1
|
Perrett SE, Craddock C, Gray BJ. Dying whilst on probation: a scoping review of mortality amongst those under community justice supervision. Perspect Public Health 2024:17579139231223714. [PMID: 38294342 DOI: 10.1177/17579139231223714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
AIM Data suggest mortality rates of those under community justice services such as probation or parole have been increasing year on year. Little is known about why and how these individuals are dying. This scoping review explores the causes and contributing factors of mortality in those under community justice supervision. METHODS Studies published between 2011 and 2021 were identified across CINAHL, Embase, Global Health, Ovid Medline and PsycINFO. Articles were included if they presented original data on either mortality rates among those under community justice supervision or risk factors associated with the mortality of those under community justice supervision. RESULTS Searches identified 101 unique articles of which 13 were included in the review. Articles were representative of five countries. All articles were either retrospective reviews or retrospective cohort studies. The studies fell into the categories of all-cause mortality, self-inflicted deaths or drug-related deaths. CONCLUSION Mortality rates of those under community justice supervision were found to be consistently higher than mortality rates for the general population regardless of cause of death. Factors identified as affecting mortality included history of drug use, history of self-harm and previous imprisonment including length of time in custody and experience of hospitalisation or solitary confinement while in custody.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S E Perrett
- Nurse Consultant, Health Protection, Public Health Wales, Cardiff CF10 4BZ, UK
| | - C Craddock
- Senior Nurse for Health and Justice and Sexual Health, Health Protection, Public Health Wales, Cardiff, UK
| | - B J Gray
- Principal Researcher, Health Protection, Public Health Wales, Cardiff, UK
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Wu X, Xia L, Yang Y, Zhang L, Li M, Liu T, Liu Y, Cotes RO, Jiang F, Tang YL, Liu H. Mortality among psychiatric inpatients in China: A national survey. Asian J Psychiatr 2022; 77:103262. [PMID: 36181753 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajp.2022.103262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with mental disorders are at increased risk of premature mortality. Psychiatric inpatients are a particularly vulnerable population, yet data on the mortality rate and causes of death among psychiatric inpatients in a national sample are scarce. METHODS We analyzed data collected from patients who died during psychiatric hospitalization in 2019 and 2020 from 41 psychiatric hospitals in China. RESULTS In total, 719 inpatients died over the study period. There were more deaths in 2019 (N = 409, 56.9%) compared to 2020 (N = 310, 43.1%). The mean age was 73.3 ± 16.5 years old, with males significantly younger than females (71.5 ± 16.9 vs. 75.9 ± 15.6, p < 0.001). Sudden death accounted for 11.5% of all deaths. The cause was unknown for 31.2% of cases. Among those with known causes of death, respiratory disorders were most common in patients with psychotic disorders (41.9%) and mood disorders (29.8%). Suicide accounted for 17.0% of deaths in patients with mood disorders. CONCLUSION Patients who died during psychiatric hospitalization were overall older (>70 years), and more than one in ten died due to sudden death. While respiratory disorders accounted for the largest proportion of known causes, the causes were unknown in nearly one-third. Death due to suicide, a preventable cause, remained common among patients with mood disorders. Evidence-based interventions should be implemented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodong Wu
- Department of Psychiatry, Chaohu Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China; Department of Psychiatry, School of Mental Health and Psychological Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China; Department of Psychiatry, Anhui Psychiatric Center, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Lei Xia
- Department of Psychiatry, Chaohu Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China; Department of Psychiatry, School of Mental Health and Psychological Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China; Department of Psychiatry, Anhui Psychiatric Center, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Yating Yang
- Department of Psychiatry, Chaohu Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China; Department of Psychiatry, School of Mental Health and Psychological Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China; Department of Psychiatry, Anhui Psychiatric Center, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Ling Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry, Chaohu Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China; Department of Psychiatry, School of Mental Health and Psychological Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China; Department of Psychiatry, Anhui Psychiatric Center, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Mengdie Li
- Department of Psychiatry, Chaohu Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China; Department of Psychiatry, School of Mental Health and Psychological Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China; Department of Psychiatry, Anhui Psychiatric Center, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Tingfang Liu
- School of Health Policy and Management, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yuanli Liu
- School of Health Policy and Management, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Robert O Cotes
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, USA
| | - Feng Jiang
- School of International and Public Affairs, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China; Institute of Healthy Yangtze River Delta, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Yi-Lang Tang
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, USA; Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, Georgia, USA.
| | - Huanzhong Liu
- Department of Psychiatry, Chaohu Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China; Department of Psychiatry, School of Mental Health and Psychological Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China; Department of Psychiatry, Anhui Psychiatric Center, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Walsh MG, Pattanaik A, Vyas N, Saxena D, Webb C, Sawleshwarkar S, Mukhopadhyay C. High-risk landscapes of Japanese encephalitis virus outbreaks in India converge on wetlands, rain-fed agriculture, wild Ardeidae, and domestic pigs and chickens. Int J Epidemiol 2022; 51:1408-1418. [PMID: 35355081 PMCID: PMC9557850 DOI: 10.1093/ije/dyac050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is a zoonotic mosquito-borne virus that causes a significant burden of disease across Asia, particularly in India, with high mortality in children. JEV circulates in wild ardeid birds and domestic pig reservoirs, both of which generate sufficiently high viraemias to infect vector mosquitoes, which can then subsequently infect humans. The landscapes of these hosts, particularly in the context of anthropogenic ecotones and resulting wildlife–livestock interfaces, are poorly understood and thus significant knowledge gaps in the epidemiology of JEV persist. This study sought to investigate the landscape epidemiology of JEV outbreaks in India over the period 2010–2020 to determine the influence of shared wetland and rain-fed agricultural landscapes and animal hosts on outbreak risk. Methods Using surveillance data from India’s National Centre for Disease Control Integrated Disease Surveillance Programme, JEV outbreaks were modelled as an inhomogeneous Poisson point process and externally validated against independently sourced data. Results Outbreak risk was strongly associated with the habitat suitability of ardeid birds, both pig and chicken density, and the shared landscapes between fragmented rain-fed agriculture and both river and freshwater marsh wetlands. Conclusion The results from this work provide the most complete understanding of the landscape epidemiology of JEV in India to date and suggest important One Health priorities for control and prevention across fragmented terrain comprising a wildlife–livestock interface that favours spillover to humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael G Walsh
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Public Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney Institute for Infectious Diseases, The University of Sydney, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia.,One Health Centre, The Prasanna School of Public Health, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India.,The Prasanna School of Public Health, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Amrita Pattanaik
- Manipal Institute of Virology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Navya Vyas
- One Health Centre, The Prasanna School of Public Health, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India.,The Prasanna School of Public Health, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Deepak Saxena
- Department of Epidemiology, Indian Institute of Public Health Gandhinagar, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
| | - Cameron Webb
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney Institute for Infectious Diseases, The University of Sydney, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia.,Department of Medical Entomology, NSW Health Pathology, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Shailendra Sawleshwarkar
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney Institute for Infectious Diseases, The University of Sydney, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia.,One Health Centre, The Prasanna School of Public Health, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India.,The Prasanna School of Public Health, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India.,The University of Sydney, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Westmead Clinical School, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Chiranjay Mukhopadhyay
- Department of Microbiology, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India.,Centre for Emerging and Tropical Diseases, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Divino F, Maruotti A, Farcomeni A, Jona-Lasinio G, Lovison G, Ciccozzi M. On the severity of COVID-19 infections in 2021 in Italy. J Med Virol 2021; 94:1281-1283. [PMID: 34914112 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.27529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Divino
- Laboratory of Biostatistics and Computational Epidemiology, Department of Biosciences, University of Molise, Pesche, Italy
| | - Antonello Maruotti
- Department GEPLI, Libera Università Maria Ss Assunta, Rome, Italy.,Department of Mathematics, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Alessio Farcomeni
- Department of Economics and Finance, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy
| | | | - Gianfranco Lovison
- Department of Economics, Management, and Statistics, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Massimo Ciccozzi
- Department of Medicine, Unit of Medical Statistics and Molecular Epidemiology, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, Rome, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Kallerup H, Brøndserud MB. Prevalence of users of medication targeting obstructive lung disease, the reasons for prescriptions and the use of spirometry in Upernavik Health Center in the period from 2011-2016, a retrospective observational study as basis for future quality development. Int J Circumpolar Health 2021; 81:2012904. [PMID: 34895108 PMCID: PMC8667926 DOI: 10.1080/22423982.2021.2012904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a health problem globally. Smoking is a risk factor. In Greenland over 50% are smokers. Upernavik Healthcare Center serves the town of Upernavik and its 9 remote settlements. Many patients were treated with medications targeting obstructive pulmonary disease (ATC code R03). This retrospective observational study estimated the prevalence of users of R03 medication aged 50 years or above, investigated if spirometry was performed, the reason for prescription and smoking status. The study is based on review of data from the electronic medical journal. Permanent residents with prescriptions of R03 medication within a period of 5 years were included. Reasons for prescription and smoking status was registrated. The prevalence of users of R03 medications was 7,6%. 37,8% had a spirometry performed. The reason for prescribing varied from no reason to COPD-like. R03 medications were prescribed years before spirometry. 37,8% of the patients were smokers. Prevalence of users was comparable to other studies in Greenland. There was lack of spirometry and a discrepancy to guidelines. Patients had prescriptions of R03 medication years without a specific diagnosis. This warrant a new strategy for identification, increase of spirometry and treatment of patients with COPD to be developed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hans Kallerup
- Medical Department, Upernavik Health Center (Now Retired), Kolding, Denmark
| | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Elzein R, Chouery E, Abdel-Sater F, Bacho R, Ayoub F. Relation between molar-incisor hypomineralization (MIH) occurrence and war pollutants in bombarded regions: Epidemiological pilot study in Lebanon. Niger J Clin Pract 2021; 24:1808-1813. [PMID: 34889789 DOI: 10.4103/njcp.njcp_702_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Background Molar-incisor hypomineralization (MIH), a developmental enamel defect affecting one or more first permanent molars (FPMs) and sometimes incisors (PIs), is one of the most common pandemic health problems in the world. MIH etiology is still unclear and has been suggested to be related to exposure to environmental toxicants during enamel mineralization. Aims To assess the susceptibility to MIH occurrence in regards to war pollutants through the investigation of the prevalence and the clinical characteristics of MIH in a group of Lebanese children whose FPMs and PIs enamel mineralization coincides with the 2006 Lebanese war. Patients and Methods This cross-sectional study was performed in schools from different regions of Lebanon. Schoolchildren born in 2004, 2005, 2006, and 2007 were examined for MIH. Clinical status, lesion type, extension, and severity were recorded using the short form chart of the MIH index. Pearson's Chi-square or Fischer's exact test were used to determine if there is a significant relationship between categorical variables. Results An overall MIH prevalence of 22.93% has been reported. Forty-seven point seventy-five per cent had both molars and incisors affected. Demarcated opacities were the most frequently observed clinical status. Most of the MIH FPMs and PIs were mildly affected with lesions extended on less than the third of the tooth surface. Conclusions MIH prevalence among children born around 2006 Lebanese war is high. The hypothesis of a relation between MIH susceptibility and war pollutants in bombarded regions is legible but requires to be elucidated via additional in vitro and in vivo studies for accurate risk assessment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Elzein
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Public Dental Health, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - E Chouery
- Medical Genetics Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Saint-Joseph University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - F Abdel-Sater
- Department of Biological Sciences, Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Cellular Immunology, Faculty of Sciences, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - R Bacho
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Public Dental Health, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - F Ayoub
- Department of Forensic Odontology, Human Identification and Anthropology, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Mukhopadhyay K, Chakrabarty S, Chatterjee C, Misra SC. Mortality and complications of scrub typhus in the paediatric population: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2021; 115:1234-1246. [PMID: 34595519 DOI: 10.1093/trstmh/trab143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Scrub typhus is a leading cause of treatable febrile illness. It can produce complications and dysfunction of multiple organs in children and is associated with considerable mortality. We attempted to perform a systematic review of original articles published between 1990 to 2020 based on certain selection criteria to estimate the case fatality risk of this disease in children. We addressed the pattern of complications of this disease with its impact on mortality We calculated pooled prevalence with a random effects model (restricted maximum likelihood method) that assumed varying effect sizes between studies using R statistical software. We reported the case fatality rate and its 95% confidence intervals (CIs) in the pooled analysis. Thirty-seven articles with a total of 3329 children were identified for inclusion. The case fatality rate was 1.1% (CI 0.05 to 2, I2=58% and prediction interval 0-6%). The mortality rate showed a declining trend over the last 5 y. Hepatitis (30.68% [95% CI 18.52 to 44.38]) remains the most common complication, followed by shock (14.45% [95% CI 7.71 to 22.85]), pneumonia (14.71% [95% CI 9.76 to 20.48]), acute kidney injury (13.72% [95% CI 8.49 to 19.97]) and meningitis/meningoencephalitis (11.57% [95% CI 7.83 to 15.92]). Multi-organ dysfunction syndrome was the main contributor to mortality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kaushik Mukhopadhyay
- Pharmacology, ESIC PGIMSR & ESIC Medical College, Diamond Harbour Road, Joka, Kolkata 700104, West Bengal, India
| | - Samir Chakrabarty
- General Medicine, ESIC PGIMSR & ESIC Medical College, Diamond Harbour Road, Joka, Kolkata 700104, West Bengal, India
| | - Chandan Chatterjee
- Pharmacology, ESIC PGIMSR & ESIC Medical College, Diamond Harbour Road, Joka, Kolkata 700104, West Bengal, India
| | - Saheli Chatterjee Misra
- Pediatrics, ESIC PGIMSR & ESIC Medical College, Diamond Harbour Road, Joka, Kolkata 700104, West Bengal, India
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Low mammalian species richness is associated with Kyasanur Forest disease outbreak risk in deforested landscapes in the Western Ghats, India. One Health 2021; 13:100299. [PMID: 34430695 PMCID: PMC8367838 DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2021.100299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Kyasanur forest disease virus (KFDV) is a rapidly expanding tick-borne zoonotic virus with natural foci in the forested region of the Western Ghats of South India. The Western Ghats is one of the world's most important biodiversity hotspots and, like many such areas of high biodiversity, is under significant pressure from anthropogenic landscape change. The current study sought to quantify mammalian species richness using ensemble models of the distributions of a sample of species extant in the Western Ghats and to explore its association with KFDV outbreaks, as well as the modifying effects of deforestation on this association. Species richness was quantified as a composite of individual species' distributions, as derived from ensembles of boosted regression tree, random forest, and generalised additive models. Species richness was further adjusted for the potential biotic constraints of sympatric species. Both species richness and forest loss demonstrated strong positive associations with KFDV outbreaks, however forest loss substantially modified the association between species richness and outbreaks. High species richness was associated with increased KFDV risk but only in areas of low forest loss. In contrast, lower species richness was associated with increased KFDV risk in areas of greater forest loss. This relationship persisted when species richness was adjusted for biotic constraints at the taluk-level. In addition, the taluk-level species abundances of three monkey species (Macaca radiata, Semnopithecus hypoleucus, and Semnopithecus priam) were also associated with outbreaks. These results suggest that increased monitoring of wildlife in areas of significant habitat fragmentation may add considerably to critical knowledge gaps in KFDV epidemiology and infection ecology and should be incorporated into novel One Health surveillance development for the region. In addition, the inclusion of some primate species as sentinels of KFDV circulation into general wildlife surveillance architecture may add further value.
Collapse
|
9
|
Bradley H, Rosenthal EM, Barranco MA, Udo T, Sullivan PS, Rosenberg ES. Use of Population-Based Surveys for Estimating the Population Size of Persons Who Inject Drugs in the United States. J Infect Dis 2021; 222:S218-S229. [PMID: 32877538 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiaa318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the United States, injection is an increasingly common route of administration for opioids and other substances. Estimates of the number of persons who inject drugs (PWID) are needed for monitoring risk-specific infectious disease rates and health services coverage. METHODS We reviewed design and instruments for 4 national household surveys, 2012-2016, for their ability to produce unbiased injection drug use (IDU) prevalence estimates. We explored potential analytic adjustments for reducing biases through use of external data on (1) arrest, (2) narcotic overdose mortality, and (3) biomarker-based sensitivity of self-reported illicit drug use. RESULTS Estimated national past 12 months IDU prevalence ranged from 0.24% to 0.59% across surveys. All surveys excluded unstably housed and incarcerated persons, and estimates were based on <60 respondents reporting IDU behavior in 3 surveys. No surveys asked participants about nonmedical injection of prescription drugs. Analytic adjustments did not appreciably change IDU prevalence estimates due to suboptimal specificity of data points. CONCLUSIONS PWID population size estimates in the United States are based on small numbers and are likely biased by undercoverage of key populations and self-report. Novel methods as discussed in this article may improve our understanding of PWID population size and their health needs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Heather Bradley
- Georgia State University School of Public Health, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Elizabeth M Rosenthal
- University at Albany School of Public Health, State University of New York, Albany, New York, USA
| | - Meredith A Barranco
- University at Albany School of Public Health, State University of New York, Albany, New York, USA
| | - Tomoko Udo
- University at Albany School of Public Health, State University of New York, Albany, New York, USA
| | | | - Eli S Rosenberg
- University at Albany School of Public Health, State University of New York, Albany, New York, USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Walsh MG, Sawleshwarkar S, Hossain S, Mor SM. Whence the next pandemic? The intersecting global geography of the animal-human interface, poor health systems and air transit centrality reveals conduits for high-impact spillover. One Health 2020; 11:100177. [PMID: 33052311 PMCID: PMC7543735 DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2020.100177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The health and economic impacts of infectious disease pandemics are catastrophic as most recently manifested by coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The emerging infections that lead to substantive epidemics or pandemics are typically zoonoses that cross species boundaries at vulnerable points of animal-human interface. The sharing of space between wildlife and humans, and their domesticated animals, has dramatically increased in recent decades and is a key driver of pathogen spillover. Increasing animal-human interface has also occurred in concert with both increasing globalisation and failing health systems, resulting in a trifecta with dire implications for human and animal health. Nevertheless, to date we lack a geographical description of this trifecta that can be applied strategically to pandemic prevention. This investigation provides the first geographical quantification of the intersection of animal-human interfaces, poor human health system performance and global connectivity via the network of air travel. In so doing, this work provides a systematic, data-driven approach to classifying spillover hazard based on the distribution of animal-human interfaces while simultaneously identifying globally connected cities that are adjacent to these interfaces and which may facilitate global pathogen dissemination. We present this geography of high-impact spillover as a tool for developing targeted surveillance systems and improved health infrastructure in vulnerable areas that may present conduits for future pandemics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael G. Walsh
- The University of Sydney, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
- The University of Sydney, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
- Prasanna School of Public Health, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Shailendra Sawleshwarkar
- The University of Sydney, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
- The University of Sydney, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
- Prasanna School of Public Health, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Shah Hossain
- The University of Sydney, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
- Prasanna School of Public Health, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Siobhan M. Mor
- University of Liverpool, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Institute of Infection and Global Health Liverpool, Merseyside, United Kingdom
- International Livestock Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- The University of Sydney, Faculty of Science, School of Veterinary Science, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Cyrus E, Clarke R, Hadley D, Bursac Z, Trepka MJ, Dévieux JG, Bagci U, Furr-Holden D, Coudray M, Mariano Y, Kiplagat S, Noel I, Ravelo G, Paley M, Wagner EF. The Impact of COVID-19 on African American Communities in the United States. Health Equity 2020; 4:476-483. [PMID: 33269331 PMCID: PMC7702977 DOI: 10.1089/heq.2020.0030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose: The purpose of this ecological study was to understand the impact of the density of African American (AA) communities on coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) prevalence and death rate within the three most populous counties in each U.S. state and territory (n=152). Methods: An ecological design was employed for the study. The top three most populous counties of each U.S. state and territory were included in analyses for a final sample size of n=152 counties. Confirmed COVID-19 cases and deaths that were accumulated between January 22, 2020 and April 12, 2020 in each of the three most populous counties in each U.S. state and territory were included. Linear regression was used to determine the association between AA density and COVID-19 prevalence (defined as the percentage of cases for the county population), and death rate (defined as number of deaths per 100,000 population). The models were adjusted for median age and poverty. Results: There was a direct association between AA density and COVID-19 prevalence; COVID-19 prevalence increased 5% for every 1% increase in county AA density (p<0.01). There was also an association between county AA density and COVID-19 deaths; the death rate increased 2 per 100,000 for every percentage increase in county AA density (p=0.02). Conclusion: These findings indicate that communities with a high AA density have been disproportionately burdened with COVID-19. To help develop effective interventions and programs that address this disparity, further study is needed to understand social determinants of health driving inequities for this community.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elena Cyrus
- College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, USA
| | - Rachel Clarke
- Community-Based Research Institute, Florida International University, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Dexter Hadley
- College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, USA
| | - Zoran Bursac
- Department of Biostatistics, Robert Stempel College of Public Health and Social Work, Florida International University, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Mary Jo Trepka
- Department of Epidemiology and Robert Stempel College of Public Health and Social Work, Florida International University, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Jessy G. Dévieux
- Department of Health Promotion and Disease Prevention, Robert Stempel College of Public Health and Social Work, Florida International University, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Ulas Bagci
- Center for Research in Department of Computer Vision (CRCV), Science, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, USA
| | - Debra Furr-Holden
- Division of Public Health, College of Medicine, Michigan State University, Flint, Michigan, USA
| | - Makella Coudray
- College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, USA
| | - Yandra Mariano
- College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, USA
| | - Sandra Kiplagat
- Department of Epidemiology and Robert Stempel College of Public Health and Social Work, Florida International University, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Ines Noel
- College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, USA
| | - Gira Ravelo
- Center for Research on U.S. Latino HIV/AIDS and Drug Abuse, Robert Stempel College of Public Health and Social Work, Florida International University, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Michelle Paley
- Affiliated Faculty, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Eric F. Wagner
- Community-Based Research Institute, Florida International University, Miami, Florida, USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Cyrus E, Clarke R, Hadley D, Bursac Z, Trepka MJ, Dévieux JG, Bagci U, Furr-Holden D, Coudray M, Mariano Y, Kiplagat S, Noel I, Ravelo GJ, Paley M, Wagner E. The impact of COVID-19 on African American communities in the United States. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2020. [PMID: 32511486 PMCID: PMC7273254 DOI: 10.1101/2020.05.15.20096552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Importance: The novel Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), declared a pandemic in March 2020, may present with disproportionately higher rates in underrepresented racial/ethnic minority populations in the United States, including African American communities who have traditionally been over-represented in negative health outcomes. Study Objective: To understand the impact of the density of African American communities (defined as the percentage of African Americans in a county) on COVID-19 prevalence and death rate within the three most populous counties in each U.S. state and territory (n=152). Design: An ecological study using linear regression was employed for the study. Setting: The top three most populous counties of each U.S. state and territory were included in analyses for a final sample size of n=152 counties. Participants: Confirmed COVID-19 cases and deaths that were accumulated between January 22, 2020 and April 12, 2020 in each of the three most populous counties in each U.S. state and territory were included. Main outcome measures: Linear regression was used to determine the association between African American density and COVID-19 prevalence (defined as the percentage of cases for the county population), and death rate (defined as number of deaths per 100,000 population). The models were adjusted for median age and poverty. Results: There was a direct association between African American density and COVID-19 prevalence; COVID-19 prevalence increased 5% for every 1% increase in county AA density (p<.01). There was also an association between county AA density and COVID-19 deaths, such; the death rate increased 2 per 100,000 for every percentage increase in county AA density (p=.02). Conclusion: These study findings indicate that communities with a high African American density have been disproportionately burdened with COVID-19. Further study is needed to indicate if this burden is related to environmental factors or individual factors such as types of employment or comorbidities that members of these community have.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Cyrus
- Department of Epidemiology, Robert Stempel College of Public Health and Social Work, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199
| | - R Clarke
- Community-Based Research Institute, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199
| | - D Hadley
- College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32827
| | - Z Bursac
- Department of Biostatistics, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199
| | - M J Trepka
- Department of Epidemiology, Robert Stempel College of Public Health and Social Work, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199
| | - J G Dévieux
- Department of Health Promotion and Disease Prevention, Robert Stempel College of Public Health and Social Work, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199
| | - U Bagci
- Center for Research in Department of Computer Vision (CRCV), Science, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, 32816
| | - D Furr-Holden
- Division of Public Health, College of Medicine, Michigan State University, Flint, MI 48502
| | - M Coudray
- Department of Epidemiology, Robert Stempel College of Public Health and Social Work, Florida International University, Miami, Fl 33199
| | - Y Mariano
- Department of Epidemiology, Robert Stempel College of Public Health and Social Work, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199
| | - S Kiplagat
- Department of Epidemiology, Robert Stempel College of Public Health and Social Work, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199
| | - I Noel
- Department of Psychology, University of San Diego, San Diego, CA 92110
| | - G J Ravelo
- Center for Research on U.S. Latino HIV/AIDS and Drug Abuse, Robert Stempel College of Public Health and Social Work, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199
| | - M Paley
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136
| | - E Wagner
- Community-Based Research Institute, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Prohibition on Changing Workplaces and Fatal Occupational Injuries among Chinese Migrant Workers in South Korea. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16183333. [PMID: 31509996 PMCID: PMC6766071 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16183333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Revised: 09/08/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We assessed the risk of fatal occupational injuries among migrant workers with two different types of employment permits in South Korea. This observational study used national data from January 2007 to September 2018 and analyzed 42,089 cases of occupationally injured migrant workers of Chinese nationality. Fatality rates were analyzed according to year, sex, age, occupation, industry, and type of employment permit. Chinese workers were permitted to work for one employer and prohibited from changing employers, whereas Korean-Chinese workers were permitted to change their employer. The adjusted fatality rate of occupational injuries of Chinese migrant workers was significantly higher (1.80-fold, 95% confidence interval 1.31-2.46) than that of Korean-Chinese migrant workers. The prohibition on changing workplaces; male sex; age ≥ 45 years; machine operator; construction industry; and agriculture, livestock, and fisheries industry were risk factors for fatal occupational injuries. The results imply a need for revision of the migrant-worker employment permit systems and implementation of occupational safety and health policies for all workers to promote health equity.
Collapse
|