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Mattinzoli D, Turolo S, Ikehata M, Vettoretti S, Montini G, Agostoni C, Conti C, Benedetti M, Messa P, Alfieri CM, Castellano G. MCP1 Inverts the Correlation between FGF23 and Omega 6/3 Ratio: Is It Also True in Renal Transplantation? J Clin Med 2023; 12:5928. [PMID: 37762869 PMCID: PMC10532002 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12185928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
During chronic kidney disease (CKD) progression, an increase in fibroblast growth factor (FGF23) is present. In stage 5, a positive correlation between FGF23 and omega-6 (n-6) polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) emerges. Hypothesizing that the rising positive correlation between monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP1) and n-6 in stage 4 could be the cause, we previously explored FGF23 and MCP1's roles in dyslipidemia and cardiovascular risk in CKD. In the present paper, we retraced the study evaluating 40 kidney transplant patients (KTx), a cohort where several factors might modify the previous relationships found. An ELISA and gas chromatography assessed the MCP1, FGF23, and PUFA levels. Despite the FGF23 increase (p < 0.0001), low MCP1 levels were found. A decrease in the n-6/n-3 ratio (p = 0.042 CKD stage 4 vs. 5) lowered by the increase in both n-3 αlinolenic (p = 0.012) and docosapentaenoic acid (p = 0.049) was observed. A negative correlation between FGF23 and the n-6/n-3 ratio in CKD stage 4 (r2 -0.3 p = 0.043) and none with MCP1 appeared. According to our findings, different mechanisms in the relationship between FGF23, PUFAs, and MCP1 in CKD and KTx patients might be present, which is possibly related to the immunosuppressive status of the last. Future research will further clarify our hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah Mattinzoli
- Renal Research Laboratory, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Stefano Turolo
- Pediatric Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplant Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Masami Ikehata
- Renal Research Laboratory, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Simone Vettoretti
- Department of Nephrology, Dialysis and Renal Transplantation, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Giovanni Montini
- Pediatric Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplant Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Carlo Agostoni
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy
- Pediatric-Immunorheumatology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Costanza Conti
- Department of Nephrology, Dialysis and Renal Transplantation, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy
- Post-Graduate School of Specialization in Nephrology, University of Milan, 20157 Milan, Italy
| | - Matteo Benedetti
- Department of Nephrology, Dialysis and Renal Transplantation, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy
- Post-Graduate School of Specialization in Nephrology, University of Milan, 20157 Milan, Italy
| | - Piergiorgio Messa
- Department of Nephrology, Dialysis and Renal Transplantation, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Carlo Maria Alfieri
- Department of Nephrology, Dialysis and Renal Transplantation, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Castellano
- Department of Nephrology, Dialysis and Renal Transplantation, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy
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2
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Wang RH, Luo T, Zhang HL, Du PF. PLA-GNN: Computational inference of protein subcellular location alterations under drug treatments with deep graph neural networks. Comput Biol Med 2023; 157:106775. [PMID: 36921458 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2023.106775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023]
Abstract
The aberrant protein sorting has been observed in many conditions, including complex diseases, drug treatments, and environmental stresses. It is important to systematically identify protein mis-localization events in a given condition. Experimental methods for finding mis-localized proteins are always costly and time consuming. Predicting protein subcellular localizations has been studied for many years. However, only a handful of existing works considered protein subcellular location alterations. We proposed a computational method for identifying alterations of protein subcellular locations under drug treatments. We took three drugs, including TSA (trichostain A), bortezomib and tacrolimus, as instances for this study. By introducing dynamic protein-protein interaction networks, graph neural network algorithms were applied to aggregate topological information under different conditions. We systematically reported potential protein mis-localization events under drug treatments. As far as we know, this is the first attempt to find protein mis-localization events computationally in drug treatment conditions. Literatures validated that a number of proteins, which are highly related to pharmacological mechanisms of these drugs, may undergo protein localization alterations. We name our method as PLA-GNN (Protein Localization Alteration by Graph Neural Networks). It can be extended to other drugs and other conditions. All datasets and codes of this study has been deposited in a GitHub repository (https://github.com/quinlanW/PLA-GNN).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ren-Hua Wang
- College of Intelligence and Computing, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, China.
| | - Tao Luo
- College of Intelligence and Computing, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, China.
| | - Han-Lin Zhang
- College of Intelligence and Computing, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, China.
| | - Pu-Feng Du
- College of Intelligence and Computing, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, China.
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3
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Sekiya T, Kasahara H, Takemura R, Fujita S, Kato J, Doki N, Katayama Y, Ozawa Y, Takada S, Eto T, Fukuda T, Ichinohe T, Takanashi M, Onizuka M, Atsuta Y, Okamoto S, Yoshimura A, Takaki S, Mori T. Essential Roles of the Transcription Factor NR4A1 in Regulatory T Cell Differentiation under the Influence of Immunosuppressants. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2022; 208:2122-2130. [PMID: 35387841 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2100808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Calcineurin inhibitors (CNIs), used as immunosuppressants, have revolutionized transplantation medicine with their strong suppressive activity on alloreactive T lymphocytes; however, they may also cause various adverse effects, including an increased risk for infection and nephrotoxicity. Regulatory T (Treg) cells can complement the deleterious side effects of CNIs with their effective Ag-specific suppressive activities. However, several studies have shown that CNIs suppress Treg cell differentiation. Therefore, an understanding of the mechanisms by which CNIs suppress Treg cell differentiation, as well as an approach for promoting the differentiation of Treg cells in the presence of CNIs, has significant clinical value. In this article, we report that the nuclear orphan receptor Nr4a1 plays a pivotal role in Treg cell differentiation in the presence of CNIs. Unlike that of its family members, Nr4a2 and Nr4a3, the expression of Nr4a1 was not suppressed by CNI treatment, thereby mediating Treg cell differentiation in the presence of CNIs. In a mouse allogeneic graft-versus-host disease model, Nr4a1 mediated tolerance by promoting Treg cell differentiation in mice administered cyclosporine A, prolonging the survival of recipients. Furthermore, activation of Nr4a1 via its agonist partially restored Treg cell differentiation, which was suppressed by cyclosporine A treatment. Finally, we found that the rs2701129 single-nucleotide polymorphism, which was shown to downregulate NR4A1 expression, showed a trend toward a higher incidence of chronic graft-versus-host disease in patients undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Therefore, our study will be of clinical significance because we demonstrated the role of Nr4a1 in Treg cell differentiation in the presence of CNIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Sekiya
- Section of Immune Response Modification, Department of Immune Regulation, The Research Center for Hepatitis and Immunology, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Ichikawa, Chiba, Japan;
- Department of Immune Regulation, The Research Center for Hepatitis and Immunology, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Ichikawa, Chiba, Japan
| | - Hidenori Kasahara
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryo Takemura
- Clinical and Translational Research Center, Keio University Hospital, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shinya Fujita
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jun Kato
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Noriko Doki
- Hematology Division, Tokyo Metropolitan Cancer and Infectious Diseases Center, Komagome Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuta Katayama
- Department of Hematology, Hiroshima Red Cross Hospital & Atomic-Bomb Survivors Hospital, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Yukiyasu Ozawa
- Department of Hematology, Japanese Red Cross Nagoya First Hospital, Aichi, Japan
| | - Satoru Takada
- Leukemia Research Center, Saiseikai Maebashi Hospital, Gunma, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Eto
- Department of Hematology, Hamanomachi Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Takahiro Fukuda
- Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation Division, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tatsuo Ichinohe
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Minoko Takanashi
- Technical Department, Japanese Red Cross Society Blood Service Headquarters, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Makoto Onizuka
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Tokai University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yoshiko Atsuta
- Japanese Data Center for Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
- Department of Registry Science for Transplant and Cellular Therapy, Aichi Medical University School of Medicine, Nagakute, Aichi, Japan
| | - Shinichiro Okamoto
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akihiko Yoshimura
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan; and
| | - Satoshi Takaki
- Department of Immune Regulation, The Research Center for Hepatitis and Immunology, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Ichikawa, Chiba, Japan
| | - Takehiko Mori
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan;
- Department of Hematology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University School of Medicine, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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4
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Sanchez-Pernaute O, Romero-Bueno FI, Selva-O'Callaghan A. Why choose cyclosporin A as first-line therapy in COVID-19 pneumonia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 17:556-557. [PMID: 34756322 PMCID: PMC8555974 DOI: 10.1016/j.reumae.2020.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Olga Sanchez-Pernaute
- Rheumatology Division, Jiménez Díaz Foundation University Hospital and Health Research Institute, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Fredeswinda I Romero-Bueno
- Rheumatology Division, Jiménez Díaz Foundation University Hospital and Health Research Institute, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Albert Selva-O'Callaghan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Universitari Val d'Hebron, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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Hsu HY, Yang CW, Lee YZ, Lin YL, Chang SY, Yang RB, Liang JJ, Chao TL, Liao CC, Kao HC, Wu SH, Chang JY, Sytwu HK, Chen CT, Lee SJ. Remdesivir and Cyclosporine Synergistically Inhibit the Human Coronaviruses OC43 and SARS-CoV-2. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:706901. [PMID: 34483914 PMCID: PMC8409573 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.706901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Remdesivir, a prodrug targeting RNA-dependent-RNA-polymerase, and cyclosporine, a calcineurin inhibitor, individually exerted inhibitory activity against human coronavirus OC43 (HCoV-OC43) in HCT-8 and MRC-5 cells at EC50 values of 96 ± 34 ∼ 85 ± 23 nM and 2,920 ± 364 ∼ 4,419 ± 490 nM, respectively. When combined, these two drugs synergistically inhibited HCoV-OC43 in both HCT-8 and MRC-5 cells assayed by immunofluorescence assay (IFA). Remdesivir and cyclosporine also separately reduced IL-6 production induced by HCoV-OC43 in human lung fibroblasts MRC-5 cells with EC50 values of 224 ± 53 nM and 1,292 ± 352 nM, respectively; and synergistically reduced it when combined. Similar trends were observed for SARS-CoV-2, which were 1) separately inhibited by remdesivir and cyclosporine with respective EC50 values of 3,962 ± 303 nM and 7,213 ± 143 nM by IFA, and 291 ± 91 nM and 6,767 ± 1,827 nM by a plaque-formation assay; and 2) synergistically inhibited by their combination, again by IFA and plaque-formation assay. Collectively, these results suggest that the combination of remdesivir and cyclosporine merits further study as a possible treatment for COVID-19 complexed with a cytokine storm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsing-Yu Hsu
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Wei Yang
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Yue-Zhi Lee
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ling Lin
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Sui-Yuan Chang
- Institute of Clinical Laboratory Sciences and Medical Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ruey-Bing Yang
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jian-Jong Liang
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tai-Ling Chao
- Institute of Clinical Laboratory Sciences and Medical Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Che Liao
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Han-Chieh Kao
- Institute of Clinical Laboratory Sciences and Medical Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Szu-Huei Wu
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Jang-Yang Chang
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Huey-Kang Sytwu
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Chiung-Tong Chen
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Shiow-Ju Lee
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
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6
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Yu L, Yu C, Dong H, Mu Y, Zhang R, Zhang Q, Liang W, Li W, Wang X, Zhang L. Recent Developments About the Pathogenesis of Dry Eye Disease: Based on Immune Inflammatory Mechanisms. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:732887. [PMID: 34421626 PMCID: PMC8375318 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.732887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Dry eye disease is a common and frequently occurring ophthalmology with complex and diverse causes, and its incidence is on the upward trend. The pathogenesis of DED is still completely clear. However, the immune response based on inflammation has been recognized as the core basis of this disease. In this review, we will systematically review the previous research on the treatment of DED in immune inflammation, analyze the latest views and research hotspots, and provide reference for the prevention and treatment of DED.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lifei Yu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Third People’s Hospital of Dalian, Non-Directly Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Chunjing Yu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Third People’s Hospital of Dalian, Non-Directly Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - He Dong
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Third People’s Hospital of Dalian, Non-Directly Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Yanan Mu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Third People’s Hospital of Dalian, Non-Directly Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Rui Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Third People’s Hospital of Dalian, Non-Directly Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Qiaosi Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Third People’s Hospital of Dalian, Non-Directly Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Wei Liang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Third People’s Hospital of Dalian, Non-Directly Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Wenjia Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Third People’s Hospital of Dalian, Non-Directly Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Xun Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Third People’s Hospital of Dalian, Non-Directly Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Lijun Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Third People’s Hospital of Dalian, Non-Directly Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
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7
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Hu J, Xu Y, Bachmann S, Mutig K. Angiotensin II receptor blockade alleviates calcineurin inhibitor nephrotoxicity by restoring cyclooxygenase 2 expression in kidney cortex. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2021; 232:e13612. [PMID: 33377278 DOI: 10.1111/apha.13612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
AIM The use of calcineurin inhibitors such as cyclosporine A (CsA) for immunosuppression after solid organ transplantation is commonly limited by renal side effects. CsA-induced deterioration of glomerular filtration rate and sodium retention may be related to juxtaglomerular dysregulation as a result of suppressed cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) and stimulated renin biosynthesis. We tested whether CsA-induced COX-2 suppression is caused by hyperactive renin-angiotensin system (RAS) and whether RAS inhibition may alleviate the related side effects. METHODS Rats received CsA, the RAS inhibitor candesartan, or the COX-2 inhibitor celecoxib acutely (3 days) or chronically (3 weeks). Molecular pathways mediating effects of CsA and RAS on COX-2 were studied in cultured macula densa cells. RESULTS Pharmacological or siRNA-mediated calcineurin inhibition in cultured cells enhanced COX-2 expression via p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase and NF-kB signalling, whereas angiotensin II abolished these effects. Acute and chronic CsA administration to rats led to RAS activation along with reduced cortical COX-2 expression, creatinine clearance and fractional sodium excretion. Evaluation of major distal salt transporters, NKCC2 and NCC, showed increased levels of their activating phosphorylation upon CsA. Concomitant candesartan treatment blunted these effects acutely and completely normalized the COX-2 expression and renal functional parameters at long term. Celecoxib prevented the candesartan-induced improvements of creatinine clearance and sodium excretion. CONCLUSION Suppression of juxtaglomerular COX-2 upon CsA results from RAS activation, which overrides the cell-autonomous, COX-2-stimulatory effects of calcineurin inhibition. Angiotensin II antagonism alleviates CsA nephrotoxicity via the COX-2-dependent normalization of creatinine clearance and sodium excretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junda Hu
- Department of Anatomy Charité‐Universitätsmedizin Berlin Berlin Germany
| | - Yan Xu
- Department of Anatomy Charité‐Universitätsmedizin Berlin Berlin Germany
| | | | - Kerim Mutig
- Department of Anatomy Charité‐Universitätsmedizin Berlin Berlin Germany
- Department of Pharmacology I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University) Moscow Russian Federation
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8
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Everton JBF, Patrício FJB, Faria MS, Ferreira TCA, Romao EA, Silva GEB, Magalhães M. CYP3A5 and PPARA genetic variants are associated with low trough concentration to dose ratio of tacrolimus in kidney transplant recipients. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2021; 77:879-886. [PMID: 33398393 DOI: 10.1007/s00228-020-03076-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Genetic polymorphisms have been associated with variation in the metabolism of tacrolimus (TAC) in kidney transplant patients. This study is aimed at assessing the impact of allelic variants of CYP3A5 and PPARA genes on the pharmacokinetics (PK) of TAC in Brazilian kidney transplant recipients in the first-year post-transplant. METHODS A total of 127 patients were included for genetic evaluation. Genomic DNA was isolated from peripheral blood and real-time PCR was used to analyze the main polymorphisms described for the genes CYP3A5 (rs776746; C > G) and PPARA (rs4823613; A > G and rs4253728; G > A). RESULTS CYP3A5 expressors showed a lower Co/dose ratio than non-expressors, with the median values of this parameter <1.01 ng/mL/mg in the first group at all evaluated times. Additionally, PPARA variant homozygotes had a lower Co/D ratio than wild allele carriers in the 12-month post-transplant period, with a median value of 0.65 ng/mL/mg. In the CYP3A5 expressers, the presence of the variant homozygous genotype PPARA was associated with a lower value of Co/D compared with the other genotypic groups at month 12. CONCLUSION In the population under study, polymorphisms on CYP3A5 and PPARA were identified as determining and independent factors associated with the reduction of Co/D of TAC. Thus, the genotyping of these genetic variants may be a useful tool for the individualized prescription of TAC in kidney transplant patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janaína B F Everton
- Laboratory of Genomic and Histocompatibility Studies, University Hospital of the Federal University of Maranhão, São Luís, Brazil.,Postgraduate Program in Adult Health (PPGSAD), Federal University of Maranhão, São Luís, Brazil
| | - Fernando J B Patrício
- Laboratory of Genomic and Histocompatibility Studies, University Hospital of the Federal University of Maranhão, São Luís, Brazil
| | - Manuel S Faria
- Postgraduate Program in Adult Health (PPGSAD), Federal University of Maranhão, São Luís, Brazil.,Clinical Research Center, University Hospital of the Federal University of Maranhão, São Luís, Brazil
| | - Teresa C A Ferreira
- Kidney Transplant Unit, University Hospital of the Federal University of Maranhão, São Luís, Brazil
| | - Elen A Romao
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Gyl E B Silva
- Postgraduate Program in Adult Health (PPGSAD), Federal University of Maranhão, São Luís, Brazil.,Pathology Unit, University Hospital of the Federal University of Maranhão, São Luís, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Magalhães
- Laboratory of Genomic and Histocompatibility Studies, University Hospital of the Federal University of Maranhão, São Luís, Brazil. .,Postgraduate Program in Adult Health (PPGSAD), Federal University of Maranhão, São Luís, Brazil. .,Clinical Research Center, University Hospital of the Federal University of Maranhão, São Luís, Brazil.
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9
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Hosoya T, Shukla NM, Fujita Y, Yao S, Lao FS, Baba H, Yasuda S, Cottam HB, Carson DA, Hayashi T, Corr M. Identification of Compounds With Glucocorticoid Sparing Effects on Suppression of Chemokine and Cytokine Production by Rheumatoid Arthritis Fibroblast-Like Synoviocytes. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:607713. [PMID: 33390996 PMCID: PMC7773657 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.607713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years target based drug discovery has expanded our therapeutic armamentarium in the treatment of inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. Despite these advances and adverse effects, glucocorticoids remain reliable agents that are used in many of these diseases. The anti-inflammatory mechanisms of glucocorticoids include the suppression of transcription factor activity like nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB). By reanalyzing data from two prior high throughput screens (HTS) that utilized a NF-κB reporter construct in THP-1 cells, we identified 1824 small molecule synthetic compounds that demonstrated NF-κB suppressive activities similar to the glucocorticoids included in the original >134,000 compound libraries. These 1824 compounds were then rescreened for attenuating NF-κB activity at 5 and 16 h after LPS stimuli in the NF-κB THP-1 reporter cells. After a “Top X” selection approach 122 hit compounds were further tested for toxicity and suppression of LPS induced CXCL8 release in THP-1 cells. Excluding cytotoxic compounds, the remaining active compounds were grouped into chemotype families using Tanimoto based clustering. Promising representatives from clustered chemotype groups were commercially purchased for further testing. Amongst these index compounds a lead chemotype: 1H-pyrazolo [3,4 d] pyrimidin-4-amine, effectively suppressed CXCL8, and TNF production by THP-1 cells when stimulated with LPS, TNF or IL-1ß. Extending these studies to primary cells, these lead compounds also reduced IL-6 and CXCL8 production by TNF stimulated fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLS) from rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients. Importantly a lead 1H-pyrazolo [3,4 d] pyrimidin-4-amine compound demonstrated synergistic effects with dexamethasone when co-administered to TNF stimulated THP-1 cells and RA FLS in suppressing chemokine production. In summary, a cell based HTS approach identified lead compounds that reduced NF-κB activity and chemokine secretion induced by potent immunologic stimuli, and one lead compound that acted synergistically with dexamethasone as an anti-inflammatory agent showing a dose-sparing effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadashi Hosoya
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States.,Department of Rheumatology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nikunj M Shukla
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Yuya Fujita
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Shiyin Yao
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Fitzgerald S Lao
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Hiroyuki Baba
- Department of Rheumatology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Yasuda
- Department of Rheumatology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Howard B Cottam
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Dennis A Carson
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Tomoko Hayashi
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Maripat Corr
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
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10
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Periman LM, Mah FS, Karpecki PM. A Review of the Mechanism of Action of Cyclosporine A: The Role of Cyclosporine A in Dry Eye Disease and Recent Formulation Developments. Clin Ophthalmol 2020; 14:4187-4200. [PMID: 33299295 PMCID: PMC7719434 DOI: 10.2147/opth.s279051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Dry eye disease (DED) is a multifactorial disease of the ocular surface and tear film that has gained awareness as a public health problem. Characteristics of DED include tear film instability, hyperosmolarity, and ocular surface inflammation, which can occur independently or may be a sequela of numerous ocular diseases, ocular surgery or contact lens wear. Much has been learned about the impact of the disease to help affected individuals who report symptoms of poor vision, pain, and tearing. Recently, new research highlights the importance of the role of ocular surface inflammation and damage in DED-leading to a vicious cycle of inflammation as well as loss of tear film homeostasis. DED immunopathophysiology is characterized by four stages: initiation, amplification, recruitment, and re-initiation. Cyclosporine is proven to be a valuable ophthalmic therapeutic for DED through its immunomodulatory actions and regulation of the adaptive immune response. Cyclosporine mechanism of action is well described in the published literature and the myriad of benefits in all four stages lend a broad-based immunomodulatory function particularly suitable for addressing DED. Furthermore, cyclosporine has unique goblet cell density improvement capabilities as well as anti-apoptotic properties. Topical formulations of cyclosporine are centered around addressing the highly lipophilic nature of the molecule. The poor aqueous solubility of cyclosporine traditionally presented technical challenges in drug delivery to the ocular surface. Newer formulations such as cationic emulsions and nanomicellar aqueous solutions address formulation, tissue concentration, and drug delivery challenges.
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11
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Self-Assembling Tacrolimus Nanomicelles for Retinal Drug Delivery. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:pharmaceutics12111072. [PMID: 33182620 PMCID: PMC7698121 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12111072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Neovascular age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is characterized by an increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) and pro-inflammatory cytokines in the retinal pigment epithelium cells. The primary purpose of this study was the development of a clear, tacrolimus nanomicellar formulation (TAC-NMF) for AMD. The optimized formulation had a mean diameter of 15.41 nm, a zeta potential of 0.5 mV, and an entrapment efficiency of 97.13%. In-vitro cytotoxicity studies revealed the dose-dependent cytotoxicity of TAC-NMF on various ocular cell lines, such as human retinal pigment epithelium (D407), monkey retinal choroidal endothelial (RF/6A) cells, and human corneal epithelium (CCL 20.2) cells. Cellular uptake and in-vitro distribution studies using flow cytometry and confocal microscopy, respectively, indicated an elevated uptake of TAC-NMF in a time-dependent manner. Biocompatibility assay using macrophage RAW 264.7 cell line resulted in low production of inflammatory cytokines such as IL-6, IL-1β and TNF-α after treatment with TAC-NMF. There was a decrease in ROS in D407 cells pre-treated with sodium iodate (ROS inducing agent) after treating with TAC-NMF and tacrolimus drug. Similarly, there was a reduction in the pro-inflammatory cytokines and VEGF-A in D407 cells pretreated with sodium iodate. This indicates that TAC-NMF could lower pro-inflammatory cytokines and ROS commonly seen in AMD.
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12
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Zhang Z, Wang Y, Shan Y, Zhou R, Yin W. Oroxylin A alleviates immunoparalysis of CLP mice by degrading CHOP through interacting with FBXO15. Sci Rep 2020; 10:19272. [PMID: 33159144 PMCID: PMC7648083 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-76285-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical reports have found that with the improvement of treatment, most septic patients are able to survive the severe systemic inflammatory response and to enter the immunoparalysis stage. Considering that immunoparalysis leads to numerous deaths of clinical sepsis patients, alleviation of the occurrence and development of immunoparalysis has become a top priority in the treatment of sepsis. In our study, we investigate the effects of oroxylin A on sepsis in cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) mice. We find that the 60 h + 84 h (30 mg/kg) injection scheme of oroxylin A induce the production of pro-inflammatory factors, and further significantly improves the survival of CLP mice during the middle or late stages of sepsis. Mechanistically, C/EBP-homologous protein (CHOP) is upregulated and plays anti-inflammatory roles to facilitate the development of immunoparalysis in CLP mice. Oroxylin A induces the transcription of E3 ligase F-box only protein 15 gene (fbxo15), and activated FBXO15 protein binds to CHOP and further mediates the degradation of CHOP through the proteasome pathway, which eventually relieves the immunoparalysis of CLP mice. Taken together, these findings suggest oroxylin A relieves the immunoparalysis of CLP mice by degrading CHOP through interacting with FBXO15.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoxin Zhang
- The State Key Lab of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Yun Wang
- The State Key Lab of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Yating Shan
- The State Key Lab of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Ri Zhou
- The State Key Lab of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Wu Yin
- The State Key Lab of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China.
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13
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Tsutsuki H, Ogura K, Moss J, Yahiro K. Host response to the subtilase cytotoxin produced by locus of enterocyte effacement-negative Shiga-toxigenic Escherichia coli. Microbiol Immunol 2020; 64:657-665. [PMID: 32902863 DOI: 10.1111/1348-0421.12841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Shiga-toxigenic Escherichia coli (STEC) is a major bacterium responsible for disease resulting from foodborne infection, including bloody diarrhea and hemolytic uremic syndrome. STEC produces important virulence factors such as Shiga toxin (Stx) 1 and/or 2. In the STEC family, some locus of enterocyte effacement-negative STEC produce two different types of cytotoxins, namely, Stx2 and subtilase cytotoxin (SubAB). The Stx2 and SubAB cytotoxins are structurally similar and composed of one A subunit and pentamer of B subunits. The catalytically active A subunit of SubAB is a subtilase-like serine protease and specifically cleaves an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) chaperone 78-kDa glucose-regulated protein (GRP78/BiP), a monomeric ATPase that is crucial in protein folding and quality control. The B subunit binds to cell surface receptors. SubAB recognizes sialic carbohydrate-modified cell surface proteins as a receptor. After translocation into cells, SubAB is delivered to the ER, where it cleaves GRP78/BiP. SubAB-catalyzed BiP cleavage induces ER stress, which causes various cell events including inhibition of protein synthesis, suppression of nuclear factor-kappa B activation, apoptotic cell death, and stress granules formation. In this review, we describe SubAB, the SubAB receptor, and the mechanism of cell response to the toxin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyasu Tsutsuki
- Department of Microbiology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Kohei Ogura
- Advanced Health Care Science Research Unit, Institute for Frontier Science Initiative, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Joel Moss
- Pulmonary Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Kinnosuke Yahiro
- Department of Molecular Infectiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
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14
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Sanchez-Pernaute O, Romero-Bueno FI, Selva-O'Callaghan A. Why Choose Cyclosporin A as First-line Therapy in COVID-19 Pneumonia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 17:555-557. [PMID: 32354685 PMCID: PMC7160056 DOI: 10.1016/j.reuma.2020.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Olga Sanchez-Pernaute
- Rheumatology Division, Jiménez Díaz Foundation University Hospital and Health Research Institute, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Fredeswinda I Romero-Bueno
- Rheumatology Division, Jiménez Díaz Foundation University Hospital and Health Research Institute, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Albert Selva-O'Callaghan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Universitari Val d'Hebron, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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15
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Jerkins GW, Pattar GR, Kannarr SR. A Review of Topical Cyclosporine A Formulations-A Disease-Modifying Agent for Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca. Clin Ophthalmol 2020; 14:481-489. [PMID: 32109984 PMCID: PMC7039096 DOI: 10.2147/opth.s228070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS) is a multifactorial disease characterized by tear hyperosmolarity, inflammation, and ocular surface damage. Cyclosporine A (CsA) is used as an effective disease-modifying agent to improve the signs and symptoms of KCS by reducing inflammation, which interferes with tear production. This review provides an overview of efficacy, safety, and limitations of currently marketed topical CsA formulations—including CsA ophthalmic emulsion, cationic nanoemulsion, and aqueous nanomicelles—and highlights newer technologies for controlled ocular delivery of CsA and their clinical implications. Long available emulsion formulations of CsA are oil-based and have several limitations, including slow onset of efficacy and low intraocular penetration and bioavailability. Aqueous CsA nanomicelle carriers produce rapid improvement in objective signs of KCS such as corneal and conjunctival staining as early as 4 weeks and have acceptable safety profiles. CsA formulations using semifluorinated alkanes or polyaphrons are currently in clinical development, having recently completed Phase 2 studies. Other carriers for CsA currently in the preclinical phase include microemulsions, polymeric aqueous and lyophilized micelles, and hydrogels; these novel formulations have yet to undergo clinical trials. Formulations that improve tissue availability of CsA may be beneficial in clinical practice by providing faster onset of relief and improving patient adherence.
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16
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Observation of topical tacrolimus on high-risk penetrating keratoplasty patients: a randomized clinical trial study. Eye (Lond) 2019; 34:1600-1607. [PMID: 31784702 PMCID: PMC7608310 DOI: 10.1038/s41433-019-0717-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Revised: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background/Objectives To evaluate the clinical efficacy of topical tacrolimus 0.1% and cyclosporine 1% on high-risk penetrating keratoplasty (PKP) patients. Subjects/Methods A series of 49 high-risk PKP patients (49 eyes), 20 males, 29 females from the age of 4 months to 74 years of age with the mean of 32.5 from 2012 to 2017 were recruited in this study. The patients were randomly divided into two groups by receiving either topical tacrolimus 0.1% or cyclosporine 1% respectively. Twenty five patients were treated with topical tacrolimus 0.1% and 24 patients with topical cyclosporine 1%. The traditional baseline management on these two groups were Tobramycin and Dexamethasone eye drops in the first 3 weeks and then tapered off. Clinical procedures and postoperative follow-up were documented. Results After 6–54 months follow-up, with the average of 24 months, 11 of 24 high-risk patients (11 eyes) had graft rejection, the rejection rate was 45.8% in topical cyclosporine 1% group. The rejections occurred from 35 days to 20 months after PKP. Three patients had irreversible rejection. On topical tacrolimus 0.1% group, the rejection occurred in four patients (four eyes) with rejection rate of 16%, and no irreversible rejection was observed. The graft rejection episodes were documented between 23 days and 24 months. As compared with the topical cyclosporine 1%, topical tacrolimus 0.1%, a key immunosuppressant, significantly decreased corneal graft rejection rate (p = 0.02). Conclusions Topical tacrolimus 01% on high-risk PKP patients significantly prevented corneal graft rejection, and it had less adverse effects and was very safe to high-risk patients as to topical cyclosporine 1%. Further case controlled randomized clinical trial studies are needed to establish the best management option for these high-risk patients.
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17
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Xu M, Garcia-Aroz S, Banan B, Wang X, Rabe BJ, Zhou F, Nayak DK, Zhang Z, Jia J, Upadhya GA, Manning PT, Gaut JP, Lin Y, Chapman WC. Enhanced immunosuppression improves early allograft function in a porcine kidney transplant model of donation after circulatory death. Am J Transplant 2019; 19:713-723. [PMID: 30152136 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.15098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Revised: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
It remains controversial whether renal allografts from donation after circulatory death (DCD) have a higher risk of acute rejection (AR). In the porcine large animal kidney transplant model, we investigated the AR and function of DCD renal allografts compared to the non-DCD renal allografts and the effects of increased immunosuppression. We found that the AR was significantly increased along with elevated MHC-I expression in the DCD transplants receiving low-dose immunosuppression; however, AR and renal function were significantly improved when given high-dose immunosuppressive therapy postoperatively. Also, high-dose immunosuppression remarkably decreased the mRNA levels of ifn-g, il-6, tgf-b, il-4, and tnf-a in the allograft at day 5 and decreased serum cytokines levels of IFN-g and IL-17 at day 4 and day 5 after operation. Furthermore, Western blot analysis showed that higher immunosuppression decreased phosphorylation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 and nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells-p65, increased phosphorylation of extracellular-signal-regulated kinase, and reduced the expression of Bcl-2-associated X protein and caspase-3 in the renal allografts. These results suggest that the DCD renal allograft seems to be more vulnerable to AR; enhanced immunosuppression reduces DCD-associated AR and improves early allograft function in a preclinical large animal model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Xu
- Department of Surgery, Section of Abdominal Transplantation, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Sandra Garcia-Aroz
- Department of Surgery, Section of Abdominal Transplantation, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Babak Banan
- Department of Surgery, Section of Abdominal Transplantation, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Xuanchuan Wang
- Department of Surgery, Section of Abdominal Transplantation, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.,Department of Urology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Brian J Rabe
- Department of Surgery, Section of Abdominal Transplantation, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Fangyu Zhou
- Department of Surgery, Section of Abdominal Transplantation, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Deepak K Nayak
- University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Zhengyan Zhang
- Department of Surgery, Section of Abdominal Transplantation, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Jianluo Jia
- Department of Surgery, Section of Abdominal Transplantation, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Gundumi A Upadhya
- Department of Surgery, Section of Abdominal Transplantation, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | | | - Joseph P Gaut
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Yiing Lin
- Department of Surgery, Section of Abdominal Transplantation, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - William C Chapman
- Department of Surgery, Section of Abdominal Transplantation, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
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18
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Lin BW, Huang WL, Wang L, Chen ZM. Comparison of 0.025% FK-506, 0.05% Cyclosporin A, and 0.3% Sodium Hyaluronate Eye Drops for the Treatment of Botulinum Toxin B-Induced Mouse Dry Eye. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 2018; 34:633-641. [PMID: 30227093 DOI: 10.1089/jop.2018.0044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To compare the effects of FK-506, cyclosporin A (CsA), and sodium hyaluronate (HA) eye drops for the treatment of botulinum toxin B (BTX-B)-induced mouse dry eye. METHODS CBA/J mice were randomized into 5 groups. The groups received treatment with eye drops containing 0.025% FK-506 combined with 0.3% HA (FK-506+HA group), 0.025% FK-506 (FK-506 group), 0.05% CsA (CsA group), 0.3% HA (HA group), or 0.9% saline (saline group) 3 days after an intralacrimal gland injection with 20 mU of BTX-B. Tear production, corneal fluorescein staining, blink rate, and the mRNA and protein expression levels of inflammatory cytokines were measured. RESULTS FK-506+HA eye drops increased tear production and reduced the corneal fluorescein staining scores at all time points after treatment compared with those in the saline group. Compared with those in the saline group, the tear production and severity of corneal epithelial defects in the FK-506 group were significantly improved at weeks 2 and 4. Compared with the saline eye drops, the CsA eye drops ameliorated only tear production and corneal fluorescein staining scores at week 4 after administration. The FK-506+HA, FK-506, and CsA eye drops downregulated the expression of inflammatory cytokines in both the keratoconjunctival tissues and lacrimal glands at week 4. CONCLUSIONS The topical application of 0.025% FK-506 combined with 0.3% HA, 0.025% FK-506, or 0.05% CsA can suppress the expression of inflammatory cytokines and can alleviate the signs of dry eye. Topical application of 0.025% FK-506 combined with 0.3% HA showed the best therapeutic effect and may be a possible therapy for dry eye.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin-Wu Lin
- 1 Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine , Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei-Lan Huang
- 2 Physical Examination Center, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University , Guangzhou, China
| | - Lu Wang
- 1 Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine , Guangzhou, China
| | - Zi-Man Chen
- 1 Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine , Guangzhou, China
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19
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Immunomodulatory effect of thymoquinone on atopic dermatitis. Mol Immunol 2018; 101:276-283. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2018.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Revised: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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20
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Calcineurin inhibitors (CNIs) are commonly given to transplant recipients of kidneys and other solid organs and to patients with immune disorders, such as steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome, steroid-dependent nephrotic syndrome, and frequent relapse nephrotic syndrome. Although CNIs remain the most effective available immunosuppressant agent, there is clinical concern regarding possible long-term nephrotoxicity. This concern is especially significant in children who have a longer life expectancy and greater growth rate. DATA SOURCES In this review, we analyzed the literatures to identify original articles that examined use of CNIs in children who received organ transplantation and nephropathy to assess the available evidence of their nephrotoxicity. PubMed, Elsevier, and Tompson ISI Web of Knowledge were searched for identifying relevant papers. RESULTS Clinical research supports the presence of CNI-related nephrotoxicity. However, some researchers have questioned the prevalence and seriousness of chronic CNIs nephrotoxicity, especially because the pathological lesions typically associated with long-term CNI use are nonspecific. Many researchers have focused on early markers of CNI nephrotoxicity, and the methods that may help prevent and manage nephrotoxicity. CONCLUSIONS Future research should focus on investigating early markers of CNI nephrotoxicity and strategies for improved immunosuppressant therapy, and developing alternative treatments. CNI-mediated nephrotoxicity should always be taken seriously in clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Liu
- Department of Nephrology, Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Jian-Hua Mao
- Department of Nephrology, Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China.
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21
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A Abdullah A, Abdullah R, A Nazariah Z, N Balakrishnan K, Firdaus J Abdullah F, A Bala J, Mohd-Lila MA. Cyclophilin A as a target in the treatment of cytomegalovirus infections. Antivir Chem Chemother 2018; 26:2040206618811413. [PMID: 30449131 PMCID: PMC6243413 DOI: 10.1177/2040206618811413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Viruses are obligate parasites that depend on the cellular machinery of the host to regenerate and manufacture their proteins. Most antiviral drugs on the market today target viral proteins. However, the more recent strategies involve targeting the host cell proteins or pathways that mediate viral replication. This new approach would be effective for most viruses while minimizing drug resistance and toxicity. METHODS Cytomegalovirus replication, latency, and immune response are mediated by the intermediate early protein 2, the main protein that determines the effectiveness of drugs in cytomegalovirus inhibition. This review explains how intermediate early protein 2 can modify the action of cyclosporin A, an immunosuppressive, and antiviral drug. It also links all the pathways mediated by cyclosporin A, cytomegalovirus replication, and its encoded proteins. RESULTS Intermediate early protein 2 can influence the cellular cyclophilin A pathway, affecting cyclosporin A as a mediator of viral replication or anti-cytomegalovirus drug. CONCLUSION Cyclosporin A has a dual function in cytomegalovirus pathogenesis. It has the immunosuppressive effect that establishes virus replication through the inhibition of T-cell function. It also has an anti-cytomegalovirus effect mediated by intermediate early protein 2. Both of these functions involve cyclophilin A pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashwaq A Abdullah
- 1 Institute of Bioscience, University Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor D.E, Malaysia
- 2 Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Applied Science, Taiz University, Taiz, Yemen
| | - Rasedee Abdullah
- 1 Institute of Bioscience, University Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor D.E, Malaysia
- 3 Department of Veterinary Laboratory Diagnosis, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor D.E, Malaysia
| | - Zeenathul A Nazariah
- 1 Institute of Bioscience, University Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor D.E, Malaysia
- 4 Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor D.E, Malaysia
| | - Krishnan N Balakrishnan
- 4 Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor D.E, Malaysia
| | - Faez Firdaus J Abdullah
- 5 Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor D.E, Malaysia
| | - Jamilu A Bala
- 4 Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor D.E, Malaysia
- 6 Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Bayero University Kano, Kano, Nigeria
| | - Mohd-Azmi Mohd-Lila
- 1 Institute of Bioscience, University Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor D.E, Malaysia
- 4 Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor D.E, Malaysia
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22
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Liu SH, Wu CT, Huang KH, Wang CC, Guan SS, Chen LP, Chiang CK. C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP) deficiency ameliorates renal fibrosis in unilateral ureteral obstructive kidney disease. Oncotarget 2017; 7:21900-12. [PMID: 26942460 PMCID: PMC5008332 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.7870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Renal tubulointerstitial fibrosis is an important pathogenic feature in chronic kidney disease and end-stage renal disease, regardless of the initiating insults. A recent study has shown that CCAAT/enhancer binding protein (C/EBP) homologous protein (CHOP) is involved in acute ischemia/reperfusion-related acute kidney injury through oxidative stress induction. However, the influence of CHOP on chronic kidney disease-correlated renal fibrosis remains unclear. Here, we investigated the role of CHOP in unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO)-induced experimental chronic tubulointerstital fibrosis. The CHOP knockout and wild type mice with or without UUO were used. The results showed that the increased expressions of renal fibrosis markers collagen I, fibronectin, α-smooth muscle actin, and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 in the kidneys of UUO-treated wild type mice were dramatically attenuated in the kidneys of UUO-treated CHOP knockout mice. CHOP deficiency could also ameliorate lipid peroxidation and endogenous antioxidant enzymes depletion, tubular apoptosis, and inflammatory cells infiltration in the UUO kidneys. These results suggest that CHOP deficiency not only attenuates apoptotic death and oxidative stress in experimental renal fibrosis, but also reduces local inflammation, leading to diminish UUO-induced renal fibrosis. Our findings support that CHOP may be an important signaling molecule in the progression of chronic kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shing-Hwa Liu
- Institute of Toxicology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University & Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Tien Wu
- Institute of Toxicology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-How Huang
- Department of Urology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Chia Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University & Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Siao-Syun Guan
- Institute of Nuclear Energy Research, Atomic Energy Council, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Li-Ping Chen
- Department of Dentistry, Taipei Chang Gang Memorial Hospital, Chang Gang University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Kang Chiang
- Institute of Toxicology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Integrated Diagnostics & Therapeutics, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
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23
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Hu Y, Yang B, Xu Y, Jiang L, Tsui CK, Liang X. FK506 suppresses hypoxia‑induced inflammation and protects tight junction function via the CaN‑NFATc1 signaling pathway in retinal microvascular epithelial cells. Mol Med Rep 2017; 16:6974-6980. [PMID: 28901449 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.7475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to identify whether FK506 suppresses hypoxia‑induced inflammation and protects tight junction function via the calcineurin‑nuclear factor of activated T‑cells 1 (CaN‑NFATc1) signaling pathway in mouse retinal microvascular endothelial cells (mRMECs). The mRMECs were treated with FK506 at different concentrations following the induction of hypoxia. Trans‑epithelial electrical resistance (TEER) and cell permeability were examined to measure the integrity of the tight junctions. The concentrations of inflammatory cytokines were measured using reverse transcription‑quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis and enzyme‑linked immunosorbent assays. The protein expression levels of zonula occludens‑1 (ZO‑1) and nuclear factor of activated T‑cell 1 (NFATc1) were identified using immunofluorescent microscopy and western blot analysis. The TEER value was decreased following hypoxia, but increased following treatment with FK506 (1 and 10 µM) for 24 and 48 h. The protein expression of ZO‑1 was also increased following FK506 treatment for 24 h at 1 and 10 µM. By contrast, following treatment with FK506 (1 and 10 µM) for 24 and 48 h, the elevated cell permeability in the hypoxia group was significantly downregulated. Similarly, the concentrations of inflammatory cytokines, including cyclooxygenase‑2, inducible nitric oxide synthase, monocyte chemoattractant protein‑1, interleukin‑6, intercellular adhesion molecule‑1 and vascular cell adhesion molecule‑1, were downregulated following treatment with FK506 for 24 h at 1 and 10 µM. Following treatment with FK506, the level of total NFATc1 was downregulated and the level of phosphorylated NFATc1 was upregulated. Taken together, FK506 suppressed injury to the tight junctions and downregulated the expression of inflammatory cytokines in hypoxia‑induced mRMECs via the CaN‑NFATc1 signaling pathway. This suggests a potentially effective therapy for hypoxia‑induced retinal microangiopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaguang Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat‑sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510000, P.R. China
| | - Boyu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat‑sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510000, P.R. China
| | - Yue Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat‑sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510000, P.R. China
| | - Li Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat‑sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510000, P.R. China
| | - Ching-Kit Tsui
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat‑sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510000, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoling Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat‑sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510000, P.R. China
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Calcineurin inhibitors regulate fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) synthesis. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2017; 390:1117-1123. [DOI: 10.1007/s00210-017-1411-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Abstract
Numerous environmental, physiological, and pathological insults disrupt protein-folding homeostasis in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), referred to as ER stress. Eukaryotic cells evolved a set of intracellular signaling pathways, collectively termed the unfolded protein response (UPR), to maintain a productive ER protein-folding environment through reprogramming gene transcription and mRNA translation. The UPR is largely dependent on transcription factors (TFs) that modulate expression of genes involved in many physiological and pathological conditions, including development, metabolism, inflammation, neurodegenerative diseases, and cancer. Here we summarize the current knowledge about these mechanisms, their impact on physiological/pathological processes, and potential therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaeseok Han
- Soonchunhyang Institute of Medi-Bio Science (SIMS), Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan-si, Choongchungnam-do 31151, Republic of Korea
| | - Randal J Kaufman
- Degenerative Diseases Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California, 92307 USA
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26
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Folk A, Balta C, Herman H, Ivan A, Boldura OM, Paiusan L, Ardelean A, Hermenean A. Flucytosine and Amphotericin B Coadministration Induces Dose-Related Renal Injury. Dose Response 2017; 15:1559325817703461. [PMID: 28620270 PMCID: PMC5464384 DOI: 10.1177/1559325817703461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Invasive fungal infections remain an important clinical problem, and despite recent approaches, they bring high morbidity and mortality. Combination therapies are the most effective; however, adverse effects need to be considered. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the nephrotoxicity induced by combined therapy of flucytosine (FL) and amphotericin B (AMF) at 3 different doses administered to mice for 14 days: 300 μg/kg AMF+50 mg/kg FL; 600 μg/kg AMF+100 mg/kg FL; 900 μg/kg AMF+150 mg/kg FL. Antifungal coadministration triggered nuclear translocation of NF-κB and upregulated nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells subunit p65 (NF-κB p65) messenger RNA mRNA level in dose-dependent manner. The immunopositivity of tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-6 (IL-6), together with IL-6 gene expression, increased both in tubular and glomerular cells. Amphotericin B–flucytosine cotreatment increased significantly the number of terminal deoxy-nucleotidyl transferase (TdT)-mediated dUTP nick end-labeling positive nuclei. Apoptotic cells in renal tubuli were confirmed by electron microscopy. Histopathological analysis revealed collagen accumulation at the glomerular level. Collagen was also evidenced in the glomeruli at the dose of 900 μg/kg AMF+150mg/kg FL by Masson-Goldner trichrome staining and electron microscopy. Moreover, antifungal cotherapy induced upregulation of transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1) gene expression in a dose-dependent manner. Inflammation and epithelial tubular apoptosis are associated with TGF-β1 activation and initiation of the early stage of glomerular fibrosis at higher doses, leading to tubule–interstitial fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Folk
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pathology, "Vasile Goldis" Western University of Arad, Arad, Romania
| | - Cornel Balta
- Institute of Life Sciences, "Vasile Goldis" Western University of Arad, Arad, Romania
| | - Hildegard Herman
- Institute of Life Sciences, "Vasile Goldis" Western University of Arad, Arad, Romania
| | - Alexandra Ivan
- Department of Functional Sciences, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Victor Babes, Timisoara, Romania
| | - Oana Maria Boldura
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Banat University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine "King Mihai I of Romania" Timisoara, Timisoara, Romania
| | - Lucian Paiusan
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pathology, "Vasile Goldis" Western University of Arad, Arad, Romania
| | - Aurel Ardelean
- Institute of Life Sciences, "Vasile Goldis" Western University of Arad, Arad, Romania
| | - Anca Hermenean
- Institute of Life Sciences, "Vasile Goldis" Western University of Arad, Arad, Romania.,Faculty of Medicine, Department of Histology, "Vasile Goldis" Western University of Arad, Arad, Romania
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27
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Huang E, Showalter L, Xu S, Czernliecki BJ, Koski GK. Calcium mobilizing treatment acts as a co-signal for TLR-mediated induction of Interleukin-12 (IL-12p70) secretion by murine bone marrow-derived dendritic cells. Cell Immunol 2017; 314:26-35. [PMID: 28190517 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2017.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2016] [Revised: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We sought to determine whether pharmacological calcium-mobilizing agents could act in cooperation with Toll-like receptor (TLR) signals to induce high-level IL-12 production from murine bone marrow-derived dendritic cells. We found that calcium mobilization alone induced no IL-12, yet dramatically enhanced IL-12p70 secretion elicited by TLR ligands. Enhanced IL-12 production induced by calcium ionophore plus single TLR ligands, but not through dual TLR ligands, was inhibited by the calcineurin antagonist cyclosporine A, suggesting divergent mechanisms of IL-12 induction. Dendritic cells activated with calciumionophore plus the TLR9 ligand ODN1826 could induce Th1 polarization in naïve murine CD4pos T cells at levels equal or superior to dendritic cells activated with the most efficient TLR ligand pairing; ODN1826 plus bacterial lipopolysaccharide. Parallel analysis of 38 inflammation-associated soluble products showed calciumionophore enhancement was restricted to a small set of factors. These data demonstrate previously undocumented activation co-signals for IL-12 production by dendritic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Huang
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Biomedical Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242, United States
| | - Loral Showalter
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Biomedical Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242, United States
| | - Shuwen Xu
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Biomedical Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242, United States
| | - Brian J Czernliecki
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Biomedical Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242, United States
| | - Gary K Koski
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Biomedical Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242, United States.
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28
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González-Guerrero C, Cannata-Ortiz P, Guerri C, Egido J, Ortiz A, Ramos AM. TLR4-mediated inflammation is a key pathogenic event leading to kidney damage and fibrosis in cyclosporine nephrotoxicity. Arch Toxicol 2016; 91:1925-1939. [PMID: 27585667 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-016-1830-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Cyclosporine A (CsA) successfully prevents allograft rejection, but nephrotoxicity is still a dose-limiting adverse effect. TLR4 activation promotes kidney damage but whether this innate immunity receptor mediates CsA nephrotoxicity is unknown. The in vivo role of TLR4 during CsA nephrotoxicity was studied in mice co-treated with CsA and the TLR4 inhibitor TAK242 and also in TLR4-/- mice. CsA-induced renal TLR4 expression in wild-type mice. Pharmacological or genetic targeting of TLR4 reduced the activation of proinflammatory signaling, including JNK/c-jun, JAK2/STAT3, IRE1α and NF-κB and the expression of Fn14. Expression of proinflammatory factors and cytokines was also decreased, and kidney monocyte and lymphocyte influx was prevented. TLR4 inhibition also reduced tubular damage and drastically prevented the development of kidney fibrosis. In vivo and in vitro CsA promoted secretion of the TLR ligand HMGB1 by tubular cells upstream of TLR4 activation, and prevention of HMGB1 secretion significantly reduced CsA-induced synthesis of MCP-1, suggesting that HMGB1 may be one of the mediators of CsA-induced TLR4 activation. These results suggest that TLR4 is a potential pharmacological target in CsA nephrotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristian González-Guerrero
- Laboratory of Nephrology and Vascular Pathology, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz, School of Medicine, Madrid, Spain.,REDINREN, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pablo Cannata-Ortiz
- REDINREN, Madrid, Spain.,Pathology, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz, School of Medicine, UAM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Consuelo Guerri
- Department of Cellular Pathology, Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, Valencia, Spain
| | - Jesús Egido
- Laboratory of Nephrology and Vascular Pathology, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz, School of Medicine, Madrid, Spain.,Fundación Renal Íñigo Álvarez de Toledo (FRIAT), Madrid, Spain
| | - Alberto Ortiz
- Laboratory of Nephrology and Vascular Pathology, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz, School of Medicine, Madrid, Spain.,REDINREN, Madrid, Spain.,Fundación Renal Íñigo Álvarez de Toledo (FRIAT), Madrid, Spain
| | - Adrián M Ramos
- Laboratory of Nephrology and Vascular Pathology, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz, School of Medicine, Madrid, Spain. .,REDINREN, Madrid, Spain. .,Laboratorio de Patología Renal y Vascular (Investigación, 4° planta), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria-Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Av. Reyes Católicos N°2, CP28040, Madrid, Spain.
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29
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FK506 Attenuates the Inflammation in Rat Spinal Cord Injury by Inhibiting the Activation of NF-κB in Microglia Cells. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2016; 37:843-855. [DOI: 10.1007/s10571-016-0422-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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30
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Kong L, Wu H, Zhou W, Luo M, Tan Y, Miao L, Cai L. Sirtuin 1: A Target for Kidney Diseases. Mol Med 2015; 21:87-97. [PMID: 25587857 DOI: 10.2119/molmed.2014.00211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2014] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) is an evolutionarily conserved NAD(+)-dependent histone deacetylase that is necessary for caloric restriction-related lifespan extension. SIRT1, as an intracellular energy sensor, detects the concentration of intracellular NAD(+) and uses this information to adapt cellular energy output to cellular energy requirements. Previous studies on SIRT1 have confirmed its beneficial effects on cellular immunity to oxidative stress, reduction of fibrosis, suppression of inflammation, inhibition of apoptosis, regulation of metabolism, induction of autophagy and regulation of blood pressure. All of the above biological processes are involved in the pathogenesis of kidney diseases. Therefore, the activation of SIRT1 may become a therapeutic target to improve the clinical outcome of kidney diseases. In this review, we give an overview of SIRT1 and its molecular targets as well as SIRT1-modulated biological processes, with a particular focus on the role of SIRT1 in kidney diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Kong
- Department of Nephrology, the Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China.,Kosair Children's Hospital Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Hao Wu
- Department of Nephrology, the Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China.,Kosair Children's Hospital Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Wenhua Zhou
- Department of Nephrology, the Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Manyu Luo
- Department of Nephrology, the Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China.,Kosair Children's Hospital Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Yi Tan
- Kosair Children's Hospital Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Lining Miao
- Department of Nephrology, the Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Lu Cai
- Kosair Children's Hospital Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
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31
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Ram BM, Ramakrishna G. Endoplasmic reticulum vacuolation and unfolded protein response leading to paraptosis like cell death in cyclosporine A treated cancer cervix cells is mediated by cyclophilin B inhibition. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2014; 1843:2497-512. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2014.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2013] [Revised: 06/10/2014] [Accepted: 06/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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32
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Schmeits PCJ, Schaap MM, Luijten M, van Someren E, Boorsma A, van Loveren H, Peijnenburg AACM, Hendriksen PJM. Detection of the mechanism of immunotoxicity of cyclosporine A in murine in vitro and in vivo models. Arch Toxicol 2014; 89:2325-37. [PMID: 25224403 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-014-1365-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2014] [Accepted: 09/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Transcriptomics in combination with in vitro cell systems is a powerful approach to unravel modes of action of toxicants. An important question is to which extent the modes of action as revealed by transcriptomics depend on cell type, species and study type (in vitro or in vivo). To acquire more insight into this, we assessed the transcriptomic effects of the immunosuppressive drug cyclosporine A (CsA) upon 6 h of exposure of the mouse cytotoxic T cell line CTLL-2, the thymoma EL-4 and primary splenocytes and compared these to the effects in spleens of mice orally treated with CsA for 7 days. EL-4 and CTLL-2 cells showed the highest similarities in response. CsA affected many genes in primary splenocytes that were not affected in EL-4 or CTLL-2. Pathway analysis demonstrated that CsA upregulated the unfolded protein response, endoplasmic reticulum stress and NRF2 activation in EL-4 cells, CTLL-2 cells and primary mouse splenocytes but not in mouse spleen in vivo. As expected, CsA downregulated cell cycle and immune response in splenocytes in vitro, spleens in vivo as well as CTLL-2 in vitro. Genes up- and downregulated in human Jurkat, HepG2 and renal proximal tubular cells were similarly affected in CTLL-2, EL-4 and primary splenocytes in vitro. In conclusion, of the models tested in this study, the known mechanism of immunotoxicity of CsA is best represented in the mouse cytotoxic T cell line CTLL-2. This is likely due to the fact that this cell line is cultured in the presence of a T cell activation stimulant (IL-2) making it more suitable to detect inhibitory effects on T cell activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- P C J Schmeits
- RIKILT Institute of Food Safety, Wageningen University and Research Centre, P.O. Box 230, 6700 AE, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
- Department of Toxicogenomics, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - M M Schaap
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
- Department of Toxicogenetics, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - M Luijten
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
- Department of Toxicogenetics, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - E van Someren
- Department of Toxicogenomics, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Research Group Microbiology and Systems Biology, TNO, P.O. Box 360, 3700 AJ, Zeist, The Netherlands
| | - A Boorsma
- Research Group Microbiology and Systems Biology, TNO, P.O. Box 360, 3700 AJ, Zeist, The Netherlands
| | - H van Loveren
- Department of Toxicogenomics, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - A A C M Peijnenburg
- RIKILT Institute of Food Safety, Wageningen University and Research Centre, P.O. Box 230, 6700 AE, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Toxicogenomics, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - P J M Hendriksen
- RIKILT Institute of Food Safety, Wageningen University and Research Centre, P.O. Box 230, 6700 AE, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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Ming M, Zhao B, Qiang L, He YY. Effect of immunosuppressants tacrolimus and mycophenolate mofetil on the keratinocyte UVB response. Photochem Photobiol 2014; 91:242-7. [PMID: 25039758 DOI: 10.1111/php.12318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2014] [Accepted: 07/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Nonmelanoma skin cancer, derived from epidermal keratinocytes, is the most common malignancy in organ transplant recipients, causes serious morbidity and mortality, and is strongly associated with solar ultraviolet (UV) exposure. Preventing and treating skin cancer in these individuals has been extraordinarily challenging. Following organ transplantation, the immunosuppressants are used to prevent graft rejection. Until now, immunosuppression has been assumed to be the major factor leading to skin cancer in this setting. However, the mechanism of skin carcinogenesis in organ transplant recipients has not been understood to date; specifically, it remains unknown whether these cancers are immunosuppression-dependent or -independent. In particular, it remains poorly understood what is the mechanistic carcinogenic action of the newer generation of immunosuppressants including tacrolimus and mycophenolate mofetil (MMF). Here, we show that tacrolimus and MMF impairs UVB-induced DNA damage repair and apoptosis in human epidermal keratinocytes. In addition, tacrolimus inhibits UVB-induced checkpoint signaling. However, MMF had no effect. Our findings have demonstrated that tacrolimus and MMF compromises proper UVB response in keratinocytes, suggesting an immunosuppression-independent mechanism in the tumor-promoting action of these immunosuppressants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Ming
- Section of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
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Sun S, Guo M, Zhang JB, Ha A, Yokoyama KK, Chiu RH. Cyclophilin A (CypA) interacts with NF-κB subunit, p65/RelA, and contributes to NF-κB activation signaling. PLoS One 2014; 9:e96211. [PMID: 25119989 PMCID: PMC4130471 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0096211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2014] [Accepted: 04/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Peptidyl-prolyl isomerase cyclophilin A (CypA) plays important roles in signaling, protein translocation, inflammation, and cancer formation. However, little is known about the mechanisms by which CypA exerts its effects. C57BL/6 Ppia (encoding CypA)-deficient embryonic fibroblasts show reduced activation of the nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB), the p65/RelA subunit, suggesting that CypA may mediate modulation of NF-κB activity to exert its biological effects. METHODOLOGY Western blotting and qRT-PCR analyses were used to evaluate the association of CypA deficiency with reduced activation of NF-κB/p65 at the protein level. GST pull-down and co-immunoprecipitation were used to examine interactions between CypA and p65/RelA. Truncation mutants and site-directed mutagenesis were used to determine the sequences of p65/RelA required for interactions with CypA. Enhancement of p65/RelA nuclear translocation by CypA was assessed by co-transfection and immunofluorescent imaging. Treatment of cells with cycloheximide that were harvested at various time points for Western blot analyses was carried out to evaluate p65/RelA protein stability. The functional activity of NF-κB was assessed by electrophoretic mobility-shift assays (EMSA), luciferase assays, and changes in expression levels of target genes. RESULTS GST pull-down assays in vitro and co-immunoprecipitation analyses in vivo provided evidence for protein-protein interactions. These interactions were further supported by identification of a CypA-binding consensus-like sequence within NF-κB subunit p65 at the N-terminal 170-176 amino acid residues. Significantly, CypA provided stability for NF-κB p65 and promoted NF-κB p65 nuclear translocation, resulting in increased nuclear accumulation and enhanced NF-κB activity. CONCLUSIONS Our findings revealed important mechanisms that regulate NF-κB activation, and offer new insights into the role of CypA in aberrant activation of NF-κB-mediated signaling for altered expression of its target genes, resulting in pathological effects in various diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Sun
- Dental and Craniofacial Research Institute and School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - Mian Guo
- Dental and Craniofacial Research Institute and School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
- Department of Neurosurgery, the 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilonjiang, China
| | - James Beiji Zhang
- Dental and Craniofacial Research Institute and School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - Albert Ha
- Dental and Craniofacial Research Institute and School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | | | - Robert H. Chiu
- Dental and Craniofacial Research Institute and School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
- Surgical Oncology & Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
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35
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Zhang J, Gong F, Li L, Zhao M, Song J. Pseudomonas aeruginosa quorum-sensing molecule N-(3-oxododecanoyl) homoserine lactone attenuates lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation by activating the unfolded protein response. Biomed Rep 2014; 2:233-238. [PMID: 24649102 DOI: 10.3892/br.2014.225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2013] [Accepted: 01/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
N-3-oxododecanoyl homoserine lactone (3-oxo-C12-HSL), a quorum-sensing signal molecule produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa), is involved in the expression of bacterial virulence factors and in the modulation of host immune responses by directly disrupting nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) signaling and inducing cell apoptosis. The unfolded protein response (UPR) triggered by endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress may suppress inflammatory responses in the later phase by blocking NF-κB activation. It was recently demonstrated that 3-oxo-C12-HSL may induce UPR in human aortic endothelial cells (HAECs). Therefore, 3-oxo-C12-HSL may also inhibit NF-κB activation and suppress inflammatory responses by activating UPR. However, the possible underlying mechanism has not been fully elucidated. Accordingly, we investigated the effects of 3-oxo-C12-HSL on cellular viability, UPR activation, lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced NF-κB activation and inflammatory response in the RAW264.7 mouse macrophage cell line. Treatment with 6.25 μM 3-oxo-C12-HSL was not found to affect the viability of RAW264.7 cells. However, pretreating RAW264.7 cells with 6.25 μM 3-oxo-C12-HSL effectively triggered UPR and increased the expression of UPR target genes, such as CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein β (C/EBP β) and CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein-homologous protein (CHOP). The expression of C/EBP β and CHOP was found to be inversely correlated with LPS-induced NF-κB activation. 3-Oxo-C12-HSL pretreatment was also shown to inhibit LPS-stimulated proinflammatory cytokine production. Hence, 3-oxo-C12-HSL may attenuate LPS-induced inflammation via UPR-mediated NF-κB inhibition without affecting cell viability. This may be another mechanism through which P. aeruginosa evades the host immune system and maintains a persistent infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangguo Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, P.R. China
| | - Fengyun Gong
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Pu'ai Hospital of Wuhan, Wuhan, Hubei 430032, P.R. China
| | - Ling Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, P.R. China
| | - Manzhi Zhao
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, P.R. China
| | - Jianxin Song
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, P.R. China
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Nakajima S, Kitamura M. Bidirectional regulation of NF-κB by reactive oxygen species: a role of unfolded protein response. Free Radic Biol Med 2013; 65:162-174. [PMID: 23792277 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2013.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2013] [Revised: 06/06/2013] [Accepted: 06/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) is a transcription factor that plays a crucial role in coordinating innate and adaptive immunity, inflammation, and apoptotic cell death. NF-κB is activated by various inflammatory stimuli including peptide factors and infectious microbes. It is also known as a redox-sensitive transcription factor activated by reactive oxygen species (ROS). Over the past decades, various investigators focused on the role of ROS in the activation of NF-κB by cytokines and lipopolysaccharides. However, recent studies also suggested that ROS have the potential to repress NF-κB activity. Currently, it is not well addressed how ROS regulate activity of NF-κB in a bidirectional fashion. In this paper, we summarize evidence for positive and negative regulation of NF-κB by ROS, possible redox-sensitive targets for NF-κB signaling, and mechanisms underlying biphasic and bidirectional influences of ROS on NF-κB, especially focusing on a role of ROS-mediated induction of endoplasmic reticulum stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shotaro Nakajima
- Department of Molecular Signaling, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, Shimokato 1110, Chuo, Yamanashi 409-3898, Japan
| | - Masanori Kitamura
- Department of Molecular Signaling, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, Shimokato 1110, Chuo, Yamanashi 409-3898, Japan.
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González-Guerrero C, Ocaña-Salceda C, Berzal S, Carrasco S, Fernández-Fernández B, Cannata-Ortiz P, Egido J, Ortiz A, Ramos AM. Calcineurin inhibitors recruit protein kinases JAK2 and JNK, TLR signaling and the UPR to activate NF-κB-mediated inflammatory responses in kidney tubular cells. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2013; 272:825-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2013.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2013] [Revised: 08/08/2013] [Accepted: 08/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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A screen for apoptotic synergism between clinical relevant nephrotoxicant and the cytokine TNF-α. Toxicol In Vitro 2013; 27:2264-72. [PMID: 24041534 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2013.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2012] [Revised: 07/23/2013] [Accepted: 09/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Nephrotoxicity remains one of the main reasons for post-market drug withdrawal. Tumour necrosis factor α (TNF-α) secretion has been shown to underlie the nephrotoxicity induced by some of these drugs. Yet, there is currently no reliable and sensitive in vitro assay available to screen for nephrotoxicants of which toxicity largely depends on TNF-α secretion. Therefore, we developed and applied a sensitive fluorescence-based in vitro assay for TNF-α-mediated nephrotoxicity screening using mouse immortalized proximal tubular epithelial cells (IM-PTECs). Our assay allows rapid evaluation of TNF-α-mediated toxicant-induced apoptosis and necrosis using fixed endpoint and live cell measurements. To evaluate our assay, sixteen nephrotoxicants and two control non-nephrotoxicants were used. Out of the sixteen nephrotoxicants, eight induced cell death, of which five induced apoptosis as well as necrosis. Moreover, TNF-α significantly enhanced apoptotic cell death induced by cisplatin, cyclosporine A, tacrolimus and azidothymidine. These nephrotoxicants are known to induce inflammation in vivo which has been linked to an enhancement of nephrotoxicity for cisplatin, cyclosporine A and tacrolimus, confirming the functionality of our assay. Overall, our assay allows rapid and sensitive measurement of apoptosis and necrosis induced by a combination of nephrotoxicants and inflammatory components such as TNF-α and can be used as an alternative assay for nephrotoxicity prediction in vitro.
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Turkmen K, Tonbul HZ, Erdur FM, Toker A, Biyik Z, Ozbiner H, Gaipov A, Gul EE, Kayrak M, Solak Y, Ozbek O, Turk S, Covic A. Soluble TWEAK independently predicts atherosclerosis in renal transplant patients. BMC Nephrol 2013; 14:144. [PMID: 23849432 PMCID: PMC3711729 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2369-14-144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2012] [Accepted: 07/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Cardiovascular risk is increased in the early stages of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and also found to be ongoing in renal transplant (Rtx) patients. As a sign of atherosclerosis, increased carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT) has been widely accepted as a strong predictor of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and mortality in CKD patients. A novel markers, soluble tumor necrosis factor-like weak inducer of apoptosis (sTWEAK) and neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) were introduced as potential markers in inflammatory disorders including CKD. The role of Rtx in terms of atherogenesis is still unclear. We aimed to investigate the relationship between sTWEAK, NLR and CIMT in Rtx patients without overt CVD and to compare these results with those obtained from healthy subjects. Methods Cross-sectional analysis in which CIMT measurements, NLR and serum TWEAK levels were assessed in 70 Rtx patients (29 females; mean age, 40.6 ± 12.4 years) and 25 healthy subjects (13 females, mean age; 37.4±8.8 years). Results sTWEAK levels were significantly decreased (p=0.01) and hs-CRP, NLR and CIMT levels of Rtx patients were significantly increased compared to healthy subjects (p<0.0001, p=0.001, p<0.0001, respectively). sTWEAK was also found to be decreased when eGFR was decreased (p=0.04 between all groups). CIMT was positively correlated with sTWEAK and NLR in Rtx patients (r=0.81, p<0.0001 and r=0.33, p=0.006, respectively). sTWEAK was also positively correlated with NLR (r=0.37, p=0.002). In the multivariate analysis only sTWEAK was found to be an independent variable of increased CIMT. Conclusion sTWEAK might have a role in the pathogenesis of ongoing atherosclerosis in Rtx patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kultigin Turkmen
- Department of Nephrology, Erzincan University Mengucek Gazi Training and Reseach Hospital, Erzincan, Turkey.
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Hama T, Nakanishi K, Mukaiyama H, Shima Y, Togawa H, Sako M, Nozu K, Iijima K, Yoshikawa N. Endoplasmic reticulum stress with low-dose cyclosporine in frequently relapsing nephrotic syndrome. Pediatr Nephrol 2013; 28:903-9. [PMID: 23318599 DOI: 10.1007/s00467-012-2403-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2012] [Revised: 11/16/2012] [Accepted: 12/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A possible mechanism of cyclosporine (CsA) nephrotoxicity is tubular apoptosis. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress has been shown to be an apoptosis activator. Glucose-regulated proteins 78 and 94 (GRP78, GRP94, respectively) are ER stress-induced chaperones. Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2α (EIF2α) attenuates protein synthesis. If stress is prolonged, cells undergo apoptosis, inducing the production of GADD153, a transcription factor, which in turn downregulates anti-apoptotic protein B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2). METHODS Endoplasmic reticulum stress-related molecules were evaluated by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using renal biopsy tissues from 17 children with frequently relapsing nephrotic syndrome before and after 2 years of CsA therapy. RESULTS GRP78, GRP94, eIF2α, and Bcl-2 were significantly upregulated in renal biopsy tissues from children 2 years post-CsA treatment. However, there was almost no change in GADD153. Mean ratios of post- to pre-CsA expression of GRP78, GRP94, eIF2α and Bcl-2 were 2.53, 1.80, 2.38 and 1.92, respectively. Post-CsA administration, GRP78 and eIF2α were upregulated by up to sixfold, and GRP94 and Bcl-2 were upregulated by up to fourfold compared with the respective pre-CsA levels. There were significant correlations between GRP78, GRP94, eIF2α, and Bcl-2 levels. These findings suggest that CsA induced an unfolded protein response due to ER stress, but did not cause apoptosis. CONCLUSIONS An unfolded protein response due to ER stress induced by CsA may function in a defensive manner, with less apoptosis occurring under low-dose conditions. This finding is important for the rationale for CsA administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taketsugu Hama
- Department of Pediatrics, Wakayama Medical University, 811-1 Kimiidera, Wakayama 641-8509, Japan
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Nakajima S, Kato H, Gu L, Takahashi S, Johno H, Umezawa K, Kitamura M. Pleiotropic Potential of Dehydroxymethylepoxyquinomicin for NF-κB Suppression via Reactive Oxygen Species and Unfolded Protein Response. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 190:6559-69. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1300155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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The unfolded protein response triggered by environmental factors. Semin Immunopathol 2013; 35:259-75. [PMID: 23553212 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-013-0371-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2012] [Accepted: 03/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and consequent unfolded protein response (UPR) are involved in a diverse range of pathologies including ischemic diseases, neurodegenerative disorders, and metabolic diseases, such as diabetes mellitus. The UPR is also triggered by various environmental factors; e.g., pollutants, infectious pathogens, therapeutic drugs, alcohol, physical stress, and malnutrition. This review summarizes current knowledge on environmental factors that induce ER stress and describes how the UPR is linked to particular pathological states after exposure to environmental triggers.
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Ho HJ, Huang DY, Ho FM, Lee LT, Lin WW. Inhibition of lipopolysaccharide-induced inducible nitric oxide synthase expression by endoplasmic reticulum stress. Cell Signal 2012; 24:2166-78. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2012.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2012] [Revised: 07/20/2012] [Accepted: 07/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Altieri DC. Hsp90 regulation of mitochondrial protein folding: from organelle integrity to cellular homeostasis. Cell Mol Life Sci 2012; 70:2463-72. [PMID: 23052217 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-012-1177-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2012] [Revised: 08/27/2012] [Accepted: 09/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Although essential for energy production and cell fate decisions, the mechanisms that govern protein homeostasis, or proteostasis, in mitochondria are only recently beginning to emerge. Fresh experimental evidence has uncovered a role of molecular chaperones of the heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) family in overseeing the protein folding environment in mitochondria. Initially implicated in protection against cell death, there is now evidence that Hsp90-directed protein quality control in mitochondria connects to hosts of cellular homeostatic networks that become prominently exploited in human cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dario C Altieri
- Prostate Cancer Discovery and Development Program, The Wistar Institute Cancer Center, 3601 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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Su L, Ji J, Bian J, Fu Y, Ge Y, Yuan Z. Tacrolimus (FK506) prevents early retinal neovascularization in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice. Int Immunopharmacol 2012; 14:606-12. [PMID: 23032068 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2012.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2012] [Revised: 08/28/2012] [Accepted: 09/17/2012] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy is a complex disease that has potential involvement of inflammatory in its pathogenesis. We hypothesized that tacrolimus (FK506), one of the potent immunosuppressive agent, could be effective against diabetic retinopathy, which involves significant inflammation. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of FK506 in early retinal changes of streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice. The effect of FK506 treatment (10 μg per eye for one week) was evaluated by TNF-a, VEGF, iNOS and COX-2 protein levels measurement, neovascularization, and the activation of NF-kB in the retina. Increased amounts of cytokines, neovascularization, inflammatory markers and activation of NF-kB were observed in retina from diabetic mice. FK506 treatment significantly lowered retinal TNF-a, VEGF, iNOS and COX-2. Further, treatment with FK506 significantly suppressed diabetes-related neovascularization, as well as the activation of NF-kB. These data demonstrated that FK506 attenuates the degree of retinal inflammation and preserving the neovascularization in early diabetic mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Landi Su
- Medicine Division, Yangzhou Vocational College of Environment Resources, Yangzhou 225127, China
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Subtilase cytotoxin enhances Escherichia coli survival in macrophages by suppression of nitric oxide production through the inhibition of NF-κB activation. Infect Immun 2012; 80:3939-51. [PMID: 22949549 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00581-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Subtilase cytotoxin (SubAB), which is produced by certain strains of Shiga-toxigenic Escherichia coli (STEC), cleaves an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) chaperone, BiP/Grp78, leading to induction of ER stress and caspase-dependent apoptosis. SubAB alters the innate immune response. SubAB pretreatment of macrophages inhibited lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced production of both monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1) and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α). We investigated here the mechanism by which SubAB inhibits nitric oxide (NO) production by mouse macrophages. SubAB suppressed LPS-induced NO production through inhibition of inducible NO synthase (iNOS) mRNA and protein expression. Further, SubAB inhibited LPS-induced IκB-α phosphorylation and nuclear localization of the nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) p65/p50 heterodimer. Reporter gene and chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assays revealed that SubAB reduced LPS-induced NF-κB p65/p50 heterodimer binding to an NF-κB binding site on the iNOS promoter. In contrast to the native toxin, a catalytically inactivated SubAB mutant slightly enhanced LPS-induced iNOS expression and binding of NF-κB subunits to the iNOS promoter. The SubAB effect on LPS-induced iNOS expression was significantly reduced in macrophages from NF-κB1 (p50)-deficient mice, which lacked a DNA-binding subunit of the p65/p50 heterodimer, suggesting that p50 was involved in SubAB-mediated inhibition of iNOS expression. Treatment of macrophages with an NOS inhibitor or expression of SubAB by E. coli increased E. coli survival in macrophages, suggesting that NO generated by macrophages resulted in efficient killing of the bacteria and SubAB contributed to E. coli survival in macrophages. Thus, we hypothesize that SubAB might represent a novel bacterial strategy to circumvent host defense during STEC infection.
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Kitahara K, Kusunoki N, Takahashi H, Tsuchiya K, Kawai S. Tacrolimus down-regulates chemokine expressions on rheumatoid synovial fibroblasts: screening by a DNA microarray. Inflamm Res 2012; 61:1385-94. [DOI: 10.1007/s00011-012-0541-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2012] [Revised: 06/16/2012] [Accepted: 07/25/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
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Siegelin MD. Utilization of the cellular stress response to sensitize cancer cells to TRAIL-mediated apoptosis. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2012; 16:801-17. [PMID: 22762543 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2012.703655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis inducing ligand (TRAIL) is a promising death ligand who has received significant attention due to its specific anti-cancer activity. Recently, a number of clinical trials involving either recombinant soluble TRAIL or agonistic death receptor (DR) antibodies have even been initiated. One major caveat in TRAIL-based anti-cancer therapies is that a considerable number of cancer cells are notorious resistant to apoptosis induction by TRAIL. Overcoming this primary or secondary evolved resistance is an utmost important goal of present cancer research. The current literature suggests that TRAIL resistance is mediated by a number of endogenous factors. AREAS COVERED According to recent research, stress-related transcription factors have acquired a pivotal role in the sensitization of highly resistant cancer cells, for example, pancreatic cancer and glioblastoma cells, to TRAIL-mediated cell death. Out of this transcription factor family, C/EBP-homologous protein (CHOP) is linked to the control of DR-mediated apoptosis by modulation of several apoptotic and anti-apoptotic factors. Stress responses in certain organelles, such as endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and mitochondria, are potent inductors of CHOP expression. This report focuses on the influence of stress responses on endogenous or acquired resistance to extrinsic apoptosis in tumor cells and summarizes recent findings and results. The Medline and ClinicalTrials database with key words were used for this review. EXPERT OPINION A potential novel treatment strategy for highly treatment-resistant tumors is the induction of a cellular stress response in cancer cells. The induction of an organelle-related stress response, such as nuclear, ER and mitochondrial stress, leads to a dramatic sensitization of a broad variety of cancer cells of different tumor entities to the apoptotic ligand, TRAIL. Importantly, non-neoplastic cells are not sensitized to TRAIL-mediated cell death through the unfolded protein response in most instances, suggesting that this treatment is not only of high efficacy, but even more less of unwanted toxicity in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus David Siegelin
- Department of Pathology & Cell Biology, Columbia University College of Physicians & Surgeons, 630 W. 168th Street, VC14-239, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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Lhoták S, Sood S, Brimble E, Carlisle RE, Colgan SM, Mazzetti A, Dickhout JG, Ingram AJ, Austin RC. ER stress contributes to renal proximal tubule injury by increasing SREBP-2-mediated lipid accumulation and apoptotic cell death. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2012; 303:F266-78. [PMID: 22573382 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00482.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Renal proximal tubule injury is induced by agents/conditions known to cause endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, including cyclosporine A (CsA), an immunosuppressant drug with nephrotoxic effects. However, the underlying mechanism by which ER stress contributes to proximal tubule cell injury is not well understood. In this study, we report lipid accumulation, sterol regulatory element-binding protein-2 (SREBP-2) expression, and ER stress in proximal tubules of kidneys from mice treated with the classic ER stressor tunicamycin (Tm) or in human renal biopsy specimens showing CsA-induced nephrotoxicity. Colocalization of ER stress markers [78-kDa glucose regulated protein (GRP78), CHOP] with SREBP-2 expression and lipid accumulation was prominent within the proximal tubule cells exposed to Tm or CsA. Prolonged ER stress resulted in increased apoptotic cell death of lipid-enriched proximal tubule cells with colocalization of GRP78, SREBP-2, and Ca(2+)-independent phospholipase A(2) (iPLA(2)β), an SREBP-2 inducible gene with proapoptotic characteristics. In cultured HK-2 human proximal tubule cells, CsA- and Tm-induced ER stress caused lipid accumulation and SREBP-2 activation. Furthermore, overexpression of SREBP-2 or activation of endogenous SREBP-2 in HK-2 cells stimulated apoptosis. Inhibition of SREBP-2 activation with the site-1-serine protease inhibitor AEBSF prevented ER stress-induced lipid accumulation and apoptosis. Overexpression of the ER-resident chaperone GRP78 attenuated ER stress and inhibited CsA-induced SREBP-2 expression and lipid accumulation. In summary, our findings suggest that ER stress-induced SREBP-2 activation contributes to renal proximal tubule cell injury by dysregulating lipid homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sárka Lhoták
- Hamilton Centre for Kidney Research, St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, 50 Charlton Ave. East, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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Elloumi HZ, Maharshak N, Rao KN, Kobayashi T, Ryu HS, Mühlbauer M, Li F, Jobin C, Plevy SE. A cell permeable peptide inhibitor of NFAT inhibits macrophage cytokine expression and ameliorates experimental colitis. PLoS One 2012; 7:e34172. [PMID: 22479554 PMCID: PMC3313977 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0034172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2011] [Accepted: 02/28/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT) plays a critical role in the development and function of immune and non-immune cells. Although NFAT is a central transcriptional regulator of T cell cytokines, its role in macrophage specific gene expression is less defined. Previous work from our group demonstrated that NFAT regulates Il12b gene expression in macrophages. Here, we further investigate NFAT function in murine macrophages and determined the effects of a cell permeable NFAT inhibitor peptide 11R-VIVIT on experimental colitis in mice. Treatment of bone marrow derived macrophages (BMDMs) with tacrolimus or 11R-VIVIT significantly inhibited LPS and LPS plus IFN-γ induced IL-12 p40 mRNA and protein expression. IL-12 p70 and IL-23 secretion were also decreased. NFAT nuclear translocation and binding to the IL-12 p40 promoter was reduced by NFAT inhibition. Experiments in BMDMs from IL-10 deficient (Il10−/−) mice demonstrate that inhibition of IL-12 expression by 11R-VIVIT was independent of IL-10 expression. To test its therapeutic potential, 11R-VIVIT was administered systemically to Il10−/− mice with piroxicam-induced colitis. 11R-VIVIT treated mice demonstrated significant improvement in colitis compared to mice treated with an inactive peptide. Moreover, decreased spontaneous secretion of IL-12 p40 and TNF in supernatants from colon explant cultures was demonstrated. In summary, NFAT, widely recognized for its role in T cell biology, also regulates important innate inflammatory pathways in macrophages. Selective blocking of NFAT via a cell permeable inhibitory peptide is a promising therapeutic strategy for the treatment of inflammatory bowel diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Houda Z. Elloumi
- Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Diseases, Departments of Medicine and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Nitsan Maharshak
- Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Diseases, Departments of Medicine and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Kavitha N. Rao
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Taku Kobayashi
- Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Diseases, Departments of Medicine and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Hyungjin S. Ryu
- Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Diseases, Departments of Medicine and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Marcus Mühlbauer
- Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Diseases, Departments of Medicine and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Fengling Li
- Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Diseases, Departments of Medicine and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Christian Jobin
- Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Diseases, Departments of Medicine and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Scott E. Plevy
- Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Diseases, Departments of Medicine and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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