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Hutelin Z, Ahrens M, Baugh ME, Oster ME, Hanlon AL, DiFeliceantonio AG. Creation and validation of a NOVA scored picture set to evaluate ultra-processed foods. Appetite 2024; 198:107358. [PMID: 38621591 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2024.107358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
There has been a rapid shift in the modern food environment towards increased processing in foods consumed in the United States (US) and globally. The NOVA system (not an acronym) for classifying food on degree of processing currently has the most empirical support. Consumption of foods in the NOVA 4 category, ultra-processed foods (UPF), is a risk factor for a host of poor health outcomes including heart disease, stroke, and cancer. Despite these poor health outcomes, UPF make up 58% of calories consumed in the US. Methodologies for assessing the reinforcing and rewarding properties of these foods are necessary tools. The Becker-DeGroot-Marschak auction paradigm (BDM) is a well validated tool for measuring value and is amenable to neuromonitoring environments. To allow for the testing of hypotheses based on level of food processing, we present a picture set of 14 UPF and 14 minimally-processed foods (MPF) matched on visual properties, food characteristics (fat, carbohydrate, cost, etc.), and rated perceptual properties. Further, we report our scoring of these foods using the NOVA classification system and provide additional data from credentialed nutrition professionals and on inter-rater reliability using NOVA, a critique of the system. Finally, we provide all pictures, data, and code used to create this picture set as a tool for researchers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zach Hutelin
- Graduate Program in Translational Biology, Medicine, and Health, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States; Fralin Biomedical Research Institute, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA, United States.
| | - Monica Ahrens
- Center for Biostatistics and Health Data Science, Department of Statistics, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA, United States
| | | | - Mary E Oster
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA, United States
| | - Alexandra L Hanlon
- Center for Biostatistics and Health Data Science, Department of Statistics, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA, United States
| | - Alexandra G DiFeliceantonio
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA, United States; Department of Human Nutrition, Foods, and Exercise, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
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Howes EM, Parker MK, Misyak SA, DiFeliceantonio AG, Davy BM, Brown LEC, Hedrick VE. The Impact of Weight Bias and Stigma on the 24 h Dietary Recall Process in Adults with Overweight and Obesity: A Pilot Study. Nutrients 2024; 16:191. [PMID: 38257084 PMCID: PMC10818297 DOI: 10.3390/nu16020191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
People with overweight and obesity tend to both underreport dietary energy intake and experience weight stigma. This exploratory pilot study aimed to determine the relationship between weight bias and weight stigma and energy intake reporting accuracy. Thirty-nine weight-stable adults with BMI ≥ 25 completed three 24 h dietary recalls; indirect calorimetry to measure resting metabolic rate; a survey measuring weight stigma, psychosocial constructs, and physical activity; and a semi-structured qualitative interview. Multiple linear regression was used to determine if weight bias internalization, weight bias toward others, and experiences of weight stigma were predictive of the accuracy of energy reporting. A thematic analysis was conducted for the qualitative interviews. Weight stigma was reported by 64.1% of the sample. Weight stigma constructs did not predict the accuracy of energy intake reporting. People with obesity underreported by a mean of 477 kcals (p = 0.02). People classified as overweight overreported by a mean of 144 kcals, but this was not significant (p = 0.18). Participants reported a desire to report accurate data despite concerns about reporting socially undesirable foods. Future research should quantify the impact of weight stigma on energy reporting in 24 h recalls using a larger, more diverse sample size and objective measures like doubly labeled water for validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica M. Howes
- Department of Human Nutrition, Foods and Exercise, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA; (M.K.P.); (S.A.M.); (A.G.D.); (B.M.D.); (V.E.H.)
| | - Molly K. Parker
- Department of Human Nutrition, Foods and Exercise, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA; (M.K.P.); (S.A.M.); (A.G.D.); (B.M.D.); (V.E.H.)
| | - Sarah A. Misyak
- Department of Human Nutrition, Foods and Exercise, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA; (M.K.P.); (S.A.M.); (A.G.D.); (B.M.D.); (V.E.H.)
| | - Alexandra G. DiFeliceantonio
- Department of Human Nutrition, Foods and Exercise, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA; (M.K.P.); (S.A.M.); (A.G.D.); (B.M.D.); (V.E.H.)
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at VTC, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA 24016, USA
| | - Brenda M. Davy
- Department of Human Nutrition, Foods and Exercise, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA; (M.K.P.); (S.A.M.); (A.G.D.); (B.M.D.); (V.E.H.)
| | | | - Valisa E. Hedrick
- Department of Human Nutrition, Foods and Exercise, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA; (M.K.P.); (S.A.M.); (A.G.D.); (B.M.D.); (V.E.H.)
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Rego MLM, Leslie E, Capra BT, Helder M, Yu W, Katz B, Davy KP, Hedrick VE, Davy BM, DiFeliceantonio AG. The influence of ultra-processed food consumption on reward processing and energy intake: Background, design, and methods of a controlled feeding trial in adolescents and young adults. Contemp Clin Trials 2023; 135:107381. [PMID: 37935307 PMCID: PMC10872704 DOI: 10.1016/j.cct.2023.107381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The greatest age-related weight gain occurs in the early/mid-20s. Overall dietary quality among adolescents and emerging adults (age 18-25) is poor, with ultra-processed foods (UPF) representing more than two-thirds of adolescents' total energy intake (i.e., 68%). UPF consumption may impact cognitive and neurobiological factors that influence dietary decision-making and energy intake (EI). To date, no research has addressed this in this population. METHODS Participants aged 18-25 will undergo two 14-day controlled feeding periods (81% UPF, 0% UPF) using a randomly assigned crossover design, with a 4-week washout between conditions. Brain response to a UPF-rich milkshake, as well as behavioral measures of executive function, will be evaluated before and after each diet. Following each diet, measurements include ad libitum buffet meal EI, food selection, eating rate, and eating in the absence of hunger (EAH). Prior to initiating recruitment, controlled diet menus, buffet, and EAH snacks were developed and evaluated for palatability. Sensory and texture attributes of buffet and EAH snack foods were also evaluated. RESULTS Overall diet palatability was rated "like very much" (8)/"like moderately"(7) (UPF: 7.6 ± 1.0; Non-UPF: 6.8 ± 1.5). Subjective hardness rating (range = 1-9 [1 = soft, 9 = hard] was similar between UPF and Non-UPF buffet and snack items (UPF:4.22 ± 2.19, Non-UPF: 4.70 ± 2.03), as was the objective measure of hardness (UPF: 2874.33 ± 2497.06 g, Non-UPF: 2243.32 ± 1700.51 g). CONCLUSIONS Findings could contribute to an emerging neurobiological understanding of the effects of UPF consumption including energy overconsumption and weight gain among individuals at a critical developmental stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria L M Rego
- Department of Human Nutrition, Foods, and Exercise, Virginia Tech, USA.
| | - Emma Leslie
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute, Virginia Tech, USA
| | - Bailey T Capra
- Department of Human Nutrition, Foods, and Exercise, Virginia Tech, USA
| | - Mckenna Helder
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Virginia Tech, USA
| | - Wenjing Yu
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute, Virginia Tech, USA
| | - Benjamin Katz
- Department of Human Development and Family Science, Virginia Tech, USA
| | - Kevin P Davy
- Department of Human Nutrition, Foods, and Exercise, Virginia Tech, USA
| | - Valisa E Hedrick
- Department of Human Nutrition, Foods, and Exercise, Virginia Tech, USA
| | - Brenda M Davy
- Department of Human Nutrition, Foods, and Exercise, Virginia Tech, USA
| | - Alexandra G DiFeliceantonio
- Department of Human Nutrition, Foods, and Exercise, Virginia Tech, USA; Fralin Biomedical Research Institute, Virginia Tech, USA
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Quddos F, Hubshman Z, Tegge A, Sane D, Marti E, Kablinger AS, Gatchalian KM, Kelly AL, DiFeliceantonio AG, Bickel WK. Semaglutide and Tirzepatide reduce alcohol consumption in individuals with obesity. Sci Rep 2023; 13:20998. [PMID: 38017205 PMCID: PMC10684505 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-48267-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD) contributes significantly to global mortality. GLP-1 (Glucagon-like peptide-1) and GLP-1/GIP (Glucose-dependent Insulinotropic Polypeptide) agonists, FDA-approved for managing type 2 diabetes and obesity, where the former has shown to effectively reduce the consumption of alcohol in animal models but no reports exist on the latter. In this report, we conducted two studies. In the first study, we conducted an analysis of abundant social media texts. Specifically, a machine-learning based attribution mapping of ~ 68,250 posts related to GLP-1 or GLP-1/GIP agonists on the Reddit platform. Secondly, we recruited participants (n = 153; current alcohol drinkers; BMI ≥ 30) who self-reported either taking Semaglutide (GLP-1 agonist), Tirzepatide (the GLP-1/GIP combination) for ≥ 30 days or, as a control group; no medication to manage diabetes or weight loss for a within and between subject remote study. In the social media study, we report 8 major themes including effects of medications (30%); diabetes (21%); and Weight loss and obesity (19%). Among the alcohol-related posts (n = 1580), 71% were identified as craving reduction, decreased desire to drink, and other negative effects. In the remote study, we observe a significantly lower self-reported intake of alcohol, drinks per drinking episode, binge drinking odds, Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) scores, and stimulating, and sedative effects in the Semaglutide or Tirzepatide group when compared to prior to starting medication timepoint (within-subjects) and the control group (between-subjects). In summary, we provide initial real-world evidence of reduced alcohol consumption in people with obesity taking Semaglutide or Tirzepatide medications, suggesting potential efficacy for treatment in AUD comorbid with obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatima Quddos
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at VTC, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA, USA
- Graduate Program in Translational Biology, Medicine, and Health, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Zachary Hubshman
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at VTC, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA, USA
- Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Allison Tegge
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at VTC, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA, USA
| | - Daniel Sane
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at VTC, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA, USA
- Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Erin Marti
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at VTC, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA, USA
| | | | | | - Amber L Kelly
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at VTC, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA, USA
- Graduate Program in Translational Biology, Medicine, and Health, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | | | - Warren K Bickel
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at VTC, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA, USA.
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Gearhardt AN, Bueno NB, DiFeliceantonio AG, Roberto CA, Jiménez-Murcia S, Fernandez-Aranda F. Social, clinical, and policy implications of ultra-processed food addiction. BMJ 2023; 383:e075354. [PMID: 37813420 PMCID: PMC10561019 DOI: 10.1136/bmj-2023-075354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ashley N Gearhardt
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Nassib B Bueno
- Faculdade de Nutrição, Universidade Federal de Alagoas, Maceió, Brazil
| | - Alexandra G DiFeliceantonio
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at VTC, Department of Human, Nutrition Foods, and Exercise, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Christina A Roberto
- Department of Medical Ethics and Health Policy, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Susana Jiménez-Murcia
- Department of Clinical Psychology, University Hospital of Bellvitge-IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Ciber Fisiopatologia Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Fernando Fernandez-Aranda
- Department of Clinical Psychology, University Hospital of Bellvitge-IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Ciber Fisiopatologia Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain
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Baugh ME, Ahrens ML, Hutelin Z, Stylianos C, Wohlers-Kariesch E, Oster ME, Dotson J, Moon J, Hanlon AL, DiFeliceantonio AG. Validity and reliability of a new whole room indirect calorimeter to assess metabolic response to small-calorie loads. bioRxiv 2023:2023.09.21.558672. [PMID: 37790401 PMCID: PMC10542547 DOI: 10.1101/2023.09.21.558672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
Objective To provide an overview of our whole room indirect calorimeter (WRIC), demonstrate validity and reliability of our WRIC, and explore a novel application of Bayesian hierarchical modeling to assess responses to small carbohydrate loads. Methods Seven gas infusion studies were performed using a gas blender and profiles designed to mimic resting and postprandial metabolic events to assess WRIC validity. In a crossover design, 16 participants underwent fasting and postprandial measurements, during which they consumed a 75-kcal drink containing sucrose, dextrose, or fructose. Linear mixed effects models were used to compare resting and postprandial metabolic rate (MR) and CO (CO). Bayesian Hierarchical Modeling was also used to model postprandial CO trajectories for each participant and condition. Results Mean total error in infusions were 1.27 ± 1.16% and 0.42 ± 1.21% for VO2 and VCO2 respectively, indicating a high level of validity. Mean resting MR was similar across conditions (x ¯ = 1.05 ± 0.03 kcal / min , p=0.82, ICC: 0.91). While MR increased similarly among all conditions (~13%, p=0.29), postprandial CO parameters were significantly lower for dextrose compared with sucrose or fructose. Conclusions Our WRIC validation and novel application of statistical methods presented here provide important foundations for new research directions using WRIC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Elizabeth Baugh
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at VTC, Roanoke, VA
- Center for Health Behaviors Research at Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at VTC, Roanoke, VA
| | - Monica L. Ahrens
- Center for Biostatistics and Health Data Science, Department of Statistics, Blacksburg, VA
| | - Zach Hutelin
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at VTC, Roanoke, VA
- Center for Health Behaviors Research at Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at VTC, Roanoke, VA
- Translational Biology, Medicine, and Health, Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at VTC, Roanoke, VA
| | - Charlie Stylianos
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at VTC, Roanoke, VA
- Department of Human Nutrition, Foods, and Exercise, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA
| | | | - Mary E. Oster
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at VTC, Roanoke, VA
- Center for Health Behaviors Research at Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at VTC, Roanoke, VA
| | - Jon Dotson
- Department of Human Nutrition, Foods, and Exercise, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA
| | | | - Alexandra L. Hanlon
- Center for Biostatistics and Health Data Science, Department of Statistics, Blacksburg, VA
| | - Alexandra G. DiFeliceantonio
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at VTC, Roanoke, VA
- Center for Health Behaviors Research at Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at VTC, Roanoke, VA
- Department of Human Nutrition, Foods, and Exercise, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA
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Baugh ME, DiFeliceantonio AG. Obesity impairs brain responses to nutrients. Nat Metab 2023:10.1038/s42255-023-00822-x. [PMID: 37308723 DOI: 10.1038/s42255-023-00822-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mary Elizabeth Baugh
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at VTC, Roanoke, VA, USA
- Center for Health Behaviors Research, Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at VTC, Roanoke, VA, USA
| | - Alexandra G DiFeliceantonio
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at VTC, Roanoke, VA, USA.
- Center for Health Behaviors Research, Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at VTC, Roanoke, VA, USA.
- Department of Human Nutrition, Foods, and Exercise, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA.
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8
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Gearhardt AN, DiFeliceantonio AG. The risks of misclassifying addictive food substances as non-addictive. Addiction 2023; 118:605-606. [PMID: 36750376 DOI: 10.1111/add.16140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Alexandra G DiFeliceantonio
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at VTC, Roanoke, VA, USA.,Department of Human, Nutrition Foods, and Exercise, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA
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Gearhardt AN, DiFeliceantonio AG. Highly processed foods can be considered addictive substances based on established scientific criteria. Addiction 2023; 118:589-598. [PMID: 36349900 DOI: 10.1111/add.16065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is growing evidence that an addictive-eating phenotype may exist. There is significant debate regarding whether highly processed foods (HPFs; foods with refined carbohydrates and/or added fats) are addictive. The lack of scientifically grounded criteria to evaluate the addictive nature of HPFs has hindered the resolution of this debate. ANALYSIS The most recent scientific debate regarding a substance's addictive potential centered around tobacco. In 1988, the Surgeon General issued a report identifying tobacco products as addictive based on three primary scientific criteria: their ability to (1) cause highly controlled or compulsive use, (2) cause psychoactive (i.e. mood-altering) effects via their effect on the brain and (3) reinforce behavior. Scientific advances have now identified the ability of tobacco products to (4) trigger strong urges or craving as another important indicator of addictive potential. Here, we propose that these four criteria provide scientifically valid benchmarks that can be used to evaluate the addictiveness of HPFs. Then, we review the evidence regarding whether HPFs meet each criterion. Finally, we consider the implications of labeling HPFs as addictive. CONCLUSION Highly processed foods (HPFs) can meet the criteria to be labeled as addictive substances using the standards set for tobacco products. The addictive potential of HPFs may be a key factor contributing to the high public health costs associated with a food environment dominated by cheap, accessible and heavily marketed HPFs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alexandra G DiFeliceantonio
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at VTC, Roanoke, VA, USA.,Department of Human Nutrition Foods, and Exercise, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA
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Edwin Thanarajah S, DiFeliceantonio AG, Albus K, Kuzmanovic B, Rigoux L, Iglesias S, Hanßen R, Schlamann M, Cornely OA, Brüning JC, Tittgemeyer M, Small DM. Habitual daily intake of a sweet and fatty snack modulates reward processing in humans. Cell Metab 2023; 35:571-584.e6. [PMID: 36958330 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2023.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/25/2023]
Abstract
Western diets rich in fat and sugar promote excess calorie intake and weight gain; however, the underlying mechanisms are unclear. Despite a well-documented association between obesity and altered brain dopamine function, it remains elusive whether these alterations are (1) pre-existing, increasing the individual susceptibility to weight gain, (2) secondary to obesity, or (3) directly attributable to repeated exposure to western diet. To close this gap, we performed a randomized, controlled study (NCT05574660) with normal-weight participants exposed to a high-fat/high-sugar snack or a low-fat/low-sugar snack for 8 weeks in addition to their regular diet. The high-fat/high-sugar intervention decreased the preference for low-fat food while increasing brain response to food and associative learning independent of food cues or reward. These alterations were independent of changes in body weight and metabolic parameters, indicating a direct effect of high-fat, high-sugar foods on neurobehavioral adaptations that may increase the risk for overeating and weight gain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharmili Edwin Thanarajah
- Max Planck Institute for Metabolism Research, Cologne, Germany; Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Alexandra G DiFeliceantonio
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion & Department of Human Nutrition, Foods, and Exercise, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Roanoke, VA, USA
| | - Kerstin Albus
- Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Department I of Internal Medicine, Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Duesseldorf (CIO ABCD) & Excellence Center for Medical Mycology (ECMM), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | | | - Lionel Rigoux
- Max Planck Institute for Metabolism Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - Sandra Iglesias
- Translational Neuromodeling Unit, Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University of Zurich and Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ruth Hanßen
- Max Planck Institute for Metabolism Research, Cologne, Germany; Policlinic for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Preventive Medicine (PEPD), University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Marc Schlamann
- Department of Neuroradiology, University Hospital of Cologne, Kerpener Str. 62, 50937 Cologne, Germany
| | - Oliver A Cornely
- Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Department I of Internal Medicine, Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Duesseldorf (CIO ABCD) & Excellence Center for Medical Mycology (ECMM), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany; German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Bonn-Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Clinical Trials Centre Cologne (ZKS Köln), University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Jens C Brüning
- Max Planck Institute for Metabolism Research, Cologne, Germany; Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Policlinic for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Preventive Medicine (PEPD), University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Marc Tittgemeyer
- Max Planck Institute for Metabolism Research, Cologne, Germany; Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
| | - Dana M Small
- Modern Diet and Physiology Research Center, New Haven, CT, USA; Yale University School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, New Haven, CT, USA.
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Caligiuri SPB, Howe WM, Wills L, Smith ACW, Lei Y, Bali P, Heyer MP, Moen JK, Ables JL, Elayouby KS, Williams M, Fillinger C, Oketokoun Z, Lehmann VE, DiFeliceantonio AG, Johnson PM, Beaumont K, Sebra RP, Ibanez-Tallon I, Kenny PJ. Hedgehog-interacting protein acts in the habenula to regulate nicotine intake. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2209870119. [PMID: 36346845 PMCID: PMC9674224 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2209870119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Hedgehog-interacting protein (HHIP) sequesters Hedgehog ligands to repress Smoothened (SMO)-mediated recruitment of the GLI family of transcription factors. Allelic variation in HHIP confers risk of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and other smoking-related lung diseases, but underlying mechanisms are unclear. Using single-cell and cell-type-specific translational profiling, we show that HHIP expression is highly enriched in medial habenula (MHb) neurons, particularly MHb cholinergic neurons that regulate aversive behavioral responses to nicotine. HHIP deficiency dysregulated the expression of genes involved in cholinergic signaling in the MHb and disrupted the function of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) through a PTCH-1/cholesterol-dependent mechanism. Further, CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genomic cleavage of the Hhip gene in MHb neurons enhanced the motivational properties of nicotine in mice. These findings suggest that HHIP influences vulnerability to smoking-related lung diseases in part by regulating the actions of nicotine on habenular aversion circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie P B Caligiuri
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
| | - William M Howe
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
| | - Lauren Wills
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
| | - Alexander C W Smith
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
| | - Ye Lei
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
| | - Purva Bali
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
| | - Mary P Heyer
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
| | - Janna K Moen
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
| | - Jessica L Ables
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
| | - Karim S Elayouby
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
| | - Maya Williams
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
| | - Clementine Fillinger
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
| | - Zainab Oketokoun
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
| | - Vanessa E Lehmann
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
| | | | - Paul M Johnson
- Department of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, ETH Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Kristin Beaumont
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
| | - Robert P Sebra
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
| | - Ines Ibanez-Tallon
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065
| | - Paul J Kenny
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
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12
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Wall KM, Farruggia MC, Perszyk EE, Kanyamibwa A, Fromm S, Davis XS, Dalenberg JR, DiFeliceantonio AG, Small DM. No evidence for an association between obesity and milkshake liking. Int J Obes (Lond) 2020; 44:1668-1677. [PMID: 32398755 PMCID: PMC7387147 DOI: 10.1038/s41366-020-0583-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Revised: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prevailing models of obesity posit that hedonic signals override homeostatic mechanisms to promote overeating in today's food environment. What researchers mean by "hedonic" varies considerably, but most frequently refers to an aggregate of appetitive events including incentive salience, motivation, reinforcement, and perceived pleasantness. Here we define hedonic as orosensory pleasure experienced during eating and set out to test whether there is a relationship between adiposity and the perceived pleasure of a palatable and energy-dense milkshake. METHODS The perceived liking, wanting, and intensity of two palatable and energy-dense milkshakes were assessed using the Labeled Hedonic Scale (1), visual analog scale (VAS), and Generalized Labeled Magnitude Scale (2) in 110 individuals ranging in body mass index (BMI) from 19.3 to 52.1 kg/m2. Waist circumference, waist-hip ratio, and percent body fat were also measured. Importantly, unlike the majority of prior studies, we attempted to standardize internal state by instructing participants to arrive to the laboratory neither hungry nor full and at least 1-h fasted. Data were analyzed with general linear and linear mixed effects models (GLMs). Hunger ratings were also examined prior to hedonic measurement and included as covariates in our analyses. RESULTS We identified a significant association between ratings of hunger and milkshake liking and wanting. By contrast, we found no evidence for a relationship between any measure of adiposity and ratings of milkshake liking, wanting, or intensity. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that adiposity is not associated with the pleasure experienced during consumption of our energy-dense and palatable milkshakes. Our results provide further evidence against the hypothesis that heightened hedonic signals drive weight gain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn M Wall
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, 300 George Street, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA.,Modern Diet and Physiology Research Center, New Haven, CT, 06519, USA
| | - Michael C Farruggia
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, 300 George Street, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA.,Modern Diet and Physiology Research Center, New Haven, CT, 06519, USA.,Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Yale University, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Emily E Perszyk
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, 300 George Street, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA.,Modern Diet and Physiology Research Center, New Haven, CT, 06519, USA.,Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Yale University, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Arsene Kanyamibwa
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, 300 George Street, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA.,Modern Diet and Physiology Research Center, New Haven, CT, 06519, USA
| | - Sophie Fromm
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, 300 George Street, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA.,Modern Diet and Physiology Research Center, New Haven, CT, 06519, USA
| | - Xue S Davis
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, 300 George Street, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA.,Modern Diet and Physiology Research Center, New Haven, CT, 06519, USA
| | - Jelle R Dalenberg
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, 300 George Street, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA.,Modern Diet and Physiology Research Center, New Haven, CT, 06519, USA
| | - Alexandra G DiFeliceantonio
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, 300 George Street, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA.,Modern Diet and Physiology Research Center, New Haven, CT, 06519, USA
| | - Dana M Small
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, 300 George Street, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA. .,Modern Diet and Physiology Research Center, New Haven, CT, 06519, USA. .,Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Yale University, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT, USA. .,Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
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13
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana M Small
- Modern Diet and Physiology Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, Suite 6A, 1 Church Street, New Haven, CT 06510, USA.
| | - Alexandra G DiFeliceantonio
- Modern Diet and Physiology Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, Suite 6A, 1 Church Street, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
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14
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Thanarajah SE, Backes H, DiFeliceantonio AG, Albus K, Cremer AL, Hanssen R, Lippert RN, Cornely OA, Small DM, Brüning JC, Tittgemeyer M. Food Intake Recruits Orosensory and Post-ingestive Dopaminergic Circuits to Affect Eating Desire in Humans. Cell Metab 2019; 29:695-706.e4. [PMID: 30595479 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2018.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Revised: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Pleasant taste and nutritional value guide food selection behavior. Here, orosensory features of food may be secondary to its nutritional value in underlying reinforcement, but it is unclear how the brain encodes the reward value of food. Orosensory and peripheral physiological signals may act together on dopaminergic circuits to drive food intake. We combined fMRI and a novel [11C]raclopride PET method to assess systems-level activation and dopamine release in response to palatable food intake in humans. We identified immediate orosensory and delayed post-ingestive dopamine release. Both responses recruit segregated brain regions: specialized integrative pathways and higher cognitive centers. Furthermore, we identified brain areas where dopamine release reflected the subjective desire to eat. Immediate dopamine release in these wanting-related regions was inversely correlated with, and presumably inhibited, post-ingestive release in the dorsal striatum. Our results highlight the role of brain and periphery in interacting to reinforce food intake in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharmili Edwin Thanarajah
- Max Planck Institute for Metabolism Research, Cologne, Germany; Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Heiko Backes
- Max Planck Institute for Metabolism Research, Cologne, Germany.
| | - Alexandra G DiFeliceantonio
- Max Planck Institute for Metabolism Research, Cologne, Germany; Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA; Modern Diet and Physiology Research Center, New Haven, CT, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kerstin Albus
- Cologne Cluster of Excellence in Cellular Stress and Aging-Associated Disease (CECAD), Cologne, Germany
| | | | - Ruth Hanssen
- Max Planck Institute for Metabolism Research, Cologne, Germany; Center for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Preventive Medicine (CEPD), University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | | | - Oliver A Cornely
- Cologne Cluster of Excellence in Cellular Stress and Aging-Associated Disease (CECAD), Cologne, Germany; Department I of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Clinical Trials Centre Cologne (ZKS Köln), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Dana M Small
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA; Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; Modern Diet and Physiology Research Center, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Jens C Brüning
- Max Planck Institute for Metabolism Research, Cologne, Germany; Cologne Cluster of Excellence in Cellular Stress and Aging-Associated Disease (CECAD), Cologne, Germany; Center for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Preventive Medicine (CEPD), University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Marc Tittgemeyer
- Max Planck Institute for Metabolism Research, Cologne, Germany; Cologne Cluster of Excellence in Cellular Stress and Aging-Associated Disease (CECAD), Cologne, Germany; Modern Diet and Physiology Research Center, New Haven, CT, USA
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16
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Abstract
The ability to recognize and avoid noxious stimuli is essential for survival. The factors that determine whether a given stimulus is considered positive or negative are complex and not fully understood. In this issue of the JCI, Klawonn and colleagues demonstrate that melanocortin 4 receptor (MC4R) signaling is critical for proper responses to negative stimuli. Mice lacking MC4R were shown to have a surprising preference for aversive stimuli compared with WT animals. Moreover, the authors provide evidence that avoidance behaviors are mediated by hypothalamic POMC neurons signaling to striatal dopamine D1 receptor-expressing medium spiny neurons. Together, these results provide important insight into the regulation of responses to aversive stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra G DiFeliceantonio
- Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Paul J Kenny
- Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
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DiFeliceantonio AG, Berridge KC. Dorsolateral neostriatum contribution to incentive salience: opioid or dopamine stimulation makes one reward cue more motivationally attractive than another. Eur J Neurosci 2016; 43:1203-18. [PMID: 26924040 PMCID: PMC4846486 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.13220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2015] [Revised: 02/19/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Pavlovian cues for rewards can become attractive incentives: approached and 'wanted' as the rewards themselves. The motivational attractiveness of a previously learned cue is not fixed, but can be dynamically amplified during re-encounter by simultaneous activation of brain limbic circuitry. Here it was reported that opioid or dopamine microinjections in the dorsolateral quadrant of the neostriatum (DLS) of rats selectively amplify attraction toward a previously learned Pavlovian cue in an individualized fashion, at the expense of a competing cue. In an autoshaping (sign-tracking vs. goal-tracking) paradigm, microinjection of the mu opioid receptor agonist (DAMGO) or dopamine indirect agonist (amphetamine) in the DLS of sign-tracker individuals selectively enhanced their sign-tracking attraction toward the reward-predictive lever cue. By contrast, DAMGO or amphetamine in the DLS of goal-trackers selectively enhanced prepotent attraction toward the reward-proximal cue of sucrose dish. Amphetamine also enhanced goal-tracking in some sign-tracker individuals (if they ever defected to the dish even once). That DLS enhancement of cue attraction was due to stronger motivation, not stronger habits, was suggested by: (i) sign-trackers flexibly followed their cue to a new location when the lever was suddenly moved after DLS DAMGO microinjection; and (ii) DAMGO in the DLS also made sign-trackers work harder on a new instrumental nose-poke response required to earn presentations of their Pavlovian lever cue (instrumental conditioned reinforcement). Altogether, the current results suggest that DLS circuitry can enhance the incentive salience of a Pavlovian reward cue, selectively making that cue a stronger motivational magnet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra G. DiFeliceantonio
- John B Pierce Laboratory at Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06519
- The Max Planck Institute for Metabolism Research, Cologne, Germany, 50931
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Kent C. Berridge
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
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DiFeliceantonio AG, Mabrouk OS, Kennedy RT, Berridge KC. Enkephalin surges in dorsal neostriatum as a signal to eat. Curr Biol 2012; 22:1918-24. [PMID: 23000149 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2012.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2012] [Revised: 07/12/2012] [Accepted: 08/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Compulsive overconsumption of reward characterizes disorders ranging from binge eating to drug addiction. Here, we provide evidence that enkephalin surges in an anteromedial quadrant of dorsal neostriatum contribute to generating intense consumption of palatable food. In ventral striatum, mu opioid circuitry contributes an important component of motivation to consume reward. In dorsal neostriatum, mu opioid receptors are concentrated within striosomes that receive inputs from limbic regions of prefrontal cortex. We employed advanced opioid microdialysis techniques that allow detection of extracellular enkephalin levels. Endogenous >150% enkephalin surges in anterior dorsomedial neostriatum were triggered as rats began to consume palatable chocolates. In contrast, dynorphin levels remained unchanged. Furthermore, a causal role for mu opioid stimulation in overconsumption was demonstrated by observations that microinjection in the same anterior dorsomedial quadrant of a mu receptor agonist ([D-Ala2, N-MePhe4, Gly-ol]-enkephalin; DAMGO) generated intense >250% increases in intake of palatable sweet food (without altering hedonic impact of sweet tastes). Mapping by "Fos plume" methods confirmed the hyperphagic effect to be anatomically localized to the anteromedial quadrant of the dorsal neostriatum, whereas other quadrants were relatively ineffective. These findings reveal that opioid signals in anteromedial dorsal neostriatum are able to code and cause motivation to consume sensory reward.
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DiFeliceantonio AG, Berridge KC. Which cue to 'want'? Opioid stimulation of central amygdala makes goal-trackers show stronger goal-tracking, just as sign-trackers show stronger sign-tracking. Behav Brain Res 2012; 230:399-408. [PMID: 22391118 PMCID: PMC3322261 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2012.02.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2011] [Revised: 02/10/2012] [Accepted: 02/18/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Pavlovian cues that have been paired with reward can gain incentive salience. Drug addicts find drug cues motivationally attractive and binge eaters are attracted by food cues. But the level of incentive salience elicited by a cue re-encounter still varies across time and brain states. In an animal model, cues become attractive and 'wanted' in an 'autoshaping' paradigm, where different targets of incentive salience emerge for different individuals. Some individuals (sign-trackers) find a predictive discrete cue attractive while others find a reward contiguous goal cue more attractive (location where reward arrives: goal-trackers). Here we assessed whether central amygdala mu opioid receptor stimulation enhances the phasic incentive salience of the goal-cue for goal-trackers during moments of predictive cue presence (expressed in both approach and consummatory behaviors to goal cue), just as it enhances the attractiveness of the predictive cue target for sign-trackers. Using detailed video analysis we measured the approaches, nibbles, sniffs, and bites directed at their preferred target for both sign-trackers and goal-trackers. We report that DAMGO microinjections in central amygdala made goal-trackers, like sign-trackers, show phasic increases in appetitive nibbles and sniffs directed at the goal-cue expressed selectively whenever the predictive cue was present. This indicates enhancement of incentive salience attributed by both goal trackers and sign-trackers, but attributed in different directions: each to their own target cue. For both phenotypes, amygdala opioid stimulation makes the individual's prepotent cue into a stronger motivational magnet at phasic moments triggered by a CS that predicts the reward UCS.
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20
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Schramm-Sapyta NL, DiFeliceantonio AG, Foscue E, Glowacz S, Haseeb N, Wang N, Zhou C, Kuhn CM. Aversive effects of ethanol in adolescent versus adult rats: potential causes and implication for future drinking. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2010; 34:2061-9. [PMID: 20860614 DOI: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.2010.01302.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many people experiment with alcohol and other drugs of abuse during their teenage years. Epidemiological evidence suggests that younger initiates into drug taking are more likely to develop problematic drug seeking behavior, including binge and other high-intake behaviors. The level of drug intake for any individual depends on the balance of rewarding and aversive effects of the drug in that individual. Multiple rodent studies have demonstrated that aversive effects of drugs of abuse are reduced in adolescent compared to adult animals. In this study, we addressed 2 key questions: First, do reduced aversive effects of ethanol in younger rats correlate with increased ethanol consumption? Second, are the reduced aversive effects in adolescents attributable to reduced sensitivity to ethanol's physiologic effects? METHODS Adolescent and adult rats were tested for ethanol conditioned taste aversion (CTA) followed by a voluntary drinking period, including postdeprivation consumption. Multivariate regression was used to assess correlations. In separate experiments, adolescent and adult rats were tested for their sensitivity to the hypothermic and sedative effects of ethanol, and for blood ethanol concentrations (BECs). RESULTS We observed that in adolescent rats but not adults, taste aversion was inversely correlated with postdeprivation consumption. Adolescents also exhibited a greater increase in consumption after deprivation than adults. Furthermore, the age difference in ethanol CTA was not attributable to differences in hypothermia, sedation, or BECs. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that during adolescence, individuals that are insensitive to aversive effects are most likely to develop problem drinking behaviors. These results underscore the importance of the interaction between developmental stage and individual variation in sensitivity to alcohol.
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