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Pareek A, Kumar D, Pareek A, Gupta MM, Jeandet P, Ratan Y, Jain V, Kamal MA, Saboor M, Ashraf GM, Chuturgoon A. Retinoblastoma: An update on genetic origin, classification, conventional to next-generation treatment strategies. Heliyon 2024; 10:e32844. [PMID: 38975183 PMCID: PMC11226919 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e32844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/09/2024] Open
Abstract
The most prevalent paediatric vision-threatening medical condition, retinoblastoma (RB), has been a global concern for a long time. Several conventional therapies, such as systemic chemotherapy and focal therapy, have been used for curative purposes; however, the search for tumour eradication with the least impact on surrounding tissues is still ongoing. This review focuses on the genetic origin, classification, conventional treatment modalities, and their combination with nano-scale delivery systems for active tumour targeting. In addition, the review also delves into ongoing clinical trials and patents, as well as emerging therapies such as gene therapy and immunotherapy for the treatment of RB. Understanding the role of genetics in the development of RB has refined its treatment strategy according to the genetic type. New approaches such as nanostructured drug delivery systems, galenic preparations, nutlin-3a, histone deacetylase inhibitors, N-MYC inhibitors, pentoxifylline, immunotherapy, gene therapy, etc. discussed in this review, have the potential to circumvent the limitations of conventional therapies and improve treatment outcomes for RB. In summary, this review highlights the importance and need for novel approaches as alternative therapies that would ultimately displace the shortcomings associated with conventional therapies and reduce the enucleation rate, thereby preserving global vision in the affected paediatric population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashutosh Pareek
- Department of Pharmacy, Banasthali Vidyapith, Banasthali, 304022, Rajasthan, India
| | - Deepanjali Kumar
- Department of Pharmacy, Banasthali Vidyapith, Banasthali, 304022, Rajasthan, India
| | - Aaushi Pareek
- Department of Pharmacy, Banasthali Vidyapith, Banasthali, 304022, Rajasthan, India
| | - Madan Mohan Gupta
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, St. Augustine 3303, Trinidad and Tobago
| | - Philippe Jeandet
- Research Unit Induced Resistance and Plant Bioprotection - USC INRAe 1488, University of Reims, PO Box 1039, 51687, Reims, France
| | - Yashumati Ratan
- Department of Pharmacy, Banasthali Vidyapith, Banasthali, 304022, Rajasthan, India
| | - Vivek Jain
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mohan Lal Sukhadia University, Udaipur, 313001, India
| | - Mohammad Amjad Kamal
- Joint Laboratory of Artificial Intelligence for Critical Care Medicine, Department of Critical Care Medicine and Institutes for Systems Genetics, West China School of Nursing, Frontiers Science Centre for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, China
- King Fahd Medical Research Centre, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, Dhaka, 1207, Bangladesh
- Enzymoics, Novel Global Community Educational Foundation, 7 Peterlee Place, Hebersham, NSW, 2770, Australia
| | - Muhammad Saboor
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Health Sciences, and Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, 27272, United Arab Emirates
| | - Ghulam Md Ashraf
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Health Sciences, and Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, 27272, United Arab Emirates
| | - Anil Chuturgoon
- Discipline of Medical Biochemistry, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 4041, South Africa
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Malabanan-Cabebe CGP, Santos-Gonzales MA, Te AVR, Tan RJD, Gonzales-Sy J. Retinoblastoma in the Southern Philippines: Clinical Outcomes of Retinoblastoma Patients in a Davao Tertiary Hospital. ACTA MEDICA PHILIPPINA 2024; 58:45-51. [PMID: 38846169 PMCID: PMC11151136 DOI: 10.47895/amp.vi0.6754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2024]
Abstract
Background Retinoblastoma is the most common intraocular cancer in childhood in the Philippines. Most data though on demographics, clinical profile, treatment options, and outcomes in the country are from the National Capital Region. Objectives This study aimed to describe the demographics, clinical profile, treatment done, and outcomes of retinoblastoma patients seen in a public tertiary referral center in Davao from 2011-2020 to make available literature more representative of the status of retinoblastoma in the Philippines. Methods An analytical cross-sectional study was conducted using the records of retinoblastoma patients seen in a tertiary government hospital located in Davao Region from January 2011 to December 2020. Results There were 157 patients included in the analysis. Seventy-three (46%) were female with 44% coming from the Davao Region. One hundred seven (69%) patients had unilateral disease. Median age at initial consultation for patients with unilateral disease was significantly older than those with bilateral disease (p<0.003). Tumors were extraocular in 82 (40%) eyes. In the intraocular group, 36% of the eyes belonged to International Classification of Retinoblastoma (ICRB) Groups D and E. Enucleation was the most commonly performed treatment. Survival rate was 28%.This is the first report to provide epidemiologic and clinical data on retinoblastoma in the literature, including survival data, from Mindanao. Advanced stages and extraocular cases of retinoblastoma remain high. Delay of consultation contributed to the prognosis and clinical outcome of the disease. Conclusion Advanced stages and extraocular cases of retinoblastoma remain significantly high in the country, even in Mindanao.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Melissa Anne Santos-Gonzales
- Section of Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus, Department of Ophthalmology, Southern Philippines Medical Center, Davao City, Philippines
- St. Elizabeth Hospital, Inc., General Santos City, Philippines
- General Santos Doctor's Hospital, General Santos City, Philippines
| | | | - Roland Joseph D. Tan
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, College of Medicine and Philippine General Hospital, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila, Philippines
| | - Jocelyne Gonzales-Sy
- Southern Philippines Medical Center, Davao City, Philippines
- Metro Davao Medical and Research Institute, Davao City, Philippines
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Nurlaila I, Pambudi S. The evolvement of breast cancer therapies: What we have done and where all these head off. Saudi Med J 2024; 45:331-340. [PMID: 38657992 PMCID: PMC11147575 DOI: 10.15537/smj.2024.45.4.20230492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Although, from a therapeutic standpoint, breast cancer (BC) is considerably well-characterized, it still leaves puzzling spots. The Her-2+/PR+/ER+ BC can benefit from the mainstays of anticancer therapy and immunotherapy and overall have a better prognosis. Triple-negative BC, due to the concomitant absence of Her-2/PR/ER receptors, is more challenging and necessitates different strategies. It has been learned that the mainstay anti-BC therapies were initially designed to demolish as many cancer cells as they possibly could. However, the number of reports on the adverse effects of these mainstay therapies has recently been increasing. It underpins efforts to reshape such therapies into much better and safer forms over time. Moreover, some current findings on the molecular markers, which are target-potential, have also shifted the paradigm from radical-to-local-yet-precise-approach to meet the need for a therapy platform that is less cytotoxic to normal cells yet efficiently kills cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ika Nurlaila
- From the Department of Vaccine and Drugs, The National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Banten, Indonesia.
| | - Sabar Pambudi
- From the Department of Vaccine and Drugs, The National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Banten, Indonesia.
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Zhang HL, Li N, Dong L, Ma HX, Yang MC. Prox1 Suppresses Proliferation and Drug Resistance of Retinoblastoma Cells via Targeting Notch1. Curr Med Sci 2024; 44:223-231. [PMID: 38277016 DOI: 10.1007/s11596-023-2803-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Retinoblastoma (RB) is a prevalent type of eye cancer in youngsters. Prospero homeobox 1 (Prox1) is a homeobox transcriptional repressor and downstream target of the proneural gene that is relevant in lymphatic, hepatocyte, pancreatic, heart, lens, retinal, and cancer cells. The goal of this study was to investigate the role of Prox1 in RB cell proliferation and drug resistance, as well as to explore the underlying Notch1 mechanism. METHODS Human RB cell lines (SO-RB50 and Y79) and a primary human retinal microvascular endothelial cell line (ACBRI-181) were used in this study. The expression of Prox1 and Notch1 mRNA and protein in RB cells was detected using quantitative real time-polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) and Western blotting. Cell proliferation was assessed after Prox1 overexpression using the Cell Counting Kit-8 and the MTS assay. Drug-resistant cell lines (SO-RB50/vincristine) were generated and treated with Prox1 to investigate the role of Prox1 in drug resistance. We employed pcDNA-Notch1 to overexpress Notch1 to confirm the role of Notch1 in the protective function of Prox1. Finally, a xenograft model was constructed to assess the effect of Prox1 on RB in vivo. RESULTS Prox1 was significantly downregulated in RB cells. Overexpression of Prox1 effectively decreased RB cell growth while increasing the sensitivity of drug-resistant cells to vincristine. Notch1 was involved in Prox1's regulatory effects. Notch1 was identified as a target gene of Prox1, which was found to be upregulated in RB cells and repressed by increased Prox1 expression. When pcDNA-Notch1 was transfected, the effect of Prox1 overexpression on RB was removed. Furthermore, by downregulating Notch1, Prox1 overexpression slowed tumor development and increased vincristine sensitivity in vivo. CONCLUSION These data show that Prox1 decreased RB cell proliferation and drug resistance by targeting Notch1, implying that Prox1 could be a potential therapeutic target for RB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Li Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, China
| | - Na Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, China
| | - Lin Dong
- Department of Ophthalmology, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, China
| | - Hong-Xia Ma
- Department of Ophthalmology, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, China
| | - Mo-Chi Yang
- Department of Ophthalmology, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, China.
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Gao Y, Du P. miR-4529-3p Promotes the Progression of Retinoblastoma by Inhibiting RB1 Expression and Activating the ERK Signaling Pathway. Mol Biotechnol 2024; 66:102-111. [PMID: 37041423 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-023-00738-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/26/2023] [Indexed: 04/13/2023]
Abstract
Retinoblastoma (RB) is a malignant ocular cancer that affects children. Several microRNAs (miRNAs) have been implicated in RB regulation. The present study aimed to investigate the role of miR-4529-3p in RB pathogenesis. Scratch, Transwell, and Cell Counting Kit (CCK)-8 assays were conducted to assess the migratory, invasive, and proliferative abilities of RB cells. The expression levels of miR-4529-3p, RB1, and ERK pathway-related proteins were analyzed using western blotting and real-time quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Target relationships were verified using dual-luciferase reporter experiments. A murine RB model was developed to analyze the effects of miR-4529-3p on RB tumor growth in vivo. Our experiments revealed high levels of miR-4529-3p and low levels of RB1 in RB tissues. Functional analyses revealed that the migratory, invasive, and proliferative abilities of RB cells were repressed by miR-4529-3p inhibition. Similarly, p-ERK 1/2 protein levels were suppressed by miR-4529-3p inhibition. Furthermore, downregulation of miR-4529-3p limited tumor growth in vivo. Mechanistically, miR-4259-3p targets RB1. Interestingly, RB1 silencing abrogated the alleviative effects of miR-4529-3p downregulation in RB cells. MiR-4529-3p promotes RB progression by inhibiting RB1 and activating the ERK pathway. This evidence suggests that the miR-4529-3p/RB1 regulatory axis may be a prospective target for RB treatment in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Gao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Wuhan No.1 Hospital, No. 215, Zhongshan Avenue, Qiaokou District, Wuhan, 430022, Hubei, China.
| | - Pei Du
- Department of Ophthalmology, Wuhan No.1 Hospital, No. 215, Zhongshan Avenue, Qiaokou District, Wuhan, 430022, Hubei, China
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Atwine R, Laffita D, Birungi A, Kiconco R, Waddell K. Clinical and Histopathologic Predictors of Survival Among Children With Retinoblastoma From Two Tertiary Health Facilities in Uganda. Cureus 2023; 15:e50605. [PMID: 38226099 PMCID: PMC10788691 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.50605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Retinoblastoma (RB) is a malignant tumour that develops from the immature cells of the retina. It is the most frequent type of paediatric intraocular cancer and is curable. Clinical and histological findings after enucleation of the affected eye dictate not only the patient's secondary care but also their prognosis. We assessed the clinical and histopathologic predictors of survival among children with RB from two tertiary health facilities in Uganda. METHODS This retrospective research utilized archived formalin fixed and paraffin-embedded blocks of eye specimens enucleated between 2014 and 2016 at Mbarara University of Science and Technology (MUST) Pathology Department and Ruharo Eye Centre (REC) in Mbarara, Uganda. The specimens were then processed and stained with haematoxylin and eosin. The confirmation of RB was made to include the histologic stage and features of the tumor. Biographic data of the patients and clinical features, such as leukocoria, proptosis, phthisis, staphyloma and buphthalmos, were retrieved from the records. RESULTS Males (55.1%, n=43) dominated the study population (N=78). The median age was 31 months. The most common clinical sign was leukocoria (69.2%, n=52), and the most predominant histopathological stage was stage 1 (41%, n=32). Optic nerve (ON) invasion was seen in 38.5% (n=30), choroidal invasion in 29.5% (n=23), scleral invasion in 7.7% (n=6) and orbital extension in 16.7% (n=13) of the cases. Flexner-Wintersteiner rosettes were seen in 34.6% (n=27). Necrosis was a prominent feature (71.8%, n=56). The two-year survival was estimated to be 61.5% (n=48). Leukocoria (risk ratio (RR) 1.1), female gender (RR 1.4), intralaminar ON invasion (RR 7.6) and a lack of orbital extension (RR 7) were significant predictors of survival. CONCLUSION Leukocoria and proptosis are noticeable clinical signs of RB. Most patients present while in stage one although stage four presentation is also common. Leukocoria, ON invasion, orbital extension and gender are significant factors predictive of survival in patients with RB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymond Atwine
- Pathology, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara, UGA
| | | | - Abraham Birungi
- Pathology, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara, UGA
| | - Ritah Kiconco
- Biochemistry, Soroti University, Soroti, UGA
- Medical Laboratory Science, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara, UGA
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Kugalingam N, De Silva D, Abeysekera H, Nanayakkara S, Tirimanne S, Ranaweera D, Suravajhala P, Chandrasekharan V. RB1 screening of retinoblastoma patients in Sri Lanka using targeted next generation sequencing (NGS) and gene ratio analysis copy enumeration PCR (GRACE-PCR). BMC Med Genomics 2023; 16:279. [PMID: 37932687 PMCID: PMC10626775 DOI: 10.1186/s12920-023-01721-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Retinoblastoma (RB) a tumour affecting those under 5 years, has a prevalence of 1 in 20,000, with around twenty new diagnoses per year in Sri Lanka. Unilateral and bilateral RB presents around 24 and 15 months respectively. Approximately 10% are familial. Systematic genetic testing for germline pathogenic variants of RB1, the only gene associated with an inherited risk of RB, is unavailable in Sri Lanka. Genetic testing optimizes management of affected children and at-risk siblings. This study aimed to develop accessible genetic testing to identify children with a germline pathogenic variant of RB1 in Sri Lanka. METHODS Targeted next generation sequencing (NGS) for detecting pathogenic sequence variants and Gene Ratio Analysis Copy Enumeration PCR (GRACE-PCR) for detecting RB1 copy number variations (CNVs) were performed for 49 consecutive RB patients treated between 2016 and 2020 at the designated RB care unit, Lady Ridgway hospital, Colombo. Patients (bilateral RB (n = 18; 37%), unilateral n = 31) were recruited following ethical clearance and informed consent. RESULTS There were 26 (53%) females. Mean age at diagnosis was 18 months. Thirty-five patients (71%) had undergone enucleation. Germline pathogenic variants of RB1 identified in 22/49 (45%) patients including 18 (37%; 12 bilateral and 6 unilateral) detected by targeted NGS (2 missense, 7 stop gained, 1 splice donor, 8 frameshift variants). Six were previously undescribed, likely pathogenic frameshift variants. Four bilateral RB patients had GRACE-PCR detected CNVs including one whole RB1, two intragenic deletions (exon 12/13; exon 11 and 23) and a partial duplication of exon 27. The only familial case (affected mother and child) shared the duplication. Only 2 of 4 CNVs and 10 of 18 pathogenic variants were confirmed by whole exome sequencing and Sanger sequencing respectively, due to funding limitations. CONCLUSIONS The study identified pathogenic or likely pathogenic germline RB1 sequence variants and copy number variants in 16/18 (89%) bilateral and 6/31(19%) unilateral cases, which is comparable to worldwide data (10-15% unilateral, 80-85% bilateral). Targeted NGS combined with GRACE-PCR significantly reduce the cost of RB1 testing in Sri Lanka, and may widen access for genetic diagnosis of RB patients in other low and middle income countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nirosha Kugalingam
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka.
| | - Deepthi De Silva
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Kelaniya, Kelaniya, Sri Lanka
| | | | | | - Shamala Tirimanne
- Department of Plant Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka
| | - Dinali Ranaweera
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka
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Akdeniz Odemis D, Kebudi R, Bayramova J, Kilic Erciyas S, Kuru Turkcan G, Tuncer SB, Sukruoglu Erdogan O, Celik B, Kurt Gultaslar B, Buyukkapu Bay S, Tuncer S, Yazici H. RB1 gene mutations and genetic spectrum in retinoblastoma cases. Medicine (Baltimore) 2023; 102:e35068. [PMID: 37682130 PMCID: PMC10489529 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000035068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the study was to investigate the frequency and types of mutations on the retinoblastoma gene (RB1 gene) in Turkish population. RB1 gene mutation analysis was performed in a total of 219 individuals (122 probands with retinoblastoma, 14 family members with retinoblastoma and 83 clinically healthy family members). All 27 exons and close intronic regions of the RB1 gene were sequenced for small deletions and insertions using both the Sanger sequencing or NGS methods, and the large deletions and duplications were investigated using the MLPA analysis and CNV algorithm. The bilateral/trilateral retinoblastoma rate was 66% in the study population. The general frequency of RB1 gene mutation in the germline of the patients with retinoblastoma was 41.9%. Approximately 51.5% of the patients were diagnosed earlier than 12 months old, and de novo mutation was found in 32.4% of the patients. Germline small genetic rearrangement mutations were detected in 78.9% of patients and LGRs were detected in 21.1% of patients. An association was detected between the eye color of the RB patients and RB1 mutations. 8 of the mutations detected in the RB1 gene were novel in the study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Demet Akdeniz Odemis
- Istanbul University, Oncology Institute, Department of Basic Oncology, Division of Cancer Genetics, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Rejin Kebudi
- Istanbul University, Oncology Institute, Division of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Jamila Bayramova
- Istanbul University, Oncology Institute, Department of Basic Oncology, Division of Cancer Genetics, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Seda Kilic Erciyas
- Istanbul University, Oncology Institute, Department of Basic Oncology, Division of Cancer Genetics, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Gozde Kuru Turkcan
- Istanbul University, Oncology Institute, Department of Basic Oncology, Division of Cancer Genetics, Istanbul, Türkiye
- Halic University, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Seref Bugra Tuncer
- Istanbul University, Oncology Institute, Department of Basic Oncology, Division of Cancer Genetics, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Ozge Sukruoglu Erdogan
- Istanbul University, Oncology Institute, Department of Basic Oncology, Division of Cancer Genetics, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Betul Celik
- Istanbul University, Oncology Institute, Department of Basic Oncology, Division of Cancer Genetics, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Busra Kurt Gultaslar
- Istanbul University, Oncology Institute, Department of Basic Oncology, Division of Cancer Genetics, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Sema Buyukkapu Bay
- Istanbul University, Oncology Institute, Division of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Samuray Tuncer
- Istanbul University, Istanbul Medical Faculty, Department of Ophthalmology, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Hulya Yazici
- Istanbul University, Oncology Institute, Department of Basic Oncology, Division of Cancer Genetics, Istanbul, Türkiye
- Istanbul Arel University, Istanbul Arel Medical Faculty, Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, Istanbul, Türkiye
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Chen W, Coombes BJ, Larson NB. Recent advances and challenges of rare variant association analysis in the biobank sequencing era. Front Genet 2022; 13:1014947. [PMID: 36276986 PMCID: PMC9582646 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.1014947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Causal variants for rare genetic diseases are often rare in the general population. Rare variants may also contribute to common complex traits and can have much larger per-allele effect sizes than common variants, although power to detect these associations can be limited. Sequencing costs have steadily declined with technological advancements, making it feasible to adopt whole-exome and whole-genome profiling for large biobank-scale sample sizes. These large amounts of sequencing data provide both opportunities and challenges for rare-variant association analysis. Herein, we review the basic concepts of rare-variant analysis methods, the current state-of-the-art methods in utilizing variant annotations or external controls to improve the statistical power, and particular challenges facing rare variant analysis such as accounting for population structure, extremely unbalanced case-control design. We also review recent advances and challenges in rare variant analysis for familial sequencing data and for more complex phenotypes such as survival data. Finally, we discuss other potential directions for further methodology investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenan Chen
- Center for Applied Bioinformatics, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, United States
- *Correspondence: Wenan Chen, ; Brandon J. Coombes, ; Nicholas B. Larson,
| | - Brandon J. Coombes
- Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
- *Correspondence: Wenan Chen, ; Brandon J. Coombes, ; Nicholas B. Larson,
| | - Nicholas B. Larson
- Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
- *Correspondence: Wenan Chen, ; Brandon J. Coombes, ; Nicholas B. Larson,
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An D, Yang J, Ma L. circRNF20 aggravates the malignancy of retinoblastoma depending on the regulation of miR-132-3p/PAX6 axis. Open Med (Wars) 2022; 17:955-968. [PMID: 35663593 PMCID: PMC9135067 DOI: 10.1515/med-2022-0483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Circular RNAs (circRNAs) serve as essential players in diverse human cancers, including retinoblastoma (RB). In this study, the function of circRNA Ring Finger Protein 20 (circRNF20) in RB progression was investigated. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, western blot assay or immunohistochemistry assay was performed to determine the expression of circRNF20, miR-132-3p and Paired Box 6 (PAX6). Dual-luciferase reporter assay, RNA immunoprecipitation assay and RNA pull-down assay were utilized to verify the relationships among circRNF20, miR-132-3p and PAX6. In vivo experiment was done for circRNF20 function in tumor formation. It was found that ircRNF20 level was increased in RB tissues and linked to advanced tumor, nodes, metastases (TNM) stage and poor overall survival rate. Deficiency of circRNF20 suppressed cell proliferation, migration and invasion and induced apoptosis in vitro, as well as blocked tumor growth in vivo. circRNF20 directly targeted miR-132-3p and miR-132-3p overexpression inhibited RB cell progression. PAX6 was the target gene of miR-132-3p. Moreover, miR-132-3p inhibition or PAX6 overexpression reversed circRNF20 deficiency-mediated effects on RB cell malignant behaviors. In addition, exosomal circRNF20 was able to promote RB cell progression. Thus, we concluded that circRNF20 served as an oncogene in RB progression through the circRNF20/miR-132-3p/PAX6 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dexiang An
- Department of Ophthalmology, Lianyungang Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Lianyungang, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, Lianyungang Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Lianyungang, People's Republic of China
| | - Linli Ma
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second People's Hospital of Lianyungang, No. 41 Hailian Dong Road, Haizhou District, Lianyungang 222000, People's Republic of China.,Department of Ophthalmology, The Oncology Hospital of Lianyungang, No. 41 Hailian Dong Road, Haizhou District, Lianyungang 222000, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
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Sajid A, Saeed MS, Malik RM, Fazal S, Malik S, Kamal MA. Prediction of Secondary and Tertiary Structure and Docking of Rb1WT
And Rb1R661W Proteins. CURRENT BIOTECHNOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.2174/2211550111666220127100203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Background:
Retinoblastoma, a malignancy occurring in the juvenile cells of the retina,
is responsible for light detection. It is one of the most emerging ra re childhood and infant cancer.
It is initiated by the mutation in Rb1, a first tumor suppressor gene located on chromosome 13q14.
Rb1 protein is responsible for cell cycle regulation.
Methods:
In our study, secondary and 3D-Structural predictions of Rb1WT and Rb1R661W were made
by comparative or homology modeling to find any structural change leading to the disruption in its
further interactions. Quality assurance of the structures was done by Ramachandran Plot for a stable
structure. Both the proteins were then applied by docking process with proteins of interest.
Results:
Secondary structure showed a number of mutations in helixes, β-Hairpins of Rb1R661W. The
major change was the loss of β-Hairpin loop, extension and shortening of helixes. 3D comparison
structure showed a change in the groove of Rb1R661W. Docking results, unlike RB1 WT, had different
and no interactions with some of the proteins of interest. This mutation in Rb1 protein had a deleterious
effect on the protein functionality.
Conclusion:
This study will help to design the appropriate therapy and also understand the mechanism
of disease of retinoblastoma, for researchers and pharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aimen Sajid
- Capital University of Science and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | | | - Rabbiah Manzoor Malik
- Capital University of Science and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
- Wah Medical College, Wah Cantt, Pakistan
| | - Sahar Fazal
- Capital University of Science and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Shaukat Malik
- Capital University of Science and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Mohammad Amjad Kamal
- West China School of Nursing / Institutes for Systems Genetics, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
- King Fahd Medical Research
Center, King Abdulaziz University, P. O. Box 80216, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Enzymoics, 7 Peterlee
Place, Hebersham, NSW 2770; Novel Global Community Educational Foundation, Australia
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12
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Gohari M, Moghimi M, Aarafi H, Shajari A, Jafari-Nedooshan J, Lookzadeh MH, Mirjalili SR, Neamatzadeh H. Association of MTHFR 677C > T, 1298A > C and MTR 2756A > G Polymorphisms with Susceptibility to Childhood Retinoblastoma: A Systematic Review and Met-Analysis. Fetal Pediatr Pathol 2021; 40:612-625. [PMID: 32064992 DOI: 10.1080/15513815.2020.1721738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
BackgroundRecently, epidemiological studies investigating the association of MTHFR 677 C > T, 1298 A > C and MTR 2756 A > G polymorphism with retinoblastoma susceptibility reported controversial results. Methods: Data were collected from several electronic databases such as PubMed, EMBASE, and Google Scholar databases, with the last search up to December 05, 2019. Results: A total of eleven case-control studies including four studies with 324 cases and 490 controls on MTHFR 677 C > T, four studies with 324 cases and 490 controls on MTHFR 1298 A > C, and three studies with 283 cases and 485 controls on MTR 2756 A > G were selected. There was a significant association between MTHFR 677 C > T and MTR 2756 A > G polymorphisms and an increased risk of retinoblastoma. However, MTHFR 1298 A > C polymorphism was not significantly associated with risk of retinoblastoma. Conclusion: This meta-analysis demonstrated that MTHFR 677 C > T and MTR 2756 A > G polymorphisms might play important roles in the development of retinoblastoma. No association with MTHFR 1298 A > C polymorphism was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Gohari
- Geriatric Ophthalmology Research Center, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Mansour Moghimi
- Department of Pathology, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Hossein Aarafi
- Department of Pediatrics, Yazd Branch, Islamic Azad University, Yazd, Iran
| | - Ahmad Shajari
- Department of Pediatrics, Yazd Branch, Islamic Azad University, Yazd, Iran
| | | | - Mohammad Hosein Lookzadeh
- Department of Pediatrics, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran.,Mother and Newborn Research Center, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Seyed Reza Mirjalili
- Department of Pediatrics, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran.,Mother and Newborn Research Center, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Hossein Neamatzadeh
- Mother and Newborn Research Center, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran.,Department of Medical Genetics, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
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13
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Poly ADP Ribose Polymerase Inhibitor Olaparib Targeting Microhomology End Joining in Retinoblastoma Protein Defective Cancer: Analysis of the Retinoblastoma Cell-Killing Effects by Olaparib after Inducing Double-Strand Breaks. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms221910687. [PMID: 34639028 PMCID: PMC8508856 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinoblastoma is the most common intraocular cancer in childhood. Loss of function in both copies of the RB1 gene is the causal mutation of retinoblastoma. Current treatment for retinoblastoma includes the use of chemotherapeutic agents, such as the DNA damaging agent etoposide, which is a topoisomerase II poison that mainly generates DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) and genome instability. Unfaithful repairing of DSBs could lead to secondary cancers and serious side effects. Previously, we found that RB knocked-down mammalian cells depend on a highly mutagenic pathway, the micro-homology mediated end joining (MMEJ) pathway, to repair DSBs. Poly ADP ribose polymerase 1 (PARP1) is a major protein in promoting the MMEJ pathway. In this study, we explored the effects of olaparib, a PARP inhibitor, in killing retinoblastoma cells. Retinoblastoma cell line Y79 and primary retinoblastoma cells expressed the cone-rod homeobox protein (CRX), a photoreceptor-specific marker. No detectable RB expression was found in these cells. The co-treatment of olaparib and etoposide led to enhanced cell death in both the Y79 cells and the primary retinoblastoma cells. Our results demonstrated the killing effects in retinoblastoma cells by PARP inhibitor olaparib after inducing DNA double-strand breaks. The use of olaparib in combination with etoposide could improve the cell-killing effects. Thus, lower dosages of etoposide can be used to treat retinoblastoma, which would potentially lead to a lower level of DSBs and a relatively more stable genome.
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14
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Wang H, Liu Z, Sun Z, Zhou D, Mao H, Deng G. Ubiquitin specific peptidase 33 promotes cell proliferation and reduces apoptosis through regulation of the SP1/PI3K/AKT pathway in retinoblastoma. Cell Cycle 2021; 20:2066-2076. [PMID: 34470581 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2021.1970305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Ubiquitin-specific protease 33 (USP33), a deubiquitinating enzyme (DUB), has been identified to serve as a tumor suppressor or an oncogene in different cancers. However, its role in retinoblastoma (RB) remains unknown. Here, we aimed to uncover USP33 expression profile and function in RB, and disclose the underlying mechanism. USP33 levels in RB tissues and cells were determined using RT-qPCR and western blotting assays. USP33 effects on cell growth, cycle, apoptosis and tumorigenesis were studied using MTT, Edu, cycle and western blotting and in vivo assays. The results showed that USP33 expression levels were elevated in RB tissues and cells as compared with normal retinal tissues and cells. Downregulation of USP33 in RB Y79 and WERI-RB1 cells leaded to significant increases in cell apoptosis, G1 phase arrest and tumorigenesis, and reductions in cell growth and G2 and S phase arrest, as well as inhibited the activation of the PI3K/AKT signaling. SP1 overexpression abolished the roles of USP33 downregulation in modulating the activation of PI3K/AKT signaling, cell growth, apoptosis, and cell cycle. This study uncovered that USP33 promoted the progression of RB through regulation of the SP1/PI3K/AKT pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Third People's Hospital of Changzhou, Changzhou City, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Zhinan Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Third People's Hospital of Changzhou, Changzhou City, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Zhuo Sun
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Third People's Hospital of Changzhou, Changzhou City, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Dong Zhou
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Third People's Hospital of Changzhou, Changzhou City, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Hanyan Mao
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Third People's Hospital of Changzhou, Changzhou City, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Guohua Deng
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Third People's Hospital of Changzhou, Changzhou City, Jiangsu Province, China
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15
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Soltani S, Tabibzadeh A, Yousefi P, Zandi M, Zakeri A, Akhavan Rezayat S, Ramezani A, Esghaei M, Farahani A. HPV infections in retinoblastoma: a systematic review. J Clin Lab Anal 2021; 35:e23981. [PMID: 34462972 PMCID: PMC8529131 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.23981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 08/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Retinoblastoma is the most common primary intraocular malignancy in children less than 4 years. Retinoblastoma (RB) contains about 3%-5% of all childhood cancers. Recent studies demonstrated that interacting between RB tumor suppressor and oncoproteins of DNA tumor viruses such as human papillomavirus (HPV). The objective of the current systematic review study was to present conducted studies in the field of HPV infection and its possible role in retinoblastoma. METHODS For this systematic review, all relevant original research studies were assessed by searching in electronic databases include PubMed, Embase, Scopus, Google Scholar, and Web of Science by using relevant keywords. The study was designed based on the PRISMA criteria. All publications with English literature and original researches are considered for screening. RESULTS Conducted search results lead to 4070 studies. The title and abstract screening lead to 11 studies. Data extraction was performed on 8 included studies. The prevalence of the HPV was ranged from 0 to 69%, and HPV genotype 16 and 18 were the most detected types. The most used method for the detection of the viruses was PCR, and the most assessed sample was formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue blocks. CONCLUSION The association between HPV and retinoblastoma is still inconsistent. The prevalence of the HPV in RB was ranged from 0 to 69%, which indicates a wide range and highlights the importance of further investigation for more accurate statistical of HPV prevalence in RB. Thus, further worldwide studies of larger sample sizes of cohorts should be investigated to clarify this uncertainty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saber Soltani
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Research Center for Clinical Virology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Tabibzadeh
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Parastoo Yousefi
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Milad Zandi
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Research Center for Clinical Virology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Armin Zakeri
- Department of Hematology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sara Akhavan Rezayat
- Department of Management & Health Economics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Akam Ramezani
- Research Center for Clinical Virology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Esghaei
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abbas Farahani
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Hormozgan Health Institute, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
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16
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MicroRNA-9 inhibits proliferation and progression in retinoblastoma cells by targeting PTEN. Genes Genomics 2021; 43:1023-1033. [PMID: 34129195 DOI: 10.1007/s13258-021-01043-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Retinoblastoma (RB) is the most prevalent primary intraocular malignancy, which commonly occurs during infant and childhood. OBJECTIVE Our study aimed to investigate whether microRNA-9 (miR-9) could regulate RB cells and its mechanism. METHODS qRT-PCR analysis was used to detect the expression of miR-9. In addition, to detect the migration of RB cells, wound healing assay was conducted. Xenograft tumor models in nude mice were also established, in order to assess the effects of miR-9 on tumor growth. qRT-PCR, luciferase reporter assay and western blot analysis were used to detect the target of miR-9. RESULTS Initially, the expression level of miR-9 was significantly decreased in the RB tissues and blood samples from patients with RB. qRT-PCR, luciferase reporter assay and western blot analysis were used to confirm that PTEN was the target genes of miR-9 and it was negatively regulated by miR-9. When the expression of miR-9 was up-regulated, the cell viability, proliferation, migration and tumor formation were significantly suppressed. Furthermore, the expression level of PTEN was decreased after transfection of miR-9 mimic. Taken together, these results indicated that miR-9 might suppress the cell viability, proliferation, migration and tumor formation in RB by inhibiting PTEN. CONCLUSION The in vitro and in vivo experiments demonstrated that miR-9 acts as a tumor suppressor function in RB cells and might serve as novel therapeutic targets for the treatment of RB.
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17
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Yuan X, Sun Z, Cui C. Knockdown of lncRNA HOTTIP Inhibits Retinoblastoma Progression by Modulating the miR-101-3p/STC1 Axis. Technol Cancer Res Treat 2021; 20:1533033821997831. [PMID: 33784880 PMCID: PMC8020084 DOI: 10.1177/1533033821997831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Retinoblastoma (RB) is a frequent eye cancer in children. Long non-coding RNA
(LncRNA) HOXA transcript at the distal tip (HOTTIP) is aberrantly expressed
in cancer tissues. This study explores the underlying mechanism of lncRNA
HOTTIP in RB. Methods: HOTTIP expression in normal retinal cells and RB cell lines was detected
using qRT-PCR. The proliferation of RB cells was measured using CCK-8 and
EdU assays, and apoptosis was detected using flow cytometry and Western
blotting after the transfection of si-HOTTIP into Y79 cells and pc-HOTTIP
into HXO-RB-44 cells. The target relationships between HOTTIP and
miR-101-3p, and miR-101-3p and STC1 were predicted by bioinformatics website
and verified using dual-luciferase reporter gene assay. The binding of
HOTTIP and miR-101-3p was verified using RNA pull-down assay. STC1 mRNA and
protein in RB cells were measured using qRT-PCR and Western blotting.
Moreover, si-HOTTIP and in-miR-101-3p/in-NC, and si-HOTTIP and pc-STC1/pcDNA
were co-transfected into Y79 cells respectively to evaluate cell
proliferation and apoptosis. Xenograft study was conducted, and
Ki67-positive expression was detected using immunohistochemical
staining. Results: HOTTIP expression was promoted in RB tissues and cells. Downregulation of
HOTTIP inhibited proliferation and promoted apoptosis of Y79 cells, while
upregulation of HOTTIP promoted proliferation and inhibited apoptosis of
HXO-RB-44 cells. There were target relationships between HOTTIP and
miR-101-3p, and miR-101-3p and STC1. Inhibition of miR-101-3p or
overexpression of STC1 reversed the effect of si-HOTTIP on the proliferation
and apoptosis of RB cells. Xenograft study showed that knockdown of HOTTIP
suppressed the growth of RB in vitro. Conclusion: It could be concluded that HOTTIP sponged miR-101-3p to upregulate STC1
expression, thereby promoting RB cell proliferation and inhibiting
apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- XiangWen Yuan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Jinan People's Hospital, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhaoyan Sun
- Department of Ophthalmology, Jinan People's Hospital, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China.,Department of Ophthalmology, Tai'an Second Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ophthalmology, Tai'an, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Congxian Cui
- The Procurement Office of Logistics Management Department, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, People's Republic of China
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18
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Feng W, Zhu R, Ma J, Song H. LncRNA ELFN1-AS1 Promotes Retinoblastoma Growth and Invasion via Regulating miR-4270/SBK1 Axis. Cancer Manag Res 2021; 13:1067-1073. [PMID: 33574704 PMCID: PMC7872934 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s281536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) has been reported to play important roles in tumor initiation. However, how lncRNA ELFN1-AS1 affects retinoblastoma development remains unclear. Thus, we sought to elucidate its functions in retinoblastoma progression. Methods ELFN1-AS1 expression was measured in retinoblastoma tissues and normal tissues by qRT-PCR. CCK8, colony formation and Transwell assay were carried out to investigate the effects of ELFN1-AS1 knockdown on cell malignant behaviors. Bioinformatics analyses were performed to predict the relationship among ELFN1-AS1, miR-4270 and SBK1. Results ELFN1-AS1 was highly expressed in retinoblastoma tissues and cell lines. ELFN1-AS1 was positively correlated with retinoblastoma progression and prognosis. ELFN1-AS1 knockdown curtailed retinoblastoma proliferation, migration and invasion. ELFN1-AS1 was the competing endogenous RNA for miR-4270 and promoted SBK1expression. Conclusion Altogether, our findings demonstrated that ELFN1-AS1 promotes retinoblastoma progression through mediating miR-4270/SBK1 axis and might be a promising therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanguo Feng
- Department of Refractive Surgery, Dalian Aier Eye Hospital, Dalian, 116092, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruixi Zhu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Heilongjiang Provincial Hospital, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150036, People's Republic of China
| | - Junlong Ma
- Department of Ophthalmology, Dalian University Affiliated Xinhua Hospital, Dalian, 116021, People's Republic of China
| | - Han Song
- Department of Ophthalmology, Heilongjiang Provincial Hospital, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150036, People's Republic of China
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19
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Yuan XW, Yan TQ, Tong H. Effect of miR-515-5p on Proliferation and Drug Sensitivity of Retinoblastoma Cells. Cancer Manag Res 2020; 12:12087-12098. [PMID: 33262657 PMCID: PMC7700094 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s271165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Retinoblastoma (RB) is a common malignancy in children eyes. Aberrant microRNA (miR) expression is observed in many cancer cases. miR-515-5p is reported to be concerned with the course of many cancers. This study explores the role of miR-515-5p in proliferation and drug sensitivity of RB cells. Methods Human RB cell lines (WERI-RB1, SO-RB50 and Y79) and human retinal pigment epithelial cell line ARPE-19 were utilized in this study. Drug-resistant cells SO-RB50/VCR and SO-RB50/CBP were constructed for the following experiments. The expressions of miR-515-5p and Notch1 in RB cells were detected. Notch1 was significantly upregulated in RB cells while miR-515-5p was notably downregulated. Then, the binding relationship between miR-515-5p and Notch1 was predicted and verified. Results miR-515-5p negatively regulated Notch1 expression. In vitro and in vivo experiments revealed that overexpressed miR-515-5p inhibited RB cell proliferation and enhanced drug sensitivity. Functional rescue experiment suggested that miR-515-5p regulated RB cell proliferation and drug sensitivity via inhibiting Notch1 expression. Conclusion It could be concluded that overexpressed miR-515-5p suppressed proliferation and drug resistance of RB cells by targeting Notch1 expression, indicating that miR-515-5p might constitute a promising therapy target for RB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Wen Yuan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Jinan People's Hospital, Jinan City, Shandong Province 271199, People's Republic of China
| | - Ting Qin Yan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Jinan People's Hospital, Jinan City, Shandong Province 271199, People's Republic of China.,Department of Ophthalmology, Tai'an Central Hospital, Tai'an City, Shandong Province 271000, People's Republic of China
| | - Huilin Tong
- Department of Ophthalmology, Laoshan Branch of the Affifiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266100, People's Republic of China
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20
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Zhang Z, Xiao YS, Shen R, Jiang HC, Tan L, Li RQ, Yang XH, Gu HY, He WJ, Ma J. Next generation sequencing of RB1gene for the molecular diagnosis of ethnic minority with retinoblastoma in Yunnan. BMC MEDICAL GENETICS 2020; 21:230. [PMID: 33225895 PMCID: PMC7682003 DOI: 10.1186/s12881-020-01150-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Background Retinoblastoma is a rare intraocular malignancy and typically initiated by inactivating biallelic mutations of RB1 gene. Each year, ~ 8000 children worldwide are diagnosed for retinoblastoma. In high-income countries, patient survival is over 95% while low-income countries is ~ 30%.If disease is diagnosed early and treated in centers specializing in retinoblastoma, the survival might exceed 95% and many eyes could be safely treated and support a lifetime of good vision. In China, approximate 1100 newly diagnosed cases are expected annually and 28 hospitals covering 25 provinces established centers classified by expertise and resources for better treatment options and follow-up. Comparing with other province of eastern China, Yunnan province is remote geographically. This might result that healthcare staff have low awareness of the role of genetic testing in management and screening in families. Methods The patients with retinoblastoma were selected in Yunnan. DNA from blood was used for targeted gene sequencing. Then, an in-house bioinformatics pipeline was done to detect both single nucleotide variants and small insertions/deletions. The pathogenic mutations were identified and further confirmed by conventional methods and cosegregation in families. Results Using our approach, targeted next generation sequencing was used to detect the mutation of these 12 probands. Bioinformatic predictions showed that nine mutations were found in our study and four were novel pathogenic variants in these nine mutations. Conclusions It’s the first report to describe RB1 mutations in Yunnan children with retinoblastoma. This study would improve role of genetic testing for management and family screening. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12881-020-01150-7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Children's Major Disease Research, and Yunnan Institute of Pediatrics, Kunming Children's Hospital, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, 650228, PR China.,Department of Human Anatomy, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, PR China
| | - Yi-Shuang Xiao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kunming Children's Hospital, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, 650228, PR China
| | - Ru Shen
- Kunming Children's Hospital, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, 650228, PR China
| | - Hong-Chao Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Children's Major Disease Research, and Yunnan Institute of Pediatrics, Kunming Children's Hospital, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, 650228, PR China
| | - Li Tan
- Kunming Children's Hospital, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, 650228, PR China
| | - Ren-Qiu Li
- Kunming Children's Hospital, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, 650228, PR China
| | - Xiao-Hong Yang
- Kunming Children's Hospital, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, 650228, PR China
| | - Huai-Yu Gu
- Department of Human Anatomy, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, PR China.
| | - Wen-Ji He
- Kunming Children's Hospital, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, 650228, PR China.
| | - Jing Ma
- Key Laboratory of Children's Major Disease Research, and Yunnan Institute of Pediatrics, Kunming Children's Hospital, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, 650228, PR China. .,Department of Otolaryngology-Head Neck Surgery, Kunming Children's Hospital, Kunming Medical University,, Kunming, Yunnan, 650228, PR China.
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21
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Zheng C, Schneider JW, Hsieh J. Role of RB1 in human embryonic stem cell-derived retinal organoids. Dev Biol 2020; 462:197-207. [PMID: 32197890 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2020.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Revised: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) organoid models derived from human pluripotent stem cells provide a platform for studying human development and understanding disease mechanisms. Most studies that examine biallelic inactivation of the cell cycle regulator Retinoblastoma 1 (RB1) and the link to retinoblastoma is in mice, however, less is known regarding the pathophysiological role of RB1 during human retinal development. To study the role of RB1 in early human retinal development and tumor formation, we generated retinal organoids from CRISPR/Cas9-derived RB1-null human embryonic stem cells (hESCs). We showed that RB is abundantly expressed in retinal progenitor cells in retinal organoids and loss of RB1 promotes S-phase entry. Furthermore, loss of RB1 resulted in widespread apoptosis and reduced the number of photoreceptor, ganglion, and bipolar cells. Interestingly, RB1 mutation in retinal organoids did not result in retinoblastoma formation in vitro or in the vitreous body of NOD/SCID immunodeficient mice. Together, our work identifies a crucial function for RB1 in human retinal development and suggests that RB1 deletion alone is not sufficient for tumor development, at least in human retinal organoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Canbin Zheng
- Department of Molecular Biology and Hamon Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA; Department of Orthopedic and Microsurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, GD, 510080, China
| | - Jay W Schneider
- Wanek Program for Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
| | - Jenny Hsieh
- Department of Biology and Brain Health Consortium, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, 78249, USA.
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22
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Nadiarnykh O, McNeill‐Badalova NA, Gaillard M, Bosscha MI, Fabius AW, Verbraak FD, Munier FL, de Boer JF, Moll AC. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) to image active and inactive retinoblastomas as well as retinomas. Acta Ophthalmol 2020; 98:158-165. [PMID: 31448879 PMCID: PMC7078953 DOI: 10.1111/aos.14214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To illustrate Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) images of active and inactive retinoblastoma (Rb) tumours. METHODS Current observational study included patients diagnosed with retinoblastoma and retinoma who were presented at Amsterdam UMC and Jules-Gonin Eye Hospital, between November 2010 and October 2017. Patients aged between 0 and 4 years were imaged under general anaesthesia with handheld OCT in supine position. Patients older than 4 years were imaged with the conventional OCT (Heidelberg Engineering, Heidelberg Spectralis, Germany). All patients included were divided into two groups: active and inactive tumours (retinoma and regression patterns). Patients' medical records and OCT images were analysed during meetings via discussions by ophthalmologists and physicists. RESULTS Twelve Dutch and 8 Swiss patients were divided into two groups: 2 patients with active tumour versus 18 patients with inactive tumour. Subsequently, inactive group could be divided in two groups, which consisted of 10 patients with retinoma and 8 patients with different regression pattern types. Of all included patients, 15 were male (75%). Median age at diagnosis was 18.0 months (range 0.19-715.2 months). A total of 12 retinoblastoma (active and inactive) and 8 retinoma foci were investigated by OCT. No distinction could be made between active and inactive tumours using only OCT. CONCLUSION Optical coherence tomography alone cannot distinguish between active and inactive Rbs. However, handheld OCT adds useful information to the established imaging techniques in the monitoring and follow-up of retinoblastoma patients. With this study, we provide an overview of OCT images of active and inactive Rbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleg Nadiarnykh
- Department of Physics and AstronomyVU UniversityHV AmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | | | | | - Machteld I. Bosscha
- Department of OphthalmologyAmsterdam UMC, location VUMCHV AmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Armida W.M. Fabius
- Department of OphthalmologyAmsterdam UMC, location VUMCHV AmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Frank D. Verbraak
- Department of OphthalmologyAmsterdam UMC, location VUMCHV AmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Francis L. Munier
- Department of OphthalmologyJules‐Gonin Eye HospitalLausanneSwitzerland
| | - Johannes F. de Boer
- Department of Physics and AstronomyVU UniversityHV AmsterdamThe Netherlands,Department of OphthalmologyAmsterdam UMC, location VUMCHV AmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Annette C. Moll
- Department of OphthalmologyAmsterdam UMC, location VUMCHV AmsterdamThe Netherlands
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Zia N, Hamid A, Iftikhar S, Qadri MH, Jangda A, Khan MR. Retinoblastoma Presentation and Survival: A four-year analysis from a tertiary care hospital. Pak J Med Sci 2020; 36:S61-S66. [PMID: 31933609 PMCID: PMC6943119 DOI: 10.12669/pjms.36.icon-suppl.1720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To study the clinical presentation, treatment, and outcome of Retinoblastoma (Rb) in a tertiary care hospital of Pakistan. Methods A retrospective study was conducted in the Department of Pediatric Hematology Oncology, The Indus Hospital (TIH), Karachi from 1st June 2013 to 30th June 2017. Data including patients' demography, clinical symptoms and duration, laterality, extent of the tumor, type of treatment, relapse, and final outcome were extracted and evaluated with respect to progression and survival. Results A total of 93 patients were included; 34.4% were boys. The median age at presentation was 30 months. Leukocoria was the commonest symptom (61.3%), followed by proptosis (37.6%). Unilateral disease was seen in 59.1%, extraocular tumors in 43.5% and metastasis in 28.1%. Enucleation was performed on 46.2%, chemotherapy given to 80.6% and external beam radiation therapy to 29.3% patients. Conclusion Delayed presentation, recurrent disease, extraocular disease and metastasis on presentation were factors affecting outcome in our cohort. Awareness about the early warning signs and symptoms in both public and health professionals for early recognition and timely management are mandatory to decrease morbidity and mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nida Zia
- Nida Zia, MCPS. Department of Peads Oncology, The Indus Hospital, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Ahmer Hamid
- Ahmer Hamid, FCPS. Department of Peads Oncology, The Indus Hospital, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Sundus Iftikhar
- Sundus Iftikhar, MPhil (Statistics), Indus Hospital Research Center, The Indus Hospital, Karachi, Pakistan
| | | | - Anzal Jangda
- Anzal Jangda, MBBS. Ziaudddin University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Rahil Khan
- Muhammad Rahil Khan, FCPS (Pediatric Hematology Oncology), Department of Peads Oncology, The Indus Hospital, Karachi, Pakistan
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24
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Javanmard D, Moein M, Esghaei M, Naseripour M, Monavari SH, Bokharaei-Salim F, Sadeghipour A. Molecular evidence of human papillomaviruses in the retinoblastoma tumor. Virusdisease 2019; 30:360-366. [PMID: 31803802 DOI: 10.1007/s13337-019-00540-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinoblastoma tumor (RB) is one of the most prevalent ocular cancers among children. RB may be caused by inherited mutations in RB1 gene as well as some environmental risk factors. Human papillomaviruses (HPV) are suspected as a risk factor of RB due to their pRb inactivating protein. This study evaluated the molecular prevalence of HPV among the RB tumor specimens in Iran. The RB tumor samples were tested for detection of HPV-L1 gene using a nested-PCR approach, and then followed by sequencing and phylogenetic analysis to reveal HPV types. Overall, there were 61 RB tumor samples; 54/61 (88.5%) had unilateral and 7/61 (11.5%) bilateral RB; 55/61 cases (90.2%) had sporadic non-familial RB tumor. HPV-DNA was detected in 6/61 (9.8%) of patients' tumors; the HPV positive RB cases all had unilateral and unfamiliar sporadic RB tumor. HPV type 16 was the most prevalent type identified across the RB tumor samples (3/61, 4.9%). The rate of detected HPV among the RB specimens seems to be considerable. Further investigations are required to elucidate the exact association between HPV and progression to RB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davod Javanmard
- 1Department of Virology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Masood Moein
- 1Department of Virology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Esghaei
- 1Department of Virology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Masood Naseripour
- 2Eye Research Center, Rassoul Akram Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Farah Bokharaei-Salim
- 1Department of Virology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,3HIV Laboratory of National Center, Deputy of Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Sadeghipour
- 4Department of Pathology, Rassoul Akram Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Yousef YA, AlNawaiseh T, AlJabari R, Muhsen S, Al-Nawaiseh I. Retinoblastoma awareness among first contact physicians in Jordan. Ophthalmic Genet 2019; 40:191-195. [DOI: 10.1080/13816810.2019.1605387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yacoub A. Yousef
- Department of Surgery (Ophthalmology), King Hussein Cancer Center, Amman, Jordan
| | - Tamara AlNawaiseh
- Department of Surgery (Ophthalmology), King Hussein Cancer Center, Amman, Jordan
| | - Reem AlJabari
- Department of Surgery (Ophthalmology), King Hussein Cancer Center, Amman, Jordan
| | - Sana’ Muhsen
- Jordan University Hospital, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | - Ibrahim Al-Nawaiseh
- Department of Surgery (Ophthalmology), King Hussein Cancer Center, Amman, Jordan
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Liu Y, Liang G, Zhou T, Liu Z. Silencing UHRF1 Inhibits Cell Proliferation and Promotes Cell Apoptosis in Retinoblastoma Via the PI3K/Akt Signalling Pathway. Pathol Oncol Res 2019; 26:1079-1088. [PMID: 31044388 DOI: 10.1007/s12253-019-00656-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2018] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the effect of silencing ubiquitin-like with PHD and RING finger domains 1 (UHRF1) on the proliferation and apoptosis of retinoblastoma (RB) cells and to clarify the molecular mechanism of the UHRF1 gene in the development of RB. Human RB WERI-Rb-1 cells were selected and assigned into a blank group (WERI-Rb-1 cells with no transfection), NC-shRNA group (WERI-Rb-1 cells infected with NC-shRNA virus) and UHRF1-shRNA group (WERI-Rb-1 cells infected with pGC-UHRF1-shRNA-LV-GFP# (39-1) virus). The mRNA and protein expression of UHRF1 was detected by RT-qPCR and Western blot analysis. The effect of silencing UHRF1 on the proliferation and apoptosis of WERI-Rb-1 cells was assessed by MTT assay, EdU assay, flow cytometry, and Hoechst staining. Furthermore, the expression of cell cycle-related factor (cyclin D1), apoptosis-related factors (caspase-9, Bcl-2 and Bax), and PI3K/Akt signalling pathway-related factors (p-PI3K, PI3K, p-Akt and Akt) were measured via Western blot analysis. The RNA interference plasmid UHRF1-shRNA was successfully constructed. After WERI-Rb-1 cells were infected with UHRF1-shRNA, decreased mRNA and protein expression of UHRF1 was found. WERI-Rb-1 cells infected with UHRF1-shRNA showed inhibited proliferative ability and increased apoptosis. In the UHRF1-shRNA group, more cells arrested at the G0/G1 phase and less cells at the S and G2/M phases. WERI-Rb-1 cells infected with UHRF1-shRNA had increased expression of caspase-9 and Bax and decreased expression of Bcl-2 expression and decreased levels of p-PI3K and p-Akt. In conclusion, our study demonstrated that silencing UHRF1 could inhibit the proliferation of RB cells and promote apoptosis. The mechanism may be caused by the downregulation of the proportion of Bcl-2/Bax expression and the promotion of the expression of caspase-9 through the PI3K/Akt signalling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education Institutes, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, No. 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun, 130062, People's Republic of China.,Department of Genetic Medicine Weill Medical College, Cornell University, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Guodong Liang
- Department of Colorectal and Stomach Cancer Surgery, Jilin Cancer Hospital, Changchun, 130062, People's Republic of China
| | - Tingting Zhou
- Changchun University of Chinese Medicine Affiliated Hospital, Changchun, 130062, People's Republic of China
| | - Zengshan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education Institutes, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, No. 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun, 130062, People's Republic of China.
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Qureshi AM, Davies LK, Patel PA, Rennie A, Robertson F. Determinants of Radiation Dose in Selective Ophthalmic Artery Chemosurgery for Retinoblastoma. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2019; 40:713-717. [PMID: 30872423 DOI: 10.3174/ajnr.a6000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Retinoblastoma is the most common pediatric ocular neoplasm. Multimodality treatment approaches are commonplace, and selective ophthalmic artery chemosurgery has emerged as a safe and effective treatment in selected patients. Minimizing radiation dose in this highly radiosensitive patient cohort is critical. We explore which procedural factors affect the radiation dose in a single-center cohort of children managed in the UK National Retinoblastoma Service. MATERIALS AND METHODS A retrospective review was performed of 177 selective ophthalmic artery chemosurgery procedures in 48 patients with retinoblastoma (2013-2017). Medical records, angiographic imaging, and radiation dosimetry data (including total fluoroscopic screening time, skin dose, and dose-area product) were reviewed. RESULTS The mean fluoroscopic time was 13.5 ± 13 minutes, the mean dose-area product was 11.7 ± 9.7 Gy.cm2, and the mean total skin dose was 260.9 ± 211.6 mGy. One hundred sixty-three of 177 procedures (92.1%) were technically successful. In 14 (7.9%), the initial attempt was unsuccessful (successful in 13/14 re-attempts). Screening time and radiation dose were associated with drug-delivery microcatheter location and patient age; screening time was associated with treatment cycle. CONCLUSIONS In selective ophthalmic artery chemosurgery, a microcatheter tip position in the proximal or ostial ophthalmic artery and patient age 2 years or younger were associated with reduced fluoroscopic screening time and radiation dose; treatment beyond the first cycle was associated with reduced fluoroscopic screening time.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Qureshi
- From the Department of Radiology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, National Health Service Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - L K Davies
- From the Department of Radiology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, National Health Service Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - P A Patel
- From the Department of Radiology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, National Health Service Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - A Rennie
- From the Department of Radiology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, National Health Service Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - F Robertson
- From the Department of Radiology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, National Health Service Foundation Trust, London, UK.
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Epigenetically dysregulated genes and pathways implicated in the pathogenesis of non-syndromic high myopia. Sci Rep 2019; 9:4145. [PMID: 30858441 PMCID: PMC6411983 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-40299-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Myopia, commonly referred to as nearsightedness, is one of the most common causes of visual disability throughout the world. It affects more people worldwide than any other chronic visual impairment condition. Although the prevalence varies among various ethnic groups, the incidence of myopia is increasing in all populations across globe. Thus, it is considered a pressing public health problem. Both genetics and environment play a role in development of myopia. To elucidate the epigenetic mechanism(s) underlying the pathophysiology of high-myopia, we conducted methylation profiling in 18 cases and 18 matched controls (aged 4–12 years), using Illumina MethylationEPIC BeadChips array. The degree of myopia was variable among subjects, ranging from −6 to −15D. We identified 1541 hypermethylated CpGs, representing 1745 genes (2.0-fold or higher) (false discovery rate (FDR) p ≤ 0.05), multiple CpGs were p < 5 × 10−8 with a receiver operating characteristic area under the curve (ROC-AUC) ≥ 0.75 in high-myopia subjects compared to controls. Among these, 48 CpGs had excellent correlation (AUC ≥ 0.90). Herein, we present the first genome-wide DNA methylation analysis in a unique high-myopia cohort, showing extensive and discrete methylation changes relative to controls. The genes we identified hold significant potential as targets for novel therapeutic intervention either alone, or in combination.
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Chaudhary K, Poirion OB, Lu L, Huang S, Ching T, Garmire LX. Multimodal Meta-Analysis of 1,494 Hepatocellular Carcinoma Samples Reveals Significant Impact of Consensus Driver Genes on Phenotypes. Clin Cancer Res 2019; 25:463-472. [PMID: 30242023 PMCID: PMC6542354 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-18-0088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Revised: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Although driver genes in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) have been investigated in various previous genetic studies, prevalence of key driver genes among heterogeneous populations is unknown. Moreover, the phenotypic associations of these driver genes are poorly understood. This report aims to reveal the phenotypic impacts of a group of consensus driver genes in HCC. We used MutSigCV and OncodriveFM modules implemented in the IntOGen pipeline to identify consensus driver genes across six HCC cohorts comprising 1,494 samples in total. To access their global impacts, we used The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) mutations and copy-number variations to predict the transcriptomics data, under generalized linear models. We further investigated the associations of the consensus driver genes to patient survival, age, gender, race, and risk factors. We identify 10 consensus driver genes across six HCC cohorts in total. Integrative analysis of driver mutations, copy-number variations, and transcriptomic data reveals that these consensus driver mutations and their copy-number variations are associated with a majority (62.5%) of the mRNA transcriptome but only a small fraction (8.9%) of miRNAs. Genes associated with TP53, CTNNB1, and ARID1A mutations contribute to the tripod of most densely connected pathway clusters. These driver genes are significantly associated with patients' overall survival. Some driver genes are significantly linked to HCC gender (CTNNB1, ALB, TP53, and AXIN1), race (TP53 and CDKN2A), and age (RB1) disparities. This study prioritizes a group of consensus drivers in HCC, which collectively show vast impacts on the phenotypes. These driver genes may warrant as valuable therapeutic targets of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Olivier B Poirion
- Epidemiology Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, Hawaii
| | - Liangqun Lu
- Epidemiology Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, Hawaii
- Molecular Biosciences and Bioengineering Graduate Program, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii
| | - Sijia Huang
- Epidemiology Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, Hawaii
- Molecular Biosciences and Bioengineering Graduate Program, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii
| | - Travers Ching
- Epidemiology Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, Hawaii
- Molecular Biosciences and Bioengineering Graduate Program, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii
| | - Lana X Garmire
- Epidemiology Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, Hawaii.
- Molecular Biosciences and Bioengineering Graduate Program, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii
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Lin YH, Jewell BE, Gingold J, Lu L, Zhao R, Wang LL, Lee DF. Osteosarcoma: Molecular Pathogenesis and iPSC Modeling. Trends Mol Med 2017; 23:737-755. [PMID: 28735817 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2017.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2017] [Revised: 06/13/2017] [Accepted: 06/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Rare hereditary disorders provide unequivocal evidence of the importance of genes in human disease pathogenesis. Familial syndromes that predispose to osteosarcomagenesis are invaluable in understanding the underlying genetics of this malignancy. Recently, patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) have been successfully utilized to model Li-Fraumeni syndrome (LFS)-associated bone malignancy, demonstrating that iPSCs can serve as an in vitro disease model to elucidate osteosarcoma etiology. We provide here an overview of osteosarcoma predisposition syndromes and review recently established iPSC disease models for these familial syndromes. Merging molecular information gathered from these models with the current knowledge of osteosarcoma biology will help us to gain a deeper understanding of the pathological mechanisms underlying osteosarcomagenesis and will potentially aid in the development of future patient therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Hsuan Lin
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA; These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Brittany E Jewell
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA; The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX 77030, USA; These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Julian Gingold
- Women's Health Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA; These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Linchao Lu
- Texas Children's Cancer Center, Department of Pediatrics, Section of Hematology/Oncology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Ruiying Zhao
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Lisa L Wang
- Texas Children's Cancer Center, Department of Pediatrics, Section of Hematology/Oncology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Dung-Fang Lee
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA; The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine for the Prevention of Human Diseases, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Center for Precision Health, School of Biomedical Informatics and School of Public Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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31
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Liu S, Yan G, Zhang J, Yu L. Knockdown of Long Noncoding RNA (lncRNA) Metastasis-Associated Lung Adenocarcinoma Transcript 1 (MALAT1) Inhibits Proliferation, Migration, and Invasion and Promotes Apoptosis by Targeting miR-124 in Retinoblastoma. Oncol Res 2017; 26:581-591. [PMID: 28550678 PMCID: PMC7844671 DOI: 10.3727/096504017x14953948675403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Evidence suggests that the long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) metastasis-associated lung adenocarcinoma transcript 1 (MALAT1) is upregulated in cancer tissues, and its elevated expression is associated with hyperproliferation. However, the underlying mechanisms regarding the role of MALAT1 in retinoblastoma (RB) remain unclear. This study aimed to explore the functional role of MALAT1 in RB by targeting miR-124. The results showed that the expression of MALAT1 was significantly higher in the Y79 cell line than in the ARPE-19 cell line (p < 0.01). Moreover, MALAT1 silence inhibited cell viability, migration, and invasion and promoted apoptosis in Y79 cells (p < 0.05, p < 0.01, or p < 0.001). miR-124 was upregulated by MALAT1 silence and hence was identified as a target of MALAT1 (p < 0.05 or p < 0.001). In addition, miR-124 suppression inhibited cell apoptosis and remarkably abolished the inhibitory effects of MALAT1 silence on cell viability, migration, and invasion (p < 0.05, p < 0.01, or p < 0.001). In addition, Slug was a target of miR-124 and regulated cell viability, migration, invasion, and apoptosis in Y79 cells (p < 0.05, p < 0.01, or p < 0.001). Further, Slug silence abolished miR-124 suppression-induced inactivation of the ERK/MAPK and Wnt/β-catenin pathways. Taken together, our data highlight the pivotal role of MALAT1 in RB. Moreover, the present study elucidated the MALAT1–miR-124–ERK/MAPK and Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathways in RB, which might provide a new approach for the treatment of RB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shujun Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital Affiliated to Qingdao University, Yantai, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Guigang Yan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital Affiliated to Qingdao University, Yantai, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Junfu Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Weifang People's Hospital, Weifang, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Lianzhi Yu
- Department of Physical Examination, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital Affiliated to Qingdao University, Yantai, Shandong, P.R. China
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Familial Retinoblastoma: Raised Awareness Improves Early Diagnosis and Outcome. J Ophthalmol 2017; 2017:5053961. [PMID: 28348883 PMCID: PMC5350530 DOI: 10.1155/2017/5053961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Revised: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 01/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose. To study the impact of awareness of retinoblastoma in the affected families on the management and outcome of familial retinoblastoma patients. Methods and Materials. This is a retrospective, clinical case series of 44 patients with familial retinoblastoma. Collected data included patient's demographics, laterality, family history, age at diagnosis, presenting signs, treatment modalities, tumor stage, eye salvage rate, metastasis, and mortality. Results. Out of 200 retinoblastoma patients in our registry, 44 (22%) patients were familial, 18 were probands, and 26 were second, third, or fourth affected family members. There were 76 affected eyes: 31 eyes of probands and 45 eyes of the other affected family members. Among probands, all patients (100%) had at least one eye enucleated: 58% (18 eyes) of the affected eyes were enucleated and 32% (10 eyes) of the affected eyes were radiated. On the other hand, among the nonprobands, only 20% had one eye enucleated, and only 4 eyes (9%) received radiation. The eye salvage rate was significantly higher in the nonprobands than in the probands in this series (p = 0.00206). Patients diagnosed by screening (38%) had excellent visual outcome, and both eyes were salvaged. Conclusion. Awareness of families of the possibility of retinoblastoma and adequate screening led to a significantly higher rate of eye salvage in patients with familial retinoblastoma.
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Anaya-Pava EJ, Nares-Cisneros J, Cárdenas-Hernández RI, Jaramillo-Rodríguez Y, Zambrano-Galván G. Study of polymorphisms in the TP53 and RB1 genes in children with retinoblastoma in northern Mexico. Mol Vis 2017; 23:20-25. [PMID: 28210099 PMCID: PMC5287443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2016] [Accepted: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine the frequency and association of polymorphisms in the TP53 and RB1 genes with clinical characteristics in a group of children with retinoblastoma (RB) in northern Mexico. METHODS A prospective, longitudinal, and analytical study of 11 patients diagnosed with RB was conducted. Endpoint PCR and high-resolution real-time PCR were performed. Chi-square and Student t tests were used to evaluate associations between variables. Allelic frequencies, as well as genotypic and Hardy-Weinberg equilibriums, were evaluated using Guo and Thompson's method. RESULTS We found a statistically significant difference between the polymorphism RB1-GG/rs9568036 and tumor chemoresistance (p<0.05). The allelic variants RB1-AA and AG/rs9568036 were determined to be associated with tumor chemosensitivity (p<0.05). A statistically significant relation between the polymorphism RB1-GG/rs9568036 and males (p = 0.0386), rate ratio (RR) = 2.0 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.76-5.32), as well as between the allelic variants RB1-AA and AG/rs9568036 and females (p = 0.0027), RR = 8.0 (95% CI = 1.28-50.04), was observed. We also observed a statistically significant association between the rs1042522 polymorphism in the TP53 gene and unilateral presentation of the disease. CONCLUSIONS The rs9568036 polymorphism in the RB1 gene and the allelic variants can be associated with type of response to medical therapy and associated with male sex, while the allelic variant rs1042522 polymorphism in the TP53 gene is associated with the unilateral presentation of the disease in a group of Mexican children with RB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edwin J. Anaya-Pava
- Retina Deparment, Instituto de la Visión, Hospital La Carlota, Montemorelos, Nuevo León, México
| | - Jesús Nares-Cisneros
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, High Specialty Medical Unit No. 71, Mexican Institute of Social Security, Torreón, Coahuila, México
| | - Rubén I. Cárdenas-Hernández
- Departament of Ophthalmology, High Specialty Medical Unit No. 71, Mexican Institute of Social Security, Torreón, Coahuila, México
| | - Yolanda Jaramillo-Rodríguez
- Department of General Pathology and Health Research Division, High Specialty Medical Unit No. 71, Mexican Institute of Social Security Torreón, Coahuila, México
| | - Graciela Zambrano-Galván
- Laboratory of Molecular Stomatology, Faculty of Dentistry, Juarez University of Durango State, Durango, Durango, México
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Sagi M, Frenkel A, Eilat A, Weinberg N, Frenkel S, Pe'er J, Abeliovich D, Lerer I. Genetic screening in patients with Retinoblastoma in Israel. Fam Cancer 2016; 14:471-80. [PMID: 25754945 DOI: 10.1007/s10689-015-9794-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Retinoblastoma (Rb) is a childhood tumor (~1 in 20,000 live births) developing in the retina due to mutations in the RB1 gene. Identification of the oncogenic mutations in the RB1 gene is important for the clinical management and for genetic counseling to families with a child or a parent affected with the tumor. Here we present our experience in detecting the pathogenic mutations in blood samples, from 150 unrelated Rb patients and highlight the relevant counseling issues. Mutation screening in the RB1 gene was based on Sanger sequencing, mosaicism of recurrent CpG transition mutations was detected by allele specific PCR and multiplex ligation dependent probe amplification for detecting of large deletions/duplications. The overall detection rate of mutations in our cohort was 55% (82/150). In the familial cases it was 100% (17/17), in bilateral and unilateral-multifocal sporadic cases 91% (50/55), and in the unilateral sporadic cases 19% (15/78). Nonsense mutations and small deletions or insertions that results in transcripts with premature termination codons that are subject to nonsense mediated decay were the most frequent, detected in 50/82 (61%) of the patients. The rest were large deletions detected in 14/82 (17%), splice site mutations detected in 11/82 (13%), missense mutations in four patients and mutations in the promoter sequence in three patients. Mutation mosaicism ranging from 10 to 30% was detected by allele specific PCR in ten patients, 9% (5/55) of patients with bilateral tumor and 33% (5/15) of the patients with unilateral tumor. In three patients rare variants were detected as the only finding which was also detected in other healthy family members. Allele specific amplification of recurrent mutations raises in our cohort the identification rate from 82 to 91% in the sporadic bilateral cases and from 13 to 19% in the unilateral sporadic cases. Most mosaic cases could not be identified by Sanger sequencing and therefore screening for recurrent CpG transition mutations by allele specific amplification is of utmost importance. Molecular screening is important for the genetic counseling regarding the risk for tumor development and the relevance for prenatal diagnosis but in several families is accompanied by detecting rare variants that might be rare polymorphisms or low penetrant mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Sagi
- Department of Human Genetics and Metabolic Diseases, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Kiryat Hadassah, POB 12000, 91120, Jerusalem, Israel
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Khosravi A, Shahrabi S, Shahjahani M, Saki N. The bone marrow metastasis niche in retinoblastoma. Cell Oncol (Dordr) 2015; 38:253-63. [PMID: 26063518 DOI: 10.1007/s13402-015-0232-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Retinoblastoma (Rb) is a progressive cancer which mainly occurs in children, and which is caused by different genetic or epigenetic alterations that lead to inactivation of both alleles of the RB1 gene. Hereditary and non-hereditary forms of Rb do exist, and the hereditary form is associated with an increased risk of secondary malignancies. Metastasis to distant organs is a critical feature of many tumors, and may be caused by various molecular alterations at different stages. Recognition of these alterations and, thus, insight into the processes underlying the development of metastases may result in novel preventive as well as effective targeted treatment options. Rb is associated with metastases to various organs and tissues, including the bone marrow (BM). METHODS Here, we provide an overview of mutations and other molecular changes known to be involved in Rb development and metastasis to the BM. This overview is based on a literature search ranging from 1990 to 2015. CONCLUSIONS The various BM metastasis-related molecular changes identified to date may be instrumental for a better diagnosis, prognosis and classification of Rb patients, as well as for the development of novel comprehensive (targeted) therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abbas Khosravi
- Department of Hematology, Allied Medical School, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Ghosh JKC, Heck JE, Cockburn M, Su J, Jerrett M, Ritz B. Prenatal exposure to traffic-related air pollution and risk of early childhood cancers. Am J Epidemiol 2013; 178:1233-9. [PMID: 23989198 PMCID: PMC3792733 DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwt129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2012] [Accepted: 05/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure to air pollution during pregnancy has been linked to the risk of childhood cancer, but the evidence remains inconclusive. In the present study, we used land use regression modeling to estimate prenatal exposures to traffic exhaust and evaluate the associations with cancer risk in very young children. Participants in the Air Pollution and Childhood Cancers Study who were 5 years of age or younger and diagnosed with cancer between 1988 and 2008 were had their records linked to California birth certificates, and controls were selected from birth certificates. Land use regression-based estimates of exposures to nitric oxide, nitrogen dioxide, and nitrogen oxides were assigned based on birthplace residence and temporally adjusted using routine monitoring station data to evaluate air pollution exposures during specific pregnancy periods. Logistic regression models were adjusted for maternal age, race/ethnicity, educational level, parity, insurance type, and Census-based socioeconomic status, as well as child's sex and birth year. The odds of acute lymphoblastic leukemia increased by 9%, 23%, and 8% for each 25-ppb increase in average nitric oxide, nitrogen dioxide, and nitrogen oxide levels, respectively, over the entire pregnancy. Second- and third-trimester exposures increased the odds of bilateral retinoblastoma. No associations were found for annual average exposures without temporal components or for any other cancer type. These results lend support to a link between prenatal exposure to traffic exhaust and the risk of acute lymphoblastic leukemia and bilateral retinoblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jo Kay C. Ghosh
- Correspondence to Dr. Jo Kay Ghosh, University of Southern California, Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, 2001 N. Soto Street, MC 9239, Los Angeles, CA 90089 (e-mail: )
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Luo C, Deng YP. Retinoblastoma: concerning its initiation and treatment. Int J Ophthalmol 2013; 6:397-401. [PMID: 23826540 DOI: 10.3980/j.issn.2222-3959.2013.03.26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2013] [Accepted: 03/22/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Retinoblastoma (RB) is the most common intraocular cancer of infancy and childhood. This cancer is initiated by mutation on RB1, the tumor suppressor gene that is responsible for the regulation of both cell cycle and gnome stability in retinal cells. Patients with a constitutional mutation on RB1 can be inherited. RB occurs approximately 1 in every 15 000-20 000 live births. The worldwide mortality for this cancer is about 5%-11%. However, this rate rises to about 40%-70% in developing countries due to a delay in diagnosis. A wide variety of options are available for the treatment, but often a combination of therapies is adopted to optimize individualized care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Luo
- Department of Ophthalmology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 37# Guo Xue Xiang, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan Province, China
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