regulated neuronal phosphoprotein (DARPP-32) exclusively in D2R-expressing cells exhibited preferential D2R changes in the nucleus accumbens (NAc), a striatal region that critically regulates sucrose reinforcement. These changes coincided with perseverative and impulsive-like responding for sucrose pellets and sustained reinforcement learning of glucose-paired flavors. These mice were also characterized by significant glucose intolerance (ie, impaired glucose utilization). Systemic glucose administration significantly attenuated sucrose operant responding and D2R activation or blockade in the NAc bidirectionally modulated blood glucose levels and glucose tolerance. Collectively, these results implicate NAc D2R in regulating both peripheral glucose levels and glucose-dependent reinforcement learning behaviors and highlight the notion that glucose metabolic impairments arising from disrupted NAc D2R signaling are involved in compulsive and perseverative feeding behaviors.
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Abstract
Diet has become one of the top risk factors for poor health. The incidence of cardiometabolic disease in the United Sates, in Mexico, and in most countries is driven fundamentally by changes in diet quality. Weight gain has been typically framed as a problem of excess caloric intake, but, as reviewed in this paper, subtle changes in the quality of diet are associated with long-term weight gain. In order to successfully address obesity and diabetes, researchers and policy makers have to better understand how weight gain in the long term is modulated and to change the focus of research and public policy from one based on counting calories to one based on diet quality and its determinants at various levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dariush Mozaffarian
- D. Mozaffarian is with the Friedman School of Nutrition Science & Policy, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
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Driscoll KA, Corbin KD, Maahs DM, Pratley R, Bishop FK, Kahkoska A, Hood KK, Mayer-Davis E. Biopsychosocial Aspects of Weight Management in Type 1 Diabetes: a Review and Next Steps. Curr Diab Rep 2017; 17:58. [PMID: 28660565 PMCID: PMC6053070 DOI: 10.1007/s11892-017-0892-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review aims to summarize the type 1 diabetes (T1D) and weight literature with an emphasis on barriers associated with weight management, the unique T1D-specific factors that impact weight loss success, maladaptive and adaptive strategies for weight loss, and interventions to promote weight loss. RECENT FINDINGS Weight gain is associated with intensive insulin therapy. Overweight and obese weight status in individuals with T1D is higher than the general population and prevalence is rising. A variety of demographic (e.g., female sex), clinical (e.g., greater insulin needs), environmental (e.g., skipping meals), and psychosocial (e.g., depression, stress) factors are associated with overweight/obese weight status in T1D. Fear of hypoglycemia is a significant barrier to engagement in physical activity. Studies evaluating adaptive weight loss strategies in people with T1D are limited. There is a growing literature highlighting the prevalence and seriousness of overweight and obesity among both youth and adults with T1D. There is an urgent need to develop evidence-based weight management guidelines and interventions that address the unique concerns of individuals with T1D and that concurrently address glycemic control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly A Driscoll
- Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado Denver, 1775 Aurora Ct, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA.
| | - Karen D Corbin
- Florida Hospital Translational Research Institute for Metabolism and Diabetes, 301 East Princeton Street, Orlando, FL, 32804, USA
| | - David M Maahs
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, 300 Pasteur Dr, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Richard Pratley
- Florida Hospital Translational Research Institute for Metabolism and Diabetes, 301 East Princeton Street, Orlando, FL, 32804, USA
| | - Franziska K Bishop
- Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado Denver, 1775 Aurora Ct, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Anna Kahkoska
- Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 135 Dauer Drive, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Korey K Hood
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, 300 Pasteur Dr, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Elizabeth Mayer-Davis
- Department of Nutrition, The University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-7461, USA
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Sugar, perceived healthfulness, and satiety: When does a sugary preload lead people to eat more? Appetite 2017; 114:338-349. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2017.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Revised: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Kline L, Jones-Smith J, Jaime Miranda J, Pratt M, Reis RS, Rivera JA, Sallis JF, Popkin BM. A research agenda to guide progress on childhood obesity prevention in Latin America. Obes Rev 2017; 18 Suppl 2:19-27. [PMID: 28741906 PMCID: PMC5560467 DOI: 10.1111/obr.12572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Childhood obesity rates in Latin America are among the highest in the world. This paper examines and evaluates the many efforts underway in the region to reduce and prevent further increases in obesity, identifies and discusses unique research challenges and opportunities in Latin America, and proposes a research agenda in Latin America for the prevention of childhood obesity and concomitant non-communicable diseases. Identified research gaps include biological challenges to healthy growth across the life cycle, diet and physical activity dynamics, community interventions promoting healthy child growth, and rigorous evaluation of national food and activity programs and regulatory actions. Addressing these research gaps is critical to advance the evidence-based policy and practice in childhood obesity tailored to the Latin American context that will be effective in addressing obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Kline
- Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - J Jones-Smith
- Department of Health Services, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - J Jaime Miranda
- CRONICAS Center of Excellence in Chronic Diseases, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - M Pratt
- University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, Institute for Public Health, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - R S Reis
- George Warren Brown School of Social Work, Washington University in St. Louis, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - J A Rivera
- National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - J F Sallis
- Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - B M Popkin
- Carolina Population Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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The impact of gut hormones on the neural circuit of appetite and satiety: A systematic review. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2017; 80:457-475. [PMID: 28669754 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2017] [Revised: 06/08/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The brain-gut-axis is an interdependent system affecting neural functions and controlling our eating behaviour. In recent decades, neuroimaging techniques have facilitated its investigation. We systematically looked into functional and neurochemical brain imaging studies investigating how key molecules such as ghrelin, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), peptide tyrosine-tyrosine (PYY), cholecystokinin (CCK), leptin, glucose and insulin influence the function of brain regions regulating appetite and satiety. Of the 349 studies published before July 2016 identified in the database search, 40 were included (27 on healthy and 13 on obese subjects). Our systematic review suggests that the plasma level of ghrelin, the gut hormone promoting appetite, is positively correlated with activation in the pre-frontal cortex (PFC), amygdala and insula and negatively correlated with activation in subcortical areas such as the hypothalamus. In contrast, the plasma levels of glucose, insulin, leptin, PYY, GLP-1 affect the same brain regions conversely. Our study integrates previous investigations of the gut-brain matrix during food-intake and homeostatic regulation and may be of use for future meta-analyses of brain-gut interactions.
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