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Wang Y, Wu N, Li J, Liang J, Zhou D, Cao Q, Li X, Jiang N. The interplay between autophagy and ferroptosis presents a novel conceptual therapeutic framework for neuroendocrine prostate cancer. Pharmacol Res 2024; 203:107162. [PMID: 38554788 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2024.107162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
In American men, the incidence of prostate cancer (PC) is the highest among all types of cancer, making it the second leading cause of mortality associated with cancer. For advanced or metastatic PC, antiandrogen therapies are standard treatment options. The administration of these treatments unfortunately carries the potential risk of inducing neuroendocrine prostate cancer (NEPC). Neuroendocrine differentiation (NED) serves as a crucial indicator of prostate cancer development, encompassing various factors such as phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B/mammalian target of rapamycin (PI3K/AKT/mTOR), Yes-associated protein 1 (YAP1), AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), miRNA. The processes of autophagy and ferroptosis (an iron-dependent form of programmed cell death) play pivotal roles in the regulation of various types of cancers. Clinical trials and preclinical investigations have been conducted on many signaling pathways during the development of NEPC, with the deepening of research, autophagy and ferroptosis appear to be the potential target for regulating NEPC. Due to the dual nature of autophagy and ferroptosis in cancer, gaining a deeper understanding of the developmental programs associated with achieving autophagy and ferroptosis may enhance risk stratification and treatment efficacy for patients with NEPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youzhi Wang
- Department of Urology, Tianjin Institute of Urology, The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300211, China
| | - Ning Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Female Fertility Promotion, Center for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Center for Reproductive Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Junbo Li
- Department of Urology, Tianjin Institute of Urology, The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300211, China
| | - Jiaming Liang
- Department of Urology, Tianjin Institute of Urology, The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300211, China
| | - Diansheng Zhou
- Department of Urology, Tianjin Institute of Urology, The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300211, China
| | - Qian Cao
- Department of Urology, Tianjin Institute of Urology, The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300211, China
| | - Xuesong Li
- Department of Urology, Peking University First Hospital, Institution of Urology, Peking University, Beijing Key Laboratory of Urogenital Diseases (Male) Molecular Diagnosis and Treatment Center, National Urological Cancer Center, Beijing 100034, China.
| | - Ning Jiang
- Department of Urology, Tianjin Institute of Urology, The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300211, China.
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Erbay MI, Gamarra Valverde NN, Patel P, Ozkan HS, Wilson A, Banerjee S, Babazade A, Londono V, Sood A, Gupta R. Fish Oil Derivatives in Hypertriglyceridemia: Mechanism and Cardiovascular Prevention: What Do Studies Say? Curr Probl Cardiol 2024; 49:102066. [PMID: 37657524 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpcardiol.2023.102066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/03/2023]
Abstract
Hypertriglyceridemia is a type of dyslipidemia characterized by high triglyceride levels in the blood and increases the risk of cardiovascular disease. Conventional management includes antilipidemic medications such as statins, lowering LDL and triglyceride levels as well as raising HDL levels. However, the treatment may be stratified using omega-3 fatty acid supplements such as eicosatetraenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), aka fish oil derivatives. Studies have shown that fish oil supplements reduce the risk of cardiovascular diseases; however, the underlying mechanism and the extent of reduction in CVD need more clarification. Our paper aims to review the clinical trials and observational studies in the current literature, investigating the use of fish oil and its benefits on the cardiovascular system as well as the proposed underlying mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammed Ibrahim Erbay
- Department of Medicine, Istanbul University Cerrahpasa, Cerrahpasa School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Norma Nicole Gamarra Valverde
- Department of Medicine, Alberto Hurtado Faculty of Human Medicine, Facultad de Medicina Alberto Hurtado, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Perú
| | - Parth Patel
- Department of Medicine, University of Missouri Kansas City School of Medicine, Kansas City, MI
| | - Hasan Selcuk Ozkan
- Department of Medicine, Ege University, School of Medicine, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Andre Wilson
- Department of Medicine, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, D.C
| | - Suvam Banerjee
- Department of Health and Family Welfare, Burdwan Medical College and Hospital, The West Bengal University of Health Sciences, Government of West Bengal, India
| | - Aydan Babazade
- Department of Medicine, Azerbaijan Medical University, School of Medicine, Baku, Azerbaijan
| | - Valeria Londono
- Department of Medicine, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, D.C
| | - Aayushi Sood
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Wright Center for Graduate Medical Education, Scranton, PA
| | - Rahul Gupta
- Department of Cardiology, Lehigh Valley Health Network, Allentown, PA.
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Michaeloudes C, Christodoulides S, Christodoulou P, Kyriakou TC, Patrikios I, Stephanou A. Variability in the Clinical Effects of the Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids DHA and EPA in Cardiovascular Disease-Possible Causes and Future Considerations. Nutrients 2023; 15:4830. [PMID: 38004225 PMCID: PMC10675410 DOI: 10.3390/nu15224830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) that includes myocardial infarction and stroke, is the leading cause of mortality worldwide. Atherosclerosis, the primary underlying cause of CVD, can be controlled by pharmacological and dietary interventions, including n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) supplementation. n-3 PUFA supplementation, primarily consisting of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), has shown promise in reducing atherosclerosis by modulating risk factors, including triglyceride levels and vascular inflammation. n-3 PUFAs act by replacing pro-inflammatory fatty acid types in cell membranes and plasma lipids, by regulating transcription factor activity, and by inducing epigenetic changes. EPA and DHA regulate cellular function through shared and differential molecular mechanisms. Large clinical studies on n-3 PUFAs have reported conflicting findings, causing confusion among the public and health professionals. In this review, we discuss important factors leading to these inconsistencies, in the context of atherosclerosis, including clinical study design and the differential effects of EPA and DHA on cell function. We propose steps to improve clinical and basic experimental study design in order to improve supplement composition optimization. Finally, we propose that understanding the factors underlying the poor response to n-3 PUFAs, and the development of molecular biomarkers for predicting response may help towards a more personalized treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charalambos Michaeloudes
- School of Medicine, European University Cyprus, Nicosia 2404, Cyprus; (S.C.); (P.C.); (T.-C.K.); (I.P.); (A.S.)
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Wang B, Liu Z, Chen X, Zhang C, Geng Z. Green cabbage supplementation influences the gene expression and fatty acid levels of adipose tissue in Chinese Wanxi White geese. Anim Biosci 2023; 36:1558-1567. [PMID: 37170525 PMCID: PMC10475381 DOI: 10.5713/ab.22.0345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Dietary green cabbage was evaluated for its impact on fatty acid synthetic ability in different adipose tissues during fattening of Wanxi White geese. METHODS A total of 256 Wanxi White geese at their 70 days were randomly allocated into 4 groups with 4 replicates and fed 0%, 15%, 30%, and 45% fresh green cabbage (relative to dry matter), respectively, in each group. Adipose tissues (subcutaneous and abdominal fat), liver and blood were collected from 4 birds in each replicate at their 70, 80, 90, and 100 days for fatty acid composition, relative gene expression and serum lipid analysis. Two-way or three-way analysis of variance was used for analysis. RESULTS The contents of palmitic acid (C16:0), palmitoleic acid (C16:1), linoleic acid (C18:2), and alpha-linolenic acid (C18:3) were feeding time dependently increased. The C16:0 and stearic acid (C18:0) were higher in abdominal fat, while C16:1, oleic acid (C18:1), and C18:2 were higher in subcutaneous fat. Geese fed 45% green cabbage exhibited highest level of C18:3. Geese fed green cabbage for 30 d exhibited higher level of C16:0 and C18:0 in abdominal fat, while geese fed 30% to 45% green cabbage exhibited higher C18:3 in subcutaneous fat. The expression of Acsl1 (p = 0.003) and Scd1 (p<0.0001) were decreased with green cabbage addition. Interaction between feeding time and adipose tissue affected elongation of long-chain fatty acids family member 6 (Elovl6), acyl-CoA synthetase longchain family member 1 (Acsl1), and stearoly-coA desaturase 1 (Scd1) gene expression levels (p = 0.013, p = 0.003, p = 0.005). Feeding time only affected serum lipid levels of free fatty acid and chylomicron. Higher contents of C16:0, C18:1, and C18:3 were associated with greater mRNA expression of Scd1 (p<0.0001), while higher level of C18:2 was associated with less mRNA expression of Scd1 (p<0.0001). CONCLUSION Considering content of C18:2 and C18:3, 30% addition of green cabbage could be considered for fattening for 30 days in Wanxi White geese.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Wang
- Department of primary education, Tongcheng Teachers College, Tongcheng 231400,
China
| | - Zhengquan Liu
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Local Livestock and Poultry, College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036,
China
| | - Xingyong Chen
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Local Livestock and Poultry, College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036,
China
| | - Cheng Zhang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Local Livestock and Poultry, College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036,
China
| | - Zhaoyu Geng
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Local Livestock and Poultry, College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036,
China
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Le VT, Knight S, Watrous JD, Najhawan M, Dao K, McCubrey RO, Bair TL, Horne BD, May HT, Muhlestein JB, Nelson JR, Carlquist JF, Knowlton KU, Jain M, Anderson JL. Higher docosahexaenoic acid levels lower the protective impact of eicosapentaenoic acid on long-term major cardiovascular events. Front Cardiovasc Med 2023; 10:1229130. [PMID: 37680562 PMCID: PMC10482040 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2023.1229130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (OM3 PUFA) are commonly used for cardiovascular disease prevention. High-dose eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) is reported to reduce major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE); however, a combined EPA and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) supplementation has not been proven to do so. This study aimed to evaluate the potential interaction between EPA and DHA levels on long-term MACE. Methods We studied a cohort of 987 randomly selected subjects enrolled in the INSPIRE biobank registry who underwent coronary angiography. We used rapid throughput liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to quantify the EPA and DHA plasma levels and examined their impact unadjusted, adjusted for one another, and fully adjusted for comorbidities, EPA + DHA, and the EPA/DHA ratio on long-term (10-year) MACE (all-cause death, myocardial infarction, stroke, heart failure hospitalization). Results The average subject age was 61.5 ± 12.2 years, 57% were male, 41% were obese, 42% had severe coronary artery disease (CAD), and 311 (31.5%) had a MACE. The 10-year MACE unadjusted hazard ratio (HR) for the highest (fourth) vs. lowest (first) quartile (Q) of EPA was HR = 0.48 (95% CI: 0.35, 0.67). The adjustment for DHA changed the HR to 0.30 (CI: 0.19, 0.49), and an additional adjustment for baseline differences changed the HR to 0.36 (CI: 0.22, 0.58). Conversely, unadjusted DHA did not significantly predict MACE, but adjustment for EPA resulted in a 1.81-fold higher risk of MACE (CI: 1.14, 2.90) for Q4 vs. Q1. However, after the adjustment for baseline differences, the risk of MACE was not significant for DHA (HR = 1.37; CI: 0.85, 2.20). An EPA/DHA ratio ≥1 resulted in a lower rate of 10-year MACE outcomes (27% vs. 37%, adjusted p-value = 0.013). Conclusions Higher levels of EPA, but not DHA, are associated with a lower risk of MACE. When combined with EPA, higher DHA blunts the benefit of EPA and is associated with a higher risk of MACE in the presence of low EPA. These findings can help explain the discrepant results of EPA-only and EPA/DHA mixed clinical supplementation trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viet T. Le
- Intermountain Medical Center, Intermountain Heart Institute, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
- Department of Physician Assistant Studies, Rocky Mountain University of Health Professions, Provo, UT, United States
| | - Stacey Knight
- Intermountain Medical Center, Intermountain Heart Institute, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
- The University of Utah, School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - Jeramie D. Watrous
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Mahan Najhawan
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Khoi Dao
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Raymond O. McCubrey
- Intermountain Medical Center, Intermountain Heart Institute, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - Tami L. Bair
- Intermountain Medical Center, Intermountain Heart Institute, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - Benjamin D. Horne
- Intermountain Medical Center, Intermountain Heart Institute, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Heidi T. May
- Intermountain Medical Center, Intermountain Heart Institute, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - Joseph B. Muhlestein
- Intermountain Medical Center, Intermountain Heart Institute, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
- The University of Utah, School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - John R. Nelson
- California Cardiovascular Institute, Fresno, CA, United States
| | - John F. Carlquist
- Intermountain Medical Center, Intermountain Heart Institute, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
- The University of Utah, School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - Kirk U. Knowlton
- Intermountain Medical Center, Intermountain Heart Institute, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
- The University of Utah, School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Mohit Jain
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Jeffrey L. Anderson
- Intermountain Medical Center, Intermountain Heart Institute, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
- The University of Utah, School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
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Wang Q, Zhang H, Jin Q, Wang X. Effects of Dietary Plant-Derived Low-Ratio Linoleic Acid/Alpha-Linolenic Acid on Blood Lipid Profiles: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Foods 2023; 12:3005. [PMID: 37628004 PMCID: PMC10453764 DOI: 10.3390/foods12163005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2023] [Revised: 07/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
This meta-analysis aimed to investigate the impact of low-ratio linoleic acid/alpha-linolenic acid (LA/ALA) supplementation on the blood lipid profiles in adults. We conducted a systematic search for relevant randomized controlled trials (RCTs) assessing the effects of low-ratio LA/ALA using databases including PubMed, Embase, Cochrane, and Web of Science, as well as screened related references up until February 2023. The intervention effects were analyzed adopting weighted mean difference (WMD) and 95% confidence interval (CI). The meta-analysis indicated that low-ratio LA/ALA supplementation decreased total cholesterol (TC, WMD: -0.09 mmol/L, 95% CI: -0.17, -0.01, p = 0.031, I2 = 33.2%), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C, WMD: -0.08 mmol/L, 95% CI: -0.13, -0.02, p = 0.007, I2 = 0.0%), and triglycerides (TG, WMD: -0.05 mmol/L, 95% CI: -0.09, 0.00, p = 0.049, I2 = 0.0%) concentrations. There was no significant effect on high-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentration (HDL-C, WMD: -0.00 mmol/L, 95% CI: -0.02, 0.02, p = 0.895, I2 = 0.0%). Subgroup analysis showed that low-ratio LA/ALA supplementation significantly decreased plasma TC, LDL-C, and TG concentrations when the intervention period was less than 12 weeks. In the subgroup analysis, a noteworthy decrease in both TC and LDL-C levels was observed in individuals receiving low-ratio LA/ALA supplementation in the range of 1-5. These findings suggest that this specific range could potentially be effective in reducing lipid profiles. The findings of this study provide additional evidence supporting the potential role of low-ratio LA/ALA supplementation in reducing TC, LDL-C, and TG concentrations, although no significant impact on HDL-C was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Xingguo Wang
- State Key Lab of Food Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
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Wang Q, Zhang H, Jin Q, Wang X. Effects of Dietary Linoleic Acid on Blood Lipid Profiles: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of 40 Randomized Controlled Trials. Foods 2023; 12:foods12112129. [PMID: 37297374 DOI: 10.3390/foods12112129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Th aim of this meta-analysis was to elucidate whether dietary linoleic acid (LA) supplementation affected blood lipid profiles, including triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), compared with other fatty acids. Embase, PubMed, Web of Science and the Cochrane Library databases, updated to December 2022, were searched. The present study employed weighted mean difference (WMD) and a 95% confidence interval (CI) to examine the efficacy of the intervention. Out of the 3700 studies identified, a total of 40 randomized controlled trials (RCTs), comprising 2175 participants, met the eligibility criteria. Compared with the control group, the dietary intake of LA significantly decreased the concentrations of LDL-C (WMD: -3.26 mg/dL, 95% CI: -5.78, -0.74, I2 = 68.8%, p = 0.01), and HDL-C (WMD: -0.64 mg/dL, 95% CI: -1.23, -0.06, I2 = 30.3%, p = 0.03). There was no significant change in the TG and TC concentrations. Subgroup analysis showed that the LA intake was significantly reduced in blood lipid profiles compared with saturated fatty acids. The effect of LA on lipids was not found to be dependent on the timing of supplementation. LA supplementation in an excess of 20 g/d could be an effective dose for lowering lipid profiles. The research results provide further evidence that LA intake may play a role in reducing LDL-C and HDL-C, but not TG and TC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Wang
- State Key Lab of Food Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- State Key Lab of Food Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Qingzhe Jin
- State Key Lab of Food Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Xingguo Wang
- State Key Lab of Food Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
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Omega-3-Supplemented Fat Diet Drives Immune Metabolic Response in Visceral Adipose Tissue by Modulating Gut Microbiota in a Mouse Model of Obesity. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15061404. [PMID: 36986134 PMCID: PMC10054794 DOI: 10.3390/nu15061404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a chronic, relapsing, and multifactorial disease characterized by excessive accumulation of adipose tissue (AT), and is associated with inflammation mainly in white adipose tissue (WAT) and an increase in pro-inflammatory M1 macrophages and other immune cells. This milieu favors the secretion of cytokines and adipokines, contributing to AT dysfunction (ATD) and metabolic dysregulation. Numerous articles link specific changes in the gut microbiota (GM) to the development of obesity and its associated disorders, highlighting the role of diet, particularly fatty acid composition, in modulating the taxonomic profile. The aim of this study was to analyze the effect of a medium-fat-content diet (11%) supplemented with omega-3 fatty acids (D2) on the development of obesity, and on the composition of the GM compared with a control diet with a low fat content (4%) (D1) over a 6-month period. The effect of omega-3 supplementation on metabolic parameters and the modulation of the immunological microenvironment in visceral adipose tissue (VAT) was also evaluated. Six-weeks-old mice were adapted for two weeks and then divided into two groups of eight mice each: a control group D1 and the experimental group D2. Their body weight was recorded at 0, 4, 12, and 24 weeks post-differential feeding and stool samples were simultaneously collected to determine the GM composition. Four mice per group were sacrificed on week 24 and their VAT was taken to determine the immune cells phenotypes (M1 or M2 macrophages) and inflammatory biomarkers. Blood samples were used to determine the glucose, total LDL and HDL cholesterol LDL, HDL and total cholesterol, triglycerides, liver enzymes, leptin, and adiponectin. Body weight measurement showed significant differences at 4 (D1 = 32.0 ± 2.0 g vs. D2 = 36.2 ± 4.5 g, p-value = 0.0339), 12 (D1 = 35.7 ± 4.1 g vs. D2 = 45.3 ± 4.9 g, p-value = 0.0009), and 24 weeks (D1 = 37.5 ± 4.7 g vs. D2 = 47.9 ± 4.7, p-value = 0.0009). The effects of diet on the GM composition changed over time: in the first 12 weeks, α and β diversity differed considerably according to diet and weight increase. In contrast, at 24 weeks, the composition, although still different between groups D1 and D2, showed changes compared with previous samples, suggesting the beneficial effects of omega-3 fatty acids in D2. With regard to metabolic analysis, the results did not reveal relevant changes in biomarkers in accordance with AT studies showing an anti-inflammatory environment and conserved structure and function, which is in contrast to reported findings for pathogenic obesity. In conclusion, the results suggest that the constant and sustained administration of omega-3 fatty acids induced specific changes in GM composition, mainly with increases in Lactobacillus and Ligilactobacillus species, which, in turn, modulated the immune metabolic response of AT in this mouse model of obesity.
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Fatahi S, Sohouli MH, da Silva Magalhães EI, da Cruz Silveira VN, Zanghelini F, Rahmani P, Kord-Varkaneh H, Sharifi-Zahabi E, Shidfar F. Comparing the effects of docosahexaenoic and eicosapentaenoic acids on cardiovascular risk factors: Pairwise and network meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2023; 33:11-21. [PMID: 36319578 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2022.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 09/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evidence from clinical trial studies suggests that docosahexaenoic acids (DHA) may have greater potential effects on improving cardiovascular risk factors than eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA). However, this evidence has not yet been meta-analyzed and quantified. The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the effect of DHA and EPA monotherapy on cardiovascular risk factors based on paired and network meta-analysis. METHODS Relevant articles published up to January 2022 were systematically retrieved from relevant databases. We included all Randomized Controlled Trials (RCTs) on adults that directly compared the effects of DHA with EPA and RCTs of indirect comparisons (DHA and EPA monotherapy compared to control groups). Data were pooled by pairwise and network meta-analysis and expressed as mean differences (MDs) with 95% CIs. The study protocol was registered with PROSPERO (Registration ID: CRD42022328630). RESULTS Network meta-analysis of comparisons of DHA and EPA suggested significant comparable effects only on LDL-C (MD EPA versus DHA = -8.51 mg/L; 95% CI: -16.67; -0.35). However, the Network meta-analysis not show a significant effect for other risk factors. Furthermore, pairwise meta-analysis of direct comparisons of DHA and EPA showed significant difference in their effects on plasma glucose (MD EPA versus DHA = -0.31 mg/L; 95% CI: -0.60, -0.02), Insulin (MD EPA versus DHA = -2.14 mg/L; 95% CI: -3.26, -1.02), but the results were not significant for risk factors. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that both EPA and DHA act similarly on the markers under study, with slight changes in plasma glucose, insulin, and LDL-C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somaye Fatahi
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Public Health Branch, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hassan Sohouli
- Student Research Committee, Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Technology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Elma Izze da Silva Magalhães
- Postgraduate Programme in Collective Health, Federal University of Maranhão, Rua Barão de Itapary, 155, Centro, São Luís, MA, Brazil
| | - Victor Nogueira da Cruz Silveira
- Postgraduate Programme in Collective Health, Federal University of Maranhão, Rua Barão de Itapary, 155, Centro, São Luís, MA, Brazil
| | - Fernando Zanghelini
- Postgraduate Program in Therapeutic Innovation, Federal University of Pernambuco, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Parisa Rahmani
- Pediatric Gastroenterology and Hepatology Research Center, Pediatrics Centre of Excellence, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamed Kord-Varkaneh
- Student Research Committee, Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Technology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Elham Sharifi-Zahabi
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Public Health Branch, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farzad Shidfar
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Burdge GC. α-linolenic acid interconversion is sufficient as a source of longer chain ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in humans: An opinion. Lipids 2022; 57:267-287. [PMID: 35908848 DOI: 10.1002/lipd.12355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
α-linolenic acid (αLNA) conversion into the functionally important ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), has been regarded as inadequate for meeting nutritional requirements for these PUFA. This view is based on findings of small αLNA supplementation trials and stable isotope tracer studies that have been interpreted as indicating human capacity for EPA and, in particular, DHA synthesis is limited. The purpose of this review is to re-evaluate this interpretation. Markedly differing study designs, inconsistent findings and lack of trial replication preclude robust consensus regarding the nutritional adequacy of αLNA as a source of EPC and DHA. The conclusion that αLNA conversion in humans is constrained is inaccurate because it presupposes the existence of an unspecified, higher level of metabolic activity. Since capacity for EPA and DHA synthesis is the product of evolution it may be argued that the levels of EPA and DHA it maintains are nutritionally appropriate. Dietary and supra-dietary EPA plus DHA intakes confer health benefits. Paradoxically, such health benefits are also found amongst vegetarians who do not consume EPA and DHA, and for whom αLNA conversion is the primary source of ω-3 PUFA. Since there are no reported adverse effects on health or cognitive development of diets that exclude EPA and DHA, their synthesis from αLNA appears to be nutritionally adequate. This is consistent with the dietary essentiality of αLNA and has implications for developing sustainable nutritional recommendations for ω-3 PUFA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graham C Burdge
- School of Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, UK
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11
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Takic M, Pokimica B, Petrovic-Oggiano G, Popovic T. Effects of Dietary α-Linolenic Acid Treatment and the Efficiency of Its Conversion to Eicosapentaenoic and Docosahexaenoic Acids in Obesity and Related Diseases. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27144471. [PMID: 35889342 PMCID: PMC9317994 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27144471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The essential fatty acid alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) is present in high amounts in oils such as flaxseed, soy, hemp, rapeseed, chia, and perilla, while stearidonic acid is abundant in echium oil. ALA is metabolized to eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) by desaturases and elongases in humans. The conversion of ALA to EPA and DHA is limited, and these long-chain n−3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are mainly provided from dietary sources (fish and seafood). This review provides an overview of studies that explored the effects of dietary supplementation with ALA in obesity and related diseases. The obesity-associated changes of desaturase and elongase activities are summarized, as they could influence the metabolic conversion of ALA. Generally, supplementation with ALA or ALA-rich oils leads to an increase in EPA levels and has no effect on DHA or omega-3 index. According to the literature data, stearidonic acid could enhance conversion of ALA to long-chain n−3 PUFA in obesity. Recent studies confirm that EPA and DHA intake should be considered as a primary dietary treatment strategy for improving the omega-3 index in obesity and related diseases.
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12
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Mayer C, Côme M, Ulmann L, Martin I, Zittelli GC, Faraloni C, Ouguerram K, Chénais B, Mimouni V. The Potential of the Marine Microalga Diacronema lutheri in the Prevention of Obesity and Metabolic Syndrome in High-Fat-Fed Wistar Rats. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27134246. [PMID: 35807489 PMCID: PMC9268017 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27134246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids n-3 series (n-3 LC-PUFAs), especially eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids, are known to exert preventive effects on obesity and metabolic syndrome. Mainly consumed in the form of fish oil, LC-PUFAs n-3 are also found in significant quantities in other sources such as certain microalgae. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of Diacronema lutheri (Dia), a microalga rich in n-3 LC-PUFAs, on metabolic disorders associated with obesity. Three groups of male Wistar rats (n = 6 per group) were submitted for eight weeks to a standard diet or high-fat and high-fructose diet (HF), supplemented or not with 12% of Dia (HF-Dia). Compared to HF rats, HF-Dia rats showed a 41% decrease in plasma triacylglycerol (TAG) and an increase in plasma cholesterol (+35%) as well as in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (+51%) without change to low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels. Although fasting glycemia did not change, glucose and insulin tolerance tests highlighted an improvement in glucose and insulin homeostasis. Dia supplementation restored body weight and fat mass, and decreased levels of liver TAG (−75%) and cholesterol (−84%). In HF-Dia rats, leptin was decreased (−30%) below the control level corresponding to a reduction of 68% compared to HF rats. Similarly, the anti-inflammatory cytokines interleukin-4 (IL-4) and IL-10 were restored up to control levels, corresponding to a 74% and 58% increase in HF rats, respectively. In contrast, the level of IL-6 remained similar in the HF and HF-Dia groups and about twice that of the control. In conclusion, these results indicated that the D. lutheri microalga may be beneficial for the prevention of weight gain and improvement in lipid and glucose homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Mayer
- Département Génie Biologique, BiOSSE, Biology of Organisms: Stress, Health, Environment, Institut Universitaire de Technologie, Département Génie Biologique, Le Mans Université, F-53020 Laval, France; (C.M.); (M.C.); (L.U.); (I.M.)
| | - Martine Côme
- Département Génie Biologique, BiOSSE, Biology of Organisms: Stress, Health, Environment, Institut Universitaire de Technologie, Département Génie Biologique, Le Mans Université, F-53020 Laval, France; (C.M.); (M.C.); (L.U.); (I.M.)
| | - Lionel Ulmann
- Département Génie Biologique, BiOSSE, Biology of Organisms: Stress, Health, Environment, Institut Universitaire de Technologie, Département Génie Biologique, Le Mans Université, F-53020 Laval, France; (C.M.); (M.C.); (L.U.); (I.M.)
| | - Isabelle Martin
- Département Génie Biologique, BiOSSE, Biology of Organisms: Stress, Health, Environment, Institut Universitaire de Technologie, Département Génie Biologique, Le Mans Université, F-53020 Laval, France; (C.M.); (M.C.); (L.U.); (I.M.)
| | - Graziella Chini Zittelli
- Department of Biology, Agriculture and Food Sciences, Institute for BioEconomy, National Research Council, Sesto Fiorentino, I-50019 Florence, Italy; (G.C.Z.); (C.F.)
| | - Cecilia Faraloni
- Department of Biology, Agriculture and Food Sciences, Institute for BioEconomy, National Research Council, Sesto Fiorentino, I-50019 Florence, Italy; (G.C.Z.); (C.F.)
| | - Khadija Ouguerram
- UMR1280 PhAN, Physiopathology of Nutritional Adaptations, INRAe, CHU Hôtel Dieu, IMAD, CRNH Ouest, Nantes Université, F-44000 Nantes, France;
| | - Benoît Chénais
- BiOSSE, Biology of Organisms: Stress, Health, Environment, UFR Sciences et Techniques, Le Mans Université, F-72085 Le Mans, France
- Correspondence: (B.C.); (V.M.)
| | - Virginie Mimouni
- Département Génie Biologique, BiOSSE, Biology of Organisms: Stress, Health, Environment, Institut Universitaire de Technologie, Département Génie Biologique, Le Mans Université, F-53020 Laval, France; (C.M.); (M.C.); (L.U.); (I.M.)
- Correspondence: (B.C.); (V.M.)
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13
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Hashimoto M, Matsuzaki K, Maruyama K, Sumiyoshi E, Hossain S, Wakatsuki H, Kato S, Ohno M, Tanabe Y, Kuroda Y, Yamaguchi S, Kajima K, Ohizumi Y, Shido O. Perilla frutescens seed oil combined with Anredera cordifolia leaf powder attenuates age-related cognitive decline by reducing serum triglyceride and glucose levels in healthy elderly Japanese individuals: a possible supplement for brain health. Food Funct 2022; 13:7226-7239. [PMID: 35722977 DOI: 10.1039/d2fo00723a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We have shown that Anredera cordifolia extract improves learning and memory in a senescence-accelerated mouse model, and that α-linolenic acid (ALA)-rich Perilla frutescens seed oil (PO) improves brain function in healthy Japanese adults and elderly individuals. Herein, we present a 12-month, randomised, double-blind, parallel-armed intervention trial examining the effects of PO supplementation alone or in combination with A. cordifolia leaf powder on brain function in healthy elderly Japanese individuals. Participants were randomly divided into two groups: the PO group received 1.47 mL PO (0.88 g ALA) daily via soft gelatine capsules, and the POAC group received 1.47 mL PO and 1.12 g A. cordifolia leaf powder (1.46 mg vitexin and 1.12 mg adenosine) daily. After 12 months of intervention, the POAC group showed generally higher cognitive index scores than the PO group. The beneficial effects of combined supplementation on cognitive function were associated with increased ALA and eicosapentaenoic acid levels in red blood cell plasma membranes, increased serum biological antioxidant potential, and decreased serum triglyceride, glucose, and N-(epsilon)-carboxymethyl-lysine (CML), an advanced glycation end-product and biochemical marker of oxidative stress levels. The effects of combined supplementation on cognitive function also showed a significant negative correlation with serum CML levels after 12 months of intervention. Our findings suggest that combined long-term supplementation with PO and A. cordifolia more effectively ameliorates age-related cognitive decline than PO alone. These findings may serve as a basis for the development of new supplements for brain health. Clinical Trial Registry, UMIN000040863.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michio Hashimoto
- Department of Environmental Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, Izumo, Shimane, Japan.
| | - Kentaro Matsuzaki
- Department of Environmental Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, Izumo, Shimane, Japan.
| | | | - Eri Sumiyoshi
- Department of Environmental Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, Izumo, Shimane, Japan.
| | - Shahdat Hossain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Harumi Wakatsuki
- Department of Environmental Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, Izumo, Shimane, Japan.
| | - Setsushi Kato
- Kato Hospital, Jinjukai Healthcare Corporation, Kawamoto, Shimane, Japan
| | - Miho Ohno
- Kato Hospital, Jinjukai Healthcare Corporation, Kawamoto, Shimane, Japan
| | - Yoko Tanabe
- Department of Environmental Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, Izumo, Shimane, Japan.
| | - Yoko Kuroda
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, Izumo, Shimane, Japan
| | | | - Koji Kajima
- Sankyo Holdings Co., Ltd, Fuji, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Yasushi Ohizumi
- Kansei Fukushi Research Institute, Tohoku Fukushi University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Osamu Shido
- Department of Environmental Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, Izumo, Shimane, Japan.
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14
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Ghnaimawi S, Zhang S, Baum JI, Huang Y. The Effects of Maternal Intake of EPA and DHA Enriched Diet During Pregnancy and Lactation on Offspring’s Muscle Development and Energy Homeostasis. Front Physiol 2022; 13:881624. [PMID: 35733999 PMCID: PMC9207413 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.881624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
EPA and DHA are n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids with a diversity of health benefits on offspring. The objective of this study was to test the in vivo effect of maternal ingestion of EPA and DHA on fetal and offspring muscle development and energy balance. Two groups of female C57BL/6 mice were fed EPA and DHA enriched diet (FA) and diet devoid of EPA and DHA (CON) respectively throughout the entire period of gestation and lactation. Embryos at E13 and offspring at age of D1 and D21 were selected for sample collection and processing. No change in birth number and body weight were observed between groups at D1 and D21. Transient increase in the expression levels of myogenesis regulating genes was detected at D1 (p < 0.05) in FA group. Most of the expression of muscle protein synthesis regulating genes were comparable (p > 0.05) between FA and CON groups at D1 and D21. The significant increase in MHC4, and IGF-1 was not linked to increased muscle mass. A persistent increase in ISR expression (p < 0.05) but not in GLUT-4 (p > 0.05) was detected in offspring. Up-regulation of adipogenesis regulating genes was accompanied by increasing intramuscular fat accumulation in the offspring of FA group. Considerable increase in transcripts of genes regulating lipid catabolism and thermogenesis in liver (p < 0.05) was noticed in FA group at D21; whereas, only the levels of carnitine palmitoyl transferase 1A (Cpt1α) and Enoyl-CoA Hydratase And 3-Hydroxyacyl CoA Dehydrogenase (Ehhadh) increased at D1. Similarly, genes regulating lipolysis were highly expressed at D21 in FA group. EPA and DHA treatment promoted BAT development and activity by increasing the expression of BAT signature genes (p < 0.05). Also, maternal intake of EPA and DHA enriched diet enhanced browning of sWAT. Taken together, maternal ingestion of EPA/DHA may be suggested as a therapeutic option to improve body composition and counteract childhood obesity- related metabolic disorders and confer lifelong positive metabolic impact on offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeed Ghnaimawi
- Medical Laboratory Techniques Department, Kut University College, Alkut, Iraq
| | - Shilei Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Jamie I. Baum
- Department of Food Science, Division of Agriculture, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Yan Huang
- Department of Animal Science, Division of Agriculture, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
- *Correspondence: Yan Huang, , orcid.org/0000-0001-9464-6889
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15
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Shahidi S, Mahmoodi MS, Komaki A, Sadeghian R. The comparison of omega-3 and flaxseed oil on serum lipids and lipoproteins in hyperlipidemic male rats. Heliyon 2022; 8:e09662. [PMID: 35721684 PMCID: PMC9204734 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e09662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyperlipidemia affects a significant number of patients despite treatment with cholesterol-lowering drugs. Due to the low efficacy of synthetic drugs, there is a need for new agents with low side effects. Therefore, the effects of flaxseeds oil and animal omega-3 on the hyperlipidemic rats were investigated. Forty male Wistar rats were assigned to four groups (n = 10): 1) control group that was fed with a standard diet (pallets). 2) high-fat diet (HFD) control group that was fed with high-fat food for 42 days, 3) Omega-3 group that received HFD for 21 days, followed by HFD + omega-3 capsule (600 mg/kg; 21 days/gavage), and 4) flaxseed oil group that received HFD for 21 days, followed by HFD + flaxseed oil (10 ml/kg; 21 days/gavage). Blood samples were collected three times and at the stages one to third of the experiment from the rats' tail. The results showed that high levels of fat significantly increased cholesterol, triglyceride (TG), and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) in the flaxseed, HFD control, and omega-3 groups in the second stages of the experiment. Inverse, omega-3 or flaxseed oil supplementation decreased cholesterol, TG, and LDL levels and increased high-density lipoprotein (HDL) level in comparison with the HFD control group in the third stages of the experiment. There was no significant difference in the studied parameters between the flaxseed- and omega-3-treated groups. It can be concluded that flaxseed oil similar to omega-3 is effective in the treatment of hyperlipidemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siamak Shahidi
- Neurophysiology Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | | | - Alireza Komaki
- Neurophysiology Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Reihaneh Sadeghian
- Medical Plants Research Center, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
- Corresponding author.
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16
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Kopecky SL, Alias S, Klodas E, Jones PJH. Reduction in Serum LDL Cholesterol Using a Nutrient Compendium in Hyperlipidemic Adults Unable or Unwilling to Use Statin Therapy: A Double-Blind Randomized Crossover Clinical Trial. J Nutr 2022; 152:458-465. [PMID: 35079806 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxab375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many hyperlipidemic patients prescribed β-hydroxy-β-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitors (statins) are unable or unwilling to take them. A hedonically acceptable snack-based solution formulated from cholesterol-lowering food ingredients could represent a therapeutic alternative but has not been tested in this population. OBJECTIVES To evaluate the effect of snacks containing a compendium of functional bioactives on fasting LDL cholesterol in statin candidates unwilling to use or intolerant to ≥1 statin drug. Secondary outcomes included changes in circulating total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides, HDL cholesterol, fasting glucose, insulin, and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein concentrations, as well as effects of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) on outcome. METHODS This multicenter, randomized, double-blind, free-living crossover study was composed of 2 regimented phases of 4 wk each, separated by a 4-wk washout. Eighteen men and 36 women, with a mean ± SD age of 49 ± 12 y and mean ± SD LDL cholesterol of 131 ± 32.1 mg/dL, were instructed to ingest a variety of ready-to-eat snacks twice daily as a substitute for something they were consuming already. Other behavior changes were actively discouraged. Treatment products provided ≥5 g fiber, 1000 mg ω-3 (n-3) fatty acids, 1000 mg phytosterols, and 1800 μmol antioxidants per serving. Control products were calorie-matched like-items drawn from the general grocery marketplace. Serum lipids were measured at baseline and the end of each phase and compared using the ANOVA model. Compliance to study foods was confirmed by serum 18:3n-3 concentration assessment. RESULTS Comparing intervention phase endpoints, LDL cholesterol was reduced a mean ± SD of 8.80 ± 1.69% (P < 0.0001), and TC was reduced a mean ± SD of 5.08 ± 1.12% (P < 0.0001) by treatment foods compared with control foods, whereas effects on other analytes did not differ between treatments. SNPs were not significantly related to outcomes (P ≥ 0.230). Compliance with study foods was 95%. CONCLUSIONS Consumption of hedonically acceptable snacks containing a compendium of cholesterol-lowering bioactive compounds can rapidly and meaningfully reduce LDL cholesterol in adult patients unable or unwilling to take statin drugs. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02341924.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Soumya Alias
- Department of Food and Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.,Richardson Centre for Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | | | - Peter J H Jones
- Department of Food and Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.,Richardson Centre for Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
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17
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Hashimoto M, Matsuzaki K, Maruyama K, Hossain S, Sumiyoshi E, Wakatsuki H, Kato S, Ohno M, Tanabe Y, Kuroda Y, Yamaguchi S, Kajima K, Ohizumi Y, Shido O. Perilla seed oil in combination with the nobiletin-rich ponkan powder enhances cognitive function in healthy elderly Japanese individuals: Possible supplement for brain health in the elderly. Food Funct 2022; 13:2768-2781. [DOI: 10.1039/d1fo03508h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Perilla (Perilla frutescens) seed oil (PO), rich in α-linolenic acid (ALA), can improve cognitive function in healthy elderly Japanese people. Here, supplements containing either PO alone or PO with nobiletin-rich...
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18
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Li N, Jia M, Deng Q, Wang Z, Huang F, Hou H, Xu T. Effect of low-ratio n-6/n-3 PUFA on blood lipid level: a meta-analysis. Hormones (Athens) 2021; 20:697-706. [PMID: 33123975 DOI: 10.1007/s42000-020-00248-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this meta-analysis was to evaluate the effects of low-ratio n-6/n-3 PUFA on blood lipid levels. METHODS We searched the PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Library databases for randomized controlled trials of n-6/n-3 PUFA interventions up to March 2019. The change values were calculated as weighted mean differences (WMDs) by using a random-effect model. Subgroup analysis and meta-regression were used to explore the source of heterogeneity. RESULTS A total of 30 randomized controlled trials with 1368 participants were identified. Compared with control, low-ratio n-6/n-3 PUFA significantly reduced triglyceride (TG) concentration (WMD: - 0.079 mmol/L, 95% confidence interval (CI): - 0.148 mmol/L to - 0.009 mmol/L, p = 0.026) and increased high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) concentration (WMD: 0.033 mmol/L, 95% CI: 0.007 to 0.058 mmol/L, p = 0.012). Subgroup analysis revealed that the effects of low-ratio n-6/n-3 PUFA on blood lipid levels were better for a longer time. The effects of α-linolenic acid on total cholesterol (TC) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) concentrations were more obvious among participants. Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) had more significant effects on TG and HDL-C concentrations. No significant publication bias was observed for TG and HDL-C, as suggested by the results of Begg's test and Egger's test. CONCLUSION Low-ratio n-6/n-3 PUFA significantly reduced TG concentration and increased HDL-C concentration. The beneficial effects of low-ratio n-6/n-3 PUFA on TG, TC, HDL-C, and LDL-C concentrations were enhanced with time. However, n-3 PUFA derived from plants significantly reduced TC and LDL-C concentrations, and n-3 PUFA derived from EPA and DHA significantly reduced TG concentration and increased HDL-C concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Li
- Institute of Agro-Food Science and Technology, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Shandong Engineering Research Center of Food for Special Medical Purpose/Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Processing Technology of Shandong Province/Key Laboratory of Novel Food Resources Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, 202 Gongyebei Road, Jinan, 250100, China
- Food Science and Engineering of Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, 271000, Shandong, China
| | - Min Jia
- Institute of Agro-Food Science and Technology, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Shandong Engineering Research Center of Food for Special Medical Purpose/Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Processing Technology of Shandong Province/Key Laboratory of Novel Food Resources Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, 202 Gongyebei Road, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Qianchun Deng
- Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhen Wang
- School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Fenghong Huang
- Institute of Agro-Food Science and Technology, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Shandong Engineering Research Center of Food for Special Medical Purpose/Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Processing Technology of Shandong Province/Key Laboratory of Novel Food Resources Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, 202 Gongyebei Road, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Hanxue Hou
- Food Science and Engineering of Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, 271000, Shandong, China.
| | - Tongcheng Xu
- Institute of Agro-Food Science and Technology, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Shandong Engineering Research Center of Food for Special Medical Purpose/Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Processing Technology of Shandong Province/Key Laboratory of Novel Food Resources Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, 202 Gongyebei Road, Jinan, 250100, China.
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19
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Erkkilä AT, Manninen S, Fredrikson L, Bhalke M, Holopainen M, Ruuth M, Lankinen M, Käkelä R, Öörni K, Schwab US. Lipidomic changes of LDL after consumption of Camelina sativa oil, fatty fish and lean fish in subjects with impaired glucose metabolism-A randomized controlled trial. J Clin Lipidol 2021; 15:743-751. [PMID: 34548243 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacl.2021.08.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is little knowledge on the effects of alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) and n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 LCPUFA) on the LDL lipidome and aggregation of LDL particles. OBJECTIVE We examined if consumption of Camelina sativa oil (CSO) as a source of ALA, fatty fish (FF) as a source of n-3 LCPUFA and lean fish (LF) as a source of fish protein affect the lipidome of LDL as compared to a control diet. METHODS Participants with impaired glucose tolerance (39 women and 40 men) were randomized to 4 study groups (CSO providing 10 g/d ALA, FF and LF [both 4 fish meals/wk] and control limiting their fish and ALA intake) in a 12-week, parallel trial. Diets were instructed and dietary fats were provided to the participants. The lipidome of LDL particles isolated from samples collected at baseline and after intervention was analyzed with electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry. RESULTS In the CSO group, the relative concentrations of saturated and monounsaturated cholesteryl ester species in LDL decreased and the species with ALA increased. In the FF group, LDL phosphatidylcholine (PC) species containing n-3 LCPUFA increased. There was a significant positive correlation between the change in total sphingomyelin and change in LDL aggregation, while total PC and triunsaturated PC species were inversely associated with LDL aggregation when all the study participants were included in the analysis. CONCLUSION Dietary intake of CSO and FF modifies the LDL lipidome to contain more polyunsaturated and less saturated lipid species. The LDL surface lipids are associated with LDL aggregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arja T Erkkilä
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Suvi Manninen
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Linda Fredrikson
- Helsinki University Lipidomics Unit (HiLIPID), Helsinki Institute for Life Sciences (HiLIFE) and Biocenter Finland, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Molecular and Integrative Biosciences Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Monika Bhalke
- Helsinki University Lipidomics Unit (HiLIPID), Helsinki Institute for Life Sciences (HiLIFE) and Biocenter Finland, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Molecular and Integrative Biosciences Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Minna Holopainen
- Helsinki University Lipidomics Unit (HiLIPID), Helsinki Institute for Life Sciences (HiLIFE) and Biocenter Finland, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Molecular and Integrative Biosciences Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Maija Ruuth
- Atherosclerosis Research Laboratory, Wihuri Research Institute, Helsinki, Finland; Research Programs Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Maria Lankinen
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Reijo Käkelä
- Helsinki University Lipidomics Unit (HiLIPID), Helsinki Institute for Life Sciences (HiLIFE) and Biocenter Finland, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Molecular and Integrative Biosciences Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Katariina Öörni
- Atherosclerosis Research Laboratory, Wihuri Research Institute, Helsinki, Finland; Molecular and Integrative Biosciences Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ursula S Schwab
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland; Department of Medicine, Endocrinology and Clinical Nutrition, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
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20
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Pareek M, Mason RP, Bhatt DL. Icosapent ethyl: safely reducing cardiovascular risk in adults with elevated triglycerides. Expert Opin Drug Saf 2021; 21:31-42. [PMID: 34253137 DOI: 10.1080/14740338.2021.1954158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In patients at high cardiovascular risk, the rate of events remains elevated despite traditional, evidence-based lipid-lowering therapy. Residual hypertriglyceridemia is an important contributor to this risk. However, prior medications with triglyceride-lowering effects have not reduced adverse clinical outcomes in the statin era. AREAS COVERED The present review summarizes evidence and recommendations related to triglyceride-lowering therapy in the primary and secondary preventive settings. We provide an overview of findings from recent meta-analyses, important observational studies, and a detailed description of landmark trials, including the Reduction of Cardiovascular Events with Icosapent Ethyl-Intervention Trial (REDUCE-IT). We further review recommendations from current guidelines. EXPERT OPINION Icosapent ethyl is a stable, highly purified ethyl ester of eicosapentaenoic acid that safely and effectively reduces cardiovascular events in the contemporary setting. It is prescribed at a dose of 2 grams twice daily and is indicated in patients at high cardiovascular risk who have fasting or non-fasting triglyceride levels ≥150 mg/dl despite maximally tolerated statin treatment, or in individuals with triglyceride levels ≥500 mg/dl. Conversely, omega-3 fatty acid preparations containing a combination of eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid are not indicated for reduction of cardiovascular risk and should be actively deprescribed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manan Pareek
- Heart & Vascular Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine, Yale New Haven Hospital, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.,Department of Cardiology, North Zealand Hospital, Hillerød, Denmark
| | - R Preston Mason
- Heart & Vascular Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Elucida Research LLC, Beverly, MA, USA
| | - Deepak L Bhatt
- Heart & Vascular Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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21
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Li J, Pora BLR, Dong K, Hasjim J. Health benefits of docosahexaenoic acid and its bioavailability: A review. Food Sci Nutr 2021; 9:5229-5243. [PMID: 34532031 PMCID: PMC8441440 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.2299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is the predominant omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid found in human brain and eyes. There are a number of studies in the literature showing the health benefits of DHA. It is critical throughout all life stages from the need for fetal development, the prevention of preterm birth, and the prevention of cardiovascular disease to the improvements in the cognitive function and the eye health of adults and elderly. These benefits might be related to the modulation of gut microbiota by DHA. In addition, there are some discrepancies in the literature regarding certain health benefits of DHA, and this review is intended to explore and understand these discrepancies. Besides the variations in the DHA contents of different supplement sources, bioavailability is crucial for the efficacy of DHA supplements, which depends on several factors. For example, DHA in phospholipid and triglyceride forms are more readily to be absorbed by the body than that in ethyl ester form. In addition, dietary lipids in meals and emulsification of DHA oil can increase the bioavailability of DHA. Estrogens stimulated the biosynthesis of DHA, whereas testosterone stimulus induced a decrease in DHA. The roles of DHA through human lifespan, the sources, and its recommended daily intake in different countries are also discussed to provide a better understanding of the importance of this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Li
- Roquette Management (Shanghai) Co., Ltd.R&D ChinaShanghaiChina
| | | | - Ke Dong
- Roquette Management (Shanghai) Co., Ltd.R&D ChinaShanghaiChina
| | - Jovin Hasjim
- Roquette Management (Shanghai) Co., Ltd.R&D ChinaShanghaiChina
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22
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Ding XQ, Yuan CC, Huang YB, Jiang L, Qian LC. Effects of phytosterol supplementation on growth performance, serum lipid, proinflammatory cytokines, intestinal morphology, and meat quality of white feather broilers. Poult Sci 2021; 100:101096. [PMID: 34087700 PMCID: PMC8182435 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2021.101096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of dietary phytosterol (PS) addition at different levels on growth performance, serum lipid, proinflammatory cytokines, intestinal morphology, and meat quality in broilers. A total of 600, 1-day-old male broilers were allocated into five groups with six replicates and were fed a basal diet supplemented with 0 (control group), 10, 20, 40, or 80 mg/kg PS for 42 days. Compared with the control group, the administration of PS at doses of 40 and 80 mg/kg significantly increased the average daily feed intake and average daily gain of broilers during the experimental period. Similarly, PS at a dosage of 20 and 40 mg/kg increased the concentrations of interleukin-1β, interferon-γ, interleukin-2, and interleukin-6 but decreased triglyceride, total cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol content of serum (P < 0.05). Dietary PS at less than or equal to 40 mg/kg level increased (P < 0.05) villus height, and villus height to crypt depth ratio in the duodenum and ileum. Supplementing PS increased the pH value at 45 min post-mortem and decreased drip loss and shear force of breast muscle (P < 0.05). Dietary PS administration at 20 and 40 mg/kg decreased malondialdehyde accumulation but increased total antioxidant capacity and superoxide dismutase activity of breast muscle compared with the control group (P < 0.05). PS increased the concentrations of total amino acids and flavor amino acids as well as eicosapentaenoic acid, docosahexaenoic acid, and total polyunsaturated fatty acids but decreased saturated fatty acids in breast muscle (P < 0.05). It was concluded that dietary PS supplementation, especially at 40 mg/kg, could improve growth performance, serum lipid, proinflammatory cytokines, intestinal morphology, and meat quality in broilers, providing insights into its application as a potential feed additive in broiler production.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Q Ding
- Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in East China, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - C C Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in East China, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Y B Huang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in East China, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - L Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in East China, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - L C Qian
- Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in East China, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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23
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Liu S, Wang X, Li Y, Shi B, Guo X, Zhao Y, Yan S. Flaxseed Oil and Heated Flaxseed Supplements Have Different Effects on Lipid Deposition and Ileal Microbiota in Albas Cashmere Goats. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11030790. [PMID: 33809169 PMCID: PMC8000257 DOI: 10.3390/ani11030790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 03/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary With the grassland desertification intensified, pasture carrying capacity decreased, and grass seasonal changed, stall-feeding fattening has become an effective means to protect the natural environment. The stall-feeding fattening increased the cashmere goats’ weight but reduced the meat quality and increased the saturated fatty acids content in muscle and fat tissue of cashmere goats. Supplementing flaxseed and flaxseed oil rich-in linolenic acid (ALA) to diet to improve meat quality is an effective nutritional regulation means. Previous research results of our team showed that compared to diet supplemented with flaxseed oil, added flaxseed increased linoleic acid biohydrogenation by reducing the Ruminobacter relative abundance and increasing the relative abundance of Prevotellaceae_UCG-001 and Fretibacterium in rumen, protected ALA away from biohydrogenation, and more n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids entered the post-intestinal tract. Based on the previous research, this study explored whether the ALA flowing into the posterior intestine can reduce fat deposition and blood lipid by affecting intestinal microbiota. The results showed that adding flaxseed grain to diet decreased the growth performance, lipid deposition, and blood lipid content of goats by regulating the blood lipid-related enzyme activity, which positively associated with [Eubacterium]_coprostanoligenes_group, but negatively associated with unclassified_f_Peptostreptococcaceae, Intestinibacter, and Ruminococcus_2. Abstract The present study investigated the effect of flaxseed grain or flaxseed oil on ileal microbiota and lipid deposition of cashmere goats. Sixty kid goats (average body weight 18.6 ± 0.1 kg) were allocated to three treatments, fed for 90 days, with control treatment: basal diet (CON, total-mixed ration), experimental treatment: basal diet with added flaxseed oil (LNO), experimental treatment: basal diet with added heated flaxseed grain (HLS). The final body weight, body weight gain, the weight of kidney fat, omental fat, tail fat, and fat tissue, the activity of fatty acid synthetase, acetyl-coa carboxylase, and malic dehydrogenase, and the relative abundance (RA) of unclassified_f_Peptostreptococcaceae and Intestinibacter were remarkably higher in the LNO treatment than in the HLS treatment, but the [Eubacterium]_coprostanoligenes_group RA showed the opposite result. The content of triglyceride, cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol were significantly higher in the CON and LNO treatments than in the HLS treatment, while the hormone-sensitive lipase activity and the non-esterified fatty acid content showed the opposite result. In conclusion, the flaxseed grain is more efficient than flaxseed oil in ameliorating the blood lipid profiles and it is a potential product for decreasing the lipid deposition of cashmere goats.
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24
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Cardiovascular effects of omega-3 fatty acids: Hope or hype? Atherosclerosis 2021; 322:15-23. [PMID: 33706079 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2021.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2020] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Omega-3 fatty acids have emerged as a new option for controlling the residual risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD) in the statin era after a clinical trial (REDUCE-IT) reported positive results with icosapent ethyl (IPE) in patients receiving maximally tolerated statin therapy. However, another trial which used high dose eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) + docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) combination (STRENGTH) has failed. Together, these results raise clinically important questions. Are effects of omega-3 fatty acids neutral or beneficial in patients on statin therapy, or perhaps even harmful? The current contradictory results could be attributed to different types of omega-3 fatty acids (only EPA or combination of EPA + DHA), doses (higher vs. lower dose) of omega-3 fatty acids or different comparators (corn oil or mineral oil), as well as the underlying severity of the CVD risk or use of statins. Together with these issues, we will discuss different biological and clinical effects of various types of omega-3 fatty acids and then interpret different results of past and current clinical studies and propose practical suggestions, which could be applied in patient management.
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25
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Mayer C, Richard L, Côme M, Ulmann L, Nazih H, Chénais B, Ouguerram K, Mimouni V. The Marine Microalga, Tisochrysis lutea, Protects against Metabolic Disorders Associated with Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity. Nutrients 2021; 13:430. [PMID: 33525643 PMCID: PMC7911999 DOI: 10.3390/nu13020430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids n-3 series and especially docosahexaenoic acid are known to exert preventive effects on metabolic disturbances associated with obesity and decrease cardiovascular disease risk. n-3 LC-PUFAs are mainly consumed in the form of fish oil, while other sources, such as certain microalgae, may contain a high content of these fatty acids. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of Tisochrysis lutea (Tiso), a microalga rich in DHA, on metabolic disorders associated with obesity. Three male Wistar rat groups were submitted for eight weeks to a standard diet or high-fat and high fructose diet (HF), supplemented or not with 12% of T. lutea (HF-Tiso). The supplementation did not affect plasma alanine aminotransferase (ALAT). Bodyweight, glycemia and insulinemia decreased in HF-Tiso rats (ANOVA, p < 0.001), while total plasma cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) increased (ANOVA, p < 0.001) without change of low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) and triacylglycerol (TAG) levels. Tiso supplementation decreased fat mass and leptinemia as well as liver TAG, cholesterol and plasma tumor necrosis factor-alpha levels (ANOVA, p < 0.001) while it did not affect interleukin 6 (IL-6), IL-4 and lipopolysaccharides levels. HF-Tiso rats showed an increase of IL-10 level in abdominal adipose tissue (ANOVA, p < 0.001). In conclusion, these results indicated that DHA-rich T. lutea might be beneficial for the prevention of obesity and improvement of lipid and glucose metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Mayer
- EA 2160 MMS, Mer Molécules Santé, IUML FR 3473 CNRS, Institut Universitaire Technologique, Département Génie Biologique, Le Mans Université, CEDEX 9, 53020 Laval, France; (C.M.); (M.C.); (L.U.)
| | | | - Martine Côme
- EA 2160 MMS, Mer Molécules Santé, IUML FR 3473 CNRS, Institut Universitaire Technologique, Département Génie Biologique, Le Mans Université, CEDEX 9, 53020 Laval, France; (C.M.); (M.C.); (L.U.)
| | - Lionel Ulmann
- EA 2160 MMS, Mer Molécules Santé, IUML FR 3473 CNRS, Institut Universitaire Technologique, Département Génie Biologique, Le Mans Université, CEDEX 9, 53020 Laval, France; (C.M.); (M.C.); (L.U.)
| | - Hassan Nazih
- EA 2160 MMS, Mer Molécules Santé, IUML FR 3473 CNRS, UFR Pharmacie, Université de Nantes, CEDEX 1, 44035 Nantes, France;
| | - Benoît Chénais
- EA 2160 MMS, Mer Molécules Santé, IUML FR 3473 CNRS, UFR Sciences et Techniques, Le Mans Université, CEDEX 9, 72085 Le Mans, France;
| | - Khadija Ouguerram
- UMR1280 PhAN, Physiopathology of Nutritional Adaptations, INRAe, University of Nantes, CHU Hôtel Dieu, IMAD, CRNH Ouest, 44000 Nantes, France;
| | - Virginie Mimouni
- EA 2160 MMS, Mer Molécules Santé, IUML FR 3473 CNRS, Institut Universitaire Technologique, Département Génie Biologique, Le Mans Université, CEDEX 9, 53020 Laval, France; (C.M.); (M.C.); (L.U.)
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26
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Toth PP, Shah PK, Lepor NE. Targeting hypertriglyceridemia to mitigate cardiovascular risk: A review. Am J Prev Cardiol 2020; 3:100086. [PMID: 32929418 PMCID: PMC7481317 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpc.2020.100086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A causal relationship between elevated triglycerides and cardiovascular disease is controversial, as trials of triglyceride-lowering treatments have not shown significant impact on cardiovascular outcomes. However, hypertriglyceridemia is associated with atherogenesis and risk for acute cardiovascular events that persist despite optimal statin treatment. Although most trials of triglyceride-lowering treatments have been negative, in trials of niacin and fibrates, subgroup analyses in patients with higher baseline triglycerides and lower HDL-C levels suggest reduced incidence of cardiovascular endpoints. The REDUCE-IT trial demonstrated that addition of purified prescription eicosapentaenoic acid (icosapent ethyl) 4 g/day in high-risk patients with triglyceride levels 135–499 mg/dL and optimized statin treatment significantly reduced cardiovascular events versus placebo (hazard ratio 0.75; 95% confidence interval 0.68–0.83; P < 0.001). Benefit was seen regardless of baseline and on-treatment triglyceride levels, suggesting that other effects of eicosapentaenoic acid besides triglyceride reduction may have played a role. Hypertriglyceridemia is associated with atherogenesis & cardiovascular event risk. Most triglyceride treatment cardiovascular outcomes trials have been negative. However, icosapent ethyl significantly reduced cardiovascular events in REDUCE-IT. Effects of icosapent ethyl beyond triglyceride reduction may play a role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter P Toth
- CGH Medical Center, Sterling, IL, USA.,Cicarrone Center for the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Prediman K Shah
- Smidt Heart Institute at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Norman E Lepor
- Smidt Heart Institute at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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27
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Chen H, Deng G, Zhou Q, Chu X, Su M, Wei Y, Li L, Zhang Z. Effects of eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid versus α-linolenic acid supplementation on cardiometabolic risk factors: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Food Funct 2020; 11:1919-1932. [PMID: 32175534 DOI: 10.1039/c9fo03052b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Previous randomized controlled trials (RCTs) made direct comparisons between EPA/DHA versus ALA on improving cardiovascular risk factors and have reached inconsistent findings. The aim of this meta-analysis was to compare the effects of EPA/DHA vs. ALA supplementation on cardiometabolic disturbances. Databases including MEDLINE, Embase, PubMed and Cochrane Trials were searched until December 2019. The pooled effects (weighted mean difference, WMD) of outcomes with moderate and high heterogeneity were calculated with a random-effects model, while low heterogeneity was calculated with a fixed-effect model. Fourteen RCTs with 1137 participants who met the eligibility criteria were pooled. Compared with participants supplemented with ALA, those who received EPA/DHA supplementation experienced a greater reduction in triglycerides (TG) (WMD -0.191 mmol l-1; 95% CI -0.249, -0.133) but a greater increase in high-density lipoprotein (HDL) (WMD 0.033 mmol l-1; 95% CI 0.004, 0.062), low-density lipoprotein (LDL) (WMD 0.130 mmol l-1; 95% CI 0.006, 0.253) and total cholesterol (TC) (WMD 0.179 mmol l-1; 95% CI 0.006, 0.352). In subgroup analyses, the WMD for TG was much lower in trials with participants >40 years old (-0.246 mmol l-1; 95% CI -0.325, -0.167). When DHA and EPA were separately administered, modest increases in HDL were observed in trials that used DHA as a supplement (0.161 mmol l-1; 95% CI 0.017, 0.304), but not in trials using EPA (0.040 mmol l-1; 95% CI -0.132, 0.212). In conclusion, dietary EPA/DHA supplementation improved the TG and HDL status but increased LDL levels in comparison with ALA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hengying Chen
- Injury Prevention Research Center, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China.
| | - Guifang Deng
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Union Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Quan Zhou
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xinwei Chu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Mengyang Su
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Yuanhuan Wei
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Union Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Liping Li
- Injury Prevention Research Center, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China.
| | - Zheqing Zhang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
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28
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Lordan R, Redfern S, Tsoupras A, Zabetakis I. Inflammation and cardiovascular disease: are marine phospholipids the answer? Food Funct 2020; 11:2861-2885. [DOI: 10.1039/c9fo01742a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
This review presents the latest research on the cardioprotective effects of n-3 fatty acids (FA) and n-3 FA bound to polar lipids (PL). Overall, n-3 PL may have enhanced bioavailability and potentially bioactivityversusfree FA and ester forms of n-3 FA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronan Lordan
- Department of Biological Sciences
- University of Limerick
- Limerick
- Ireland
- Health Research Institute (HRI)
| | - Shane Redfern
- Department of Biological Sciences
- University of Limerick
- Limerick
- Ireland
| | - Alexandros Tsoupras
- Department of Biological Sciences
- University of Limerick
- Limerick
- Ireland
- Health Research Institute (HRI)
| | - Ioannis Zabetakis
- Department of Biological Sciences
- University of Limerick
- Limerick
- Ireland
- Health Research Institute (HRI)
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29
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Sujeta A, Capkauskiene S, Vizbaraite D, Stasiule L, Balciunas M, Stasiulis A, Kadusevicius E. Low-Dose Omega-3 Fatty Acid and Vitamin D for Anthropometric, Biochemical Blood Indices and Respiratory Function. Does it work? INT J VITAM NUTR RES 2020; 90:67-83. [DOI: 10.1024/0300-9831/a000476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Abstract. Omega-3 fatty acids and vitamin D3 have beneficial effects on different blood, cardiovascular parameters and physical performance. However, the effect of low-dose omega-3 fatty acid supplementation remains unclear. 84 office workers aged 40–60 years, participated in a 16-week open, randomized, placebo-controlled, parallel-group study. The experimental group received 330 mg of omega-3 fatty acid and 0.005 mg (200 IU) of vitamin D3 per day and the control group received placebo. Anthropometric, biochemical blood and respiratory indices were measured at 12 and 16 weeks. Body mass (BM) and body mass index (BMI) significantly reduced in both the experimental (BM from 74.4 ± 13.04 to 73.2 ± 13.02 kg, p < 0.001; BMI from 25.8 ± 4.1 to 25.4 ± 4.3 kg/m2, p < 0.001) and the placebo groups (BM from 69.5 ± 11. to 68.7 ± 11.4 kg, p < 0.05; BMI from 24.1 ± 4.0 to 23.8 ± 4.2 kg/m2, p < 0.05). Omega-3 fatty acid supplementation significantly improved glucose (from 5.12 ± 0.55 to 4.97 ± 0.62 mmol/l; p = 0.05), total cholesterol (from 5.86 ± 1.0 to 5.32 ± 1.55 mmol/l; p = 0.003), and vitamin D levels (from 35.07 ± 21.65 to 68.63 ± 25.94 nmol/l; p = 0.000). Maximal oxygen consumption (from 33.7 ± 2.4 to 36.6 ± 3.2 ml/kg/min, p = 0.035), forced vital capacity (from 3.5 ± 0.6 to 3.9 ± 0.9 l, p = 0.044), forced expiratory volume (from 3.2 ± 0.6 to 3.5 ± 0.7 l, p = 0.014), and peak expiratory flow (from 6.7 ± 1.4 to 7.5 ± 1.6 l/s, p = 0.019) also slightly improved in the omega-3 fatty acid group. Daily supplementation of 330 mg of omega-3 fatty acids had a slight positive impact on total cholesterol and glucose level, while there was no effect on low and high density lipoproteins, and triglycerides levels. Therefore, dose of 330 mg per day seems as insufficient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arturas Sujeta
- National Institute for Health Development, Lithuanian Sports University, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Sandrija Capkauskiene
- Department of Applied Biology and Rehabilitation, Lithuanian Sports University, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Daiva Vizbaraite
- Department of Applied Biology and Rehabilitation, Lithuanian Sports University, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Loreta Stasiule
- Department of Applied Biology and Rehabilitation, Lithuanian Sports University, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Mindaugas Balciunas
- National Institute for Health Development, Lithuanian Sports University, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Arvydas Stasiulis
- Department of Applied Biology and Rehabilitation, Lithuanian Sports University, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Edmundas Kadusevicius
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Institute of Physiology & Pharmacology, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
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30
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Punia S, Sandhu KS, Siroha AK, Dhull SB. Omega 3-metabolism, absorption, bioavailability and health benefits–A review. PHARMANUTRITION 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phanu.2019.100162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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31
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Sekikawa A, Cui C, Sugiyama D, Fabio A, Harris WS, Zhang X. Effect of High-Dose Marine Omega-3 Fatty Acids on Atherosclerosis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Clinical Trials. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11112599. [PMID: 31671524 PMCID: PMC6893789 DOI: 10.3390/nu11112599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Revised: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A recent randomized controlled trial (RCT), the Reduction of Cardiovascular Events with Icosapent Ethyl-Intervention Trial (REDUCE-IT), reported that high-dose marine omega-3 fatty acids (OM3) significantly reduce cardiovascular disease (CVD) outcomes, yet the mechanisms responsible for this benefit remain unknown. To test the hypothesis that high-dose OM3 is anti-atherosclerotic, we performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of RCT of high-dose OM3 on atherosclerosis. The protocol of this systematic review was registered with PROSPERO (CRD42019125566). PubMed, Embase, Cochran Central Register for Controlled Trials, and Clinicaltrials.gov databases were searched using the following criteria: adult participants, high-dose OM3 (defined as ≥3.0 g/day, or in Japan 1.8 g/day and purity ≥90%) as the intervention, changes in atherosclerosis as the outcome, and RCTs with an intervention duration of ≥6 months. A random-effects meta-analysis was used to pool estimates across studies. Among the 598 articles retrieved, six articles met our criteria. Four RCTs evaluated atherosclerosis in the coronary and two in the carotid arteries. High-dose OM3 significantly slowed the progression of atherosclerosis (standardized mean difference −1.97, 95% confidence interval −3.01, −0.94, p < 0.001). The results indicate that anti-atherosclerotic effect of high-dose OM3 is one potential mechanism in reducing CVD outcomes demonstrated in the REDUCE-IT trial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Sekikawa
- Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
| | - Chendi Cui
- Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
| | - Daisuke Sugiyama
- Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
- Faculty of Nursing and Medical Care, Keio University, 4411 Endo, Fujisawa, 252-0883 Kanagawa, Japan.
| | - Anthony Fabio
- Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
| | - William S Harris
- OmegaQuant Analytics, LLC and Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Sioux Falls, SD 57106, USA.
| | - Xiao Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
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Mayer C, Côme M, Ulmann L, Chini Zittelli G, Faraloni C, Nazih H, Ouguerram K, Chénais B, Mimouni V. Preventive Effects of the Marine Microalga Phaeodactylum tricornutum, Used as a Food Supplement, on Risk Factors Associated with Metabolic Syndrome in Wistar Rats. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11051069. [PMID: 31091691 PMCID: PMC6566425 DOI: 10.3390/nu11051069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Revised: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, n-3 series (n-3 LC-PUFA), are known for their preventive effects against cardiovascular disease. In an unfavourable economic and environmental context of fish oil production, marine microalgae could be an alternative source of n-3 LC-PUFA and are of interest for human nutrition. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of P. tricornutum, a microalga rich in eicosapentaenoic acid and used as a food supplement, on the metabolic disorders associated with metabolic syndrome and obesity development. Three male Wistar rat groups (n = 6) were submitted for eight weeks to a standard diet or high-fat diet (HF) with 10% fructose in drinking water, supplemented or not with 12% of P. tricornutum (HF-Phaeo). Supplementation led to n-3 LC-PUFA enrichment of lipids in the liver, plasma and erythrocytes. Plasma transaminases showed no difference between the HF and HF-Phaeo groups. Body weight, fat mass, inflammatory markers and insulinemia decreased in HF-Phaeo rats versus the HF group. Plasma total cholesterol, triacylglycerols and leptine diminished in HF-Phaeo rats, while HDL-cholesterol increased. In conclusion, this study highlights the beneficial effects of P. tricornutum in reducing the metabolic disorders associated with metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Mayer
- Le Mans Université, EA 2160 MMS, Mer Molécules Santé, IUML FR 3473 CNRS, UFR Sciences et Techniques, 72085 Le Mans, CEDEX 9 and Institut Universitaire Technologique, 53020 Laval, CEDEX 9, France.
| | - Martine Côme
- Le Mans Université, EA 2160 MMS, Mer Molécules Santé, IUML FR 3473 CNRS, UFR Sciences et Techniques, 72085 Le Mans, CEDEX 9 and Institut Universitaire Technologique, 53020 Laval, CEDEX 9, France.
| | - Lionel Ulmann
- Le Mans Université, EA 2160 MMS, Mer Molécules Santé, IUML FR 3473 CNRS, UFR Sciences et Techniques, 72085 Le Mans, CEDEX 9 and Institut Universitaire Technologique, 53020 Laval, CEDEX 9, France.
| | - Graziella Chini Zittelli
- National Research Council, Department of Biology, Agriculture and Food Sciences, Tree and Timber Institute, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (Florence), Italy.
| | - Cecilia Faraloni
- National Research Council, Department of Biology, Agriculture and Food Sciences, Tree and Timber Institute, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (Florence), Italy.
| | - Hassan Nazih
- Université de Nantes, EA 2160 MMS, Mer Molécules Santé, IUML FR 3473 CNRS, UFR Pharmacie, 44035 Nantes, CEDEX 1, France.
| | - Khadija Ouguerram
- Université de Nantes, UMR 1280 PhAN, Physiologie des Adaptations Nutritionnelles, CHU Hôtel Dieu, 44093 Nantes, CEDEX 1, France.
| | - Benoît Chénais
- Le Mans Université, EA 2160 MMS, Mer Molécules Santé, IUML FR 3473 CNRS, UFR Sciences et Techniques, 72085 Le Mans, CEDEX 9 and Institut Universitaire Technologique, 53020 Laval, CEDEX 9, France.
| | - Virginie Mimouni
- Le Mans Université, EA 2160 MMS, Mer Molécules Santé, IUML FR 3473 CNRS, UFR Sciences et Techniques, 72085 Le Mans, CEDEX 9 and Institut Universitaire Technologique, 53020 Laval, CEDEX 9, France.
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Zhou Q, Zhang Z, Wang P, Zhang B, Chen C, Zhang C, Su Y. EPA+DHA, but not ALA, Improved Lipids and Inflammation Status in Hypercholesterolemic Adults: A Randomized, Double‐Blind, Placebo‐Controlled Trial. Mol Nutr Food Res 2019; 63:e1801157. [DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201801157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2018] [Revised: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Quan Zhou
- Department of Nutrition and Food HygieneSchool of Public HealthGuangzhou Medical University Guangzhou 510182 P. R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of FoodSchool of Public HealthSun Yat‐Sen University Guangzhou 510080 P. R. China
| | - Zheqing Zhang
- Department of Nutrition and Food HygieneGuangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease ResearchSchool of Public HealthSouthern Medical University Guangzhou 510515 P. R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of FoodSchool of Public HealthSun Yat‐Sen University Guangzhou 510080 P. R. China
| | - Ping Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Institute of Public Health Guangzhou 511430 P. R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of FoodSchool of Public HealthSun Yat‐Sen University Guangzhou 510080 P. R. China
| | - Bo Zhang
- Food Safety and Health Research CenterGuangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease ResearchSchool of Public HealthSouthern Medical University
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of FoodSchool of Public HealthSun Yat‐Sen University Guangzhou 510080 P. R. China
| | - Chaogang Chen
- Department of Clinical NutritionSun Yat‐Sen Memorial HospitalSun Yat‐Sen University Guangzhou 510120 Guangdong P. R. China
| | - Caixia Zhang
- Department of Medical Statistics and EpidemiologySchool of Public HealthSun Yat‐Sen University Guangzhou 510080 P. R. China
| | - Yixiang Su
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of FoodSchool of Public HealthSun Yat‐Sen University Guangzhou 510080 P. R. China
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Burak C, Wolffram S, Zur B, Langguth P, Fimmers R, Alteheld B, Stehle P, Egert S. Effect of alpha-linolenic acid in combination with the flavonol quercetin on markers of cardiovascular disease risk in healthy, non-obese adults: A randomized, double-blinded placebo-controlled crossover trial. Nutrition 2019; 58:47-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2018.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2017] [Revised: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Hamułka J, Głąbska D, Guzek D, Białkowska A, Sulich A. Intake of Saturated Fatty Acids Affects Atherogenic Blood Properties in Young, Caucasian, Overweight Women Even without Influencing Blood Cholesterol. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2018; 15:ijerph15112530. [PMID: 30424516 PMCID: PMC6267335 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15112530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Revised: 11/03/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Despite a general relation between fat intake and cardiovascular risk factors, the association is often not observed in studies conducted in heterogenic populations, as for population groups, it may differ. The aim of the study was to analyze the associations between dietary fat intake and lipoprotein cholesterol fractions, as well as atherogenic blood properties, in young and middle-aged overweight Caucasian women. In a group of 138 overweight women, the three-day dietary records were assessed, under-reporters were excluded, and lipoprotein cholesterol fractions were analyzed. For the included 24 young (aged 20–40) and 42 middle-age women (aged 40–60), the intakes of fat, saturated fatty acids (SFA), monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA), polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), and cholesterol, as well as the PUFA/SFA ratio, were assessed. Afterwards, the analysis of associations with blood levels of total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), and triglyceride, as well as the TC/HDL ratio, HDL/LDL, ratio and Atherogenic Index of Plasma (AIP), were conducted. It was stated that the influence of the dietary fat level on lipoprotein cholesterol fractions as well as atherogenic blood properties in overweight Caucasian women is age dependent. For young, overweight, Caucasian women, the influence of the dietary fat level on the lipoprotein cholesterol fractions was not observed; however, SFA intake influenced atherogenic blood properties. For middle-aged, overweight, Caucasian women, the PUFA intake had an especially important influence in increasing the HDL cholesterol level. For overweight Caucasian women, not only should lipoprotein cholesterol fractions be controlled, but also the AIP calculated—especially for younger women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jadwiga Hamułka
- Department of Human Nutrition, Faculty of Human Nutrition and Consumer Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (SGGW-WULS), 159C Nowoursynowska Street, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Dominika Głąbska
- Department of Dietetics, Faculty of Human Nutrition and Consumer Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (SGGW-WULS), 159C Nowoursynowska Street, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Dominika Guzek
- Department of Organization and Consumption Economics, Faculty of Human Nutrition and Consumer Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (SGGW-WULS), 159C Nowoursynowska Street, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Agnieszka Białkowska
- Department of Human Nutrition, Faculty of Human Nutrition and Consumer Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (SGGW-WULS), 159C Nowoursynowska Street, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland.
- Internal Department, Czerniakowski Hospital, 19/25 Stępińska Street, 00-739 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Agnieszka Sulich
- Department of Human Nutrition, Faculty of Human Nutrition and Consumer Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (SGGW-WULS), 159C Nowoursynowska Street, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland.
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Thota RN, Ferguson JJA, Abbott KA, Dias CB, Garg ML. Science behind the cardio-metabolic benefits of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids: biochemical effects vs. clinical outcomes. Food Funct 2018; 9:3576-3596. [PMID: 29904777 DOI: 10.1039/c8fo00348c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Lower incidence of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in the Greenland Inuit, Northern Canada and Japan has been attributed to their consumption of seafood rich in long chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCn-3PUFA). While a large majority of pre-clinical and intervention trials have demonstrated heart health benefits of LCn-3PUFA, some studies have shown no effects or even negative effects. LCn-3PUFA have been shown to favourably modulate blood lipid levels, particularly a reduction in circulating levels of triglycerides. High density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) levels are elevated following dietary supplementation with LCn-3PUFA. Although LCn-3PUFA have been shown to increase low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) levels, the increase is primarily in the large-buoyant particles that are less atherogenic than small-dense LDL particles. The anti-inflammatory effects of LCn-3PUFA have been clearly outlined with inhibition of NFkB mediated cytokine production being the main mechanism. In addition, reduction in adhesion molecules (intercellular adhesion molecule, ICAM and vascular cell adhesion molecule 1, VCAM-1) and leukotriene production have also been demonstrated following LCn-3PUFA supplementation. Anti-aggregatory effects of LCn-3PUFA have been a subject of controversy, however, recent studies showing sex-specific effects on platelet aggregation have helped resolve the effects on hyperactive platelets. Improvements in endothelium function, blood flow and blood pressure after LCn-3PUFA supplementation add to the mechanistic explanation on their cardio-protective effects. Modulation of adipose tissue secretions including pro-inflammatory mediators and adipokines by LCn-3PUFA has re-ignited interest in their cardiovascular health benefits. The aim of this narrative review is to filter out the reasons for possible disparity between cohort, mechanistic, pre-clinical and clinical studies. The focus of the article is to provide possible explanation for the observed controversies surrounding heart health benefits of LCn-3PUFA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohith N Thota
- Nutraceuticals Research Program, School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia.
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Pignitter M, Lindenmeier M, Andersen G, Herrfurth C, Beermann C, Schmitt JJ, Feussner I, Fulda M, Somoza V. Effect of 1- and 2-Month High-Dose Alpha-Linolenic Acid Treatment on 13 C-Labeled Alpha-Linolenic Acid Incorporation and Conversion in Healthy Subjects. Mol Nutr Food Res 2018; 62:e1800271. [PMID: 30102841 PMCID: PMC6646899 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201800271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Revised: 07/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
SCOPE The study aims at identifying 1) the most sensitive compartment among plasma phospholipids, erythrocytes, and LDL for studying alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) conversion, and 2) whether ALA incorporation and conversion is saturable after administration of 13 C-labeled ALA-rich linseed oil (LO). The effect of a daily intake of 7 g nonlabeled LO (>43% w/w ALA) for 1 month after bolus administration of 7 g 13 C-labeled LO on day 1, and for 2 months after bolus administration of 7 g 13 C-labeled LO on day 1 and day 29 on 13 C-ALA incorporation and conversion into its higher homologs is investigated in healthy volunteers. METHODS AND RESULTS Incorporation and conversion of LO-derived 13 C-labeled ALA is quantified by applying compartmental modeling. After bolus administration, a fractional conversion of approximately 30% from 13 C-ALA to 13 C-DHA is calculated as reflected by the LDL compartment. Treatment with LO for 8 weeks induces a mean reduction of 13 C-ALA conversion to 13 C-DHA by 48% as reflected by the LDL compartment, and a mean reduction of the 13 C-ALA incorporation into LDL by 46%. CONCLUSION A 2-month dietary intake of a high dose of LO is sufficient to reach saturation of ALA incorporation into LDL particles, which are responsible for ALA distribution in the body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Pignitter
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Gaby Andersen
- German Research Center of Food Chemistry, Freising, Germany
| | - Cornelia Herrfurth
- Department for Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, Georg-August-University, Goettingen, Germany
| | | | - Joachim J Schmitt
- Department of Food Technology, University of Applied Sciences, Fulda, Germany
| | - Ivo Feussner
- Department for Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, Georg-August-University, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Martin Fulda
- Department for Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, Georg-August-University, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Veronika Somoza
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Austria.,German Research Center of Food Chemistry, Freising, Germany
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DiNicolantonio JJ, O'Keefe JH. Effects of dietary fats on blood lipids: a review of direct comparison trials. Open Heart 2018; 5:e000871. [PMID: 30094038 PMCID: PMC6074619 DOI: 10.1136/openhrt-2018-000871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- James J DiNicolantonio
- Preventive Cardiology, Saint Lukes Mid America Heart Institute, Kansas City, Missouri, USA
| | - James H O'Keefe
- Preventive Cardiology, Saint Lukes Mid America Heart Institute, Kansas City, Missouri, USA
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39
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Effects of a hypoenergetic diet rich in α-linolenic acid on fatty acid composition of serum phospholipids in overweight and obese patients with metabolic syndrome. Nutrition 2018; 49:74-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2017.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Revised: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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40
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Chiu CY, Wang LP, Liu SH, Chiang MT. Fish Oil Supplementation Alleviates the Altered Lipid Homeostasis in Blood, Liver, and Adipose Tissues in High-Fat Diet-Fed Rats. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:4118-4128. [PMID: 29627983 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b00529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of dietary supplementation of fish oil on the signals of lipid metabolism involved in hepatic cholesterol and triglyceride influx and excretion in high-fat diet (HFD)-fed rats. Fish oil (FO) repressed body (HFD, 533 ± 18.2 g; HFD+FO, 488 ± 28.0 g, p < 0.05) and liver weights (HFD, 5.7 ± 0.6 g/100 g of body weight; HFD+FO, 4.8 ± 0.4 g/100 g of body weight, p < 0.05) in HFD-fed rats. Fish oil could also improve HFD-induced imbalance of lipid metabolism in blood, liver, and adipose tissues including the significant decreases in plasma and liver total cholesterol (TC) (plasma-HFD, 113 ± 33.6 mg/dL; HFD+FO, 50.0 ± 5.95 mg/dL, p < 0.05; liver-HFD, 102 ± 13.0 mg/g liver; [corrected] HFD+FO, 86.6 ± 7.81 mg/g liver, [corrected] p < 0.05), blood, liver, and adipose triglyceride (TG) (blood-HFD, 52.5 ± 20.4 mg/dL; HFD+FO, 29.8 ± 4.30 mg/dL, p < 0.05; liver-HFD, 56.2 ± 10.0 mg/g liver; [corrected] HFD+FO, 30.3 ± 5.28 mg/g liver, [corrected] p < 0.05; adipose-HFD, 614 ± 73.2 mg/g liver, [corrected] HFD+FO, 409 ± 334 mg/g of adipose tissue, [corrected] p < 0.05), and low density (HFD, 79.8 ± 40.9 mg/dL; HFD+FO, 16.6 ± 5.47 mg/dL, p < 0.05) and very-low-density (HFD, 49.7 ± 33.3 mg/dL; HFD+FO, 10.4 ± 3.45 mg/dL, p < 0.05) lipoprotein and the significant increases in fecal TC (HFD, 12.2 ± 0.67 mg/g feces; [corrected] HFD+FO, 16.3 ± 2.04 mg/g feces, [corrected] < 0.05) and TG (HFD, 2.09 ± 0.10 mg/g feces; [corrected] HFD+FO, 2.38 ± 0.22 mg/g feces, [corrected] p < 0.05) and lipoprotein lipase activity of adipose tissues (HFD, 16.6 ± 3.64 μM p-nitrophenol; HFD+FO, 24.5 ± 4.19 μM p-nitrophenol, p < 0.05). Moreover, fish oil significantly activated the protein expressions of hepatic lipid metabolism regulators (AMPKα and PPARα) and significantly regulated the lipid-transport-related signaling molecules (ApoE, MTTP, ApoB, Angptl4, ApoCIII, ACOX1, and SREBPF1) in blood or liver of HFD-fed rats. These results suggest that fish oil supplementation improves HFD-induced imbalance of lipid homeostasis in blood, liver, and adipose tissues in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Yuan Chiu
- Institute of Food Safety and Health, College of Public Health , National Taiwan University , Taipei 100 , Taiwan
| | - Lou-Pin Wang
- Department of Food Science, College of Life Science , National Taiwan Ocean University , Keelung 202 , Taiwan
| | - Shing-Hwa Liu
- Graduate Institute of Toxicology, College of Medicine , National Taiwan University , Taipei 100 , Taiwan
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine and Hospital , National Taiwan University , Taipei 100 , Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital , China Medical University , Taichung 404 , Taiwan
| | - Meng-Tsan Chiang
- Department of Food Science, College of Life Science , National Taiwan Ocean University , Keelung 202 , Taiwan
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Lee AY, Choi JM, Lee MH, Lee J, Lee S, Cho EJ. Protective effects of perilla oil and alpha linolenic acid on SH-SY5Y neuronal cell death induced by hydrogen peroxide. Nutr Res Pract 2018; 12:93-100. [PMID: 29629025 PMCID: PMC5886971 DOI: 10.4162/nrp.2018.12.2.93] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Revised: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE Oxidative stress plays a key role in neuronal cell damage, which is associated with neurodegenerative disease. The aim of present study was to investigate the neuroprotective effects of perilla oil (PO) and its active component, alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), against hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-induced oxidative stress in SH-SY5Y neuronal cells. MATERIALS/METHODS The SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cells exposed to 250 µM H2O2 for 24 h were treated with different concentrations of PO (25, 125, 250 and 500 µg/mL) and its major fatty acid, ALA (1, 2.5, 5 and 25 µ/mL). We examined the effects of PO and ALA on H2O2-induced cell viability, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release, and nuclear condensation. Moreover, we determined whether PO and ALA regulated the apoptosis-related protein expressions, such as cleaved-poly ADP ribose polymerase (PARP), cleaved caspase-9 and -3, BCL-2 and BAX. RESULTS Treatment of H2O2 resulted in decreased cell viability, increased LDH release, and increase in the nuclei condensation as indicated by Hoechst 33342 staining. However, PO and ALA treatment significantly attenuated the neuronal cell death, indicating that PO and ALA potently blocked the H2O2-induced neuronal apoptosis. Furthermore, cleaved-PARP, cleaved caspase-9 and -3 activations were significantly decreased in the presence of PO and ALA, and the H2O2-mediated up-regulated BAX/BCL-2 ratio was blocked after treatment with PO and ALA. CONCLUSIONS PO and its main fatty acid, ALA, exerted the protective activity from neuronal oxidative stress induced by H2O2. They regulated apoptotic pathway in neuronal cell death by alleviation of BAX/BCL-2 ratio, and down-regulation of cleaved-PARP and cleaved caspase-9 and -3. Although further studies are required to verify the protective mechanisms of PO and ALA from neuronal damage, PO and ALA are the promising agent against oxidative stress-induced apoptotic neuronal cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ah Young Lee
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition & Kimchi Research Institute, Pusan National University, Busandaehak-ro 63 beon-gil 2, Geumjeong-gu, Busan 46241, Korea
| | - Ji Myung Choi
- Department of Southern Area Crop Science, National Institute of Crop Science, Rural Development Administration, Gyeongnam 50424, Korea
| | - Myoung Hee Lee
- Department of Southern Area Crop Science, National Institute of Crop Science, Rural Development Administration, Gyeongnam 50424, Korea
| | - Jaemin Lee
- Department of Integrative Plant Science, Chung-Ang University, Anseong 17546, Korea
| | - Sanghyun Lee
- Department of Integrative Plant Science, Chung-Ang University, Anseong 17546, Korea
| | - Eun Ju Cho
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition & Kimchi Research Institute, Pusan National University, Busandaehak-ro 63 beon-gil 2, Geumjeong-gu, Busan 46241, Korea
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Yanai H, Masui Y, Katsuyama H, Adachi H, Kawaguchi A, Hakoshima M, Waragai Y, Harigae T, Sako A. An Improvement of Cardiovascular Risk Factors by Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids. J Clin Med Res 2018; 10:281-289. [PMID: 29511415 PMCID: PMC5827911 DOI: 10.14740/jocmr3362w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
An epidemiological survey in the Northwest Greenland reported that the Greenlanders have a lower frequency of acute myocardial infarction and diabetes mellitus. The very low incidence of ischemic heart disease in the Greenlanders was explained by consumption of a diet rich in omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). Possible anti-atherothrombotic effects of omega-3 PUFA include an improvement of lipid metabolism such as a reduction of triglyceride and an increase of high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C), and glucose metabolism, anti-platelet activity, anti-inflammatory effects, an improvement of endothelial function and stabilization of atherosclerotic plaque. The present study reviews an improvement of cardiovascular risk factors such as dyslipidemia and diabetes due to consumption of omega-3 PUFA. A sufficient number of studies suggest that omega-3 PUFA supplementation reduces serum triglyceride and increases HDL-cholesterol. The mechanisms for omega-3 PUFA-mediated improvements of lipid metabolism have been partially elucidated. The studies using experimental animals, part of trials in humans, have shown the beneficial effects of omega-3 PUFA on glucose metabolism and insulin sensitivity. The meta-analysis showed that omega-3 PUFA might prevent development of diabetes in part of population. Further studies should be performed to elucidate the association of omega-3 PUFA supplementation with diabetes, in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidekatsu Yanai
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Center for Global Health and Medicine Kohnodai Hospital, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Masui
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Center for Global Health and Medicine Kohnodai Hospital, Chiba, Japan
| | - Hisayuki Katsuyama
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Center for Global Health and Medicine Kohnodai Hospital, Chiba, Japan
| | - Hiroki Adachi
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Center for Global Health and Medicine Kohnodai Hospital, Chiba, Japan
| | - Akiko Kawaguchi
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Center for Global Health and Medicine Kohnodai Hospital, Chiba, Japan
| | - Mariko Hakoshima
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Center for Global Health and Medicine Kohnodai Hospital, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yoko Waragai
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Center for Global Health and Medicine Kohnodai Hospital, Chiba, Japan
| | - Tadanao Harigae
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Center for Global Health and Medicine Kohnodai Hospital, Chiba, Japan
| | - Akahito Sako
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Center for Global Health and Medicine Kohnodai Hospital, Chiba, Japan
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Innes JK, Calder PC. The Differential Effects of Eicosapentaenoic Acid and Docosahexaenoic Acid on Cardiometabolic Risk Factors: A Systematic Review. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19020532. [PMID: 29425187 PMCID: PMC5855754 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19020532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Revised: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
A large body of evidence supports the cardioprotective effects of the long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). There is increasing interest in the independent effects of EPA and DHA in the modulation of cardiometabolic risk factors. This systematic review aims to appraise the latest available evidence of the differential effects of EPA and DHA on such risk factors. A systematic literature review was conducted up to May 2017. Randomised controlled trials were included if they met strict eligibility criteria, including EPA or DHA > 2 g/day and purity ≥ 90%. Eighteen identified articles were included, corresponding to six unique studies involving 527 participants. Both EPA and DHA lowered triglyceride concentration, with DHA having a greater triglyceride-lowering effect. Whilst total cholesterol levels were largely unchanged by EPA and DHA, DHA increased high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol concentration, particularly HDL2, and increased low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol concentration and LDL particle size. Both EPA and DHA inhibited platelet activity, whilst DHA improved vascular function and lowered heart rate and blood pressure to a greater extent than EPA. The effects of EPA and DHA on inflammatory markers and glycaemic control were inconclusive; however both lowered oxidative stress. Thus, EPA and DHA appear to have differential effects on cardiometabolic risk factors, but these need to be confirmed by larger clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline K Innes
- Human Development and Health Academic Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK.
| | - Philip C Calder
- Human Development and Health Academic Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK.
- National Institute for Health Research Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust and University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK.
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Pignitter M, Zaunschirm M, Lach J, Unterberger L, Kopic A, Keßler C, Kienesberger J, Pischetsrieder M, Eggersdorfer M, Riegger C, Somoza V. Regioisomeric distribution of 9- and 13-hydroperoxy linoleic acid in vegetable oils during storage and heating. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2018; 98:1240-1247. [PMID: 29095495 PMCID: PMC5814864 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.8766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Revised: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The oxidative deterioration of vegetable oils is commonly measured by the peroxide value, thereby not considering the contribution of individual lipid hydroperoxide isomers, which might have different bioactive effects. Thus, the formation of 9- and 13-hydroperoxy octadecadienoic acid (9-HpODE and 13- HpODE), was quantified after short-term heating and conditions representative of long-term domestic storage in samples of linoleic acid, canola, sunflower and soybean oil, by means of stable isotope dilution analysis-liquid chromatography-mass spectroscopy. RESULTS Although heating of pure linoleic acid at 180 °C for 30 min led to an almost complete loss of 9-HpODE and 13-HpODE, heating of canola, sunflower and soybean oil resulted in the formation of 5.74 ± 3.32, 2.00 ± 1.09, 16.0 ± 2.44 mmol L-1 13-HpODE and 13.8 ± 8.21, 10.0 ± 6.74 and 45.2 ± 6.23 mmol L-1 9-HpODE. An almost equimolar distribution of the 9- and 13-HpODE was obtained during household-representative storage conditions after 56 days, whereas, under heating conditions, an approximately 2.4-, 2.8- and 5.0-fold (P ≤ 0.001) higher concentration of 9-HpODE than 13-HpODE was detected in canola, soybean and sunflower oil, respectively. CONCLUSION A temperature-dependent distribution of HpODE regioisomers could be shown in vegetable oils, suggesting their application as markers of lipid oxidation in oils used for short-term heating. © 2017 The Authors. Journal of The Science of Food and Agriculture published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Pignitter
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of ChemistryUniversity of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Mathias Zaunschirm
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of ChemistryUniversity of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Judith Lach
- Department of Chemistry and PharmacyUniversity of Erlangen‐NürnbergErlangenGermany
| | - Laura Unterberger
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of ChemistryUniversity of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Antonio Kopic
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of ChemistryUniversity of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Claudia Keßler
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of ChemistryUniversity of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Julia Kienesberger
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of ChemistryUniversity of ViennaViennaAustria
| | | | - Manfred Eggersdorfer
- Department of Human Nutrition and HealthDSM Nutritional Products LtdKaiseraugstSwitzerland
| | - Christoph Riegger
- Department of Human Nutrition and HealthDSM Nutritional Products LtdKaiseraugstSwitzerland
| | - Veronika Somoza
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of ChemistryUniversity of ViennaViennaAustria
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Schwab US, Lankinen MA, de Mello VD, Manninen SM, Kurl S, Pulkki KJ, Laaksonen DE, Erkkilä AT. Camelina Sativa Oil, but not Fatty Fish or Lean Fish, Improves Serum Lipid Profile in Subjects with Impaired Glucose Metabolism-A Randomized Controlled Trial. Mol Nutr Food Res 2018; 62. [DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201700503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Revised: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ursula S. Schwab
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition; University of Eastern Finland; Kuopio Finland
- Internal Medicine; Institute of Clinical Medicine; Kuopio University Hospital; Kuopio Finland
| | - Maria A. Lankinen
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition; University of Eastern Finland; Kuopio Finland
| | - Vanessa D. de Mello
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition; University of Eastern Finland; Kuopio Finland
| | - Suvi M. Manninen
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition; University of Eastern Finland; Kuopio Finland
| | - Sudhir Kurl
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition; University of Eastern Finland; Kuopio Finland
| | - Kari J. Pulkki
- Clinical Chemistry; Institute of Clinical Medicine; University of Eastern Finland; Kuopio Finland
- Eastern Finland Laboratory Centre (ISLAB); Kuopio Finland
| | - David E. Laaksonen
- Internal Medicine; Institute of Clinical Medicine; Kuopio University Hospital; Kuopio Finland
- Institute of Biomedicine; University of Eastern Finland; Kuopio Finland
| | - Arja T. Erkkilä
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition; University of Eastern Finland; Kuopio Finland
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Greupner T, Kutzner L, Pagenkopf S, Kohrs H, Hahn A, Schebb NH, Schuchardt JP. Effects of a low and a high dietary LA/ALA ratio on long-chain PUFA concentrations in red blood cells. Food Funct 2018; 9:4742-4754. [DOI: 10.1039/c8fo00735g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
There is a debate about the optimal dietary ratio of LA and ALA to promote an efficient conversion of ALA to EPA and DHA, which have implications for human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa Greupner
- Institute of Food Science and Human Nutrition
- Leibniz University Hannover
- Germany
| | - Laura Kutzner
- Institute for Food Toxicology
- University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover
- Germany
| | - Svenja Pagenkopf
- Institute of Food Science and Human Nutrition
- Leibniz University Hannover
- Germany
| | - Heike Kohrs
- Institute of Food Science and Human Nutrition
- Leibniz University Hannover
- Germany
| | - Andreas Hahn
- Institute of Food Science and Human Nutrition
- Leibniz University Hannover
- Germany
| | - Nils Helge Schebb
- Institute for Food Toxicology
- University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover
- Germany
- Chair of Food Chemistry
- Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences
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Oscarsson J, Hurt-Camejo E. Omega-3 fatty acids eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid and their mechanisms of action on apolipoprotein B-containing lipoproteins in humans: a review. Lipids Health Dis 2017; 16:149. [PMID: 28797250 PMCID: PMC5553798 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-017-0541-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Epidemiological and genetic studies suggest that elevated triglyceride (TG)-rich lipoprotein levels in the circulation increase the risk of cardiovascular disease. Prescription formulations of omega-3 fatty acids (OM3FAs), mainly eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), reduce plasma TG levels and are approved for the treatment of patients with severe hypertriglyceridemia. Many preclinical studies have investigated the TG-lowering mechanisms of action of OM3FAs, but less is known from clinical studies. Methods We conducted a review, using systematic methodology, of studies in humans assessing the mechanisms of action of EPA and DHA on apolipoprotein B-containing lipoproteins, including TG-rich lipoproteins and low-density lipoproteins (LDLs). A systematic search of PubMed retrieved 55 articles, of which 30 were used in the review; 35 additional arrticles were also included. Results In humans, dietary DHA is retroconverted to EPA, while production of DHA from EPA is not observed. Dietary DHA is preferentially esterified into TGs, while EPA is more evenly esterified into TGs, cholesterol esters and phospholipids. The preferential esterification of DHA into TGs likely explains the higher turnover of DHA than EPA in plasma. The main effects of both EPA and DHA are decreased fasting and postprandial serum TG levels, through reduction of hepatic very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL)-TG production. The exact mechanism for reduced VLDL production is not clear but does not include retention of lipids in the liver; rather, increased hepatic fatty acid oxidation is likely. The postprandial reduction in TG levels is caused by increased lipoprotein lipase activity and reduced serum VLDL-TG concentrations, resulting in enhanced chylomicron clearance. Overall, no clear differences between the effects of EPA and DHA on TG levels, or on turnover of TG-rich lipoproteins, have been observed. Effects on LDL are complex and may be influenced by genetics, such as APOE genotype. Conclusions EPA and DHA diminish fasting circulating TG levels via reduced production of VLDL. The mechanism of reduced VLDL production does not involve hepatic retention of lipids. Lowered postprandial TG levels are also explained by increased chylomicron clearance. Little is known about the specific cellular and biochemical mechanisms underlying the TG-lowering effects of EPA and DHA in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Oscarsson
- AstraZeneca Gothenburg, Pepparedsleden 1, SE-431 83, Mölndal, Sweden.
| | - Eva Hurt-Camejo
- AstraZeneca Gothenburg, Pepparedsleden 1, SE-431 83, Mölndal, Sweden
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AbuMweis S, Jew S, Tayyem R, Agraib L. Eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid containing supplements modulate risk factors for cardiovascular disease: a meta-analysis of randomised placebo-control human clinical trials. J Hum Nutr Diet 2017; 31:67-84. [PMID: 28675488 DOI: 10.1111/jhn.12493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Over 200 clinical trials have examined the effect of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) supplements on risk factors associated with cardiovascular disease. However, an updated analysis of the evidence is lacking. The aim of the present meta-analysis was to quantify the effect of supplements containing EPA and DHA on risk factors for cardiovascular disease. METHODS An analysis was carried on 171 clinical trials with acceptable quality (Jadad score ≥3) that were identified from a comprehensive electronic search strategy of two databases (Pubmed and Cochrane Library). A random effect model was used to obtain an overall estimate on outcomes of interest. Heterogeneity between trial results was tested for using a standard chi-squared test. RESULTS Compared with control, EPA and DHA supplements produced significant reductions of triglycerides of 0.368 mmol L-1 [95% confidence interval (CI) = -0.427 to -0.309], systolic blood pressure of 2.195 mmHg (95% CI = -3.172 to -1.217), diastolic blood pressure of 1.08 mmHg (95% CI = -1.716 to -0.444), heart rate of 1.37 bpm (95% CI = -2.41 to -0.325) and C-reactive protein of 0.343 mg L-1 (95% CI = -0.454 to -0.232). This analysis indicates an increase in both low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (mean difference = 0.150 mmol L-1 ; 95% CI = 0.058-0.243) and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (mean difference = 0.039 mmol L-1 ; 95% CI = 0.024-0.054). The triglyceride-lowering effect was dose-dependent. CONCLUSIONS The lipid-lowering, hypotensive, anti-arrhythmic and anti-inflammatory actions of EPA and DHA supplements were confirmed in this analysis of randomised placebo-control blinded clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- S AbuMweis
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, The Hashemite University, Zarqa, Jordan
| | - S Jew
- Richardson Centre for Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - R Tayyem
- Department of Nutrition and Food Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | - L Agraib
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, The Hashemite University, Zarqa, Jordan
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Effects of the flavonol quercetin and α-linolenic acid on n-3 PUFA status in metabolically healthy men and women: a randomised, double-blinded, placebo-controlled, crossover trial. Br J Nutr 2017; 117:698-711. [DOI: 10.1017/s0007114517000241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
AbstractIncreased dietary intake and tissue status of the long-chain n-3 PUFA, EPA and DHA, is associated with cardiovascular benefits. Epidemiological and animal studies suggest that concomitant nutritive intake of flavonoids may increase the conversion of α-linolenic acid (ALA) to longer-chain n-3 fatty acids EPA and DHA. We investigated the effects of increased ALA intake on fatty acid composition of serum phospholipids and erythrocytes in metabolically healthy men and women and whether fatty acid profiles and ALA conversion were affected by regular quercetin intake or sex. Subjects (n 74) were randomised to receive at least 3·3 g/d ALA with either 190 mg/d quercetin (ALA+quercetin) or placebo (ALA+placebo) in a double-blinded, placebo-controlled, crossover trial with 8-week intervention periods separated by an 8-week washout period. A total of seven subjects dropped out for personal reasons. Data from the remaining sixty-seven subjects (thirty-four males and thirty-three females) were included in the analysis. Both interventions significantly increased serum phospholipid ALA (ALA+placebo: +69·3 %; ALA+quercetin: +55·8 %) and EPA (ALA+placebo: +37·3 %; ALA+quercetin: +25·5 %). ALA + quercetin slightly decreased DHA concentration by 9·3 %. Erythrocyte ALA and EPA significantly increased with both interventions, whereas DHA decreased. Fatty acid composition did not differ between sexes. We found no effect of quercetin. Intake of 3·6 g/d ALA over an 8-week period resulted in increased ALA and EPA, but not DHA, in serum phospholipids and erythrocytes. Neither quercetin supplementation nor sex affected the increment of ALA and relative proportions of n-3 PUFA in serum phospholipids and erythrocytes.
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50
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Couch SC, Crandell J, King I, Peairs A, Shah AS, Dolan LM, Tooze J, Crume T, Mayer-Davis E. Associations between long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids and cardiovascular lipid risk factors in youth with type 1 diabetes: SEARCH Nutrition Ancillary Study. J Diabetes Complications 2017; 31:67-73. [PMID: 27836680 PMCID: PMC5384101 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2016.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2016] [Revised: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 10/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE In this longitudinal study we explored the relationships between plasma n-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and Δ5 and Δ6 desaturase activities (D5D and D6D, respectively) and fasting lipids in youth with type 1 diabetes (T1D). METHODS Incident cases of T1D in youth <20years of age who were seen for a baseline study visit (N=914) and a 1-year follow-up visit (N=416) were included. Fasting blood samples were obtained at each visit and plasma phospholipid n-6 PUFAs were measured, which included linoleic acid (LA), dihomo-γ-linolenic acid (DGLA) and arachidonic acid (AA); n-3 PUFAs included α-linolenic acid (ALA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). Estimated D5D and D6D were calculated as FA product-to-precursor ratios, where D5D=AA/DGLA and D6D=DGLA/LA. To examine the longitudinal relationships between long chain PUFAs, desaturase activities and fasting plasma lipids in youth with T1D mixed effects models were used for each individual PUFAs, D5D and D6D, adjusted for demographics, clinic site, diabetes duration, insulin regimen, insulin dose/kg, HbA1c, insulin sensitivity score, and body mass index with random effects to account for the repeated measurements. FINDINGS Favorable lipid associations were found between LA and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol (β=-0.58, p<0.05); AA, plasma triglycerides (TG) (β=-0.04, p<0.05) and TG/high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-C ratio (β=-0.04, p<0.05); and D5D, plasma TG (β=-0.2, p<0.05) and TG/HDL-cholesterol ratio (β=-0.23, p<0.05). Findings were mixed for the n-3 PUFAs and DGLA: ALA was positively associated with plasma TG (β=0.33, p<0.05) and HDL cholesterol (β=9.86, p<0.05); EPA was positively associated with total cholesterol (β=8.17, p<0.05), LDL cholesterol (β=5.74, p<0.01) and HDL cholesterol (β=2.27, p<0.01); and DGLA was positively associated with TG/HDL-cholesterol ratio (β=0.05, P<0.05). CONCLUSION Findings suggest that the most abundant PUFA, LA as well as its metabolic bi-product AA, may be important targets for CVD lipid risk factor reduction in youth with T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah C Couch
- 3202 Eden Avenue, French Building East, Room 364, University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0394.
| | - Jamie Crandell
- Carrington Hall #7460, School of Nursing and Department of Biostatistics, UNC, Chapel Hill, NC 27599.
| | - Irena King
- MSC 10 5550, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131.
| | - Abigail Peairs
- 3202 Eden Avenue, French Building East, Room 364, University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0394.
| | - Amy S Shah
- 3333 Burnett Avenue, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229.
| | - Lawrence M Dolan
- 3333 Burnett Avenue, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229.
| | - Janet Tooze
- 1 Medical Center Blvd, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157.
| | - Tessa Crume
- 13001 E. 17th Place, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO 80045.
| | - Elizabeth Mayer-Davis
- 1700 Martin Luther King Drive, Departments of Nutrition and Medicine, UNC, Chapel Hill, NC 27599.
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