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Bertin B, Foligne B, Ley D, Lesage J, Beghin L, Morcel J, Gottrand F, Hermann E. An Overview of the Influence of Breastfeeding on the Development of Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Nutrients 2023; 15:5103. [PMID: 38140362 PMCID: PMC10745409 DOI: 10.3390/nu15245103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The first 1000 days of life is a critical period that contributes significantly to the programming of an individual's future health. Among the many changes that occur during this period early in life, there is growing evidence that the establishment of healthy gut microbiota plays an important role in the prevention of both short- and long-term health problems. Numerous publications suggest that the quality of the gut microbiota colonisation depends on several dietary factors, including breastfeeding. In this respect, a relationship between breastfeeding and the risk of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) has been suggested. IBDs are chronic intestinal diseases, and perinatal factors may be partly responsible for their onset. We review the existence of links between breastfeeding and IBD based on experimental and clinical studies. Overall, despite encouraging experimental data in rodents, the association between breastfeeding and the development of IBD remains controversial in humans, partly due to the considerable heterogeneity between clinical studies. The duration of exclusive breastfeeding is probably decisive for its lasting effect on IBD. Thus, specific improvements in our knowledge could support dietary interventions targeting the gut microbiome, such as the early use of prebiotics, probiotics or postbiotics, in order to prevent the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Bertin
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1286-INFINITE-Institute for Translational Research in Inflammation, F-59000 Lille, France; (B.B.); (B.F.); (D.L.); (J.L.); (L.B.); (J.M.); (F.G.)
| | - Benoit Foligne
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1286-INFINITE-Institute for Translational Research in Inflammation, F-59000 Lille, France; (B.B.); (B.F.); (D.L.); (J.L.); (L.B.); (J.M.); (F.G.)
| | - Delphine Ley
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1286-INFINITE-Institute for Translational Research in Inflammation, F-59000 Lille, France; (B.B.); (B.F.); (D.L.); (J.L.); (L.B.); (J.M.); (F.G.)
| | - Jean Lesage
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1286-INFINITE-Institute for Translational Research in Inflammation, F-59000 Lille, France; (B.B.); (B.F.); (D.L.); (J.L.); (L.B.); (J.M.); (F.G.)
| | - Laurent Beghin
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1286-INFINITE-Institute for Translational Research in Inflammation, F-59000 Lille, France; (B.B.); (B.F.); (D.L.); (J.L.); (L.B.); (J.M.); (F.G.)
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, CIC-1403 Inserm-CHU, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Jules Morcel
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1286-INFINITE-Institute for Translational Research in Inflammation, F-59000 Lille, France; (B.B.); (B.F.); (D.L.); (J.L.); (L.B.); (J.M.); (F.G.)
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, CIC-1403 Inserm-CHU, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Frédéric Gottrand
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1286-INFINITE-Institute for Translational Research in Inflammation, F-59000 Lille, France; (B.B.); (B.F.); (D.L.); (J.L.); (L.B.); (J.M.); (F.G.)
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, CIC-1403 Inserm-CHU, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Emmanuel Hermann
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1286-INFINITE-Institute for Translational Research in Inflammation, F-59000 Lille, France; (B.B.); (B.F.); (D.L.); (J.L.); (L.B.); (J.M.); (F.G.)
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2
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Nikolaki MD, Kasti AN, Katsas K, Petsis K, Lambrinou S, Patsalidou V, Stamatopoulou S, Karlatira K, Kapolos J, Papadimitriou K, Triantafyllou K. The Low-FODMAP Diet, IBS, and BCFAs: Exploring the Positive, Negative, and Less Desirable Aspects-A Literature Review. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2387. [PMID: 37894045 PMCID: PMC10609264 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11102387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The literature about the association of branched short-chain fatty acids (BCFAs) and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is limited. BCFAs, the bacterial products of the catabolism of branched-chain amino acids, are proposed as markers for colonic protein fermentation. IBS is a gastrointestinal disorder characterized by low-grade inflammation and intestinal dysbiosis. The low-FODMAP diet (LFD) has increasingly been applied as first-line therapy for managing IBS symptoms, although it decreases the production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFA), well known for their anti-inflammatory action. In parallel, high protein consumption increases BCFAs. Protein fermentation alters the colonic microbiome through nitrogenous metabolites production, known for their detrimental effects on the intestinal barrier promoting inflammation. Purpose: This review aims to explore the role of BCFAs on gut inflammation in patients with IBS and the impact of LFD in BCFAs production. Methods: A literature search was carried out using a combination of terms in scientific databases. Results: The included studies have contradictory findings about how BCFAs affect the intestinal health of IBS patients. Conclusions: Although evidence suggests that BCFAs may play a protective role in gut inflammation, other metabolites of protein fermentation are associated with gut inflammation. Further research is needed in order to clarify how diet protein composition and, consequently, the BCFAs are implicated in IBS pathogenesis or in symptoms management with LFD+.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maroulla D. Nikolaki
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, ATTIKON University General Hospital, 12462 Athens, Greece; (M.D.N.); (A.N.K.); (K.K.); (K.P.); (V.P.); (S.S.); (K.K.)
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics Sciences, Hellenic Mediterranean University, 72300 Crete, Greece
| | - Arezina N. Kasti
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, ATTIKON University General Hospital, 12462 Athens, Greece; (M.D.N.); (A.N.K.); (K.K.); (K.P.); (V.P.); (S.S.); (K.K.)
| | - Konstantinos Katsas
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, ATTIKON University General Hospital, 12462 Athens, Greece; (M.D.N.); (A.N.K.); (K.K.); (K.P.); (V.P.); (S.S.); (K.K.)
- Institute of Preventive Medicine Environmental and Occupational Health Prolepsis, 15125 Athens, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Petsis
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, ATTIKON University General Hospital, 12462 Athens, Greece; (M.D.N.); (A.N.K.); (K.K.); (K.P.); (V.P.); (S.S.); (K.K.)
| | - Sophia Lambrinou
- Department of Clinical Nutrition & Dietetics, General Hospital of Karpathos “Aghios Ioannis o Karpathios”, 85700 Karpathos, Greece;
| | - Vasiliki Patsalidou
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, ATTIKON University General Hospital, 12462 Athens, Greece; (M.D.N.); (A.N.K.); (K.K.); (K.P.); (V.P.); (S.S.); (K.K.)
| | - Sophia Stamatopoulou
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, ATTIKON University General Hospital, 12462 Athens, Greece; (M.D.N.); (A.N.K.); (K.K.); (K.P.); (V.P.); (S.S.); (K.K.)
| | - Katerina Karlatira
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, ATTIKON University General Hospital, 12462 Athens, Greece; (M.D.N.); (A.N.K.); (K.K.); (K.P.); (V.P.); (S.S.); (K.K.)
| | - John Kapolos
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Peloponnese, 24100 Kalamata, Greece;
| | - Konstantinos Papadimitriou
- Laboratory of Food Quality Control and Hygiene, Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Agricultural University of Athens, 11855 Athens, Greece;
| | - Konstantinos Triantafyllou
- Hepatogastroenterology Unit, 2nd Department of Internal Propaedeutic Medicine, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, ATTIKON University General Hospital, 12462 Athens, Greece
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3
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Lee C, Lee J, Eor JY, Kwak MJ, Huh CS, Kim Y. Effect of Consumption of Animal Products on the Gut Microbiome Composition and Gut Health. Food Sci Anim Resour 2023; 43:723-750. [PMID: 37701742 PMCID: PMC10493557 DOI: 10.5851/kosfa.2023.e44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiome is critical in human health, and various dietary factors influence its composition and function. Among these factors, animal products, such as meat, dairy, and eggs, represent crucial sources of essential nutrients for the gut microbiome. However, the correlation and characteristics of livestock consumption with the gut microbiome remain poorly understood. This review aimed to delineate the distinct effects of meat, dairy, and egg products on gut microbiome composition and function. Based on the previous reports, the impact of red meat, white meat, and processed meat consumption on the gut microbiome differs from that of milk, yogurt, cheese, or egg products. In particular, we have focused on animal-originated proteins, a significant nutrient in each livestock product, and revealed that the major proteins in each food elicit diverse effects on the gut microbiome. Collectively, this review highlights the need for further insights into the interactions and mechanisms underlying the impact of animal products on the gut microbiome. A deeper understanding of these interactions would be beneficial in elucidating the development of dietary interventions to prevent and treat diseases linked to the gut microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaewon Lee
- WCU Biomodulation Major, Department of
Agricultural Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul
National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Junbeom Lee
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology
and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Seoul National
University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Ju Young Eor
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology
and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Seoul National
University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Min-Jin Kwak
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology
and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Seoul National
University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Chul Sung Huh
- Graduate School of International
Agricultural Technology, Seoul National University,
Pyeongchang 25354, Korea
| | - Younghoon Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology
and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Seoul National
University, Seoul 08826, Korea
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4
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Vasquez R, Oh JK, Song JH, Kang DK. Gut microbiome-produced metabolites in pigs: a review on their biological functions and the influence of probiotics. JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2022; 64:671-695. [PMID: 35969697 PMCID: PMC9353353 DOI: 10.5187/jast.2022.e58] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The gastrointestinal tract is a complex ecosystem that contains a large number of microorganisms with different metabolic capacities. Modulation of the gut microbiome can improve the growth and promote health in pigs. Crosstalk between the host, diet, and the gut microbiome can influence the health of the host, potentially through the production of several metabolites with various functions. Short-chain and branched-chain fatty acids, secondary bile acids, polyamines, indoles, and phenolic compounds are metabolites produced by the gut microbiome. The gut microbiome can also produce neurotransmitters (such as γ-aminobutyric acid, catecholamines, and serotonin), their precursors, and vitamins. Several studies in pigs have demonstrated the importance of the gut microbiome and its metabolites in improving growth performance and feed efficiency, alleviating stress, and providing protection from pathogens. The use of probiotics is one of the strategies employed to target the gut microbiome of pigs. Promising results have been published on the use of probiotics in optimizing pig production. This review focuses on the role of gut microbiome-derived metabolites in the performance of pigs and the effects of probiotics on altering the levels of these metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robie Vasquez
- Department of Animal Resources Science,
Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Korea
| | - Ju Kyoung Oh
- Department of Animal Resources Science,
Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Korea
| | - Ji Hoon Song
- Department of Animal Resources Science,
Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Korea
| | - Dae-Kyung Kang
- Department of Animal Resources Science,
Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Korea
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5
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The Effect of Amino Acids on Production of SCFA and bCFA by Members of the Porcine Colonic Microbiota. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10040762. [PMID: 35456812 PMCID: PMC9025589 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10040762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Functional amino acids supplementation to farm animals is considered to not only be beneficial by regulating intestinal barrier, oxidative stress, and immunity, but potentially also by impacting the gut microbiota. The impact of amino acids on a piglet-derived colonic microbiota was evaluated using a 48-h in vitro batch incubation strategy. The combination of 16S rRNA gene profiling with flow cytometry demonstrated that specific microbial taxa were involved in the fermentation of each of the amino acids resulting in the production of specific metabolites. Branched chain amino acids (leucine, isoleucine, valine) strongly increased branched-chain fatty acids (+23.0 mM) and valerate levels (+3.0 mM), coincided with a marked increase of Peptostreptococcaceae. Further, glutamine and glutamate specifically stimulated acetate (~20 mM) and butyrate (~10 mM) production, relating to a stimulation of a range of families containing known butyrate-producing species (Ruminococcaceae, Oscillospiraceae, and Christensenellaceae). Finally, while tryptophan was only fermented to a minor extent, arginine and lysine specifically increased propionate levels (~2 mM), likely produced by Muribaculaceae members. Overall, amino acids were thus shown to be selectively utilized by microbes originating from the porcine colonic microbiota, resulting in the production of health-related short-chain fatty acids, thus confirming the prebiotic potential of specific functional amino acids.
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6
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Wu S, Bhat ZF, Gounder RS, Mohamed Ahmed IA, Al-Juhaimi FY, Ding Y, Bekhit AEDA. Effect of Dietary Protein and Processing on Gut Microbiota-A Systematic Review. Nutrients 2022; 14:453. [PMID: 35276812 PMCID: PMC8840478 DOI: 10.3390/nu14030453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of diet on the composition of gut microbiota and the consequent impact on disease risk have been of expanding interest. The present review focuses on current insights of changes associated with dietary protein-induced gut microbial populations and examines their potential roles in the metabolism, health, and disease of animals. Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) protocol was used, and 29 highly relevant articles were obtained, which included 6 mouse studies, 7 pig studies, 15 rat studies, and 1 in vitro study. Analysis of these studies indicated that several factors, such as protein source, protein content, dietary composition (such as carbohydrate content), glycation of protein, processing factors, and protein oxidation, affect the digestibility and bioavailability of dietary proteins. These factors can influence protein fermentation, absorption, and functional properties in the gut and, consequently, impact the composition of gut microbiota and affect human health. While gut microbiota can release metabolites that can affect host physiology either positively or negatively, the selection of quality of protein and suitable food processing conditions are important to have a positive effect of dietary protein on gut microbiota and human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shujian Wu
- Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China;
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangzhou 510070, China
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiomics and Precision Application, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou 510070, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, Guangzhou 510070, China
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, College of Science & Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Zuhaib F. Bhat
- Division of Livestock Products Technology, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences & Technology of Jammu, Jammu 180009, India;
| | - Rochelle S. Gounder
- Department of Food Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand;
| | - Isam A. Mohamed Ahmed
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Food and Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (I.A.M.A.); (F.Y.A.-J.)
| | - Fahad Y. Al-Juhaimi
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Food and Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (I.A.M.A.); (F.Y.A.-J.)
| | - Yu Ding
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, College of Science & Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
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Beaumont M, Lencina C, Painteaux L, Viémon-Desplanque J, Phornlaphat O, Lambert W, Chalvon-Demersay T. A mix of functional amino acids and grape polyphenols promotes the growth of piglets, modulates the gut microbiota in vivo and regulates epithelial homeostasis in intestinal organoids. Amino Acids 2021; 54:1357-1369. [PMID: 34642825 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-021-03082-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Weaning is a challenging period for gut health in piglets. Previous studies showed that dietary supplementations with either amino acids or polyphenols promote piglet growth and intestinal functions, when administered separately. Thus, we hypothesized that a combination of amino acids and polyphenols could facilitate the weaning transition. Piglets received during the first two weeks after weaning a diet supplemented or not with a mix of a low dose (0.1%) of functional amino acids (L-arginine, L-leucine, L-valine, L-isoleucine, L-cystine) and 100 ppm of a polyphenol-rich extract from grape seeds and skins. The mix of amino acids and polyphenols improved growth and feed efficiency. These beneficial effects were associated with a lower microbiota diversity and a bloom of Lactobacillaceae in the jejunum content while the abundance of Proteobacteria was reduced in the caecum content. The mix of amino acids and polyphenols also increased the production by the caecum microbiota of short-chain fatty acids (butyrate, propionate) and of metabolites derived from amino acids (branched-chain fatty acids, valerate, putrescine) and from polyphenols (3-phenylpropionate). Experiments in piglet jejunum organoids revealed that the mix of amino acids and polyphenols upregulated the gene expression of epithelial differentiation markers while it reduced the gene expression of proliferation and innate immunity markers. In conclusion, the supplementation of a mix of amino acids and polyphenols is a promising nutritional strategy to manage gut health in piglets through the modulation of the gut microbiota and of the epithelial barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Beaumont
- GenPhySE, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, 31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France.
| | - Corinne Lencina
- GenPhySE, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, 31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Louise Painteaux
- GenPhySE, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, 31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | | | - Orasin Phornlaphat
- BARC, Bangkok Animal Research Center Co., Ltd, 74/4 Mu 7 Tambon Naiklong Bangplakod, Phrasamutjedi,, Samut Prakan, 10290, Thailand
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8
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Wessels AG, Chalvon-Demersey T, Zentek J. Use of low dosage amino acid blends to prevent stress-related piglet diarrhea. Transl Anim Sci 2021; 5:txab209. [PMID: 34805771 PMCID: PMC8599283 DOI: 10.1093/tas/txab209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Weaning is a challenging period for piglets associated with reduced feed intake, impairment of gut integrity, and diarrhea. Previous studies demonstrate that supplementation with single functional amino acids (AA) promote piglets' performance due to the improvement of intestinal health. Thus, we hypothesized that a combination of functional AA provided beyond the postulated requirement for growth could facilitate the weaning transition. Ninety piglets, initially stressed after weaning by 100 min overland transport, received a control diet or the same diet supplemented with a low-dosed (0.3%) mixture of AA (AAB-1: L-arginine, L-leucine, L-valine, L-isoleucine, L-cystine; AAB-2: L-arginine, L-leucine, L-valine, L-isoleucine, L-cystine, and L-tryptophan) for 28 days. Fecal consistency was ranked daily, growth performance was assessed weekly. On days 1 and 14 of the trial, blood samples were collected from a subset of 10 piglets per group to assess concentrations of insulin-like growth factor 1. After 28 days of feeding, tissues were obtained from the same piglets to analyze gut morphology and relative mRNA expression of genes related to gut function. Even if the stress response as indicated by rectal temperature was not different between the groups, pigs supplemented with AAB-2 showed firmer feces after weaning and less days with diarrhea compared to control. Furthermore, the jejunal expression of the MUC-2 gene was reduced (P < 0.05) in group AAB-2. Both AA mixtures increased crypt depth in the duodenum. Collectively, the given results indicate that 0.3% extra AA supplementation might alleviate postweaning diarrhea but did not alter growth performance of weanling piglets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna G Wessels
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Str. 49, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Jürgen Zentek
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Str. 49, 14195 Berlin, Germany
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9
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Buffet-Bataillon S, Bellanger A, Boudry G, Gangneux JP, Yverneau M, Beuchée A, Blat S, Le Huërou-Luron I. New Insights Into Microbiota Modulation-Based Nutritional Interventions for Neurodevelopmental Outcomes in Preterm Infants. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:676622. [PMID: 34177860 PMCID: PMC8232935 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.676622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Gut microbiota and the central nervous system have parallel developmental windows during pre and post-natal life. Increasing evidences suggest that intestinal dysbiosis in preterm infants predisposes the neonate to adverse neurological outcomes later in life. Understanding the link between gut microbiota colonization and brain development to tailor therapies aimed at optimizing initial colonization and microbiota development are promising strategies to warrant adequate brain development and enhance neurological outcomes in preterm infants. Breast-feeding has been associated with both adequate cognitive development and healthy microbiota in preterms. Infant formula are industrially produced substitutes for infant nutrition that do not completely recapitulate breast-feeding benefices and could be largely improved by the understanding of the role of breast milk components upon gut microbiota. In this review, we will first discuss the nutritional and bioactive component information on breast milk composition and its contribution to the assembly of the neonatal gut microbiota in preterms. We will then discuss the emerging pathways connecting the gut microbiota and brain development. Finally, we will discuss the promising microbiota modulation-based nutritional interventions (including probiotic and prebiotic supplementation of infant formula and maternal nutrition) for improving neurodevelopmental outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvie Buffet-Bataillon
- Institut NuMeCan, INRAE, INSERM, Univ Rennes, Saint-Gilles, France
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, CHU Rennes, Rennes, France
| | - Amandine Bellanger
- Institut NuMeCan, INRAE, INSERM, Univ Rennes, Saint-Gilles, France
- Department of Pediatrics-Neonatology, CHU Rennes, Rennes, France
| | - Gaelle Boudry
- Institut NuMeCan, INRAE, INSERM, Univ Rennes, Saint-Gilles, France
| | | | | | - Alain Beuchée
- Department of Pediatrics-Neonatology, Univ Rennes, CHU Rennes, LTSI-UMR 1099, Rennes, France
| | - Sophie Blat
- Institut NuMeCan, INRAE, INSERM, Univ Rennes, Saint-Gilles, France
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10
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Wellington MO, Agyekum AK, Van Kessel AG. Microbial sensing in the neonatal pig gut: effect of diet-independent and diet-dependent factors 1. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1139/cjas-2020-0051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
There is considerable agreement that the gastrointestinal microbiota contributes to the performance and health of the neonate, and this relationship includes an ability of the host animal to “sense” changes in the microbial community. Identifying the mechanisms used by the host to sense microbiota is one approach to developing methods to manipulate the microbiota to improve pig health and performance. Diet-independent microbial products are molecules unique to the microbial community and sensed by host pattern recognition receptors stimulating inflammation. Common among all members of the microbial community, their presence is unaffected by diet, but the nature of the response does depends on factors affecting the microenvironment in which the molecule is detected. Diet-dependent microbial products arise as products of fermentation of dietary components and include short-chain fatty acids, ammonia, phenols, hydrogen sulfide, amines, and many other compounds. A plethora of sensing mechanisms exists that include enzymatic metabolism as well as membrane receptors that have evolved to respond to microbial products (e.g., short-chain fatty acid receptors), or simply cross-react with microbial products. This review focuses on host mechanisms used to sense the intestinal microbiota and attempts to establish practical considerations for neonatal gut health based on current understanding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael O. Wellington
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A8, Canada
| | - Atta K. Agyekum
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Grønnegårdsvej 3, DK-1870, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Andrew G. Van Kessel
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A8, Canada
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11
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Chalvon-Demersay T, Luise D, Le Floc'h N, Tesseraud S, Lambert W, Bosi P, Trevisi P, Beaumont M, Corrent E. Functional Amino Acids in Pigs and Chickens: Implication for Gut Health. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:663727. [PMID: 34113671 PMCID: PMC8185281 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.663727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In pigs and broiler chickens, the gastrointestinal tract or gut is subjected to many challenges which alter performance, animal health, welfare and livability. Preventive strategies are needed to mitigate the impacts of these challenges on gut health while reducing the need to use antimicrobials. In the first part of the review, we propose a common definition of gut health for pig and chickens relying on four pillars, which correspond to the main functions of the digestive tract: (i) epithelial barrier and digestion, (ii) immune fitness, (iii) microbiota balance and (iv) oxidative stress homeostasis. For each pillar, we describe the most commonly associated indicators. In the second part of the review, we present the potential of functional amino acid supplementation to preserve and improve gut health in piglets and chickens. We highlight that amino acid supplementation strategies, based on their roles as precursors of energy and functional molecules, as signaling molecules and as microbiota modulators can positively contribute to gut health by supporting or restoring its four intertwined pillars. Additional work is still needed in order to determine the effective dose of supplementation and mode of administration that ensure the full benefits of amino acids. For this purpose, synergy between amino acids, effects of amino acid-derived metabolites and differences in the metabolic fate between free and protein-bound amino acids are research topics that need to be furtherly investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Diana Luise
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Paolo Bosi
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Paolo Trevisi
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Martin Beaumont
- GenPhySE, Université De Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, Toulouse, France
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12
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Matysik S, Krautbauer S, Liebisch G, Schött HF, Kjølbaek L, Astrup A, Blachier F, Beaumont M, Nieuwdorp M, Hartstra A, Rampelli S, Pagotto U, Iozzo P. Short-chain fatty acids and bile acids in human faeces are associated with the intestinal cholesterol conversion status. Br J Pharmacol 2021; 178:3342-3353. [PMID: 33751575 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The analysis of human faecal metabolites can provide an insight into metabolic interactions between gut microbiota and the host organism. The creation of metabolic profiles in faeces has received little attention until now, and reference values, especially in the context of dietary and therapeutic interventions, are missing. Exposure to xenobiotics significantly affects the physiology of the microbiome, and microbiota manipulation and short-chain fatty acid administration have been proposed as treatment targets for several diseases. The aim of the present study is to give concomitant concentration ranges of faecal sterol species, bile acids and short-chain fatty acids, based on a large cohort. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Sterol species, bile acids and short-chain fatty acids in human faeces from 165 study participants were quantified by LC-MS/MS. For standardization, we refer all values to dry weight of faeces. Based on the individual intestinal sterol conversion, we classified participants into low and high converters according to their coprostanol/cholesterol ratio. KEY RESULTS Low converters excrete more straight-chain fatty acids and bile acids than high converters; 5th and 95th percentile and median of bile acids and short-chain fatty acids were calculated for both groups. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS We give concentration ranges for 16 faecal metabolites that can serve as reference values. Patient stratification into high or low sterol converter groups is associated with significant differences in faecal metabolites with biological activities. Such stratification should then allow better assessment of faecal metabolites before therapeutic interventions. LINKED ARTICLES This article is part of a themed issue on Oxysterols, Lifelong Health and Therapeutics. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v178.16/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silke Matysik
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Sabrina Krautbauer
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Gerhard Liebisch
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Hans-Frieder Schött
- Singapore Lipidomics Incubator (SLING), Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Louise Kjølbaek
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Arne Astrup
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Francois Blachier
- Université Paris-Saclay, AgroParisTech, INRAE, UMR PNCA, Paris, France
| | - Martin Beaumont
- GenPhySE, Université De Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, Toulouse, France
| | - Max Nieuwdorp
- Department of Internal and Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, location AMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Annick Hartstra
- Department of Internal and Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, location AMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Simone Rampelli
- Unit of Microbial Ecology of Health, Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Uberto Pagotto
- Unit of Endocrinology and Prevention and Care of Diabetes, Sant'Orsola Hospital, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Patricia Iozzo
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council, Pisa, Italy
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13
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Wei L, Zeng B, Zhang S, Li F, Kong F, Ran H, Wei HJ, Zhao J, Li M, Li Y. Inbreeding Alters the Gut Microbiota of the Banna Minipig. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10112125. [PMID: 33207622 PMCID: PMC7697339 DOI: 10.3390/ani10112125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 11/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The mammalian gut microbiota is an indispensable part of host health. The gut microbiota plays a crucial role in nutrient digestibility, preventing colonization of pathogens and maintaining the host immune system. Host genetics has been conclusively shown to closely related to gut microbiota. Inbreeding can cause a decrease of the host’s genetic diversity, however, remarkably little is understood about the gut microbiota of pigs during inbreeding. The Banna minipig inbred is the world’s first successful large mammalian experimental animal inbred line since 1980 from full and half-siblings of the Diannan small-ear pig. Now, Banna minipig inbred has been inbred for over 37 generations, and the inbreeding coefficient is more than 99%. This study is the first to characterize and compare the composition and function of gut microbiota between the Diannan small-ear pig and Banna minipig inbred, aiming to better understand the influence of inbreeding on the gut microbiota. Abstract The gut microbiota coevolve with the host and can be stably transmitted to the offspring. Host genetics plays a crucial role in the composition and abundance of gut microbiota. Inbreeding can cause a decrease of the host’s genetic diversity and the heterozygosity. In this study, we used 16S rRNA gene sequencing to compare the differences of gut microbiota between the Diannan small-ear pig and Banna minipig inbred, aiming to understand the impact of inbreeding on the gut microbiota. Three dominant bacteria (Stenotrophlomonas, Streptococcus, and Lactobacillus) were steadily enriched in both the Diannan small-ear pig and Banna minipig inbred. After inbreeding, the gut microbiota alpha diversity and some potential probiotics (Bifidobacterium, Tricibacter, Ruminocaccae, Christensenellaceae, etc.) were significantly decreased, while the pathogenic Klebsiella bacteria was significantly increased. In addition, the predicted metagenomic analysis (PICRUSt2) indicated that several amino acid metabolisms (‘‘Valine, leucine, and isoleucine metabolism’’, ‘‘Phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan biosynthesis’’, ‘‘Histidine metabolism’’) were also markedly decreased after the inbreeding. Altogether our data reveal that host inbreeding altered the composition and the predicted function of the gut microbiome, which provides some data for the gut microbiota during inbreeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Limin Wei
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (L.W.); (B.Z.); (S.Z.); (F.L.); (H.R.)
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Molecular Design and Precise Breeding, School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528231, China
| | - Bo Zeng
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (L.W.); (B.Z.); (S.Z.); (F.L.); (H.R.)
| | - Siyuan Zhang
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (L.W.); (B.Z.); (S.Z.); (F.L.); (H.R.)
| | - Feng Li
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (L.W.); (B.Z.); (S.Z.); (F.L.); (H.R.)
| | - Fanli Kong
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya’an 625014, China;
| | - Haixia Ran
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (L.W.); (B.Z.); (S.Z.); (F.L.); (H.R.)
| | - Hong-Jiang Wei
- Key Laboratory of Animal Gene Editing and Animal Cloning in Yunnan Province, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China;
| | - Jiangchao Zhao
- Department of Animal Science, Division of Agriculture, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA;
| | - Mingzhou Li
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (L.W.); (B.Z.); (S.Z.); (F.L.); (H.R.)
- Correspondence: (M.L.); (Y.L.)
| | - Ying Li
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (L.W.); (B.Z.); (S.Z.); (F.L.); (H.R.)
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Molecular Design and Precise Breeding, School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528231, China
- Correspondence: (M.L.); (Y.L.)
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Zhang H, van der Wielen N, van der Hee B, Wang J, Hendriks W, Gilbert M. Impact of Fermentable Protein, by Feeding High Protein Diets, on Microbial Composition, Microbial Catabolic Activity, Gut Health and beyond in Pigs. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8111735. [PMID: 33167470 PMCID: PMC7694525 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8111735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In pigs, high protein diets have been related to post-weaning diarrhoea, which may be due to the production of protein fermentation metabolites that were shown to have harmful effects on the intestinal epithelium in vitro. In this review, we discussed in vivo effects of protein fermentation on the microbial composition and their protein catabolic activity as well as gut and overall health. The reviewed studies applied different dietary protein levels, which was assumed to result in contrasting fermentable protein levels. A general shift to N-utilisation microbial community including potential pathogens was observed, although microbial richness and diversity were not altered in the majority of the studies. Increasing dietary protein levels resulted in higher protein catabolic activity as evidenced by increased concentration of several protein fermentation metabolites like biogenic amines in the digesta of pigs. Moreover, changes in intestinal morphology, permeability and pro-inflammatory cytokine concentrations were observed and diarrhoea incidence was increased. Nevertheless, higher body weight and average daily gain were observed upon increasing dietary protein level. In conclusion, increasing dietary protein resulted in higher proteolytic fermentation, altered microbial community and intestinal physiology. Supplementing diets with fermentable carbohydrates could be a promising strategy to counteract these effects and should be further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanlu Zhang
- Animal Nutrition Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, 338, 6700 AH Wageningen, The Netherlands; (H.Z.); (N.v.d.W.); (W.H.)
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China;
| | - Nikkie van der Wielen
- Animal Nutrition Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, 338, 6700 AH Wageningen, The Netherlands; (H.Z.); (N.v.d.W.); (W.H.)
- Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Department of Agrotechnology and Food Sciences, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Bart van der Hee
- Host-Microbe Interactomics Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, 338, 6700 AH Wageningen, The Netherlands;
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Agrotechnology and Food Sciences, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Junjun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China;
| | - Wouter Hendriks
- Animal Nutrition Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, 338, 6700 AH Wageningen, The Netherlands; (H.Z.); (N.v.d.W.); (W.H.)
| | - Myrthe Gilbert
- Animal Nutrition Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, 338, 6700 AH Wageningen, The Netherlands; (H.Z.); (N.v.d.W.); (W.H.)
- Correspondence:
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15
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Li Q, Pan Y. Differential Responses to Dietary Protein and Carbohydrate Ratio on Gut Microbiome in Obese vs. Lean Cats. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:591462. [PMID: 33178173 PMCID: PMC7596662 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.591462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
More than 60% of domestic cats in the United States are either overweight or obese (OW). High-protein low-carbohydrate (HPLC) diets have been recommended for weight management for humans and pets. Gut microbes can influence the host’s health and metabolism. Less is known about feline gut microbiomes compared to other species. Thirty-nine lean (LN) and OW domestic short-haired cats (median age, 7.2 years) with median body fat of 15.8 and 32.5%, respectively, were enrolled in a two-phase study. All cats were fed the control diet (CON) with 32.4% protein and 32.3% carbohydrate for 8 weeks followed by another 8 weeks of intervention where half of the cats continued the CON diet while the other half were switched to a HPLC diet with 51.4% protein and 11.6% carbohydrate. The goal was to understand how the HPLC diet influenced gut microbiota in obese vs. lean cats. The 16S rRNA gene profiling study revealed a significant impact on gut microbiome by dietary protein and carbohydrate ratio. The effect was more pronounced in OW cats than LN cats. While no microbial taxon was different between groups in LN cats, compositional changes occurred at different taxonomical ranks in OW cats. At the phylum level, Fusobacteria became more abundant in HPLC-fed cats than in CON-fed cats. At the genus level, five short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) producers had altered compositions in response to the diets: Faecalibacterium and Fusobacterium are more abundant in HPLC-fed cats while the abundances of Megasphaera, Bifidobacterium, and Veillonella increased in CON-fed cats. Predicted microbial gene networks showed changes in energy metabolism and one-carbon metabolism pathways. Our study demonstrated differential responses to HPLC diet between obese vs. lean cats and opportunities to explore these SCFA-producers for weight management in cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinghong Li
- Nestlé Purina Research, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Yuanlong Pan
- Nestlé Purina Research, St. Louis, MO, United States
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16
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Beaumont M, Blachier F. Amino Acids in Intestinal Physiology and Health. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1265:1-20. [PMID: 32761567 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-45328-2_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Dietary protein digestion is an efficient process resulting in the absorption of amino acids by epithelial cells, mainly in the jejunum. Some amino acids are extensively metabolized in enterocytes supporting their high energy demand and/or production of bioactive metabolites such as glutathione or nitric oxide. In contrast, other amino acids are mainly used as building blocks for the intense protein synthesis associated with the rapid epithelium renewal and mucin production. Several amino acids have been shown to support the intestinal barrier function and the intestinal endocrine function. In addition, amino acids are metabolized by the gut microbiota that use them for their own protein synthesis and in catabolic pathways releasing in the intestinal lumen numerous metabolites such as ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, branched-chain amino acids, polyamines, phenolic and indolic compounds. Some of them (e.g. hydrogen sulfide) disrupts epithelial energy metabolism and may participate in mucosal inflammation when present in excess, while others (e.g. indole derivatives) prevent gut barrier dysfunction or regulate enteroendocrine functions. Lastly, some recent data suggest that dietary amino acids might regulate the composition of the gut microbiota, but the relevance for the intestinal health remains to be determined. In summary, amino acid utilization by epithelial cells or by intestinal bacteria appears to play a pivotal regulator role for intestinal homeostasis. Thus, adequate dietary supply of amino acids represents a key determinant of gut health and functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Beaumont
- GenPhySE, Université de Toulouse, INRA, INPT, ENVT, Toulouse, France
| | - François Blachier
- Université Paris-Saclay, AgroParisTech, INRAE, UMR PNCA, Paris, France.
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17
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Ding H, Zhao X, Ma C, Gao Q, Yin Y, Kong X, He J. Dietary supplementation with Bacillus subtilis DSM 32315 alters the intestinal microbiota and metabolites in weaned piglets. J Appl Microbiol 2020; 130:217-232. [PMID: 32628331 DOI: 10.1111/jam.14767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 06/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
AIM The study was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary Bacillus subtilis (BS) DSM 32315 on the intestinal microbiota composition and metabolites of weaned pigs. METHODS AND RESULTS Sixty-four piglets were allocated to two groups (control and BS), each group including eight replicates with four piglets. Dietary BS DSM 32315 increased (P < 0·05) the abundances of jejunal Leucobacter and Cupriavidus, ileal Thermus, Coprococcus and Bifidobacterium, as well as colonic Succiniclasticum; and increased the concentrations of ileal straight-chain fatty acids, colonic propionate, branched-chain fatty acids (BCFAs), and tyramine, but decreased (P < .05) the colonic indole concentration. The ileal and colonic microbial community structure tended to cluster into two groups. LEfSe analysis identified five microbial biomarkers in jejunum and eight biomarkers in ileum in the BS group, and three biomarkers in colon in the control group. The ileal Bifidobacterium abundance was positively correlated (P < 0·05) with isovalerate concentration, while the colonic Actinobacteria and Lactobacillus abundances were negatively correlated (P < 0·05) with indole concentration. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that dietary supplementation with BS DSM 32315 could alter the diversity, composition, and metabolites of intestinal microbiota in weaned piglets. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Weaned piglets are often accompanied with impaired gastrointestinal tract and intestinal disorder affecting their growth. This study demonstrated that dietary BS DSM 32315 presented a beneficial role in gut health via regulating intestinal microbiota composition and metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Ding
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Hunan Co-Innovation of Animal Production Safety, Changsha, Hunan, China.,CAS Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - X Zhao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - C Ma
- CAS Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Q Gao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Y Yin
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Hunan Co-Innovation of Animal Production Safety, Changsha, Hunan, China.,CAS Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - X Kong
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Hunan Co-Innovation of Animal Production Safety, Changsha, Hunan, China.,CAS Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - J He
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Hunan Co-Innovation of Animal Production Safety, Changsha, Hunan, China
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18
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Rodrigues LA, Wellington MO, Sands JM, Weber LP, Olver TD, Ferguson DP, Columbus DA. Characterization of a Swine Model of Birth Weight and Neonatal Nutrient Restriction. Curr Dev Nutr 2020. [DOI: 10.1093/cdn/nzaa116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT
Background
Evidence indicates that birth weight and neonatal nutrition have lifelong effects. Animal models are required to improve our understanding of these factors.
Objectives
We aimed to develop and validate a swine model of birth weight and neonatal undernutrition.
Methods
At birth, a total of 112 piglets were identified as low (LBW; 1.22 ± 0.28 kg SEM) or normal birth weight (NBW; 1.70 ± 0.27 kg). From day 3 to weaning (day 28), piglets received normal nutrition (NN) or restricted nutrition (RN) via intermittent suckling, where piglets were isolated from the sow for 6 h/d. After weaning, pigs were fed a common diet for 28 d. Body weight (BW) was determined for the duration of the study. On days 28 and 56, empty carcass, viscera, and individual organ weights were determined in 8 pigs/treatment.
Results
LBW pigs remained smaller than NBW pigs, regardless of nutrient restriction (P < 0.05). Within birth weight category, RN reduced BW by day 7 after birth, which was maintained until weaning (P < 0.05); however, at 7 d postweaning there was no difference in BW due to RN (P > 0.05). At weaning, empty carcass, viscera, heart, liver, and lung weights were lower in LBW than in NBW pigs, whereas empty carcass, heart, small intestine, liver, kidneys, lung, and spleen weights were lower in RN than in NN pigs (P < 0.05). Brain weight was highest in NBW-NN and lowest in NBW-RN, with LBW intermediate, regardless of nutrient restriction (P < 0.05). Postweaning, LBW had lower empty carcass, viscera, heart, stomach, large intestine, liver, and kidney weights than NBW, whereas RN had a higher small intestine weight than NN (P < 0.05).
Conclusions
Intermittent suckling is an effective means of inducing nutrient restriction in a swine model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas A Rodrigues
- Prairie Swine Centre, Inc., Saskatoon, SK, Canada
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Michael O Wellington
- Prairie Swine Centre, Inc., Saskatoon, SK, Canada
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Jade M Sands
- Prairie Swine Centre, Inc., Saskatoon, SK, Canada
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Lynn P Weber
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - T Dylan Olver
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - David P Ferguson
- Department of Kinesiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Daniel A Columbus
- Prairie Swine Centre, Inc., Saskatoon, SK, Canada
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
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Early life nutrition influences susceptibility to chronic inflammatory colitis in later life. Sci Rep 2019; 9:18111. [PMID: 31792267 PMCID: PMC6889478 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-54308-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The first thousand days of life are a critical time of development in humans during which the risk profile for diseases in later life can be modified. Nevertheless, long-term consequences of early environment on susceptibility to intestinal diseases have not yet been assessed. Using a mouse model of postnatal growth restriction (PNGR), we showed that early life nutrition influences intestinal maturation and gut health in later life. PNGR induced an alteration of the intestinal barrier in pups at weaning, resulting in increased intestinal permeability, and affected gut bacterial colonization. Specifically, pups with PNGR harbored a decreased bacterial diversity, higher Enterococcus spp., Staphylococcus spp., and Escherichia-Shigella spp., and lower Odoribacter spp. and several members of the Lachnospiraceae family. The lack of an efficient intestinal barrier in early life and the dysbiosis induced by PNGR were associated with a higher susceptibility to chronic colitis in adulthood.
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20
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Li R, Chang L, Hou G, Song Z, Fan Z, He X, Hou DX. Colonic Microbiota and Metabolites Response to Different Dietary Protein Sources in a Piglet Model. Front Nutr 2019; 6:151. [PMID: 31616670 PMCID: PMC6768948 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2019.00151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Dietary protein sources have the potential to affect the colon microbiome of piglets that will subsequently have a large impact on metabolic capabilities and hindgut health. This study explored the effects of different protein sources on the growth performance, diarrhea rate, apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of crude protein (CP), colonic mucin chemotypes, colonic microbiome, and microbial metabolites of piglets. Twenty-four piglets were randomly divided into four groups that received isoenergetic and isonitrogenous diets containing either Palbio 50 RD (P50), Soyppt-50% (S50), concentrated degossypolized cottonseed protein (CDCP), or fish meal (FM) as the sole protein source. The experimental diets did not affect the estimated daily gain (EDG), but P50 increased fecal score compared with S50 and CDCP. CDCP increased, but P50 reduced AID of CP in comparison to FM and S50. S50 and CDCP increased the amount of mixed neutral-acidic mucins relative to P50. Venn analysis identified unique OTUs in the P50 (13), CDCP (74), FM (39), and S50 (31) groups. The protein sources did not change the colonic bacterial richness or diversity. High Escherichia abundance in the P50 and FM, great abundant of Lactobacillus in the CDCP, and high Gemmiger abundance in the S50 were found. The CDCP tended to elevate valeric acid and branched chain fatty acid (BCFA) concentrations compared with the other diets. The P50 and FM groups had greater ammonia nitrogen and methylamine contents than the S50 and CDCP groups. There was a positive correlation between the Escherichia and ammonia nitrogen, the Lactobacillus and short chain fatty acid (SCFA), and a negative correlation between the Gemmige and BCFA. These findings suggested short-term feeding of different protein sources did not affect the piglets' growth, but P50 increased the diarrhea rate. Potential pathogenic bacteria and detrimental metabolites appeared in the colons of piglets fed P50 and FM, whereas, beneficial effects were conferred upon piglets fed CDCP and S50, thus indicating that available plant proteins (cotton seed, soy) added to the diets of piglets enhanced colon health by reducing protein fermentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Co-Innovation Center of Animal Production Safety, Changsha, China
| | - Ling Chang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Co-Innovation Center of Animal Production Safety, Changsha, China
| | - Gaifeng Hou
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Co-Innovation Center of Animal Production Safety, Changsha, China
| | - Zehe Song
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Co-Innovation Center of Animal Production Safety, Changsha, China
| | - Zhiyong Fan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Co-Innovation Center of Animal Production Safety, Changsha, China
| | - Xi He
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Co-Innovation Center of Animal Production Safety, Changsha, China
| | - De-Xing Hou
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China.,Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
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21
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Rafiee-Tari N, Fan MZ, Archbold T, Arranz E, Corredig M. Effect of milk protein composition and amount of β-casein on growth performance, gut hormones, and inflammatory cytokines in an in vivo piglet model. J Dairy Sci 2019; 102:8604-8613. [PMID: 31378502 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2018-15786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this work was to better understand the effect of differences in milk protein composition, and specifically, a change in β-casein to total casein in a milk-based matrix, on growth performance and metabolic and inflammatory responses using a piglet model. Three formulas were optimized for piglets, with similar metabolizable energy, total protein content, and other essential nutrients. Only the protein type and ratio varied between the treatments: the protein fraction of the control diet contained only whey proteins, whereas 2 other matrices contained a whey protein to casein ratio of 60:40, and differed in the amount of β-casein (12.5 and 17.1% of total protein). Piglets fed formula containing whey proteins and caseins, regardless of the concentration of β-casein, showed a significantly higher average daily gain, average daily feed intake, and feed efficiency compared with piglets consuming the formula with only whey protein. Consumption of the formula containing only whey protein showed higher levels of plasma glucagon-like peptide-1 and ghrelin compared with the consumption of formula containing casein and whey protein. A positive correlation was observed between postprandial time and glucagon-like peptide-1 response. The intestinal pro-inflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor α increased significantly in piglets fed the whey protein/casein diet compared with those fed whey protein formula. All formula-fed piglets showed a lower level of IL-6 cytokine compared with the ad libitum sow-fed piglets, regardless of composition. No significant differences in the anti-inflammatory IL-10 concentration were observed between treatment groups. Milk protein composition contributed to the regulation of piglets' metabolic and physiological responses, with whey protein/casein formula promoting growth performance and a different immune regulatory balance compared with a formula containing only whey protein. Results indicated no differences between treatments containing different levels of β-casein.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Rafiee-Tari
- Department of Food Science, University of Guelph, Guelph N1G2W1, ON, Canada
| | - M Z Fan
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph N1G2W1, ON, Canada
| | - T Archbold
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph N1G2W1, ON, Canada
| | - E Arranz
- Department of Food Science, University of Guelph, Guelph N1G2W1, ON, Canada
| | - M Corredig
- Department of Food Science, University of Guelph, Guelph N1G2W1, ON, Canada; iFood Center, Department of Food Science, Aarhus University, Aarhus 8000, Denmark.
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22
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Li R, Hou G, Song Z, Wu C, Zhao J, Sun X, Xiang X, Fan Z, Hou DX, He X. Effects of different protein sources completely replacing fish meal in low-protein diet on growth performance, intestinal digestive physiology, and nitrogen digestion and metabolism in nursery pigs. Anim Sci J 2019; 90:977-989. [PMID: 31199032 DOI: 10.1111/asj.13243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2018] [Revised: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The study compared the effects of selected proteins replacing fish meal in low-protein diets on piglets' growth performance, intestinal digestive physiology, and nitrogen digestion and metabolism. Five reduced CP, amino acid (AA)-supplemented diets containing 4% of either S50, HP300, concentrated degossypolized cottonseed protein (CDCP), P50, or fish meal were assigned to six pens with 11 pigs for a 28-day study period. Compared with fish meal, dietary proteins did not affect growth performance, apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of nutrients, serum hormone levels and biochemical parameters, apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of CP and most AA, colonic short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) contents, duodenal and ileal morphology, digestive enzyme activity, and pH in small intestine of piglets. However, HP300, CDCP, and P50 decreased (p < 0.05) fecal N excretion per weight gain. AID of Ile in S50 and HP300 and Glu in P50 were improved (p < 0.05), and AID of Gly in other proteins was reduced (p < 0.05). S50 and P50 lowered (p < 0.05) the contents of colonic isobutyric and isovaleric. S50 and HP300 reduced (p < 0.05) jejunal villus height. CDCP increased (p < 0.05) the pepsin activity in stomach. S50, HP300, and CDCP decreased (p < 0.05) pH in the proximal colon. Overall, the selected proteins could completely replace fish meal in low-protein diet without impairing piglets' growth via maintaining intestinal digestive physiology, and nitrogen digestion and metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Co-Innovation Center of Animal Production Safety, Changsha, China
| | - Gaifeng Hou
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Co-Innovation Center of Animal Production Safety, Changsha, China
| | - Zehe Song
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Co-Innovation Center of Animal Production Safety, Changsha, China
| | - Cong Wu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Co-Innovation Center of Animal Production Safety, Changsha, China
| | - Jianfei Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Co-Innovation Center of Animal Production Safety, Changsha, China
| | - Xingdong Sun
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Co-Innovation Center of Animal Production Safety, Changsha, China
| | - Xuxiang Xiang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Co-Innovation Center of Animal Production Safety, Changsha, China
| | - Zhiyong Fan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Co-Innovation Center of Animal Production Safety, Changsha, China
| | - De-Xing Hou
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China.,Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Xi He
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Co-Innovation Center of Animal Production Safety, Changsha, China
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23
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Rafiee Tari N, Arranz E, Corredig M. Effect of protein composition of a model dairy matrix containing various levels of beta-casein on the structure and anti-inflammatory activity of in vitro digestates. Food Funct 2019; 10:1870-1879. [PMID: 30768115 DOI: 10.1039/c8fo01860j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
An increasing body of evidence demonstrates that differences in protein composition in the food matrix can significantly affect its biological functionality. The present research hypothesized that a matrix containing the same level of dairy protein, but with different composition, even when showing similar properties during digestion, may have a different biological functionality. To test this hypothesis, three matrices, containing 2.8% protein and similar amounts of fat and solid were prepared, either with 100% whey proteins, or with a ratio of caseins to whey protein of 40 : 60, but differing in β-casein ratio. The mixtures were subjected to in vitro digestion, and the digestates were used in uptake experiments using Caco-2 cell monolayers. The basolateral fraction metabolized by the cells was used to stimulate human LPS-stimulated THP-1 macrophages and the concentration of selected cytokines were measured, as an indication of potential differences in biological functionality between the different dairy matrices. All three digestates induced a significant reduction in IL-1β cytokines, with the casein-containing treatments inducing a greater decrease compared to that containing only whey proteins. The matrix containing the highest ratio of β-casein induced the lowest secretion of proinflammatory cytokines TNF-a and IL-6. This study demonstrated that milk protein composition does not only affect the rate of gastric proteolysis and structure of the gastric digestate, but will cause differences in physiological effects. This research stressed the role of milk protein components during digestion, and of β-casein in particular, and their potential to modulate biological functions in the gastrointestinal tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Rafiee Tari
- Department of Food Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
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24
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Wang M, Xie Z, Li L, Chen Y, Li Y, Wang Y, Lu B, Zhang S, Ma F, Ma C, Lin L, Liao Q. Supplementation with compound polysaccharides contributes to the development and metabolic activity of young rat intestinal microbiota. Food Funct 2019; 10:2658-2675. [DOI: 10.1039/c8fo02565g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Compound polysaccharides may be used as a functional food to modulate the composition and metabolism of gut microbiota, and to help maintain the health of the intestinal microecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengxia Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine
- Guangzhou
- P. R. China
| | - Zhiyong Xie
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen)
- Sun Yat-sen University
- Guangzhou
- P. R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation
| | - Lin Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine
- Guangzhou
- P. R. China
| | - Yongxiong Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine
- Guangzhou
- P. R. China
| | - Yuan Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine
- Guangzhou
- P. R. China
| | | | - Biyu Lu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine
- Guangzhou
- P. R. China
| | - Shaobao Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen)
- Sun Yat-sen University
- Guangzhou
- P. R. China
| | - Fangli Ma
- Infinitus (China) Company Ltd
- Guangzhou
- China
| | | | - Lei Lin
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen)
- Sun Yat-sen University
- Guangzhou
- P. R. China
| | - Qiongfeng Liao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine
- Guangzhou
- P. R. China
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25
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A review on early gut maturation and colonization in pigs, including biological and dietary factors affecting gut homeostasis. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2017.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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26
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DALLAS DAVIDC, SANCTUARY MEGANR, QU YUNYAO, KHAJAVI SHABNAMHAGHIGHAT, VAN ZANDT ALEXANDRIAE, DYANDRA MELISSA, FRESE STEVENA, BARILE DANIELA, GERMAN JBRUCE. Personalizing protein nourishment. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2017; 57:3313-3331. [PMID: 26713355 PMCID: PMC4927412 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2015.1117412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Proteins are not equally digestible-their proteolytic susceptibility varies by their source and processing method. Incomplete digestion increases colonic microbial protein fermentation (putrefaction), which produces toxic metabolites that can induce inflammation in vitro and have been associated with inflammation in vivo. Individual humans differ in protein digestive capacity based on phenotypes, particularly disease states. To avoid putrefaction-induced intestinal inflammation, protein sources, and processing methods must be tailored to the consumer's digestive capacity. This review explores how food processing techniques alter protein digestibility and examines how physiological conditions alter digestive capacity. Possible solutions to improving digestive function or matching low digestive capacity with more digestible protein sources are explored. Beyond the ileal digestibility measurements of protein digestibility, less invasive, quicker and cheaper techniques for monitoring the extent of protein digestion and fermentation are needed to personalize protein nourishment. Biomarkers of protein digestive capacity and efficiency can be identified with the toolsets of peptidomics, metabolomics, microbial sequencing and multiplexed protein analysis of fecal and urine samples. By monitoring individual protein digestive function, the protein component of diets can be tailored via protein source and processing selection to match individual needs to minimize colonic putrefaction and, thus, optimize gut health.
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Affiliation(s)
- DAVID C. DALLAS
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, United States
- Foods for Health Institute, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, United States
| | - MEGAN R. SANCTUARY
- Foods for Health Institute, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, United States
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, United States
| | - YUNYAO QU
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, United States
| | - SHABNAM HAGHIGHAT KHAJAVI
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, United States
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - ALEXANDRIA E. VAN ZANDT
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, United States
| | - MELISSA DYANDRA
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, United States
| | - STEVEN A. FRESE
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, United States
- Foods for Health Institute, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, United States
| | - DANIELA BARILE
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, United States
- Foods for Health Institute, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, United States
| | - J. BRUCE GERMAN
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, United States
- Foods for Health Institute, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, United States
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27
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Ley D, Desseyn JL, Mischke M, Knol J, Turck D, Gottrand F. Early-life origin of intestinal inflammatory disorders. Nutr Rev 2017; 75:175-187. [PMID: 28340001 DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuw061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A growing body of evidence supports the concept of perinatal programming through which the perinatal environment affects the development of the fetus and infant, thereby modifying the risk profile for disease later in life. Increasing attention is focusing on the role of the early environment in the development of chronic intestinal disorders. Epidemiological studies have highlighted the link between perinatal factors, such as breastfeeding, cesarean delivery, and antibiotic use, and an increased risk for inflammatory bowel disease and/or celiac disease. These links are consistent with the concept of perinatal programming of intestinal inflammatory disorders. Animal models have shown that the early-life environment affects the development of the gastrointestinal tract, but further experimental studies are needed to confirm the long-term effects of the perinatal environment on susceptibility to chronic intestinal disorders later in life. Changes in the development and composition of the intestinal microbiota as well as epigenetic changes are emerging as key mechanisms through which the perinatal environment determines susceptibility to intestinal inflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delphine Ley
- Lille Inflammation Research International Center (LIRIC) - UMR 995 Inserm, University Lille, CHU Lille, Lille, France
| | - Jean-Luc Desseyn
- Lille Inflammation Research International Center (LIRIC) - UMR 995 Inserm, University Lille, CHU Lille, Lille, France
| | | | - Jan Knol
- Nutricia Research, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University, The Netherlands
| | - Dominique Turck
- Lille Inflammation Research International Center (LIRIC) - UMR 995 Inserm, University Lille, CHU Lille, Lille, France
| | - Frédéric Gottrand
- Lille Inflammation Research International Center (LIRIC) - UMR 995 Inserm, University Lille, CHU Lille, Lille, France
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28
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Dietary Protein and Amino Acid Supplementation in Inflammatory Bowel Disease Course: What Impact on the Colonic Mucosa? Nutrients 2017; 9:nu9030310. [PMID: 28335546 PMCID: PMC5372973 DOI: 10.3390/nu9030310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Revised: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), after disease onset, typically progress in two cyclically repeated phases, namely inflammatory flare and remission, with possible nutritional status impairment. Some evidence, either from epidemiological, clinical, and experimental studies indicate that the quantity and the quality of dietary protein consumption and amino acid supplementation may differently influence the IBD course according to the disease phases. For instance, although the dietary protein needs for mucosal healing after an inflammatory episode remain undetermined, there is evidence that amino acids derived from dietary proteins display beneficial effects on this process, serving as building blocks for macromolecule synthesis in the wounded mucosal area, energy substrates, and/or precursors of bioactive metabolites. However, an excessive amount of dietary proteins may result in an increased intestinal production of potentially deleterious bacterial metabolites. This could possibly affect epithelial repair as several of these bacterial metabolites are known to inhibit colonic epithelial cell respiration, cell proliferation, and/or to affect barrier function. In this review, we present the available evidence about the impact of the amount of dietary proteins and supplementary amino acids on IBD onset and progression, with a focus on the effects reported in the colon.
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29
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Fan P, Liu P, Song P, Chen X, Ma X. Moderate dietary protein restriction alters the composition of gut microbiota and improves ileal barrier function in adult pig model. Sci Rep 2017; 7:43412. [PMID: 28252026 PMCID: PMC5333114 DOI: 10.1038/srep43412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 212] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was conducted to investigate impacts of dietary protein levels on gut bacterial community and gut barrier. The intestinal microbiota of finishing pigs, fed with 16%, 13% and 10% crude protein (CP) in diets, respectively, were investigated using Illumina MiSeq sequencing. The ileal bacterial richness tended to decrease when the dietary protein concentration reduced from 16% to 10%. The proportion of Clostridium_sensu_stricto_1 in ileum significantly decreased, whereas Escherichia-Shigella increased with reduction of protein concentration. In colon, the proportion of Clostridium_sensu_stricto_1 and Turicibacter increased, while the proportion of RC9_gut_group significantly decreased with the dietary protein reduction. Notably, the proportion of Peptostreptococcaceae was higher in both ileum and colon of 13% CP group. As for metabolites, the intestinal concentrations of SCFAs and biogenic amines decreased with the dietary protein reduction. The 10% CP dietary treatment damaged ileal mucosal morphology, and decreased the expression of biomarks of intestinal cells (Lgr5 and Bmi1), whereas the expression of tight junction proteins (occludin and claudin) in 13% CP group were higher than the other two groups. In conclusion, moderate dietary protein restriction (13% CP) could alter the bacterial community and metabolites, promote colonization of beneficial bacteria in both ileum and colon, and improve gut barrier function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peixin Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Ping Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Peixia Song
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xiyue Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xi Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing 100193, China
- Department of Internal Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, Center for Autophagy Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-9113, USA
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30
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Ji Y, Kong X, Li H, Zhu Q, Guo Q, Yin Y. Effects of dietary nutrient levels on microbial community composition and diversity in the ileal contents of pregnant Huanjiang mini-pigs. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0172086. [PMID: 28196137 PMCID: PMC5308767 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0172086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2016] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The mammalian gut microbiota influences various metabolic and physiological processes. Substantial metabolic changes occur during a healthy pregnancy that may be related to microbiota composition dynamics. However, the effect of diet on intestinal microbiota composition and diversity during pregnancy remains unclear. We examined the ileal contents of Huanjiang mini-pigs at two pregnancy stages to determine the effects of dietary nutrient levels on such microbial communities. Animals received either a higher-nutrient (HN) diet formulated to meet US National Research Council requirements or a lower-nutrient (LN) diet that met the Chinese National Feeding Standard recommendations. On day 45 or 75 of pregnancy, sows were euthanized and their ileal contents sampled. Experimental diet and pregnancy stage did not affect ileal bacterial richness or diversity, as determined by Chao1 and ACE species richness measures and Shannon and Simpson indices, respectively. The phyla Firmicutes and Proteobacteria, accounting for 69.99-85.44% and 5.82-15.17% of the total reads, respectively, predominated regardless of diet. At the genus level, diet significantly affected the abundance of Lactobacillus species, which was greater in pigs given HN feed (P < 0.05), but had little impact on that of Megasphaera species (P = 0.096). Pregnancy stage had a minimal effect on Proteobacteria numbers (P = 0.053). The number of bacteria of the phylum Firmicutes and genus Lactobacillus decreased, while that of the phylum Proteobacteria, family Enterobacteriaceae, and genus Bacteroides increased between days 45 and 75 of pregnancy. Of the short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) measured, only propionate levels changed significantly, with higher concentrations observed on day 45 than on day 75. Our findings indicate that Firmicutes and Proteobacteria dominate pregnant sow ileal bacterial profiles. Excepting a tendency for the number of Proteobacteria to increase as pregnancy progressed, pregnancy stage and diet had little effect on ileal microbiotic composition and diversity and luminal SCFA concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujiao Ji
- Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Healthy Livestock, Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xiangfeng Kong
- Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Healthy Livestock, Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Research Center of Mini-pig, Huanjiang Observation and Research Station for Karst Ecosysterms, Huanjiang, Guangxi, China
| | - Huawei Li
- Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Healthy Livestock, Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Qian Zhu
- Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Healthy Livestock, Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Qiuping Guo
- Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Healthy Livestock, Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yulong Yin
- Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Healthy Livestock, Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Research Center of Mini-pig, Huanjiang Observation and Research Station for Karst Ecosysterms, Huanjiang, Guangxi, China
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31
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Abstract
The present review examines the pig as a model for physiological studies in human subjects related to nutrient sensing, appetite regulation, gut barrier function, intestinal microbiota and nutritional neuroscience. The nutrient-sensing mechanisms regarding acids (sour), carbohydrates (sweet), glutamic acid (umami) and fatty acids are conserved between humans and pigs. In contrast, pigs show limited perception of high-intensity sweeteners and NaCl and sense a wider array of amino acids than humans. Differences on bitter taste may reflect the adaptation to ecosystems. In relation to appetite regulation, plasma concentrations of cholecystokinin and glucagon-like peptide-1 are similar in pigs and humans, while peptide YY in pigs is ten to twenty times higher and ghrelin two to five times lower than in humans. Pigs are an excellent model for human studies for vagal nerve function related to the hormonal regulation of food intake. Similarly, the study of gut barrier functions reveals conserved defence mechanisms between the two species particularly in functional permeability. However, human data are scant for some of the defence systems and nutritional programming. The pig model has been valuable for studying the changes in human microbiota following nutritional interventions. In particular, the use of human flora-associated pigs is a useful model for infants, but the long-term stability of the implanted human microbiota in pigs remains to be investigated. The similarity of the pig and human brain anatomy and development is paradigmatic. Brain explorations and therapies described in pig, when compared with available human data, highlight their value in nutritional neuroscience, particularly regarding functional neuroimaging techniques.
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Gut Microbiota and Lifestyle Interventions in NAFLD. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:447. [PMID: 27023533 PMCID: PMC4848903 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17040447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Revised: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The human digestive system harbors a diverse and complex community of microorganisms that work in a symbiotic fashion with the host, contributing to metabolism, immune response and intestinal architecture. However, disruption of a stable and diverse community, termed "dysbiosis", has been shown to have a profound impact upon health and disease. Emerging data demonstrate dysbiosis of the gut microbiota to be linked with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Although the exact mechanism(s) remain unknown, inflammation, damage to the intestinal membrane, and translocation of bacteria have all been suggested. Lifestyle intervention is undoubtedly effective at improving NAFLD, however, not all patients respond to these in the same manner. Furthermore, studies investigating the effects of lifestyle interventions on the gut microbiota in NAFLD patients are lacking. A deeper understanding of how different aspects of lifestyle (diet/nutrition/exercise) affect the host-microbiome interaction may allow for a more tailored approach to lifestyle intervention. With gut microbiota representing a key element of personalized medicine and nutrition, we review the effects of lifestyle interventions (diet and physical activity/exercise) on gut microbiota and how this impacts upon NAFLD prognosis.
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Storme L, Luton D, Abdennebi-Najar L, Le Huërou-Luron I. [DOHaD: long-term impact of perinatal diseases (IUGR and prematurity)]. Med Sci (Paris) 2016; 32:74-80. [PMID: 26850610 DOI: 10.1051/medsci/20163201012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The first epidemiological studies showing a link between low birth weight and chronic diseases in adults did not distinguish the origins of low birth weight. A low birth weight may be the result of a premature birth. It can also be caused by an intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR). A child can be both preterm and IUGR. It is clear now that prematurity is an independent risk factor for programming chronic adult diseases. However, unlike adults born IUGR, adults born prematurely do not have an increased risk to develop metabolic syndrome (dyslipidemia or obesity). An increased risk of neurodevelopmental and psychiatric morbidity and hypertension is found after a premature birth. Mechanisms of chronic diseases programming are multiple: they involve both the cause of prematurity and IUGR such as infection / inflammation or placental insufficiency, but also consequences for therapeutic or nutritional strategies needed to support these children. This chapter describes the possible prevention of perinatal programming of noncommunicable diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Storme
- EA4489, environnement périnatal et santé, faculté de médecine, université Lille 2, hôpital Jeanne de Flandre, CHRU de Lille, 1, rue Eugène Avinée, Lille, France
| | - Dominique Luton
- Maternité, hôpitaux universitaires Paris Nord Val-de-Seine, Assistance publique-hôpitaux de Paris, université Paris VII, Paris, France
| | - Latifa Abdennebi-Najar
- UP 2012.10.101, Expression des gènes et régulation épigénétique par l'aliment, institut polytechnique LaSalle, Beauvais, France
| | - Isabelle Le Huërou-Luron
- UR1341, alimentation et adaptations digestives, nerveuses et comportementales, Inra, Saint-Gilles, France
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Desclée de Maredsous C, Oozeer R, Barbillon P, Mary-Huard T, Delteil C, Blachier F, Tomé D, van der Beek EM, Davila AM. High-Protein Exposure during Gestation or Lactation or after Weaning Has a Period-Specific Signature on Rat Pup Weight, Adiposity, Food Intake, and Glucose Homeostasis up to 6 Weeks of Age. J Nutr 2016; 146:21-9. [PMID: 26674762 DOI: 10.3945/jn.115.216465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Early-life nutrition has a programming effect on later metabolic health; however, the impact of exposure to a high-protein (HP) diet is still being investigated. OBJECTIVE This study evaluated the consequences on pup phenotype of an HP diet during gestation and lactation and after weaning. METHODS Wistar rat dams were separated into 2 groups fed an HP (55% protein) or normal protein (NP) (control; 20% protein) isocaloric diet during gestation, and each group subsequently was separated into 2 subgroups that were fed an HP or NP diet during lactation. After weaning, male and female pups from each mother subgroup were separated into 2 groups that were fed either an NP or HP diet until they were 6 wk old. Measurements included weight, food intake, body composition, blood glucose, insulin, glucagon, leptin, insulin-like growth factor I, and lipids. RESULTS Feeding mothers the HP diet during gestation or lactation induced lower postweaning pup weight (gestation diet × time, P < 0.0001; lactation diet × time, P < 0.0001). Regardless of dams' diets, pups receiving HP compared with NP diet after weaning had 7% lower weight (NP, 135.0 ± 2.6 g; HP, 124.4 ± 2.5 g; P < 0.0001), 16% lower total energy intake (NP, 777 ± 14 kcal; HP, 649 ± 13 kcal; P < 0.0001) and 31% lower adiposity (P < 0.0001). Pups receiving HP compared with NP diet after weaning had increased blood glucose, insulin, and glucagon when food deprived (P < 0.0001 for all). The HP compared with the NP diet during gestation induced higher blood glucose in food-deprived rats (NP, 83.2 ± 2.1 mg/dL; HP, 91.2 ± 2.1 mg/dL; P = 0.046) and increased plasma insulin in fed pups receiving the postweaning NP diet (gestation diet × postweaning diet, P = 0.02). CONCLUSION Increasing the protein concentration of the rat dams' diet during gestation, and to a lesser extent during lactation, and of the pups' diet after weaning influenced pup phenotype, including body weight, fat accumulation, food intake, and glucose tolerance at 6 wk of age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Desclée de Maredsous
- UMR 914 Nutrition Physiology and Ingestive Behavior, French National Institute for Agricultural Research (INRA)/AgroParisTech, Paris Saclay University, Paris, France; Danone Nutricia Research, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | | | - Pierre Barbillon
- UMR 518 Applied Mathematics and Informatics (MIA), French National Institute for Agricultural Research (INRA)/AgroParisTech, Paris Saclay University, Paris, France; and
| | - Tristan Mary-Huard
- UMR 518 Applied Mathematics and Informatics (MIA), French National Institute for Agricultural Research (INRA)/AgroParisTech, Paris Saclay University, Paris, France; and Quantitative Genetics Evolution Le Moulon, French National Institute for Agricultural Research (INRA), Paris-Sud University, Paris Saclay University, AgroParisTech, CNRS, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Corine Delteil
- UMR 914 Nutrition Physiology and Ingestive Behavior, French National Institute for Agricultural Research (INRA)/AgroParisTech, Paris Saclay University, Paris, France
| | - François Blachier
- UMR 914 Nutrition Physiology and Ingestive Behavior, French National Institute for Agricultural Research (INRA)/AgroParisTech, Paris Saclay University, Paris, France
| | - Daniel Tomé
- UMR 914 Nutrition Physiology and Ingestive Behavior, French National Institute for Agricultural Research (INRA)/AgroParisTech, Paris Saclay University, Paris, France
| | | | - Anne-Marie Davila
- UMR 914 Nutrition Physiology and Ingestive Behavior, French National Institute for Agricultural Research (INRA)/AgroParisTech, Paris Saclay University, Paris, France;
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Zhou L, Fang L, Sun Y, Su Y, Zhu W. Effects of the dietary protein level on the microbial composition and metabolomic profile in the hindgut of the pig. Anaerobe 2015; 38:61-69. [PMID: 26723572 DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2015.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2015] [Revised: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of a long-term low protein diet on the microbial composition and metabolomic profile in the hindgut of the pig. Thirty-six Duroc × Landrace × Large White growing barrows (70 days of age, 23.57 ± 1.77 kg) were randomly allocated to normal protein diet (NP) and low protein diet (LP) groups using a randomized block design. At the age of 170 days, the digesta in the hindguts of the pigs were collected for microbial and metabolomic analysis. The results showed that there were no significant differences in the average daily gain, average daily feed intake, or feed:gain ratio between the NP and LP groups. The concentrations of isobutyrate, isovalerate, and branched-chain fatty acids (BCFAs)/short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) in the cecum decreased with the reduction of dietary protein. Pyrosequencing of the V1-V3 region of the 16S rRNA genes showed that LP diet significantly decreased the relative abundance of Lactobacillus in the cecum, and Streptococcus in the colon; however, the relative abundance of Prevotella and Coprococcus in the LP group was significantly higher than in the NP group in the cecum, and Sarcina, Peptostreptococcaceae incertae sedis, Mogibacterium, Subdoligranulum, and Coprococcus was higher in the colon. The gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis showed that the dietary protein level mainly affected phenylalanine metabolism; glycine, serine, and threonine metabolism; the citrate cycle; pyruvate metabolism; and the alanine, aspartate, and glutamate metabolism. Moreover, the correlation analysis of the combined datasets revealed some potential relationships between the colonic metabolites and certain microbial species. These results suggest that a low protein diet may modulate the microbial composition and metabolites of the hindgut, without affecting the growth performance of pigs; however, potential roles of this modulation to the health of pigs remains unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Zhou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Nutrition and Animal Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Lingdong Fang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Nutrition and Animal Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yue Sun
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Nutrition and Animal Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yong Su
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Nutrition and Animal Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Weiyun Zhu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Nutrition and Animal Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
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Luo Z, Li C, Cheng Y, Hang S, Zhu W. Effects of low dietary protein on the metabolites and microbial communities in the caecal digesta of piglets. Arch Anim Nutr 2015; 69:212-26. [PMID: 25908009 DOI: 10.1080/1745039x.2015.1034521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Thirty-six healthy piglets (weighing 10 ± 1 kg; three animals per pen) were randomly allocated to two treatments: (i) a low protein diet (14% crude protein [CP]) supplemented with lysine, methionine, threonine and tryptophan (Group LP) and (ii) a normal protein diet (20% CP, Group NP), resulting in six replicate pens per treatment. One piglet from each pen was slaughtered at days 10, 25 and 45 of the experiment. For the whole experimental period of 45 d, Group LP had lower feed intake and daily gain and a higher feed-to-gain ratio compared with Group NP. At day 10, no effects on measured caecum metabolites were observed, but at days 25 and 45 in Group LP the concentration of ammonia-N, cadaverine, branched chain fatty acids and acetate were reduced. This was also true for the concentration of short chain fatty acids at day 45. The results of denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis showed that microbial diversity in Group LP was less abundant at day 25, but there was no difference at days 10 and 45. An unweighted pair group mean average analysis showed that the similarities were lower between Groups LP and NP at day 10 and higher at days 25 and 45. Quantitation results indicated that the numbers of Firmicutes and Clostridium cluster IV were lower in Group LP than in Group NP at day 25, but there were no differences at days 10 and 45. In conclusion, the low protein diet markedly reduced the metabolites of protein and carbohydrate fermentation and altered microbial communities in the caecal digesta of piglets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Luo
- a Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology , Nanjing Agricultural University , Nanjing , China
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Pilot dietary intervention with heat-stabilized rice bran modulates stool microbiota and metabolites in healthy adults. Nutrients 2015; 7:1282-300. [PMID: 25690418 PMCID: PMC4344588 DOI: 10.3390/nu7021282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2014] [Accepted: 01/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Heat-stabilized rice bran (SRB) has been shown to regulate blood lipids and glucose, modulate gut mucosal immunity and inhibit colorectal cancer in animal and human studies. However, SRB’s effects on gut microbial composition and metabolism and the resulting implications for health remain largely unknown. A pilot, randomized-controlled trial was developed to investigate the effects of eating 30 g/day SRB on the stool microbiome and metabolome. Seven healthy participants consumed a study meal and snack daily for 28 days. The microbiome and metabolome were characterized using 454 pyrosequencing and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) at baseline, two and four weeks post-intervention. Increases in eight operational taxonomic units (OTUs), including three from Bifidobacterium and Ruminococcus genera, were observed after two and four weeks of SRB consumption (p < 0.01). Branched chain fatty acids, secondary bile acids and eleven other putative microbial metabolites were significantly elevated in the SRB group after four weeks. The largest metabolite change was a rice bran component, indole-2-carboxylic acid, which showed a mean 12% increase with SRB consumption. These data support the feasibility of dietary SRB intervention in adults and support that SRB consumption can affect gut microbial metabolism. These findings warrant future investigations of larger cohorts evaluating SRB’s effects on intestinal health.
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A high-protein formula increases colonic peptide transporter 1 activity during neonatal life in low-birth-weight piglets and disturbs barrier function later in life. Br J Nutr 2014; 112:1073-80. [DOI: 10.1017/s0007114514001901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Dietary peptides are absorbed along the intestine through peptide transporter 1 (PepT-1) which is highly responsive to dietary protein level. PepT-1 is also involved in gut homeostasis, both initiating and resolving inflammation. Low-birth-weight (LBW) neonates are routinely fed a high-protein (HP) formula to enhance growth. However, the influence of this nutritional practice on PepT-1 activity is unknown. Intestinal PepT-1 activity was compared in normal-birth-weight (NBW) and LBW piglets. The effect of HP v. normal-protein (NP) formula feeding on PepT-1 activity and gut homeostasis in LBW piglets was evaluated, during the neonatal period and in adulthood. Flux of cephalexin (CFX) across the tissue mounted in Ussing chambers was used as an indicator of PepT-1 activity. CFX flux was greater in the ileum, but not jejunum or colon, of LBW than NBW piglets during the neonatal period. When LBW piglets were formula-fed, the HP formula increased colonic CFX during the 1st week of life. Later in life, intestinal CFX fluxes and barrier function were similar whether LBW pigs had been fed NP or HP formula. However, colonic permeability of HP- but not NP-fed pigs increased when luminal pH was brought to 6·0. The formyl peptide N-formyl methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine conferred colonic barrier protection in HP-fed piglets. Heat shock protein 27 levels in the colonic mucosa of HP-fed LBW pigs correlated with the magnitude of response to the acidic challenge. In conclusion, feeding a HP formula enhanced colonic PepT-1 activity in LBW pig neonates and increased sensitivity of the colon to luminal stress in adulthood.
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Desaldeleer C, Ferret-Bernard S, de Quelen F, Le Normand L, Perrier C, Savary G, Romé V, Michel C, Mourot J, Le Huërou-Luron I, Boudry G. Maternal 18:3n-3 favors piglet intestinal passage of LPS and promotes intestinal anti-inflammatory response to this bacterial ligand. J Nutr Biochem 2014; 25:1090-8. [PMID: 25087993 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2014.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2013] [Revised: 05/22/2014] [Accepted: 05/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
We recently observed that maternal 18:3n-3 increases piglet jejunal permeability. We hypothesized that this would favor intestinal lipopolysaccharide (LPS) passage and alter gut immune system education toward this bacterial ligand. Sows were fed 18:3n-3 or 18:2n-6 diets throughout gestation and lactation. In each litter, two piglets were given oral Gram-negative spectrum antibiotic from post-natal day (PND) 14 to 28. All piglets were weaned on a regular diet at PND28. 18:3n-3 piglets exhibited greater jejunal permeability to FITC-LPS at PND28. Levels of 18:3n-3 but neither 20:5n-3 nor 20:4n-6 were greater in mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN) of 18:3n-3 piglets. Jejunal explant or MLN cell cytokine responses to LPS were not influenced by the maternal diet. Antibiotic increased jejunal permeability to FITC-LPS and lowered the level of 20:5n-3 in MLN, irrespective of the maternal diet. At PND52, no long-lasting effect of the maternal diet or antibiotic treatment on jejunal permeability was noticed. 18:3n-3 and 20:4n-6 levels were greater and lower, respectively, in MLN of 18:3n-3 compared to 18:2n-6 piglets. IL-10 production by MLN cells in response to LPS was greater in the 18:3n-3 group, irrespective of the neonatal antibiotic treatment. IL-8 secretion by jejunal explants in response to LPS was lower in antibiotic-treated 18:3n-3 compared to 18:2n-6 piglets. Finally, proportion of MHC class II(+) antigen-presenting cells was greater in 18:3n-3 than 18:2n-6 MLN cells. In conclusion, maternal 18:3n-3 directs the intestinal immune response to LPS toward an anti-inflammatory profile beyond the breastfeeding period; microbiota involvement seems dependent of the immune cells considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cécile Desaldeleer
- Département de Médecine de l'Enfant et de l'Adolescent, CHU Rennes, Rennes, France; INRA UR1341 ADNC, Saint Gilles, France
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40
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Boudry G, Hamilton M. 35. Milk formula and intestinal barrier function. HUMAN HEALTH HANDBOOKS 2014. [DOI: 10.3920/978-90-8686-223-8_35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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41
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Liu HY, Dicksved J, Lundh T, Lindberg JE. Expression of heat shock proteins 27 and 72 correlates with specific commensal microbes in different regions of porcine gastrointestinal tract. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2014; 306:G1033-41. [PMID: 24763551 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00299.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The gastrointestinal (GI) tract of mammals is inhabited by trillions of microorganisms, resulting in exceedingly complex networking. The interaction between distinct bacterial species and the host immune system is essential in maintaining homeostasis in the gut ecosystem. For instance, the gut commensal microbiota dictates intestinal mucosa maturation and its abundant immune components, such as cytoprotective heat shock proteins (HSP). Here we examined physiological expression of HSP in the normal porcine GI tract and found it to be gut region- and cell type-specific in response to dietary components, microbes, and microbial metabolites to which the mucosa surface is exposed. Correlations between HSP72 expression and ileal Lactobacillus spp. and colonic clostridia species, and between HSP27 expression and uronic acid ingestion, were important interplays identified here. Thus this study provides novel insights into host-microbe interactions shaping the immune system that are modifiable by dietary regime.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao-Yu Liu
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Johan Dicksved
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Torbjörn Lundh
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jan Erik Lindberg
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
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Chow J, Panasevich MR, Alexander D, Vester Boler BM, Rossoni Serao MC, Faber TA, Bauer LL, Fahey GC. Fecal Metabolomics of Healthy Breast-Fed versus Formula-Fed Infants before and during In Vitro Batch Culture Fermentation. J Proteome Res 2014; 13:2534-42. [DOI: 10.1021/pr500011w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- JoMay Chow
- Abbott Nutrition, Columbus, Ohio 43219, United States
| | - Matthew R. Panasevich
- Department
of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Danny Alexander
- Metabolon,
Inc., Durham, North Carolina 27713, United States
| | | | | | - Trevor A. Faber
- Department
of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Laura L. Bauer
- Department
of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - George C. Fahey
- Department
of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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Saraoui T, Parayre S, Guernec G, Loux V, Montfort J, Le Cam A, Boudry G, Jan G, Falentin H. A unique in vivo experimental approach reveals metabolic adaptation of the probiotic Propionibacterium freudenreichii to the colon environment. BMC Genomics 2013; 14:911. [PMID: 24365073 PMCID: PMC3880035 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-14-911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2013] [Accepted: 12/11/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Propionibacterium freudenreichii is a food grade bacterium consumed both in cheeses and in probiotic preparations. Its promising probiotic potential, relying largely on the active release of beneficial metabolites within the gut as well as the expression of key surface proteins involved in immunomodulation, deserves to be explored more deeply. Adaptation to the colon environment is requisite for the active release of propionibacterial beneficial metabolites and constitutes a bottleneck for metabolic activity in vivo. Mechanisms allowing P. freudenreichii to adapt to digestive stresses have been only studied in vitro so far. Our aim was therefore to study P. freudenreichii metabolic adaptation to intra-colonic conditions in situ. Results We maintained a pure culture of the type strain P. freudenreichii CIRM BIA 1, contained in a dialysis bag, within the colon of vigilant piglets during 24 hours. A transcriptomic analysis compared gene expression to identify the metabolic pathways induced by this environment, versus control cultures maintained in spent culture medium. We observed drastic changes in the catabolism of sugars and amino-acids. Glycolysis, the Wood-Werkman cycle and the oxidative phosphorylation pathways were down-regulated but induction of specific carbohydrate catabolisms and alternative pathways were induced to produce NADH, NADPH, ATP and precursors (utilizing of propanediol, gluconate, lactate, purine and pyrimidine and amino-acids). Genes involved in stress response were down-regulated and genes specifically expressed during cell division were induced, suggesting that P. freudenreichii adapted its metabolism to the conditions encountered in the colon. Conclusions This study constitutes the first molecular demonstration of P. freudenreichii activity and physiological adaptation in vivo within the colon. Our data are likely specific to our pig microbiota composition but opens an avenue towards understanding probiotic action within the gut in further studies comparing bacterial adaptation to different microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Hélène Falentin
- INRA, UMR1253, Science et Technologie du Lait et de l'Œuf, F 35042 Rennes, France.
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