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Janoski JR, Aiello I, Lundberg CW, Finkielstein CV. Circadian clock gene polymorphisms implicated in human pathologies. Trends Genet 2024:S0168-9525(24)00110-0. [PMID: 38871615 DOI: 10.1016/j.tig.2024.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Revised: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
Circadian rhythms, ~24 h cycles of physiological and behavioral processes, can be synchronized by external signals (e.g., light) and persist even in their absence. Consequently, dysregulation of circadian rhythms adversely affects the well-being of the organism. This timekeeping system is generated and sustained by a genetically encoded endogenous mechanism composed of interlocking transcriptional/translational feedback loops that generate rhythmic expression of core clock genes. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) and forward genetic studies show that SNPs in clock genes influence gene regulation and correlate with the risk of developing various conditions. We discuss genetic variations in core clock genes that are associated with various phenotypes, their implications for human health, and stress the need for thorough studies in this domain of circadian regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse R Janoski
- Integrated Cellular Responses Laboratory, Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at VTC, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA, USA; Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Ignacio Aiello
- Integrated Cellular Responses Laboratory, Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at VTC, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA, USA
| | - Clayton W Lundberg
- Integrated Cellular Responses Laboratory, Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at VTC, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA, USA; Academy of Integrated Sciences, College of Science, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Carla V Finkielstein
- Integrated Cellular Responses Laboratory, Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at VTC, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA, USA; Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA; Molecular Diagnostics Laboratory, Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at VTC, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA, USA; Academy of Integrated Sciences, College of Science, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA.
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2
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Franzago M, Borrelli P, Cavallo P, Di Tizio L, Gazzolo D, Di Nicola M, Stuppia L, Vitacolonna E. Circadian Gene Variants: Effects in Overweight and Obese Pregnant Women. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:3838. [PMID: 38612648 PMCID: PMC11011577 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25073838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Obesity and overweight are common and complex conditions influenced by multiple genetic and environmental factors. Several genetic variants located in the genes involved in clock systems and fat taste perception can affect metabolic health. In particular, the polymorphisms in CLOCK and BMAL1 genes were reported to be significantly related to cardiovascular disease, metabolic syndrome, sleep reduction, and evening preference. Moreover, genetic variants in the CD36 gene have been shown to be involved in lipid metabolism, regulation of fat intake, and body weight regulation. The aim of this study is to evaluate, for the first time, the association between variants in some candidate genes (namely, BMAL1 rs7950226 (G>A), CLOCK rs1801260 (A>G), CLOCK rs4864548 (G>A), CLOCK rs3736544 (G>A), CD36 rs1984112 (A>G), CD36 rs1761667 (G>A)) and overweight/obesity (OB) in pregnant women. A total of 163 normal-weight (NW) and 128 OB participants were included. A significant correlation was observed between A-allele in CLOCK rs4864548 and an increased risk of obesity (OR: 1.97; 95% CI 1.22-3.10, p = 0.005). In addition, we found that subjects carrying the haplotype of rs1801260-A, rs4864548-A, and rs3736544-G are likely to be overweight or obese (OR 1.47, 95% CI 1.03-2.09, p = 0.030), compared with those with other haplotypes. Moreover, a significant relation was observed between third-trimester lipid parameters and genetic variants-namely, CD36 rs1984112, CD36 rs1761667, BMAL1 rs7950226, and CLOCK rs1801260. A multivariate logistic regression model revealed that CLOCK rs4864548 A-allele carriage was a strong risk factor for obesity (OR 2.05, 95% CI 1.07-3.93, p = 0.029); on the other hand, greater adherence to Mediterranean diet (OR 0.80, 95% CI 0.65-0.98, p = 0.038) and higher HDL levels (OR 0.96, 95% CI 0.94-0.99, p = 0.021) were related to a reduced risk of obesity. Interestingly, an association between maternal CLOCK rs4864548 and neonatal birthweight was detected (p = 0.025). These data suggest a potential role of the polymorphisms in clock systems and in fat taste perception in both susceptibility to overweight/obesity and influencing the related metabolic traits in pregnant women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marica Franzago
- Department of Medicine and Aging, School of Medicine, and Health Sciences, “G. D’Annunzio” University, Via dei Vestini, Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (M.F.); (P.C.); (D.G.)
- Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), “G. D’Annunzio” University, Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy;
| | - Paola Borrelli
- Laboratory of Biostatistics, Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, “G. D’Annunzio” University, Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (P.B.); (M.D.N.)
| | - Pierluigi Cavallo
- Department of Medicine and Aging, School of Medicine, and Health Sciences, “G. D’Annunzio” University, Via dei Vestini, Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (M.F.); (P.C.); (D.G.)
| | - Luciano Di Tizio
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, SS. Annunziata Hospital, “G. D’Annunzio” University, 66100 Chieti, Italy;
| | - Diego Gazzolo
- Department of Medicine and Aging, School of Medicine, and Health Sciences, “G. D’Annunzio” University, Via dei Vestini, Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (M.F.); (P.C.); (D.G.)
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, “G. D’Annunzio” University, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Marta Di Nicola
- Laboratory of Biostatistics, Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, “G. D’Annunzio” University, Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (P.B.); (M.D.N.)
| | - Liborio Stuppia
- Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), “G. D’Annunzio” University, Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy;
- Department of Psychological, Health and Territorial Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, “G. D’Annunzio” University, Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Ester Vitacolonna
- Department of Medicine and Aging, School of Medicine, and Health Sciences, “G. D’Annunzio” University, Via dei Vestini, Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (M.F.); (P.C.); (D.G.)
- Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), “G. D’Annunzio” University, Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy;
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3
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Stevens H, Verdone G, Lang L, Graham C, Pilic L, Mavrommatis Y. A systematic review of variations in circadian rhythm genes and type 2 diabetes. Nutr Health 2024; 30:61-75. [PMID: 37282546 DOI: 10.1177/02601060231179777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Type 2 diabetes is a chronic disease that has severe individual and societal consequences, which is forecast to worsen in the future. A new field of investigation is variations in circadian rhythm genes, in conjunction with diet and sleep variables, associations with, and effects on, type 2 diabetes development. OBJECTIVE This systematic review aimed to analyse all current literature regarding circadian rhythm gene variations and type 2 diabetes, and explore their interplay with diet and sleep variables on type 2 diabetes outcomes. This review was registered with PROSPERO (CRD42021259682). METHODOLOGY Embase and Pubmed were searched on 6/8/2021/11/8/2021 for studies of all designs, including participants from both sexes, all ethnicities, ages, and geographic locations. Participants with risk alleles/genotypes were compared with the wildtype regarding type 2 diabetes outcomes. Studies risk of bias were scored according to the risk of bias in non-randomised studies - interventions/exposures criteria. RESULTS In total, 31 studies were found (association n = 29/intervention n = 2) including >600,000 participants from various ethnicities, sexes, and ages. Variations in the melatonin receptor 1B, brain and muscle arnt-like 1 and period circadian regulator (PER) genes were consistently associated with type 2 diabetes outcomes. CONCLUSIONS Individuals with variations in melatonin receptor 1B, brain and muscle arnt-like 1 and PER may be at higher risk of type 2 diabetes. Further research is needed regarding other circadian rhythm genes. More longitudinal studies and randomised trials are required before clinical recommendations can be made.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harry Stevens
- St Mary's University, Twickenham, London, UK
- Cereneo Foundation, Vitznau, Switzerland
| | | | - Leonie Lang
- St Mary's University, Twickenham, London, UK
| | - Catherine Graham
- Cereneo Foundation, Vitznau, Switzerland
- Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK
| | - Leta Pilic
- St Mary's University, Twickenham, London, UK
- Optimyse Nutrition LTD, London, UK
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4
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Jesse TG, Becer E, Kalkan R. Identification of the Relationship Between DNA Methylation of Circadian Rhythm Genes and Obesity. Biochem Genet 2024; 62:281-293. [PMID: 37329425 DOI: 10.1007/s10528-023-10415-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
In children, teenagers, and young adults, environmental factors and genetic modifications have contributed to the development of obesity. There is a close relationship between obesity and circadian rhythm. To understand the role of CLOCK and BMAL1 in obesity, we analyzed the methylation status of CLOCK and BMAL1 in obese and control subjects. In this paper, we analyzed the methylation status of the CLOCK and BMAL1 genes by using MS-HRM in a total of 55 obese and 54 control subjects. In our study, we demonstrated that the level of fasting glucose and the level of HDL-cholesterol were associated with CLOCK methylation in obesity. We also showed a significant association between BMAL1 gene methylation and waist and hip circumference in obese subjects. This is the first study that shows the methylation of BMAL1 is associated with the obese phenotype. However, we could not show a direct association between CLOCK methylation and the obese phenotype. In this paper, a novel epigenetic interaction between circadian clock genes and obesity was demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tirah Galaya Jesse
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Near East University, Mersin 10, Nicosia, 99138, Turkey
| | - Eda Becer
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Eastern Mediterranean University, Mersin 10, Famagusta, 99628, Turkey
| | - Rasime Kalkan
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Near East University, Mersin 10, Nicosia, 99138, Turkey.
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Cyprus Health and Social Sciences University, Mersin 10, Guzelyurt, 99138, Turkey.
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5
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Gkouskou KK, Grammatikopoulou MG, Lazou E, Vasilogiannakopoulou T, Sanoudou D, Eliopoulos AG. A genomics perspective of personalized prevention and management of obesity. Hum Genomics 2024; 18:4. [PMID: 38281958 PMCID: PMC10823690 DOI: 10.1186/s40246-024-00570-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/30/2024] Open
Abstract
This review discusses the landscape of personalized prevention and management of obesity from a nutrigenetics perspective. Focusing on macronutrient tailoring, we discuss the impact of genetic variation on responses to carbohydrate, lipid, protein, and fiber consumption. Our bioinformatic analysis of genomic variants guiding macronutrient intake revealed enrichment of pathways associated with circadian rhythm, melatonin metabolism, cholesterol and lipoprotein remodeling and PPAR signaling as potential targets of macronutrients for the management of obesity in relevant genetic backgrounds. Notably, our data-based in silico predictions suggest the potential of repurposing the SYK inhibitor fostamatinib for obesity treatment in relevant genetic profiles. In addition to dietary considerations, we address genetic variations guiding lifestyle changes in weight management, including exercise and chrononutrition. Finally, we emphasize the need for a refined understanding and expanded research into the complex genetic landscape underlying obesity and its management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalliopi K Gkouskou
- Department of Biology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Mikras Asias 75, 11527, Athens, Greece.
- GENOSOPHY P.C., Athens, Greece.
| | - Maria G Grammatikopoulou
- Unit of Immunonutrition and Clinical Nutrition, Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University General Hospital of Larissa, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
| | | | - Theodora Vasilogiannakopoulou
- Department of Biology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Mikras Asias 75, 11527, Athens, Greece
| | - Despina Sanoudou
- Clinical Genomics and Pharmacogenomics Unit, 4th Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
- Center for New Biotechnologies and Precision Medicine, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
- Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Aristides G Eliopoulos
- Department of Biology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Mikras Asias 75, 11527, Athens, Greece.
- GENOSOPHY P.C., Athens, Greece.
- Center for New Biotechnologies and Precision Medicine, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.
- Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece.
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Vales-Villamarín C, de Dios O, Mahíllo-Fernández I, Perales M, Pérez-Nadador I, Gavela-Pérez T, Soriano-Guillén L, Garcés C. Sex-dependent relationship of polymorphisms in CLOCK and REV-ERBα genes with body mass index and lipid levels in children. Sci Rep 2023; 13:22127. [PMID: 38092833 PMCID: PMC10719338 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-49506-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Circadian rhythms, which are governed by a circadian clock, regulate important biological processes associated with obesity. SNPs in circadian clock genes have been linked to energy and lipid homeostasis. The aim of our study was to evaluate the associations of CLOCK and REV-ERBα SNPs with BMI and plasma lipid levels in pre-pubertal boys and girls. The study sample population comprised 1268 children aged 6-8 years. Information regarding anthropometric parameters and plasma lipid concentrations was available. Genotyping of CLOCK SNPs rs1801260, rs4580704, rs3749474, rs3736544 and rs4864548 and REV-ERBα SNPs rs2017427, rs20711570 and rs2314339 was performed by RT-PCR. The CLOCK SNPs rs3749474 and rs4864548 were significantly associated with BMI in girls but no in boys. Female carriers of the minor alleles for these SNPs presented lower BMI compared to non-carriers. A significant association of the REV-ERBα SNP rs2071570 with plasma total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol and Apo B in males was also observed. Male AA carriers showed lower plasma levels of total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol and Apo B levels as compared with carriers of the C allele. No significant associations between any of the studied REV-ERBα SNPs and plasma lipid levels were observed in females. In summary, CLOCK and REV-ERBα SNPs were associated with BMI and plasma lipid levels respectively in a sex-dependent manner. Our findings suggest that sex-related factors may interact with Clock genes SNPs conditioning the effects of these polymorphisms on circadian alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Olaya de Dios
- Lipid Research Laboratory, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Macarena Perales
- Lipid Research Laboratory, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Iris Pérez-Nadador
- Lipid Research Laboratory, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - Carmen Garcés
- Lipid Research Laboratory, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
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Franzago M, Borrelli P, Di Nicola M, Stuppia L, Vitacolonna E. Genetic Variants in CD36 Involved in Fat Taste Perception: Association with Anthropometric and Clinical Parameters in Overweight and Obese Subjects Affected by Type 2 Diabetes or Dysglycemia-A Pilot Study. Nutrients 2023; 15:4656. [PMID: 37960309 PMCID: PMC10647499 DOI: 10.3390/nu15214656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity and overweight represent a growing health problem worldwide. Genes regulating the intake and metabolism of different nutrients can positively or negatively influence the efficacy of nutritional interventions against obesity and its complications. The aim of this study was to assess changes in anthropometric and clinical parameters and the adherence to a Mediterranean diet (MedDiet) over time in relation to nutrigenetic variants in overweight or obese subjects affected by Type 2 Diabetes (T2D) or dysglycemia, who were included in a nutritional program. A total of 23 subjects were included in this study. Clinical parameters, physical activity levels, and the adherence to a MedDiet were evaluated at baseline, at 6 (T6), and at 12 months (T12) during and after a diet/lifestyle intervention. In a single blood sample from each subject, rs1984112 (A>G) and rs1761667 (G>A) in CD36; rs7950226 (G>A) in BMAL1; and rs1801260 (A>G), rs4864548 (A>G), and rs3736544 (G>A) in CLOCK were genotyped with Real-Time PCR. Significant associations were observed between CD36 rs1761667 and weight (p = 0.025), hip circumference (p = 0.042), triglycerides (p = 0.047), and HbA1c (p = 0.012) at baseline. Moreover, the genotype AA in CD36 rs1761667 was significantly associated with a lower BMI when compared to G carriers at baseline, at T6, and also at T12. In addition, subjects with the AA genotype at CD36 rs1984112 had significantly lower levels of HbA1c (p = 0.027) than the GG and AG genotypes at baseline. These results show that variants in CD36 can have an impact on anthropometric and clinical parameters in overweight or obese subjects affected by T2D or dysglycemia, and that it might influence the success of the diet/lifestyle intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marica Franzago
- Department of Medicine and Aging, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, “G. D’Annunzio” University, Via dei Vestini, Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy;
- Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), “G. D’Annunzio” University, Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy;
| | - Paola Borrelli
- Laboratory of Biostatistics, Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, “G. D’Annunzio” University, Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (P.B.); (M.D.N.)
| | - Marta Di Nicola
- Laboratory of Biostatistics, Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, “G. D’Annunzio” University, Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (P.B.); (M.D.N.)
| | - Liborio Stuppia
- Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), “G. D’Annunzio” University, Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy;
- Department of Psychological, Health and Territorial Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, “G. D’Annunzio” University, Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Ester Vitacolonna
- Department of Medicine and Aging, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, “G. D’Annunzio” University, Via dei Vestini, Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy;
- Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), “G. D’Annunzio” University, Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy;
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8
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Bolshette N, Ibrahim H, Reinke H, Asher G. Circadian regulation of liver function: from molecular mechanisms to disease pathophysiology. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2023; 20:695-707. [PMID: 37291279 DOI: 10.1038/s41575-023-00792-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A wide variety of liver functions are regulated daily by the liver circadian clock and via systemic circadian control by other organs and cells within the gastrointestinal tract as well as the microbiome and immune cells. Disruption of the circadian system, as occurs during jetlag, shift work or an unhealthy lifestyle, is implicated in several liver-related pathologies, ranging from metabolic diseases such as obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease to liver malignancies such as hepatocellular carcinoma. In this Review, we cover the molecular, cellular and organismal aspects of various liver pathologies from a circadian viewpoint, and in particular how circadian dysregulation has a role in the development and progression of these diseases. Finally, we discuss therapeutic and lifestyle interventions that carry health benefits through support of a functional circadian clock that acts in synchrony with the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nityanand Bolshette
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Hussam Ibrahim
- University of Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty, Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Diagnostics, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Hans Reinke
- University of Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty, Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Diagnostics, Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Gad Asher
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel.
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9
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Gršković P, Korać P. Circadian Gene Variants in Diseases. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:1703. [PMID: 37761843 PMCID: PMC10531145 DOI: 10.3390/genes14091703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2023] [Revised: 08/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The circadian rhythm is a self-sustaining 24 h cycle that regulates physiological processes within the body, including cycles of alertness and sleepiness. Cells have their own intrinsic clock, which consists of several proteins that regulate the circadian rhythm of each individual cell. The core of the molecular clock in human cells consists of four main circadian proteins that work in pairs. The CLOCK-BMAL1 heterodimer and the PER-CRY heterodimer each regulate the other pair's expression, forming a negative feedback loop. Several other proteins are involved in regulating the expression of the main circadian genes, and can therefore also influence the circadian rhythm of cells. This review focuses on the existing knowledge regarding circadian gene variants in both the main and secondary circadian genes, and their association with various diseases, such as tumors, metabolic diseases, cardiovascular diseases, and sleep disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Petra Korać
- Division of Molecular Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia;
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10
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Hariri A, Mirian M, Zarrabi A, Kohandel M, Amini-Pozveh M, Aref AR, Tabatabaee A, Prabhakar PK, Sivakumar PM. The circadian rhythm: an influential soundtrack in the diabetes story. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1156757. [PMID: 37441501 PMCID: PMC10333930 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1156757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) has been the main category of metabolic diseases in recent years due to changes in lifestyle and environmental conditions such as diet and physical activity. On the other hand, the circadian rhythm is one of the most significant biological pathways in humans and other mammals, which is affected by light, sleep, and human activity. However, this cycle is controlled via complicated cellular pathways with feedback loops. It is widely known that changes in the circadian rhythm can alter some metabolic pathways of body cells and could affect the treatment process, particularly for metabolic diseases like T2DM. The aim of this study is to explore the importance of the circadian rhythm in the occurrence of T2DM via reviewing the metabolic pathways involved, their relationship with the circadian rhythm from two perspectives, lifestyle and molecular pathways, and their effect on T2DM pathophysiology. These impacts have been demonstrated in a variety of studies and led to the development of approaches such as time-restricted feeding, chronotherapy (time-specific therapies), and circadian molecule stabilizers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amirali Hariri
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mina Mirian
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Ali Zarrabi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Istinye University, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Mohammad Kohandel
- Department of Applied Mathematics, Faculty of Mathematics, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Maryam Amini-Pozveh
- Department of Prosthodontics Dentistry, Dental Materials Research Center, Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Amir Reza Aref
- Belfer Center for Applied Cancer Science, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, United States
- Translational Sciences, Xsphera Biosciences Inc., Boston, MA, United States
| | - Aliye Tabatabaee
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Pranav Kumar Prabhakar
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, India
- Division of Research and Development, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara Punjab, India
| | - Ponnurengam Malliappan Sivakumar
- Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Vietnam
- School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Vietnam
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11
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Lee S. Association between CLOCK Gene Polymorphisms and Insomnia Risk According to Food Groups: A KoGES Longitudinal Study. Nutrients 2023; 15:2300. [PMID: 37242182 PMCID: PMC10222773 DOI: 10.3390/nu15102300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Food intake could mitigate or exacerbate the risk for insomnia associated with the CLOCK gene. This study investigated the associations between the clock circadian regulator (CLOCK) polymorphisms rs12649507 and rs4580704 and the risk of insomnia, as well as its interactions with food groups. Among 1430 adults, new insomnia cases were identified between 2005 and 2012. Single nucleotide polymorphisms were genotyped, and dietary intake was assessed. Next, Cox proportional hazard models were established. The fruit and meat groups significantly mitigated the risk of insomnia associated with rs12649507 among males (pinteraction = 0.006 in a recessive model; p = 0.010 in a dominant model). In contrast, among females the beverage group significantly increased the risk of insomnia (p = 0.041 in a dominant model). As for rs4580704, among males the fruit and meat groups modified the risk of insomnia (p = 0.006 in a recessive model; p = 0.001 in a dominant model). However, among females, the beverage group exacerbated the risk of insomnia associated with rs4580704 (p = 0.004 in a dominant model). In this longitudinal study, we observed a significantly modified insomnia risk associated with the CLOCK gene depending on food groups. Notably, in a general population the risks were modified according to both the fruit and meat intake among 775 males but exacerbated with beverage intake among 655 females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunghee Lee
- Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Health Science, Kangwon National University, Samcheok 25949, Republic of Korea
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12
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Grosjean E, Simonneaux V, Challet E. Reciprocal Interactions between Circadian Clocks, Food Intake, and Energy Metabolism. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:biology12040539. [PMID: 37106739 PMCID: PMC10136292 DOI: 10.3390/biology12040539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
Abstract
Like other biological functions, food intake and energy metabolism display daily rhythms controlled by the circadian timing system that comprises a main circadian clock and numerous secondary clocks in the brain and peripheral tissues. Each secondary circadian clock delivers local temporal cues based on intracellular transcriptional and translational feedback loops that are tightly interconnected to intracellular nutrient-sensing pathways. Genetic impairment of molecular clocks and alteration in the rhythmic synchronizing cues, such as ambient light at night or mistimed meals, lead to circadian disruption that, in turn, negatively impacts metabolic health. Not all circadian clocks are sensitive to the same synchronizing signals. The master clock in the suprachiasmatic nuclei of the hypothalamus is mostly synchronized by ambient light and, to a lesser extent, by behavioral cues coupled to arousal and exercise. Secondary clocks are generally phase-shifted by timed metabolic cues associated with feeding, exercise, and changes in temperature. Furthermore, both the master and secondary clocks are modulated by calorie restriction and high-fat feeding. Taking into account the regularity of daily meals, the duration of eating periods, chronotype, and sex, chrononutritional strategies may be useful for improving the robustness of daily rhythmicity and maintaining or even restoring the appropriate energy balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Grosjean
- Institute of Cellular and Integrative Neurosciences, CNRS UPR3212, University of Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Valérie Simonneaux
- Institute of Cellular and Integrative Neurosciences, CNRS UPR3212, University of Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Etienne Challet
- Institute of Cellular and Integrative Neurosciences, CNRS UPR3212, University of Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France
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13
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Schroor MM, Plat J, Mensink RP. Relation between single nucleotide polymorphisms in circadian clock relevant genes and cholesterol metabolism. Mol Genet Metab 2023; 138:107561. [PMID: 37023502 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2023.107561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in circadian clock relevant genes are associated with several metabolic health variables, but little is known about their associations with human cholesterol metabolism. Therefore, this study examined associations between SNPs in ARNTL, ARNTL2, CLOCK, CRY1, CRY2, PER2, and PER3 with the intestinal cholesterol absorption markers campesterol and sitosterol, the endogenous cholesterol synthesis marker lathosterol, and total cholesterol (TC) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) concentrations in 456 healthy individuals from Western European descent. One SNP in ARNTL2 (rs1037924) showed a significant association with lathosterol. Several SNPs in ARNTL (rs4146388, rs58901760, rs6486121), ARNTL2 (rs73075788), CLOCK (rs13113518, rs35115774, rs6832769), and CRY1 (rs2078074) were significantly associated with intestinal cholesterol absorption. Genetic variants in CRY2, PER2, and PER3 were not significantly associated with intestinal cholesterol absorption or endogenous cholesterol synthesis. None of the SNPs were associated with TC or LDL-C, except for one SNP in PER2 (rs11894491) with serum LDL-C concentrations. The findings suggest that various SNPs in ARNTL, ARNTL2, CLOCK and CRY1 play a role in intestinal cholesterol absorption and endogenous cholesterol synthesis, which was not reflected in TC and LDL-C concentrations. The significant associations between SNPs and intestinal cholesterol absorption and endogenous cholesterol synthesis should be validated in other cohorts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maite M Schroor
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, the Netherlands.
| | - Jogchum Plat
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Ronald P Mensink
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, the Netherlands
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14
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Timing of Meals and Sleep in the Mediterranean Population: The Effect of Taste, Genetics, Environmental Determinants, and Interactions on Obesity Phenotypes. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15030708. [PMID: 36771415 PMCID: PMC9921798 DOI: 10.3390/nu15030708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Circadian rhythms regulate the sleep-wake and feeding-fasting cycles. Sleep and feeding constitute a complex cycle that is determined by several factors. Despite the importance of sleep duration and mealtimes for many obesity phenotypes, most studies on dietary patterns have not investigated the contribution of these variables to the phenotypes analyzed. Likewise, they have not investigated the factors related to sleep or mealtimes. Thus, our aims were to investigate the link between taste perception and eating/sleep patterns and to analyze the effect of the interactions between sleep/meal patterns and genetic factors on obesity phenotypes. We conducted a cross-sectional analysis on 412 adults from the Mediterranean population. We measured taste perception (bitter, sweet, salty, sour, and umami) and assessed sleep duration and waketime. The midpoint of sleep and social jetlag was computed. From the self-reported timing of meals, we estimated the eating window, eating midpoint, and eating jetlag. Adherence to the Mediterranean diet was measured with a validated score. Selected polymorphisms in the TAS2R38, CLOCK, and FTO genes were determined, and their associations and interactions with relevant phenotypes were analyzed. We found various associations between temporal eating, sleep patterns, and taste perception. A higher bitter taste perception was associated with an earlier eating midpoint (p = 0.001), breakfast time (p = 0.043), dinner time (p = 0.009), waketime (p < 0.001), and midpoint of sleep (p = 0.009). Similar results were observed for the bitter taste polymorphism TAS2R38-rs713598, a genetic instrumental variable for bitter perception, increasing the causality of the associations. Moreover, significant gene-sleep interactions were detected between the midpoint of sleep and the TAS2R38-rs713598 (p = 0.032), FTO-rs9939609 (p = 0.037), and CLOCK-rs4580704 (p = 0.004) polymorphisms which played a role in determining obesity phenotypes. In conclusion, our study provided more information on the sleep and mealtime patterns of the general Spanish Mediterranean population than on their main relationships. Moreover, we were able to show significant associations between taste perception, specifically bitter taste; sleep time; and mealtimes as well as an interaction between sleep time and several genetic variants linked to obesity phenotypes. However, additional research is needed to better characterize the causality and mechanisms behind these associations.
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15
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Chrono-Nutrition: Circadian Rhythm and Personalized Nutrition. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032571. [PMID: 36768893 PMCID: PMC9916946 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The human circadian system has a period of approximately 24 h and studies on the consequences of "chornodisruption" have greatly expanded. Lifestyle and environmental factors of modern societies (i.e., artificial lighting, jetlag, shift work, and around-the-clock access to energy-dense food) can induce disruptions of the circadian system and thereby adversely affect individual health. Growing evidence demonstrates a complex reciprocal relationship between metabolism and the circadian system, in which perturbations in one system affect the other one. From a nutritional genomics perspective, genetic variants in clock genes can both influence metabolic health and modify the individual response to diet. Moreover, an interplay between the circadian rhythm, gut microbiome, and epigenome has been demonstrated, with the diet in turn able to modulate this complex link suggesting a remarkable plasticity of the underlying mechanisms. In this view, the study of the impact of the timing of eating by matching elements from nutritional research with chrono-biology, that is, chrono-nutrition, could have significant implications for personalized nutrition in terms of reducing the prevalence and burden of chronic diseases. This review provides an overview of the current evidence on the interactions between the circadian system and nutrition, highlighting how this link could in turn influence the epigenome and microbiome. In addition, possible nutritional strategies to manage circadian-aligned feeding are suggested.
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16
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Chrononutrition-When We Eat Is of the Essence in Tackling Obesity. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14235080. [PMID: 36501110 PMCID: PMC9739590 DOI: 10.3390/nu14235080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a chronic and relapsing public health problem with an extensive list of associated comorbidities. The worldwide prevalence of obesity has nearly tripled over the last five decades and continues to pose a serious threat to wider society and the wellbeing of future generations. The pathogenesis of obesity is complex but diet plays a key role in the onset and progression of the disease. The human diet has changed drastically across the globe, with an estimate that approximately 72% of the calories consumed today come from foods that were not part of our ancestral diets and are not compatible with our metabolism. Additionally, multiple nutrient-independent factors, e.g., cost, accessibility, behaviours, culture, education, work commitments, knowledge and societal set-up, influence our food choices and eating patterns. Much research has been focused on 'what to eat' or 'how much to eat' to reduce the obesity burden, but increasingly evidence indicates that 'when to eat' is fundamental to human metabolism. Aligning feeding patterns to the 24-h circadian clock that regulates a wide range of physiological and behavioural processes has multiple health-promoting effects with anti-obesity being a major part. This article explores the current understanding of the interactions between the body clocks, bioactive dietary components and the less appreciated role of meal timings in energy homeostasis and obesity.
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17
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Chan K, Wong FS, Pearson JA. Circadian rhythms and pancreas physiology: A review. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:920261. [PMID: 36034454 PMCID: PMC9399605 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.920261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus, obesity and metabolic syndrome are becoming more prevalent worldwide and will present an increasingly challenging burden on healthcare systems. These interlinked metabolic abnormalities predispose affected individuals to a plethora of complications and comorbidities. Furthermore, diabetes is estimated by the World Health Organization to have caused 1.5 million deaths in 2019, with this figure projected to rise in coming years. This highlights the need for further research into the management of metabolic diseases and their complications. Studies on circadian rhythms, referring to physiological and behavioral changes which repeat approximately every 24 hours, may provide important insight into managing metabolic disease. Epidemiological studies show that populations who are at risk of circadian disruption such as night shift workers and regular long-haul flyers are also at an elevated risk of metabolic abnormalities such as insulin resistance and obesity. Aberrant expression of circadian genes appears to contribute to the dysregulation of metabolic functions such as insulin secretion, glucose homeostasis and energy expenditure. The potential clinical implications of these findings have been highlighted in animal studies and pilot studies in humans giving rise to the development of circadian interventions strategies including chronotherapy (time-specific therapy), time-restricted feeding, and circadian molecule stabilizers/analogues. Research into these areas will provide insights into the future of circadian medicine in metabolic diseases. In this review, we discuss the physiology of metabolism and the role of circadian timing in regulating these metabolic functions. Also, we review the clinical aspects of circadian physiology and the impact that ongoing and future research may have on the management of metabolic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl Chan
- Diabetes Research Group, Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - F. Susan Wong
- Diabetes Research Group, Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
- Systems Immunity Research Institute, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - James Alexander Pearson
- Diabetes Research Group, Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
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18
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Yong YN, Henry CJ, Haldar S. Is There a Utility of Chrono-Specific Diets in Improving Cardiometabolic Health? Mol Nutr Food Res 2022; 66:e2200043. [PMID: 35856629 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.202200043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Modern lifestyle is generally associated with the consumption of three main meals per day, one of which is typically in the evening or at night. It is also well established that consumption of meals in the later part of the day, notably in the evenings, is associated with circadian desynchrony, which in turn increases the risk of non-communicable diseases, particularly cardiometabolic diseases. While it is not feasible to avoid food consumption during the evenings altogether, there is an opportunity to provide chrono-specific, diet-based solutions to mitigate some of these risks. To date, there has been substantial progress in the understanding of chrononutrition, with evidence derived mainly from in vitro and in vivo animal studies. Some of these approaches include the manipulation of the quality and quantity of certain nutrients to be consumed at specific times of the day, as well as incorporating certain dietary components (macronutrients, micronutrients, or non-nutrient bioactives, including polyphenols) with the ability to modulate circadian rhythmicity. However, robust human studies are generally lacking. In this review, the study has consolidated and critically appraised the current evidence base, with an aim to translate these findings to improve cardiometabolic health and provides recommendations to move this field forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Ning Yong
- Clinical Nutrition Research Centre, Singapore Institute of Food and Biotechnology Innovation (SIFBI), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, 117599, Singapore
| | - Christiani Jeyakumar Henry
- Clinical Nutrition Research Centre, Singapore Institute of Food and Biotechnology Innovation (SIFBI), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, 117599, Singapore.,Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore (NUS), Singapore, 117599, Singapore
| | - Sumanto Haldar
- Clinical Nutrition Research Centre, Singapore Institute of Food and Biotechnology Innovation (SIFBI), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, 117599, Singapore
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19
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Özata Uyar G, Yildiran H. The association among circadian rhythm, circadian genes and chrononutrition, its effect on obesity: a review of current evidence. BIOL RHYTHM RES 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/09291016.2022.2044631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gizem Özata Uyar
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Hilal Yildiran
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
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20
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Chronotype: A Tool to Screen Eating Habits in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome? Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14050955. [PMID: 35267930 PMCID: PMC8912410 DOI: 10.3390/nu14050955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the most common endocrine disorders in women of reproductive age, whose lifestyle approach is an essential part of the treatment. Recently, chronotype, i.e., a trait that determines individual’s circadian preference in behavioral and biological rhythms, has been reported to play a role in determining nutrition preferences and the risk of developing chronic diseases. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate if chronotype categories (morning, evening, and neither) could be used as tool to screen eating habits in women with PCOS. In this observational cross-sectional study, we assessed anthropometric measurements, lifestyle habits, chronotype categories, adherence to the Mediterranean Diet, dietary pattern, and metabolic parameters in 112 women with PCOS. Chronotype was classified as morning in 27.7%, evening in 42.9%, and neither in 29.5% of subjects. Women with PCOS with evening chronotype showed significantly higher percentages of grade I (p = 0.003) and grade II obesity (p = 0.001), did less regular exercise (p < 0.001), and most of them were smokers (p < 0.001) compared to those with neither and morning chronotypes. Women with PCOS with evening chronotype were significantly more insulin resistant (Homeostatic Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance (HoMA-IR) cut off > 2.5) than other two chronotypes (p < 0.001). Women with PCOS with evening chronotype had the lowest PREvención con DIetaMEDiterránea (PREDIMED) score, consumed more calories (p < 0.001), total (p < 0.001) and simple carbohydrates (p < 0.001), total fat (p < 0.001) and saturated fatty acids (p < 0.001), polyunsaturated fatty acids (p < 0.001) and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (p < 0.001), and less fiber (p < 0.001) than women with PCOS with other chronotypes. In addition, women with PCOS with evening chronotype consumed less extra virgin olive oil (p = 0.001), legumes (p = 0.038), fish/seafood (p < 0.001), and tree nuts (p = 0.041) than women with PCOS of the other two chronotype categories and less red wine (p < 0.001) and more red/processed meat (p < 0.001) than women with PCOS with morning chronotype. In conclusion, in women with PCOS, evening chronotype has been associated with a most severe insulin resistance and unhealthiest eating habits. Thus, chronotype assessment could be an effective tool to screen the eating habits, and more generally the lifestyle, of women with PCOS.
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21
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Shon J, Han Y, Park YJ. Effects of Dietary Fat to Carbohydrate Ratio on Obesity Risk Depending on Genotypes of Circadian Genes. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14030478. [PMID: 35276838 PMCID: PMC8838281 DOI: 10.3390/nu14030478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the impacts of macronutrients and the circadian clock on obesity have been reported, the interactions between macronutrient distribution and circadian genes are unclear. The aim of this study was to explore macronutrient intake patterns in the Korean population and associations between the patterns and circadian gene variants and obesity. After applying the criteria, 5343 subjects (51.6% male, mean age 49.4 ± 7.3 years) from the Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study data and nine variants in seven circadian genes were analyzed. We defined macronutrient intake patterns by tertiles of the fat to carbohydrate ratio (FC). The very low FC (VLFC) was associated with a higher risk of obesity than the optimal FC (OFC). After stratification by the genotypes of nine variants, the obesity risk according to the patterns differed by the variants. In the female VLFC, the major homozygous allele of CLOCK rs11932595 and CRY1 rs3741892 had a higher abdominal obesity risk than those in the OFC. The GG genotype of PER2 rs2304672 in the VLFC showed greater risks for obesity and abdominal obesity. In conclusion, these findings suggest that macronutrient intake patterns were associated with obesity susceptibility, and the associations were different depending on the circadian clock genotypes of the CLOCK, PER2, and CRY1 loci.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinyoung Shon
- Department of Nutritional Science and Food Management, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea; (J.S.); (Y.H.)
| | - Yerim Han
- Department of Nutritional Science and Food Management, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea; (J.S.); (Y.H.)
- Graduate Program in System Health Science & Engineering, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea
| | - Yoon Jung Park
- Department of Nutritional Science and Food Management, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea; (J.S.); (Y.H.)
- Graduate Program in System Health Science & Engineering, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-2-3277-6533
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22
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Abstract
Cross-talk between peripheral tissues is essential to ensure the coordination of nutrient intake with disposition during the feeding period, thereby preventing metabolic disease. This mini-review considers the interactions between the key peripheral tissues that constitute the metabolic clock, each of which is considered in a separate mini-review in this collation of articles published in Endocrinology in 2020 and 2021, by Martchenko et al (Circadian rhythms and the gastrointestinal tract: relationship to metabolism and gut hormones); Alvarez et al (The microbiome as a circadian coordinator of metabolism); Seshadri and Doucette (Circadian regulation of the pancreatic beta cell); McCommis et al (The importance of keeping time in the liver); Oosterman et al (The circadian clock, shift work, and tissue-specific insulin resistance); and Heyde et al (Contributions of white and brown adipose tissues to the circadian regulation of energy metabolism). The use of positive- and negative-feedback signals, both hormonal and metabolic, between these tissues ensures that peripheral metabolic pathways are synchronized with the timing of food intake, thus optimizing nutrient disposition and preventing metabolic disease. Collectively, these articles highlight the critical role played by the circadian clock in maintaining metabolic homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia L Brubaker
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8Canada
- Correspondence: P. L. Brubaker, PhD, Departments of Physiology and Medicine, University of Toronto, Medical Sciences Bldg, Rm 3366, 1 King’s College Cir, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada.
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23
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Mirzaei K, Tangestani H, Emamat H, Yekaninejad M, Alipour M, Keshavarz S. Interaction of cry1 gene polymorphisms and dominant food patterns on obesity: A cross-sectional study. Int J Prev Med 2022; 13:51. [PMID: 35706856 PMCID: PMC9188878 DOI: 10.4103/ijpvm.ijpvm_352_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Evidence suggests that there is some relationship between circadian clock gene variants and obesity. However, there are few examinations supporting this observation in human subjects. This study was aimed to investigate the interaction between Cry1 circadian gene polymorphism and major dietary patterns on obesity measurements. Methods: Healthy overweight and obese women aged 18–53 years old were recruited from health centers in Tehran, Iran by a multistage cluster random sampling method (n = 377). Major dietary patterns were elicited after assessing the intake of 16 food groups using a valid and reliable 147-item food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). Anthropometric measurements were performed for each and every participant. Body composition was analyzed using bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA). Socio-demographic and physical activity data were also collected by a validated Farsi demographic questionnaire and the international physical activity questionnaire (IPAQ). The Cry1 rs2287161 polymorphism were genotyped using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP). Generalized linear models were used for interaction analysis. Results: Two major dietary patterns, including healthy and unhealthy dietary pattern (HDP and UDP, respectively) were determined using factor analysis. Our study showed a significant higher weight (P = 0.003), body mass index (BMI) (P = 0.042), hip circumference (P = 0.052), and body fat mass (P = 0.028) in carriers of C allele compared with G allele. Moreover, a significant gene-diet interaction was observed between being a carrier of C allele and BMI (P = 0.099 for CC genotype; P = 0.1 for CG genotype) and fat mass (P = 0.1 for CG genotype). Conclusions: The current study suggests a significant interaction of Cry1 rs2287161 gene polymorphisms in people following a healthy dietary pattern on BMI and fat mass among carriers of C allele compared to carriers of G allele.
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24
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Variability of the genetic marker CLOCK rs3749474 and its impact on research and clinical trials on obesity and circadian rhythm. NUTR HOSP 2022; 39:1117-1121. [DOI: 10.20960/nh.04230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
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25
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Martchenko A, Brubaker PL. Effects of Obesogenic Feeding and Free Fatty Acids on Circadian Secretion of Metabolic Hormones: Implications for the Development of Type 2 Diabetes. Cells 2021; 10:cells10092297. [PMID: 34571945 PMCID: PMC8466112 DOI: 10.3390/cells10092297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Circadian rhythms are 24-h internal biological rhythms within organisms that govern virtually all aspects of physiology. Interestingly, metabolic tissues have been found to express cell-autonomous clocks that govern their rhythmic activity throughout the day. Disruption of normal circadian rhythmicity, as induced by environmental factors such as shift work, significantly increases the risk for the development of metabolic diseases, including type 2 diabetes and obesity. More recently, obesogenic feeding and its fatty acid components have also been shown to be potent disruptors of normal circadian biology. Two key hormones that are released in response to nutrient intake are the anti-diabetic incretin hormone glucagon-like peptide-1, from intestinal L cells, and insulin secreted by pancreatic β cells, both of which are required for the maintenance of metabolic homeostasis. This review will focus on the circadian function of the L and β cells and how both obesogenic feeding and the saturated fatty acid, palmitate, affect their circadian clock and function. Following introduction of the core biological clock and the hierarchical organization of the mammalian circadian system, the circadian regulation of normal L and β cell function and the importance of GLP-1 and insulin in establishing metabolic control are discussed. The central focus of the review then considers the circadian-disrupting effects of obesogenic feeding and palmitate exposure in L and β cells, while providing insight into the potential causative role in the development of metabolic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Patricia Lee Brubaker
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada;
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
- Correspondence:
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26
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Yang HW, Garaulet M, Li P, Bandin C, Lin C, Lo MT, Hu K. Daily Rhythm of Fractal Cardiac Dynamics Links to Weight Loss Resistance: Interaction with CLOCK 3111T/C Genetic Variant. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13072463. [PMID: 34371977 PMCID: PMC8308644 DOI: 10.3390/nu13072463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The effectiveness of weight loss treatment displays dramatic inter-individual variabilities, even with well-controlled energy intake/expenditure. This study aimed to determine the association between daily rhythms of cardiac autonomic control and weight loss efficiency and to explore the potential relevance to weight loss resistance in humans carrying the genetic variant C at CLOCK 3111T/C. A total of 39 overweight/obese Caucasian women (20 CLOCK 3111C carriers and 19 non-carriers) completed a behaviour–dietary obesity treatment of ~20 weeks, during which body weight was assessed weekly. Ambulatory electrocardiographic data were continuously collected for up to 3.5 days and used to quantify the daily rhythm of fractal cardiac dynamics (FCD), a non-linear measure of autonomic function. FCD showed a 24 h rhythm (p < 0.001). Independent of energy intake and physical activity level, faster weight loss was observed in individuals with the phase (peak) of the rhythm between ~2–8 p.m. and with a larger amplitude. Interestingly, the phase effect was significant only in C carriers (p = 0.008), while the amplitude effect was only significant in TT carriers (p < 0.0001). The daily rhythm of FCD and CLOCK 3111T/C genotype is linked to weight loss response interactively, suggesting complex interactions between the genetics of the circadian clock, the daily rhythm of autonomic control, and energy balance control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Wen Yang
- Graduate Institute of Communication Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan;
- Institute of Translational and Interdisciplinary Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, National Central University, Taoyuan 320317, Taiwan;
- Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Department of Medicine and Neurology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA;
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Marta Garaulet
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Physiology, University of Murcia, IMIB, 30071 Murcia, Spain;
- Correspondence: (M.G.); (M.-T.L.); (K.H.)
| | - Peng Li
- Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Department of Medicine and Neurology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA;
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Cristina Bandin
- Department of Physiology, University of Murcia, IMIB, 30071 Murcia, Spain;
| | - Chen Lin
- Institute of Translational and Interdisciplinary Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, National Central University, Taoyuan 320317, Taiwan;
| | - Men-Tzung Lo
- Institute of Translational and Interdisciplinary Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, National Central University, Taoyuan 320317, Taiwan;
- Correspondence: (M.G.); (M.-T.L.); (K.H.)
| | - Kun Hu
- Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Department of Medicine and Neurology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA;
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Correspondence: (M.G.); (M.-T.L.); (K.H.)
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CLOCK Gene Variation Is Associated with the Incidence of Metabolic Syndrome Modulated by Monounsaturated Fatty Acids. J Pers Med 2021; 11:jpm11050412. [PMID: 34068889 PMCID: PMC8156860 DOI: 10.3390/jpm11050412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The circadian locomotor output cycles kaput (CLOCK) gene plays a crucial role in regulating circadian rhythms through its transcription factor gene product. The objective of this study was to investigate the association between CLOCK rs1801260 and the incidence of metabolic syndrome modulated by dietary monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) intake in Korean adults. Using a dataset from the Ansan-Ansung Cohort Study of the Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study, 3608 Korean adults were included after an average of nine years of follow-up. Men who were minor allele carriers (G allele) of CLOCK rs1801260 had a 18% higher incidence of metabolic syndrome than non-carriers [hazard ratio (HR), 1.18; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.00-1.40; p Value = 0.047]. By dichotomizing dietary MUFA intake, we observed that men who were minor allele carriers (G allele) of CLOCK rs1801260 had a 42% increased incidence of metabolic syndrome when dietary MUFA intake was ≤3.5% (HR: 1.42, 95% CI 1.23-1.81; p Value = 0.004). No significant association was found between CLOCK rs1801260 and the incidence of metabolic syndrome modulated by dietary MUFA intake in women. CLOCK polymorphisms affected metabolic syndrome, modulated by dietary MUFA intake in men. These results suggest the significance of CLOCK genes in the pathogenesis of metabolic syndrome and the modulating role of dietary MUFA intake and provide new insights into the underlying mechanisms connecting the circadian system, dietary factors, and metabolic syndrome.
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Stabilization of heterochromatin by CLOCK promotes stem cell rejuvenation and cartilage regeneration. Cell Res 2021; 31:187-205. [PMID: 32737416 PMCID: PMC8027439 DOI: 10.1038/s41422-020-0385-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence indicates an association between the circadian clock and the aging process. However, it remains elusive whether the deregulation of circadian clock proteins underlies stem cell aging and whether they are targetable for the alleviation of aging-associated syndromes. Here, we identified a transcription factor-independent role of CLOCK, a core component of the molecular circadian clock machinery, in counteracting human mesenchymal stem cell (hMSC) decay. CLOCK expression was decreased during hMSC aging. In addition, CLOCK deficiency accelerated hMSC senescence, whereas the overexpression of CLOCK, even as a transcriptionally inactive form, rejuvenated physiologically and pathologically aged hMSCs. Mechanistic studies revealed that CLOCK formed complexes with nuclear lamina proteins and KAP1, thus maintaining heterochromatin architecture and stabilizing repetitive genomic sequences. Finally, gene therapy with lentiviral vectors encoding CLOCK promoted cartilage regeneration and attenuated age-related articular degeneration in mice. These findings demonstrate a noncanonical role of CLOCK in stabilizing heterochromatin, promoting tissue regeneration, and mitigating aging-associated chronic diseases.
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Gkouskou K, Lazou E, Skoufas E, Eliopoulos AG. Genetically Guided Mediterranean Diet for the Personalized Nutritional Management of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13020355. [PMID: 33503923 PMCID: PMC7912380 DOI: 10.3390/nu13020355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The current consensus for the prevention and management of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is that high-quality diets and adherence to a healthy lifestyle provide significant health benefits. Remarkably, however, there is little agreement on the proportions of macronutrients in the diet that should be recommended to people suffering from pre-diabetes or T2DM. We herein discuss emerging evidence that underscores the importance of gene-diet interactions in the improvement of glycemic biomarkers in T2DM. We propose that we can achieve better glycemic control in T2DM patients by coupling Mediterranean diets to genetic information as a predictor for optimal diet macronutrient composition in a personalized manner. We provide evidence to support this concept by presenting a case study of a T2DM patient who achieved rapid glycemic control when adhered to a personalized, genetically-guided Mediterranean Diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalliopi Gkouskou
- Department of Biology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Mikras Asias 75, 11527 Athens, Greece; (E.L.); (E.S.)
- Embiodiagnostics Biology Research Company, 71305 Heraklion, Greece
- Correspondence: (K.G.); (A.G.E.); Tel.: +30-2107462356 (A.G.E.)
| | - Evgenia Lazou
- Department of Biology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Mikras Asias 75, 11527 Athens, Greece; (E.L.); (E.S.)
| | - Efstathios Skoufas
- Department of Biology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Mikras Asias 75, 11527 Athens, Greece; (E.L.); (E.S.)
| | - Aristides G. Eliopoulos
- Department of Biology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Mikras Asias 75, 11527 Athens, Greece; (E.L.); (E.S.)
- Center for New Biotechnologies and Precision Medicine, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15772 Athens, Greece
- Center of Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
- Correspondence: (K.G.); (A.G.E.); Tel.: +30-2107462356 (A.G.E.)
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Reitz CJ, Alibhai FJ, de Lima-Seolin BG, Nemec-Bakk A, Khaper N, Martino TA. Circadian mutant mice with obesity and metabolic syndrome are resilient to cardiovascular disease. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2020; 319:H1097-H1111. [PMID: 32986958 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00462.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Obesity and metabolic syndrome commonly underlie cardiovascular disease. ClockΔ19/Δ19 mice fed a normal diet develop obesity and metabolic syndrome; however, it is not known whether they develop or are resilient to cardiovascular disease. We found that ClockΔ19/Δ19 mice do not develop cardiac dysfunction, despite their underlying conditions. Moreover, in contrast to wild-type controls fed a high-fat diet (HFD), ClockΔ19/Δ19 HFD mice still do not develop cardiovascular disease. Indeed, ClockΔ19/Δ19 HFD mice have preserved heart weight despite their obesity, no cardiomyocyte hypertrophy, and preserved heart structure and function, even after 24 wk of a HFD. To determine why ClockΔ19/Δ19 mice are resilient to cardiac dysfunction despite their underlying obesity and metabolic conditions, we examined global cardiac gene expression profiles by microarray and bioinformatics analyses, revealing that oxidative stress pathways were involved. We examined the pathways in further detail and found that 1) SIRT-dependent oxidative stress pathways were not directly involved in resilience; 2) 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE) increased in wild-type HFD but not ClockΔ19/Δ19 mice, suggesting less reactive oxygen species in ClockΔ19/Δ19 mice; 3) cardiac catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) increased, suggesting strong antioxidant defenses in the hearts of ClockΔ19/Δ19 mice; and 4) Pparγ was upregulated in the hearts of ClockΔ19/Δ19 mice; this circadian-regulated gene drives transcription of CAT and GPx, providing a molecular basis for resilience in the ClockΔ19/Δ19 mice. These findings shed new light on the circadian regulation of oxidative stress and demonstrate an important role for the circadian mechanism in resilience to cardiovascular disease.NEW & NOTEWORTHY We examined whether obesity and metabolic syndrome underlie the development of cardiac dysfunction in circadian mutant ClockΔ19/Δ19 mice. Surprisingly, we demonstrate that although ClockΔ19/Δ19 mice develop metabolic dysfunction, they are protected from cardiac hypertrophy, left ventricular remodeling, and diastolic dysfunction, in contrast to wild-type controls, even when challenged with a chronic high-fat diet. These findings shed new light on the circadian regulation of oxidative stress pathways, which can mediate resilience to cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristine J Reitz
- Centre for Cardiovascular Investigations, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Faisal J Alibhai
- Centre for Cardiovascular Investigations, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Bruna Gazzi de Lima-Seolin
- Medical Sciences Division, Northern Ontario School of Medicine, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ashley Nemec-Bakk
- Medical Sciences Division, Northern Ontario School of Medicine, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada
| | - Neelam Khaper
- Medical Sciences Division, Northern Ontario School of Medicine, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tami A Martino
- Centre for Cardiovascular Investigations, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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Role of the Immune System and the Circadian Rhythm in the Pathogenesis of Chronic Pancreatitis: Establishing a Personalized Signature for Improving the Effect of Immunotherapies for Chronic Pancreatitis. Pancreas 2020; 49:1024-1032. [PMID: 32833942 DOI: 10.1097/mpa.0000000000001626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatitis, in both acute and chronic forms, poses a major therapeutic challenge and is associated with great morbidity and several complications. The nature of pancreatic injury in chronic pancreatitis (CP) and the wide range of causative processes that lead to CP have made effective therapy a true unmet need. Multiple physiological, genetic, environmental, and behavioral factors contribute to the development of CP. As a result, several fields of research are aimed at identifying and addressing the factors that contribute to pancreatic injury. In this article, we review the current understanding of the pathogenesis and natural history of CP. We focus on the autonomous nervous system, immune system, and role of a chronobiological therapeutic approach to alleviate symptoms and prevent or reverse pancreatic injury associated with CP. We aim to demonstrate that individualizing chronopharmacological treatments for CP is a promising direction for future treatment using immune, nervous, and circadian systems.
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Meng Y, Lohse B, Cunningham-Sabo L. Sex modifies the association between the CLOCK variant rs1801260 and BMI in school-age children. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0236991. [PMID: 32785234 PMCID: PMC7423126 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0236991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Disruption of circadian rhythms and variations in the FTO gene may interfere with energy homeostasis and play a role in the development of obesity. The current study assessed the association of common polymorphisms in the CLOCK and FTO genes with standardized body mass index scores (BMI z-scores) and their potential modification of the impact of a culinary nutrition and physical activity intervention in school-age children. Anthropometric measurements were collected in 121 children at the baseline and one-year follow-up of a controlled trial of a school-based culinary nutrition and physical activity intervention. Genotypes of the CLOCK polymorphism (rs1801260) and the FTO polymorphism (rs9939609) were obtained from buccal swabs. Linear mixed-effects regression was applied to evaluate the genetic association and adjust for clusters within families and schools. In our participants, obesity affected 6.6% (8/121) of the children at the baseline and 6.4% (7/109) of the children at the follow-up. The associations between the age- and sex-adjusted BMI z-scores and the two polymorphisms did not reach statistically significance. Yet, sex potentially modified the association between rs1801260 and BMI z-scores. In girls, the G allele carriers had a higher BMI z-scores at the baseline and the follow-up. These polymorphisms did not modify the effect of our culinary nutrition and physical activity intervention on BMI z-scores. Sex is a potential modifier for the association between the CLOCK polymorphism, rs1801260, and BMI z-scores in school-age children. Further investigation is warranted to delineate the sex-dependent role of the CLOCK polymorphisms in the development of childhood obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Meng
- School of Nursing, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Barbara Lohse
- Wegmans School of Health and Nutrition, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Leslie Cunningham-Sabo
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
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33
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Espinosa-Salinas I, San-Cristobal R, Colmenarejo G, Loria-Kohen V, Molina S, Reglero G, Ramirez de Molina A, Martinez JA. Polymorphic Appetite Effects on Waist Circumference Depend on rs3749474 CLOCK Gene Variant. Nutrients 2020; 12:E1846. [PMID: 32575803 PMCID: PMC7353411 DOI: 10.3390/nu12061846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronobiological aspects controlled by CLOCK genes may influence obesity incidence. Although there are studies that show an association between the expression of these genes and energy intake, waist circumference or abdominal obesity phenotypes, interactions with appetite have been insufficiently investigated in relation to chrononutrition. The objective was to identify interactions between CLOCK genetic variants involved in appetite status. A total of 442 subjects (329 women, 113 men; aged 18 to 65 years) were recruited. Anthropometric, dietary and lifestyle data were collected by trained nutritionists. Participants were classified according to their appetite feelings with a Likert scale. Multiple linear regression models were used to examine associations of the type genotype x appetite status on adiposity-related variables. p values were corrected by the Bonferroni method. A significant influence was found concerning the effects of appetite on waist circumference with respect to rs3749474 CLOCK polymorphism (p < 0.001). An additive model analysis (adjusted by age, gender, exercise and energy intake) showed that risk allele carriers, increased the waist circumference around 14 cm (β = 14.1, CI = 6.3-22.0) by each increment in the level of appetite. The effects of appetite on waist circumference may be partly modulated by the rs3749474 CLOCK polymorphism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Espinosa-Salinas
- IMDEA-Food Institute, CEI UAM+CSIC, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (R.S.-C.); (G.C.); (V.L.-K.); (S.M.); (G.R.); (J.A.M.)
| | - Rodrigo San-Cristobal
- IMDEA-Food Institute, CEI UAM+CSIC, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (R.S.-C.); (G.C.); (V.L.-K.); (S.M.); (G.R.); (J.A.M.)
| | - Gonzalo Colmenarejo
- IMDEA-Food Institute, CEI UAM+CSIC, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (R.S.-C.); (G.C.); (V.L.-K.); (S.M.); (G.R.); (J.A.M.)
| | - Viviana Loria-Kohen
- IMDEA-Food Institute, CEI UAM+CSIC, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (R.S.-C.); (G.C.); (V.L.-K.); (S.M.); (G.R.); (J.A.M.)
| | - Susana Molina
- IMDEA-Food Institute, CEI UAM+CSIC, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (R.S.-C.); (G.C.); (V.L.-K.); (S.M.); (G.R.); (J.A.M.)
| | - Guillermo Reglero
- IMDEA-Food Institute, CEI UAM+CSIC, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (R.S.-C.); (G.C.); (V.L.-K.); (S.M.); (G.R.); (J.A.M.)
- Institute of Food Science Research (CIAL) CEI UAM+CSIC, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Ramirez de Molina
- IMDEA-Food Institute, CEI UAM+CSIC, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (R.S.-C.); (G.C.); (V.L.-K.); (S.M.); (G.R.); (J.A.M.)
| | - J. Alfredo Martinez
- IMDEA-Food Institute, CEI UAM+CSIC, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (R.S.-C.); (G.C.); (V.L.-K.); (S.M.); (G.R.); (J.A.M.)
- Center for Nutrition Research (CIN), Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), 31008 Pamplona, Spain
- Center of Biomedical Research in Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN), Institute of Health Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
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Chalfant JM, Howatt DA, Tannock LR, Daugherty A, Pendergast JS. Circadian disruption with constant light exposure exacerbates atherosclerosis in male ApolipoproteinE-deficient mice. Sci Rep 2020; 10:9920. [PMID: 32555251 PMCID: PMC7303111 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-66834-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Disruption of the circadian system caused by disordered exposure to light is pervasive in modern society and increases the risk of cardiovascular disease. The mechanisms by which this happens are largely unknown. ApolipoproteinE-deficient (ApoE−/−) mice are studied commonly to elucidate mechanisms of atherosclerosis. In this study, we determined the effects of light-induced circadian disruption on atherosclerosis in ApoE−/− mice. We first characterized circadian rhythms of behavior, light responsiveness, and molecular timekeeping in tissues from ApoE−/− mice that were indistinguishable from rhythms in ApoE+/+ mice. These data showed that ApoE−/− mice had no inherent circadian disruption and therefore were an appropriate model for our study. We next induced severe disruption of circadian rhythms by exposing ApoE−/− mice to constant light for 12 weeks. Constant light exposure exacerbated atherosclerosis in male, but not female, ApoE−/− mice. Male ApoE−/− mice exposed to constant light had increased serum cholesterol concentrations due to increased VLDL/LDL fractions. Taken together, these data suggest that ApoE−/− mice are an appropriate model for studying light-induced circadian disruption and that exacerbated dyslipidemia may mediate atherosclerotic lesion formation caused by constant light exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Deborah A Howatt
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Lisa R Tannock
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA.,Department of Veterans Affairs, Lexington, Kentucky, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA.,Barnstable Brown Diabetes Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Alan Daugherty
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA.,Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Julie S Pendergast
- Department of Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA. .,Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA. .,Barnstable Brown Diabetes Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA.
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35
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Saturated Fats and Health: A Reassessment and Proposal for Food-Based Recommendations: JACC State-of-the-Art Review. J Am Coll Cardiol 2020; 76:844-857. [PMID: 32562735 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2020.05.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 257] [Impact Index Per Article: 64.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The recommendation to limit dietary saturated fatty acid (SFA) intake has persisted despite mounting evidence to the contrary. Most recent meta-analyses of randomized trials and observational studies found no beneficial effects of reducing SFA intake on cardiovascular disease (CVD) and total mortality, and instead found protective effects against stroke. Although SFAs increase low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, in most individuals, this is not due to increasing levels of small, dense LDL particles, but rather larger LDL particles, which are much less strongly related to CVD risk. It is also apparent that the health effects of foods cannot be predicted by their content in any nutrient group without considering the overall macronutrient distribution. Whole-fat dairy, unprocessed meat, and dark chocolate are SFA-rich foods with a complex matrix that are not associated with increased risk of CVD. The totality of available evidence does not support further limiting the intake of such foods.
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Massaro M, Scoditti E, Carluccio MA, Calabriso N, Santarpino G, Verri T, De Caterina R. Effects of Olive Oil on Blood Pressure: Epidemiological, Clinical, and Mechanistic Evidence. Nutrients 2020; 12:E1548. [PMID: 32466599 PMCID: PMC7352724 DOI: 10.3390/nu12061548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The increasing access to antihypertensive medications has improved longevity and quality of life in hypertensive patients. Nevertheless, hypertension still remains a major risk factor for stroke and myocardial infarction, suggesting the need to implement management of pre- and hypertensive patients. In addition to antihypertensive medications, lifestyle changes, including healthier dietary patterns, such as the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) and the Mediterranean diet, have been shown to favorably affect blood pressure and are now recommended as integrative tools in hypertension management. An analysis of the effects of nutritional components of the Mediterranean diet(s) on blood pressure has therefore become mandatory. After a literature review of the impact of Mediterranean diet(s) on cardiovascular risk factors, we here analyze the effects of olive oil and its major components on blood pressure in healthy and cardiovascular disease individuals and examine underlying mechanisms of action. Both experimental and human studies agree in showing anti-hypertensive effects of olive oil. We conclude that due to its high oleic acid and antioxidant polyphenol content, the consumption of olive oil may be advised as the optimal fat choice in the management protocols for hypertension in both healthy and cardiovascular disease patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marika Massaro
- National Research Council (CNR) Institute of Clinical Physiology, 73100 Lecce, Italy; (E.S.); (M.A.C.); (N.C.)
| | - Egeria Scoditti
- National Research Council (CNR) Institute of Clinical Physiology, 73100 Lecce, Italy; (E.S.); (M.A.C.); (N.C.)
| | - Maria Annunziata Carluccio
- National Research Council (CNR) Institute of Clinical Physiology, 73100 Lecce, Italy; (E.S.); (M.A.C.); (N.C.)
| | - Nadia Calabriso
- National Research Council (CNR) Institute of Clinical Physiology, 73100 Lecce, Italy; (E.S.); (M.A.C.); (N.C.)
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Santarpino
- Cardiovascular Center, Paracelsus Medical University, 90471 Nuremberg, Germany;
- GVM Care & Research, Città di Lecce Hospital, 73100 Lecce, Italy
- Cardiac Surgery Unit, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University “Magna Graecia”, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Tiziano Verri
- Laboratory of Applied Physiology, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy;
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Camblor Murube M, Borregon-Rivilla E, Colmenarejo G, Aguilar-Aguilar E, Martínez JA, Ramírez De Molina A, Reglero G, Loria-Kohen V. Polymorphism of CLOCK Gene rs3749474 as a Modulator of the Circadian Evening Carbohydrate Intake Impact on Nutritional Status in an Adult Sample. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12041142. [PMID: 32325849 PMCID: PMC7231306 DOI: 10.3390/nu12041142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the distribution of energy intake and macronutrients consumption throughout the day, and how its effect on nutritional status can be modulated by the presence of the rs3749474 polymorphism of the CLOCK gene in the Cantoblanco Platform for Nutritional Genomics (“GENYAL Platform”). This cross-sectional study was carried out on 898 volunteers between 18 and 69 years old (65.5% women). Anthropometric measurements, social issues and health, dietary, biochemical, genetic, and physical activity data were collected. Subsequently, 21 statistical interaction models were designed to predict the body mass index (BMI) considering seven dietary variables analyzed by three genetic models (adjusted by age, sex, and physical activity). The average BMI was 26.9 ± 4.65 kg/m2, 62.14% presented an excess weight (BMI > 25 kg/m2). A significant interaction was observed between the presence of the rs3749474 polymorphism and the evening carbohydrate intake (% of the total daily energy intake [%TEI]) (adjusted p = 0.046), when predicting the BMI. Participants carrying TT/CT genotype showed a positive association between the evening carbohydrate intake (%TEI) and BMI (β = 0.3379, 95% CI = (0.1689,0.5080)) and (β = 0.1529, 95% CI = (−0.0164,0.3227)), respectively, whereas the wild type allele (CC) showed a negative association (β = −0.0321, 95% CI = (−0.1505,0.0862)). No significant interaction with the remaining model variables was identified. New dietary strategies may be implemented to schedule the circadian distribution of macronutrients according to the genotype. Clinical Trial number: NCT04067921.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Camblor Murube
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Elena Borregon-Rivilla
- Nutrition and Clinical Trials Unit, GENYAL Platform IMDEA-Food Institute, CEI UAM + CSIC, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (E.B.-R.); (E.A.-A.); (J.A.M.)
| | - Gonzalo Colmenarejo
- Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Unit, IMDEA Food Institute, CEI UAM + CSIC, 28049 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Elena Aguilar-Aguilar
- Nutrition and Clinical Trials Unit, GENYAL Platform IMDEA-Food Institute, CEI UAM + CSIC, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (E.B.-R.); (E.A.-A.); (J.A.M.)
| | - J. Alfredo Martínez
- Nutrition and Clinical Trials Unit, GENYAL Platform IMDEA-Food Institute, CEI UAM + CSIC, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (E.B.-R.); (E.A.-A.); (J.A.M.)
- Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Physiology, Center for Nutrition Research (CIN), Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), 31008 Pamplona, Spain
- Center of Biomedical Research in Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN), Institute of Health Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Ramírez De Molina
- Molecular Oncology and Nutritional Genomics of Cancer, IMDEA-Food Institute, CEI UAM + CSIC, 28049 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Guillermo Reglero
- Department of Production and Characterization of Novel Foods, Institute of Food Science Research (CIAL) CEI UAM + CSIC, 28049 Madrid, Spain;
- Production and Development of Foods for Health, IMDEA-Food Institute, CEI UAM + CSIC, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Viviana Loria-Kohen
- Nutrition and Clinical Trials Unit, GENYAL Platform IMDEA-Food Institute, CEI UAM + CSIC, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (E.B.-R.); (E.A.-A.); (J.A.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-912796957; Fax: +34-911880756
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Kovac U, Jasper EA, Smith CJ, Baer RJ, Bedell B, Donovan BM, Weathers N, Prosenc Zmrzljak U, Jelliffe-Pawlowski LL, Rozman D, Ryckman KK. The Association of Polymorphisms in Circadian Clock and Lipid Metabolism Genes With 2 nd Trimester Lipid Levels and Preterm Birth. Front Genet 2019; 10:540. [PMID: 31249592 PMCID: PMC6584752 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2019.00540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Deregulation of the circadian system in humans and animals can lead to various adverse reproductive outcomes due to genetic mutations and environmental factors. In addition to the clock, lipid metabolism may also play an important role in influencing reproductive outcomes. Despite the importance of the circadian clock and lipid metabolism in regulating birth timing few studies have examined the relationship between circadian genetics with lipid levels during pregnancy and their relationship with preterm birth (PTB). In this study we aimed to determine if single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in genes from the circadian clock and lipid metabolism influence 2nd trimester maternal lipid levels and if this is associated with an increased risk for PTB. We genotyped 72 SNPs across 40 genes previously associated with various metabolic abnormalities on 930 women with 2nd trimester serum lipid measurements. SNPs were analyzed for their relationship to levels of total cholesterol, high density lipoprotein (HDL), low density lipoprotein (LDL) and triglycerides (TG) using linear regression. SNPs were also evaluated for their relationship to PTB using logistic regression. Five SNPs in four genes met statistical significance after Bonferroni correction (p < 1.8 × 10-4) with one or more lipid levels. Of these, four SNPs were in lipid related metabolism genes: rs7412 in APOE with total cholesterol, HDL and LDL, rs646776 and rs599839 in CELSR2-PSRC1-SORT1 gene cluster with total cholesterol, HDL and LDL and rs738409 in PNPLA3 with HDL and TG and one was in a circadian clock gene: rs228669 in PER3 with TG. Of these SNPs only PER3 rs228669 was marginally associated with PTB (p = 0.02). In addition, PER3 rs228669 acts as an effect modifier on the relationship between TG and PTB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ursa Kovac
- Centre for Functional Genomics and Bio-Chips, Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Elizabeth A Jasper
- Department of Epidemiology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Caitlin J Smith
- Department of Epidemiology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Rebecca J Baer
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States.,California Preterm Birth Initiative, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Bruce Bedell
- Department of Epidemiology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Brittney M Donovan
- Department of Epidemiology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Nancy Weathers
- Department of Epidemiology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Ursula Prosenc Zmrzljak
- Centre for Functional Genomics and Bio-Chips, Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Laura L Jelliffe-Pawlowski
- California Preterm Birth Initiative, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States.,Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Damjana Rozman
- Centre for Functional Genomics and Bio-Chips, Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Kelli K Ryckman
- Department of Epidemiology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
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Abstract
Insulin resistance is a main determinant in the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus and a major cause of morbidity and mortality. The circadian timing system consists of a central brain clock in the hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nucleus and various peripheral tissue clocks. The circadian timing system is responsible for the coordination of many daily processes, including the daily rhythm in human glucose metabolism. The central clock regulates food intake, energy expenditure and whole-body insulin sensitivity, and these actions are further fine-tuned by local peripheral clocks. For instance, the peripheral clock in the gut regulates glucose absorption, peripheral clocks in muscle, adipose tissue and liver regulate local insulin sensitivity, and the peripheral clock in the pancreas regulates insulin secretion. Misalignment between different components of the circadian timing system and daily rhythms of sleep-wake behaviour or food intake as a result of genetic, environmental or behavioural factors might be an important contributor to the development of insulin resistance. Specifically, clock gene mutations, exposure to artificial light-dark cycles, disturbed sleep, shift work and social jet lag are factors that might contribute to circadian disruption. Here, we review the physiological links between circadian clocks, glucose metabolism and insulin sensitivity, and present current evidence for a relationship between circadian disruption and insulin resistance. We conclude by proposing several strategies that aim to use chronobiological knowledge to improve human metabolic health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Jan Stenvers
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Frank A J L Scheer
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Medical Chronobiology Program, Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Patrick Schrauwen
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM, School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Susanne E la Fleur
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Laboratory for Endocrinology, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience (NIN), Royal Dutch Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW), Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Andries Kalsbeek
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
- Laboratory for Endocrinology, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
- Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience (NIN), Royal Dutch Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW), Amsterdam, Netherlands.
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Climie RE, Grace MS, Larsen RL, Dempsey PC, Oberoi J, Cohen ND, Owen N, Kingwell BA, Dunstan DW. Regular brief interruptions to sitting after a high-energy evening meal attenuate glycemic excursions in overweight/obese adults. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2018; 28:909-916. [PMID: 30111495 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2018.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Revised: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Modern Western lifestyles are characterized by consumption of approximately 45% of total daily energy intake at the evening meal, followed by prolonged sitting while watching television (TV), which may deleteriously impact glycemic control. After a high-energy evening meal (dinner), we examined whether regular, brief activity bouts during TV commercial breaks could acutely lower postprandial glucose and insulin responses in overweight/obese adults, compared to prolonged uninterrupted sitting. METHODS AND RESULTS Nine overweight/obese adults (29.7 ± 4.06 kg m-2; aged 32 ± 3 years; 5 male) completed two laboratory-based conditions of three and a half hours: prolonged sitting during TV viewing (SIT); and, prolonged sitting interrupted every 20 min with 3 min of light-intensity body-weight resistance activities (active commercial breaks; ACBs). Venous postprandial glucose and insulin responses to dinner were calculated as positive incremental area under the curve (iAUC) from baseline. Interstitial glucose was measured using a continuous glucose monitor and quantified as total AUC (tAUC). Compared to SIT, plasma glucose iAUC was reduced by 33% [3.4 ± 1.0 vs 5.1 ± 1.0 (mean ± SEM) mmol h·L-1, p = 0.019] and plasma insulin iAUC by 41% (813 ± 224 vs 1373 ± 224, p = 0.033 pmol h·L-1) for the ACB condition. During the ACB condition there was a significant reduction in interstitial glucose tAUC (24.4 ± 5.2 vs 26.9 ± 5.2 mmol h·L-1, p < 0.001), but this did not persist beyond the laboratory observation period. CONCLUSIONS Regular brief light-intensity activity bouts can attenuate glycemic responses during television viewing time following a high-energy evening meal in overweight/obese adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- R E Climie
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia; Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia.
| | - M S Grace
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Health Innovations Research Institute, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - R L Larsen
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | - P C Dempsey
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia; Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, Australia
| | - J Oberoi
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | - N D Cohen
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | - N Owen
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia; Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, Australia
| | - B A Kingwell
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia; Central Clinical School and Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Nursing & Health Services, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - D W Dunstan
- School of Public Health, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia; Mary MacKillop Institute of Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Australia; School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood, Australia; School of Sport Science, Exercise and Health, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
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41
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Angelousi A, Kassi E, Nasiri-Ansari N, Weickert MO, Randeva H, Kaltsas G. Clock genes alterations and endocrine disorders. Eur J Clin Invest 2018; 48:e12927. [PMID: 29577261 DOI: 10.1111/eci.12927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Various endocrine signals oscillate over the 24-hour period and so does the responsiveness of target tissues. These daily oscillations do not occur solely in response to external stimuli but are also under the control of an intrinsic circadian clock. DESIGN We searched the PubMed database to identify studies describing the associations of clock genes with endocrine diseases. RESULTS Various human single nucleotide polymorphisms of brain and muscle ARNT-like 1 (BMAL1) and Circadian Locomotor Output Cycles Kaput (CLOCK) genes exhibited significant associations with type 2 diabetes mellitus. ARNTL2 gene expression and upregulation of BMAL1 and PER1 were associated with the development of type 1 diabetes mellitus. Thyroid hormones modulated PER2 expression in a tissue-specific way, whereas BMAL1 regulated the expression of type 2 iodothyronine deiodinase in specific tissues. Adrenal gland and adrenal adenoma expressed PER1, PER2, CRY2, CLOCK and BMAL1 genes. Adrenal sensitivity to adrenocorticotrophin was also affected by circadian oscillations. A significant correlation between the expression of propio-melanocorticotrophin and PER 2, as well as between prolactin and CLOCK, was found in corticotroph and lactosomatotroph cells, respectively, in the pituitary. Clock genes and especially BMAL1 showed an important role in fertility, whereas oestradiol and androgens exhibited tissue-specific effects on clock gene expression. Metabolic disorders were also associated with circadian dysregulation according to studies in shift workers. CONCLUSIONS Clock genes are associated with various endocrine disorders through complex mechanisms. However, data on humans are scarce. Moreover, clock genes exhibit a tissue-specific expression representing an additional level of regulation. Their specific role in endocrine disorders and their potential implications remain to be further clarified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Angelousi
- Department of Pathophysiology, Endocrine Unit, Laiko Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Eva Kassi
- Department of Biochemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Narjes Nasiri-Ansari
- Department of Biochemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Martin O Weickert
- Warwickshire Institute for the Study of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism (WISDEM), University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust, Coventry, UK
- Division of Translational and Experimental Medicine, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
- Centre for Applied Biological & Exercise Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry, UK
| | - Harpal Randeva
- Warwickshire Institute for the Study of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism (WISDEM), University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust, Coventry, UK
- Division of Translational and Experimental Medicine, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
- Centre for Applied Biological & Exercise Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry, UK
| | - Gregory Kaltsas
- 1st Department of Propaedeutic Internal Medicine, Medical School, Laikon Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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42
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Froy O, Garaulet M. The Circadian Clock in White and Brown Adipose Tissue: Mechanistic, Endocrine, and Clinical Aspects. Endocr Rev 2018; 39:261-273. [PMID: 29490014 PMCID: PMC6456924 DOI: 10.1210/er.2017-00193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is a major risk factor for the development of illnesses, such as insulin resistance and hypertension, and has become a serious public health problem. Mammals have developed a circadian clock located in the hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) that responds to the environmental light-dark cycle. Clocks similar to the one located in the SCN are found in peripheral tissues, such as the kidney, liver, and adipose tissue. The circadian clock regulates metabolism and energy homeostasis in peripheral tissues by mediating activity and/or expression of key metabolic enzymes and transport systems. Knockouts or mutations in clock genes that lead to disruption of cellular rhythmicity have provided evidence to the tight link between the circadian clock and metabolism. In addition, key proteins play a dual role in regulating the core clock mechanism, as well as adipose tissue metabolism, and link circadian rhythms with lipogenesis and lipolysis. Adipose tissues are distinguished as white, brown, and beige (or brite), each with unique metabolic characteristics. Recently, the role of the circadian clock in regulating the differentiation into the different adipose tissues has been investigated. In this review, the role of clock proteins and the downstream signaling pathways in white, brown, and brite adipose tissue function and differentiation will be reviewed. In addition, chronodisruption and metabolic disorders and clinical aspects of circadian adiposity will be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oren Froy
- Institute of Biochemistry, Food Science and Nutrition, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Marta Garaulet
- Department of Physiology, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain.,Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB), Campus de Ciencias de la Salud, Murcia, Spain
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43
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Silva Figueiredo P, Inada AC, Ribeiro Fernandes M, Granja Arakaki D, Freitas KDC, Avellaneda Guimarães RDC, Aragão do Nascimento V, Aiko Hiane P. An Overview of Novel Dietary Supplements and Food Ingredients in Patients with Metabolic Syndrome and Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23040877. [PMID: 29641459 PMCID: PMC6017470 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23040877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Revised: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is characterized by interconnected factors related to metabolic disturbances, and is directly related to the occurrence of some diseases such as cardiovascular diseases and type 2 diabetes. MetS is described as one or both of insulin resistance and visceral adiposity, considered the initial causes of abnormalities that include hyperglycemia, elevated blood pressure, dyslipidemia, elevated inflammatory markers, and prothrombotic state, as well as polycystic ovarian syndrome in women. Other than in MetS, visceral adiposity and the pro-inflammatory state are also key in the development of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), which is the most prevalent chronic liver disease in modern society. Both MetS and NAFLD are related to diet and lifestyle, and their treatment may be influenced by dietary pattern changes and the use of certain dietary supplements. This study aimed to review the role of food ingredients and supplements in the management of MetS and NAFLD specifically in human clinical trials. Moreover, bioactive compounds and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) may be used as strategies for preventing the onset of and treatment of metabolic disorders, such as MetS and NAFLD, improving the inflammatory state and other comorbidities, such as obesity, dyslipidemias, and cardiovascular diseases (CVD).
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscila Silva Figueiredo
- Post Graduate Program in Health and Development in the Central-West Region, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande 79070900, Brazil.
| | - Aline Carla Inada
- Post Graduate Program in Health and Development in the Central-West Region, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande 79070900, Brazil.
| | - Melina Ribeiro Fernandes
- Post Graduate Program in Health and Development in the Central-West Region, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande 79070900, Brazil.
| | - Daniela Granja Arakaki
- Post Graduate Program in Health and Development in the Central-West Region, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande 79070900, Brazil.
| | - Karine de Cássia Freitas
- Post Graduate Program in Health and Development in the Central-West Region, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande 79070900, Brazil.
| | - Rita de Cássia Avellaneda Guimarães
- Post Graduate Program in Health and Development in the Central-West Region, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande 79070900, Brazil.
- Optics and Photonics Group, Institute of Physics, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, 549, Campo Grande 79070900, Brazil.
| | - Valter Aragão do Nascimento
- Post Graduate Program in Health and Development in the Central-West Region, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande 79070900, Brazil.
- Optics and Photonics Group, Institute of Physics, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, 549, Campo Grande 79070900, Brazil.
| | - Priscila Aiko Hiane
- Post Graduate Program in Health and Development in the Central-West Region, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande 79070900, Brazil.
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Rubiño JA, Gamundí A, Akaarir M, Cañellas F, Rial R, Ballester N, Nicolau MC. Effects of differences in the availability of light upon the circadian rhythms of institutionalized elderly. Chronobiol Int 2017; 34:1197-1210. [DOI: 10.1080/07420528.2017.1356840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- José A. Rubiño
- Laboratori de Neurofisiologia del Son i Ritmes Biològics. Universitat Illes Balears (UIB), IdISPa, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Antoni Gamundí
- Laboratori de Neurofisiologia del Son i Ritmes Biològics. Universitat Illes Balears (UIB), IdISPa, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Mourad Akaarir
- Laboratori de Neurofisiologia del Son i Ritmes Biològics. Universitat Illes Balears (UIB), IdISPa, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Francesca Cañellas
- Hospital Universitari Son Espases, Institut d’Investigació Sanitaria de Palma (IdISPa), Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Rubén Rial
- Laboratori de Neurofisiologia del Son i Ritmes Biològics. Universitat Illes Balears (UIB), IdISPa, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Neus Ballester
- Laboratori de Neurofisiologia del Son i Ritmes Biològics. Universitat Illes Balears (UIB), IdISPa, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - M. Cristina Nicolau
- Laboratori de Neurofisiologia del Son i Ritmes Biològics. Universitat Illes Balears (UIB), IdISPa, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
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45
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Dietary Fatty Acid Composition Modulates Obesity and Interacts with Obesity-Related Genes. Lipids 2017; 52:803-822. [DOI: 10.1007/s11745-017-4291-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Accepted: 08/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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46
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Lo MT, Bandin C, Yang HW, Scheer FAJL, Hu K, Garaulet M. CLOCK 3111T/C genetic variant influences the daily rhythm of autonomic nervous function: relevance to body weight control. Int J Obes (Lond) 2017; 42:190-197. [PMID: 28736443 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2017.168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Revised: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 06/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Humans carrying the genetic risk variant C at the circadian CLOCK (Circadian Locomotor Output Cycles Kaput) 3111T/C have been shown to have more difficulties to achieve desired weight loss than TT carriers. We tested the hypothesis that the daily rhythm of autonomic nervous function differs in CLOCK 3111C carriers, leading to reduced effectiveness in weight control. SUBJECTS/METHODS We recruited 40 overweight/obese Caucasian women (body mass index>25), 20 carrying CLOCK 3111C (CC and TC) and 20 non-carriers with matched age and body mass index who participated in a dietary obesity treatment program of up to 30 weeks. Following the treatment, ambulatory electrocardiography was continuously monitored for up to 3.5 days when subjects underwent their normal daily activities. To assess autonomic function, heart rate variability analysis (HRV) was performed hourly to obtain mean inter-beat interval between two consecutive R waves (mean RR) and s.d. of normal-to-normal heartbeat intervals (SDNN), and two parasympathetic measures, namely, proportion of differences between adjacent NN intervals that are >50 ms (pNN50), and high-frequency (HF: 0.15-0.4 Hz) power. RESULTS In the TT carriers, all tested HRV indices showed significant daily rhythms (all P-values <0.0001) with lower mean RR, SDNN, pNN50, and HF during the daytime as compared with the nighttime. The amplitudes of these rhythms except for SDNN were reduced significantly in the C carriers (mean RR: ~19.7%, P=0.001; pNN50: 58.1%, P=0.001; and HF: 41.1%, P=0.001). In addition, subjects with less weight loss during the treatment program had smaller amplitudes in the rhythms of mean RR (P<0.0001), pNN50 (P=0.007) and HF (P=0.003). Furthermore, the rhythmicity-weight loss associations were much stronger in the C carriers as compared to the TT carriers (mean RR: P=0.028, pNN50: P=0.0002; HF: P=0.015). CONCLUSIONS The daily rhythm of parasympathetic modulation may play a role in the influence of the CLOCK variation on body weight control.
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Affiliation(s)
- M-T Lo
- Institute of Translational and Interdisciplinary Medicine and Department of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, National Central University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - C Bandin
- Department of Physiology, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - H-W Yang
- Institute of Translational and Interdisciplinary Medicine and Department of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, National Central University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Communication Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - F A J L Scheer
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Medical Biodynamics Program, Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - K Hu
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Medical Biodynamics Program, Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - M Garaulet
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Physiology, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
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47
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Riestra P, Gebreab SY, Xu R, Khan RJ, Gaye A, Correa A, Min N, Sims M, Davis SK. Circadian CLOCK gene polymorphisms in relation to sleep patterns and obesity in African Americans: findings from the Jackson heart study. BMC Genet 2017. [PMID: 28645331 PMCID: PMC5481932 DOI: 10.1186/s12863-017-0522-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Circadian rhythms regulate key biological processes and the dysregulation of the intrinsic clock mechanism affects sleep patterns and obesity onset. The CLOCK (circadian locomotor output cycles protein kaput) gene encodes a core transcription factor of the molecular circadian clock influencing diverse metabolic pathways, including glucose and lipid homeostasis. The primary objective of this study was to evaluate the associations between CLOCK single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and body mass index (BMI). We also evaluated the association of SNPs with BMI related factors such as sleep duration and quality, adiponectin and leptin, in 2962 participants (1116 men and 1810 women) from the Jackson Heart Study. Genotype data for the selected 23 CLOCK gene SNPS was obtained by imputation with IMPUTE2 software and reference phase data from the 1000 genome project. Genetic analyses were conducted with PLINK RESULTS: We found a significant association between the CLOCK SNP rs2070062 and sleep duration, participants carriers of the T allele showed significantly shorter sleep duration compared to non-carriers after the adjustment for individual proportions of European ancestry (PEA), socio economic status (SES), body mass index (BMI), alcohol consumption and smoking status that reach the significance threshold after multiple testing correction. In addition, we found nominal associations of the CLOCK SNP rs6853192 with longer sleep duration and the rs6820823, rs3792603 and rs11726609 with BMI. However, these associations did not reach the significance threshold after correction for multiple testing. CONCLUSIONS In this work, CLOCK gene variants were associated with sleep duration and BMI suggesting that the effects of these polymorphisms on circadian rhythmicity may affect sleep duration and body weight regulation in Africans Americans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pia Riestra
- National Human Genome Research Institute Genomics of Metabolic, Cardiovascular and Inflammatory Disease Branch Social Epidemiology Research Unit, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
| | - Samson Y Gebreab
- National Human Genome Research Institute Genomics of Metabolic, Cardiovascular and Inflammatory Disease Branch Social Epidemiology Research Unit, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Ruihua Xu
- National Human Genome Research Institute Genomics of Metabolic, Cardiovascular and Inflammatory Disease Branch Social Epidemiology Research Unit, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Rumana J Khan
- National Human Genome Research Institute Genomics of Metabolic, Cardiovascular and Inflammatory Disease Branch Social Epidemiology Research Unit, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Amadou Gaye
- National Human Genome Research Institute Genomics of Metabolic, Cardiovascular and Inflammatory Disease Branch Social Epidemiology Research Unit, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Adolfo Correa
- Jackson Heart Study, Jackson Medical Mall, 350 West Woodrow Wilson Av., Suite 701, Jackson, MS, 39217, USA
| | - Nancy Min
- Jackson Heart Study, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 350 W Woodrow Wilson Ave, Ste 701, Jackson, MS, 39213, USA
| | - Mario Sims
- Jackson Heart Study, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 350 W Woodrow Wilson Ave, Ste 701, Jackson, MS, 39213, USA
| | - Sharon K Davis
- National Human Genome Research Institute Genomics of Metabolic, Cardiovascular and Inflammatory Disease Branch Social Epidemiology Research Unit, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
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48
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Abstract
The biological clocks of the circadian timing system coordinate cellular and physiological processes and synchronizes these with daily cycles, feeding patterns also regulates circadian clocks. The clock genes and adipocytokines show circadian rhythmicity. Dysfunction of these genes are involved in the alteration of these adipokines during the development of obesity. Food availability promotes the stimuli associated with food intake which is a circadian oscillator outside of the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN). Its circadian rhythm is arranged with the predictable daily mealtimes. Food anticipatory activity is mediated by a self-sustained circadian timing and its principal component is food entrained oscillator. However, the hypothalamus has a crucial role in the regulation of energy balance rather than food intake. Fatty acids or their metabolites can modulate neuronal activity by brain nutrient-sensing neurons involved in the regulation of energy and glucose homeostasis. The timing of three-meal schedules indicates close association with the plasma levels of insulin and preceding food availability. Desynchronization between the central and peripheral clocks by altered timing of food intake and diet composition can lead to uncoupling of peripheral clocks from the central pacemaker and to the development of metabolic disorders. Metabolic dysfunction is associated with circadian disturbances at both central and peripheral levels and, eventual disruption of circadian clock functioning can lead to obesity. While CLOCK expression levels are increased with high fat diet-induced obesity, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) alpha increases the transcriptional level of brain and muscle ARNT-like 1 (BMAL1) in obese subjects. Consequently, disruption of clock genes results in dyslipidemia, insulin resistance and obesity. Modifying the time of feeding alone can greatly affect body weight. Changes in the circadian clock are associated with temporal alterations in feeding behavior and increased weight gain. Thus, shift work is associated with increased risk for obesity, diabetes and cardio-vascular diseases as a result of unusual eating time and disruption of circadian rhythm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atilla Engin
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of General Surgery, Gazi University, Besevler, Ankara, Turkey.
- , Mustafa Kemal Mah. 2137. Sok. 8/14, 06520, Cankaya, Ankara, Turkey.
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49
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Garaulet M, Martinez-Nicolas A, Ruiz JR, Konstabel K, Labayen I, González-Gross M, Marcos A, Molnar D, Widhalm K, Casajús JA, De Henauw S, Kafatos A, Breidenassel C, Sjöström M, Castillo MJ, Moreno LA, Madrid JA, Ortega FB. Fragmentation of daily rhythms associates with obesity and cardiorespiratory fitness in adolescents: The HELENA study. Clin Nutr 2016; 36:1558-1566. [PMID: 27890490 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2016.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Revised: 09/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Chronobiology studies periodic changes in living organisms and it has been proposed as a promising approach to investigate obesity. We analyze the association of the characteristics of the rest-activity rhythms with obesity, cardiorespiratory fitness and metabolic risk in adolescents from nine European countries. METHODS 1044 adolescents (12.5-17.5 y) were studied. Circadian health was evaluated by actigraphy with accelerometers (Actigraph GT1M). Characteristics of the daytime activity such as fragmentation (intradaily variability), estimated acrophase, and 10 h mean daytime activity index were obtained. Body composition was assessed using Bioelectrical-Impedance-Analysis, skinfold thickness, air-displacement-plethysmography and Dual-energy-X-ray-Absorptiometry. Cardiorespiratory fitness (VO2max) and metabolic risk were studied. RESULTS Highly fragmented activity rhythms were associated with obesity and central adiposity (P < 0.05). Obese adolescents had ∼3 times higher odds of having a high fragmentation of daytime activity compared to normal weight adolescents OR (95% CI) = 2.8 (1.170, 6.443). A highly fragmented rhythm was also related to lower cardiorespiratory fitness and higher metabolic risk (P < 0.05) so those adolescents classified as low fitness showed a significantly higher fragmentation of daytime activity than those included in the high fitness group (P < 0.0001). Other characteristics of the rhythms such as smaller 10 h daytime mean activity index and delayed estimated acrophase were also related to obesity and metabolic risk (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that the daily organization of the rest-activity cycle is more fragmented in obese and less fit adolescents and correlates with higher metabolic risk. This fact reinforces our hypothesis that disturbances in daily rhythms can be considered as sensitive markers of poorer adolescent's health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Garaulet
- Chronobiology Laboratory, Department of Physiology, University of Murcia and Research Biomedical Institute of Murcia (IMIB), Murcia, Spain.
| | - Antonio Martinez-Nicolas
- Chronobiology Laboratory, Department of Physiology, University of Murcia and Research Biomedical Institute of Murcia (IMIB), Murcia, Spain
| | - Jonatan R Ruiz
- PROFITH "PROmoting FITness and Health Through Physical Activity" Research Group, Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Spain; Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Kenn Konstabel
- Department of Chronic Diseases, Centre of Health and Behavioral Sciences, National Institute for Health Development, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Idoia Labayen
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of the Basque Country, Vitoria, Spain
| | - Marcela González-Gross
- Department of Health and Human Performance, Facultad de Ciencias de la Actividad Física y del Deporte, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ascensión Marcos
- Immunonutrition Research Group, Department of Metabolism and Nutrition, Instituto del Frio, Institute of Food Science, Technology and Nutrition (ICTAN), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Dénes Molnar
- Department of Paediatrics, Medical Faculty, University of Pécs, József A, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Kurt Widhalm
- Division of Clinical Nutrition and Prevention, Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jose Antonio Casajús
- GENUD "Growth, Exercise, NUtrition and Development" Research Group, Universidad de Zaragoza, Spain; Faculty of Health and Sport Science (FCSD), Department of Physiotherapy and Nursing, Universidad de Zaragoza, Huesca, Spain
| | | | - Anthony Kafatos
- Preventive Medicine and Nutrition Unit, University of Crete, School of Medicine, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Christina Breidenassel
- Institut für Ernährungs- und Lebensmittelwissenschaften - Humanernährung, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms Universität, Bonn, Germany
| | - Michael Sjöström
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Manuel J Castillo
- Department of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Luis A Moreno
- GENUD "Growth, Exercise, NUtrition and Development" Research Group, Universidad de Zaragoza, Spain; Faculty of Health Science (FCS), Department of Physiotherapy and Nursing, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain; Department of Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Juan A Madrid
- Chronobiology Laboratory, Department of Physiology, University of Murcia and Research Biomedical Institute of Murcia (IMIB), Murcia, Spain
| | - Francisco B Ortega
- PROFITH "PROmoting FITness and Health Through Physical Activity" Research Group, Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Spain; Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
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50
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Ye D, Cai S, Jiang X, Ding Y, Chen K, Fan C, Jin M. Associations of polymorphisms in circadian genes with abdominal obesity in Chinese adult population. Obes Res Clin Pract 2016; 10 Suppl 1:S133-S141. [DOI: 10.1016/j.orcp.2016.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2015] [Revised: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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