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He Y, Wang Y, He R, Abdelsalam AM, Zhong G. IL-23 receptor signaling licenses group 3-like innate lymphoid cells to restrict a live-attenuated oral Chlamydia vaccine in the gut. Infect Immun 2023; 91:e0037123. [PMID: 37850749 PMCID: PMC10652955 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00371-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023] Open
Abstract
An IFNγ-susceptible mutant of Chlamydia muridarum is attenuated in pathogenicity in the genital tract and was recently licensed as an intracellular Oral vaccine vector or intrOv. Oral delivery of intrOv induces transmucosal protection in the genital tract, but intrOv itself is cleared from the gut (without shedding any infectious particles externally) by IFNγ from group 3-like innate lymphoid cells (ILC3s). We further characterized the intrOv interactions with ILC3s in the current study, since the interactions may impact both the safety and efficacy of intrOv as an oral Chlamydia vaccine. Intracolonic inoculation with intrOv induced IFNγ that in return inhibited intrOv. The intrOv-IFNγ interactions were dependent on RORγt, a signature transcriptional factor of ILC3s. Consistently, the transfer of oral intrOv-induced ILC3s from RORγt-GFP reporter mice to IFNγ-deficient mice rescued the inhibition of intrOv. Thus, IFNγ produced by intrOv-induced ILC3s is likely responsible for inhibiting intrOv, which is further supported by the observation that oral intrOv did induce significant levels of IFNγ-producing LC3s (IFNγ+ILC3s). Interestingly, IL-23 receptor knockout (IL-23R-/-) mice no longer inhibited intrOv, which was accompanied by reduced colonic IFNγ. Transfer of oral intrOv-induced ILC3s rescued the IL-23R-/- mice to inhibit intrOv, validating the dependence of ILC3s on IL-23R signaling for inhibiting intrOv. Clearly, intrOv induces intestinal IFNγ+ILC3s for its own inhibition in the gut, which is facilitated by IL-23R signaling. These findings have provided a mechanism for ensuring the safety of intrOv as an oral Chlamydia vaccine and a platform for investigating how oral intrOv induces transmucosal protection in the genital tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying He
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Department of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yihui Wang
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Rongze He
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Ahmed Mohamed Abdelsalam
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Guangming Zhong
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
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Shao S, Zhou D, Feng J, Liu Y, Baturuhu, Yin H, Zhan D. Regulation of inflammation and immunity in sepsis by E3 ligases. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1124334. [PMID: 37465127 PMCID: PMC10351979 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1124334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Sepsis is a life-threatening organ dysfunction caused by an abnormal infection-induced immune response. Despite significant advances in supportive care, sepsis remains a considerable therapeutic challenge and is the leading cause of death in the intensive care unit (ICU). Sepsis is characterized by initial hyper-inflammation and late immunosuppression. Therefore, immune-modulatory therapies have great potential for novel sepsis therapies. Ubiquitination is an essential post-translational protein modification, which has been known to be intimately involved in innate and adaptive immune responses. Several E3 ubiquitin ligases have been implicated in innate immune signaling and T-cell activation and differentiation. In this article, we review the current literature and discuss the role of E3 ligases in the regulation of immune response and their effects on the course of sepsis to provide insights into the prevention and therapy for sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shasha Shao
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Daixing Zhou
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jun Feng
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yanyan Liu
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Department, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Baturuhu
- Department of Neurosurgery Intensive Care Unit (ICU), People’s Hospital of Bortala Mongol Autonomous Prefecture, Bole, China
| | - Huimei Yin
- Department of Emergency Medicine, People’s Hospital of Bortala Mongol Autonomous Prefecture, Bole, China
| | - Daqian Zhan
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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Wang Y, He R, Winner H, Gauduin MC, Zhang N, He C, Zhong G. Induction of Transmucosal Protection by Oral Vaccination with an Attenuated Chlamydia. Infect Immun 2023; 91:e0004323. [PMID: 37036335 PMCID: PMC10187116 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00043-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Chlamydia muridarum has been used to study chlamydial pathogenesis because it induces mice to develop hydrosalpinx, a pathology observed in C. trachomatis-infected women. We identified a C. muridarum mutant that is no longer able to induce hydrosalpinx. In the current study, we evaluated the mutant as an attenuated vaccine. Following an intravaginal immunization with the mutant, mice were protected from hydrosalpinx induced by wild-type C. muridarum. However, the mutant itself productively colonized the mouse genital tract and produced infectious organisms in vaginal swabs. Nevertheless, the mutant failed to produce infectious shedding in the rectal swabs following an oral inoculation. Importantly, mice orally inoculated with the mutant mounted transmucosal immunity against challenge infection of wild-type C. muridarum in the genital tract. The protection was detected as early as day 3 following the genital challenge infection and the orally immunized mice were protected from any significant pathology in the upper genital tract. However, the same orally immunized mice failed to prevent the colonization of wild-type C. muridarum in the gastrointestinal tract. The transmucosal immunity induced by the oral mutant was further validated in the airway. The orally vaccinated mice were protected from both lung infection and systemic toxicity caused by intranasally inoculated wild-type C. muridarum although the same mice still permitted the gastrointestinal colonization by the wild-type C. muridarum. These observations suggest that the mutant C. muridarum may be developed into an intracellular oral vaccine vector (or IntrOv) for selectively inducing transmucosal immunity in extra-gut tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Rongze He
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Halah Winner
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Marie-Claire Gauduin
- Department of Virology, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Nu Zhang
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Cheng He
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Guangming Zhong
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, Texas, USA
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Wang Y, He R, Winner H, Gauduin MC, Zhang N, He C, Zhong G. Induction of transmucosal protection by oral vaccination with an attenuated Chlamydia. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.01.30.526385. [PMID: 36778293 PMCID: PMC9915634 DOI: 10.1101/2023.01.30.526385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/15/2023]
Abstract
Chlamydia muridarum has been used to study chlamydial pathogenesis since it induces mice to develop hydrosalpinx, a pathology observed in C. trachomatis -infected women. We identified a C. muridarum mutant that is no longer able to induce hydrosalpinx. In the current study, we evaluated the mutant as an attenuated vaccine. Following an intravaginal immunization with the mutant, mice were protected from hydrosalpinx induced by wild type C. muridarum . However, the mutant itself productively colonized the mouse genital tract and produced infectious organisms in vaginal swabs. Nevertheless, the mutant failed to produce infectious shedding in the rectal swabs following an oral inoculation. Importantly, mice orally inoculated with the mutant mounted transmucosal immunity against challenge infection of wild type C. muridarum in the genital tract. The protection was detected as early as day 3 following the challenge infection and the immunized mice were protected from any significant pathology in the upper genital tract. However, the same orally immunized mice failed to prevent the colonization of wild type C. muridarum in the gastrointestinal tract. The transmucosal immunity induced by the oral mutant was further validated in the airway. The orally vaccinated mice were protected from both lung infection and systemic toxicity caused by intranasally inoculated wild type C. muridarum although the same mice still permitted the gastrointestinal colonization by the wild type C. muridarum . These observations suggest that the mutant C. muridarum may be developed into an intr acellular o ral v accine vector (or IntrOv) for selectively inducing transmucosal immunity in extra-gut tissues.
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Hu L, Man S, Ji X, Wang Y, Liu X, Zhang J, Song C, Zhu J, Huang F. Risk of infections of biological and targeted drugs in patients with spondyloarthritis: meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Chin Med J (Engl) 2022; 135:911-919. [PMID: 35730370 PMCID: PMC9276457 DOI: 10.1097/cm9.0000000000001928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Concerns exist regarding the risk of infections in patients with spondyloarthritis (SpA) treated with biologics. We assessed the risk of infections of biological and targeted drugs in patients with SpA by performing a meta-analysis based on randomized controlled trials (RCTs). METHODS A systematic literature search was conducted in PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, the Cochrane Library, and China Biology Medicine Disc for RCTs evaluating the risk of infections of biological therapy in patients with SpA from inception through August 9, 2021. We calculated a pooled Peto odds ratio (OR) for infections in biologics-treated patients vs. placebo patients. The risk of bias on the included RCTs was assessed by using the Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool. RESULTS In total, 62 studies were included in this meta-analysis. Overall, the risk of infection (Peto OR: 1.16, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.07-1.26, P < 0.001), serious infection (Peto OR: 1.65, 95% CI: 1.26-2.17, P < 0.001), upper respiratory tract infection (URTI) (Peto OR: 1.17, 95% CI: 1.04-1.32, P = 0.008), nasopharyngitis (Peto OR: 1.25, 95% CI: 1.10-1.42, P < 0.001), and Candida infection (Peto OR: 2.64, 95% CI: 1.48-4.71, P = 0.001) were increased in SpA patients treated with biologics compared with placebo. Sensitivity analysis based on biologics classes was conducted, and results demonstrated that compared with placebo, there was a higher risk of infection for tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-a inhibitors (Peto OR: 1.38, 95% CI: 1.13-1.68, P = 0.001) and interleukin (IL)-17 inhibitors (Peto OR: 1.55, 95% CI: 1.08-2.22, P = 0.018) in axial SpA, and for Janus kinase inhibitors in peripheral SpA (Peto OR: 1.39, 95% CI: 1.14-1.69, P = 0.001); higher risk of serious infection for IL-17 inhibitors in peripheral SpA (Peto OR: 3.46, 95% CI: 1.26-9.55, P = 0.016) and axial SpA (Peto OR: 2.01, 95% CI: 1.38-2.91, P < 0.001); higher risk of URTI for TNF-a inhibitors in axial SpA (Peto OR: 1.37, 95% CI: 1.05-1.78, P = 0.019), and for apremilast in peripheral SpA (Peto OR: 1.60, 95% CI: 1.08-2.36, P = 0.018); higher risk of nasopharyngitis for TNF-a inhibitors in axial SpA (Peto OR: 1.41, 95% CI: 1.05-1.90, P = 0.022) and peripheral SpA (Peto OR: 1.49, 95% CI: 1.09-2.05, P = 0.013), and for IL-17 inhibitors in axial SpA (Peto OR: 1.35, 95% CI: 1.01-1.82, P = 0.044); higher risk of herpes zoster for Janus kinase inhibitors in peripheral SpA (Peto OR: 2.18, 95% CI: 1.03-4.62, P = 0.043); higher risk of Candida infection for IL-17 inhibitors in peripheral SpA (Peto OR: 2.52, 95% CI: 1.31-4.84, P = 0.006). CONCLUSIONS This meta-analysis shows that biological therapy in patients with SpA may increase the risk of infections, including serious infections, URTI, nasopharyngitis, and Candida infection, which should be paid attention to in our clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidong Hu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Siliang Man
- Department of Rheumatology, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, Beijing 100035, China
| | - Xiaojian Ji
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Yiwen Wang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Xingkang Liu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Jiaxin Zhang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Chuan Song
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Jian Zhu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Feng Huang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
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6
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Bagri P, Anipindi VC, Kaushic C. The Role of IL-17 During Infections in the Female Reproductive Tract. Front Immunol 2022; 13:861444. [PMID: 35493460 PMCID: PMC9046847 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.861444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-17 (IL-17A) is a cytokine involved in a complex array of both protective and detrimental processes. Although early biological studies focused on the pro-inflammatory function of IL-17 in the context of autoimmune and inflammatory disorders, it has become increasingly evident that the roles of IL-17 are far more nuanced. Recent work has demonstrated that the functions of IL-17 are highly context- and tissue-dependent, and there is a fine balance between the pathogenic and protective functions of IL-17. This is especially evident in mucosal tissues such as the female reproductive tract, where IL-17 has been shown to play an important role in the immune response generated during fungal, bacterial and viral infections associated with protection, but also with inflammation. In this review, we discuss the evolving landscape of IL-17 biology within the context of the vaginal mucosa, focusing on key findings that highlight the importance of this cytokine in genital mucosal immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Puja Bagri
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Varun C. Anipindi
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Charu Kaushic
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- *Correspondence: Charu Kaushic,
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Th1 cells are dispensable for primary clearance of Chlamydia from the female reproductive tract of mice. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010333. [PMID: 35196366 PMCID: PMC8901068 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Protective immune responses to Chlamydia infection within the female reproductive tract (FRT) are incompletely understood. MHC class II-restricted CD4 Th1 responses are believed to be vital for bacterial clearance due to their capacity to secrete IFN-γ, but an essential requirement for T-bet-expressing Th1 cells has yet to be demonstrated in the mouse model of Chlamydia infection. Here, we investigated the role of T-bet and IFN-γ in primary clearance of Chlamydia after FRT infection. Surprisingly, IFN-γ producing CD4 T cells from the FRT expressed low levels of T-bet throughout infection, suggesting that classical T-bet-expressing Th1 cells are inefficiently generated and therefore unlikely to participate in bacteria clearance. Furthermore, mice deficient in T-bet expression or with a CD4-specific T-bet deficiency cleared FRT infection similarly to wild-type controls. T-bet-deficient mice displayed significant skewing of FRT CD4 T cells towards Th17 responses, demonstrating that compensatory effector pathways are generated in the absence of Th1 cells. In marked contrast, IFN-γ-, and IFN-γR-deficient mice were able to reduce FRT bacterial burdens, but suffered systemic bacterial dissemination and 100% mortality. Together, these data demonstrate that IFN-γ signaling is essential to protect mice from fatal systemic disease, but that classical T-bet-expressing Th1 cells are non-essential for primary clearance within the FRT. Exploring the protective contribution of Th1 cells versus other CD4 effector lineages could provide important information for the generation of new Chlamydia vaccines. The production of IFN-γ by CD4 Th1 cells is thought to be critical for the clearance of Chlamydia from the female reproductive tract (FRT), but this has not been formally tested. Here we demonstrate that T-bet+ Th1 cells are not essential for effective Chlamydia clearance. Furthermore, the impact of IFN-γ deficiency or depletion is largely observed as a failure to control bacterial dissemination, rather than clearance from the FRT. Together, these data suggest that different immunological mechanisms are responsible for restraining systemic spread of bacteria versus FRT control. Defining alternative non-Th1 CD4 effector mechanisms that are responsible for controlling Chlamydia replication within the FRT could be foundational for future vaccine development.
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Nedeva C. Inflammation and Cell Death of the Innate and Adaptive Immune System during Sepsis. Biomolecules 2021; 11:1011. [PMID: 34356636 PMCID: PMC8301842 DOI: 10.3390/biom11071011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Sepsis is a life-threatening medical condition that occurs when the host has an uncontrolled or abnormal immune response to overwhelming infection. It is now widely accepted that sepsis occurs in two concurrent phases, which consist of an initial immune activation phase followed by a chronic immunosuppressive phase, leading to immune cell death. Depending on the severity of the disease and the pathogen involved, the hosts immune system may not fully recover, leading to ongoing complications proceeding the initial infection. As such, sepsis remains one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality world-wide, with treatment options limited to general treatment in intensive care units (ICU). Lack of specific treatments available for sepsis is mostly due to our limited knowledge of the immuno-physiology associated with the disease. This review will provide a comprehensive overview of the mechanisms and cell types involved in eliciting infection-induced immune activation from both the innate and adaptive immune system during sepsis. In addition, the mechanisms leading to immune cell death following hyperactivation of immune cells will be explored. The evaluation and better understanding of the cellular and systemic responses leading to disease onset could eventuate into the development of much needed therapies to combat this unrelenting disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Nedeva
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia
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Chen J, Yang S, Li W, Yu W, Fan Z, Wang M, Feng Z, Tong C, Song B, Ma J, Cui Y. IL-17A Secreted by Th17 Cells Is Essential for the Host against Streptococcus agalactiae Infections. J Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 31:667-675. [PMID: 33879639 PMCID: PMC9706036 DOI: 10.4014/jmb.2103.03053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Streptococcus agalactiae is an important bacterial pathogen and causative agent of diseases including neonatal sepsis and meningitis, as well as infections in healthy adults and pregnant women. Although antibiotic treatments effectively relieve symptoms, the emergence and transmission of multidrug-resistant strains indicate the need for an effective immunotherapy. Effector T helper (Th) 17 cells are a relatively newly discovered subpopulation of helper CD4+ T lymphocytes, and which, by expressing interleukin (IL)-17A, play crucial roles in host defenses against a variety of pathogens, including bacteria and viruses. However, whether S. agalactiae infection can induce the differentiation of CD4+ T cells into Th17 cells, and whether IL-17A can play an effective role against S. agalactiae infections, are still unclear. In this study, we analyzed the responses of CD4+ T cells and their defensive effects after S. agalactiae infection. The results showed that S. agalactiae infection induces not only the formation of Th1 cells expressing interferon (IFN)-γ, but also the differentiation of mouse splenic CD4+ T cells into Th17 cells, which highly express IL-17A. In addition, the bacterial load of S. agalactiae was significantly increased and decreased in organs as determined by antibody neutralization and IL-17A addition experiments, respectively. The results confirmed that IL-17A is required by the host to defend against S. agalactiae and that it plays an important role in effectively eliminating S. agalactiae. Our findings therefore prompt us to adopt effective methods to regulate the expression of IL-17A as a potent strategy for the prevention and treatment of S. agalactiae infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Chen
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, P.R. China,College of Life Science and Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, P.R. China
| | - Siyu Yang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, P.R. China
| | - Wanyu Li
- College of Life Science and Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, P.R. China
| | - Wei Yu
- College of Life Science and Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, P.R. China
| | - Zhaowei Fan
- College of Life Science and Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, P.R. China
| | - Mengyao Wang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, P.R. China
| | - Zhenyue Feng
- College of Life Science and Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, P.R. China
| | - Chunyu Tong
- College of Life Science and Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, P.R. China
| | - Baifen Song
- College of Life Science and Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, P.R. China
| | - Jinzhu Ma
- College of Life Science and Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, P.R. China
| | - Yudong Cui
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, P.R. China,College of Life Science and Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, P.R. China,Corresponding author Phone: +13836962508 Fax: +0459-6031177 E-mail:
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Xiang W, Yu N, Lei A, Li X, Tan S, Huang L, Zhou Z. Insights Into Host Cell Cytokines in Chlamydia Infection. Front Immunol 2021; 12:639834. [PMID: 34093528 PMCID: PMC8176227 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.639834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Chlamydial infection causes a number of clinically relevant diseases and induces significant morbidity in humans. Immune and inflammatory responses contribute to both the clearance of Chlamydia infection and pathology in host tissues. Chlamydia infection stimulates host cells to produce a large number of cytokines that trigger and regulate host immune responses against Chlamydia. However, inappropriate responses can occur with excessive production of cytokines, resulting in overreactive inflammatory responses and alterations in host or Chlamydia metabolism. As a result, Chlamydia persists and causes wound healing delays, leading to more severe tissue damage and triggering long-lasting fibrotic sequelae. Here, we summarize the roles of cytokines in Chlamydia infection and pathogenesis, thus advancing our understanding chlamydial infection biology and the pathogenic mechanisms involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Xiang
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Hengyang Medical College, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Nanyan Yu
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Hengyang Medical College, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Aihua Lei
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Hengyang Medical College, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Xiaofang Li
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Hengyang Medical College, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Shui Tan
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Hengyang Medical College, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Lijun Huang
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Hengyang Medical College, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang, China.,Nanyue Biopharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Hunan Province Innovative Training Base for Postgraduates, University of South China and Nanyue Biopharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Hengyang, China
| | - Zhou Zhou
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Hengyang Medical College, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang, China
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11
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Zha X, Yang S, Niu W, Tan L, Xu Y, Zeng J, Tang Y, Sun L, Pang G, Qiao S, Zhang H, Liu T, Zhao H, Zheng N, Zhang Y, Bai H. IL-27/IL-27R Mediates Protective Immunity against Chlamydial Infection by Suppressing Excessive Th17 Responses and Reducing Neutrophil Inflammation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 206:2160-2169. [PMID: 33863788 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2000957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
IL-27, a heterodimeric cytokine of the IL-12 family, has diverse influences on the development of multiple inflammatory diseases. In this study, we identified the protective role of IL-27/IL-27R in host defense against Chlamydia muridarum respiratory infection and further investigated the immunological mechanism. Our results showed that IL-27 was involved in C. muridarum infection and that IL-27R knockout mice (WSX-1-/- mice) suffered more severe disease, with greater body weight loss, higher chlamydial loads, and more severe inflammatory reactions in the lungs than C57BL/6 wild-type mice. There were excessive IL-17-producing CD4+ T cells and many more neutrophils, neutrophil-related proteins, cytokines, and chemokines in the lungs of WSX-1-/- mice than in wild-type mice following C. muridarum infection. In addition, IL-17/IL-17A-blocking Ab treatment improved disease after C. muridarum infection in WSX-1-/- mice. Overall, we conclude that IL-27/IL-27R mediates protective immunity during chlamydial respiratory infection in mice by suppressing excessive Th17 responses and reducing neutrophil inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Zha
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Key Laboratory of Educational Ministry of China, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuaini Yang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Key Laboratory of Educational Ministry of China, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenhao Niu
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Key Laboratory of Educational Ministry of China, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Lu Tan
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Key Laboratory of Educational Ministry of China, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Yueyue Xu
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Key Laboratory of Educational Ministry of China, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiajia Zeng
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Key Laboratory of Educational Ministry of China, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Yingying Tang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Key Laboratory of Educational Ministry of China, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Lida Sun
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Key Laboratory of Educational Ministry of China, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Gaoju Pang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Key Laboratory of Educational Ministry of China, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Sai Qiao
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Key Laboratory of Educational Ministry of China, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong Zhang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Key Laboratory of Educational Ministry of China, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Tengli Liu
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Key Laboratory of Educational Ministry of China, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Huili Zhao
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Key Laboratory of Educational Ministry of China, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Ningbo Zheng
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Key Laboratory of Educational Ministry of China, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongci Zhang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Key Laboratory of Educational Ministry of China, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong Bai
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Key Laboratory of Educational Ministry of China, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
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12
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Sahu R, Dixit S, Verma R, Duncan SA, Smith L, Giambartolomei GH, Singh SR, Dennis VA. Encapsulation of Recombinant MOMP in Extended-Releasing PLGA 85:15 Nanoparticles Confer Protective Immunity Against a Chlamydia muridarum Genital Challenge and Re-Challenge. Front Immunol 2021; 12:660932. [PMID: 33936096 PMCID: PMC8081181 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.660932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently we reported the immune-potentiating capacity of a Chlamydia nanovaccine (PLGA-rMOMP) comprising rMOMP (recombinant major outer membrane protein) encapsulated in extended-releasing PLGA [poly (D, L-lactide-co-glycolide) (85:15)] nanoparticles. Here we hypothesized that PLGA-rMOMP would bolster immune-effector mechanisms to confer protective efficacy in mice against a Chlamydia muridarum genital challenge and re-challenge. Female BALB/c mice received three immunizations, either subcutaneously (SC) or intranasally (IN), before receiving an intravaginal challenge with C. muridarum on day 49 and a re-challenge on day 170. Both the SC and IN immunization routes protected mice against genital challenge with enhanced protection after a re-challenge, especially in the SC mice. The nanovaccine induced robust antigen-specific Th1 (IFN-γ, IL-2) and IL-17 cytokines plus CD4+ proliferating T-cells and memory (CD44high CD62Lhigh) and effector (CD44high CD62Llow) phenotypes in immunized mice. Parallel induction of antigen-specific systemic and mucosal Th1 (IgG2a, IgG2b), Th2 (IgG1), and IgA antibodies were also noted. Importantly, immunized mice produced highly functional Th1 avidity and serum antibodies that neutralized C. muridarum infectivity of McCoy fibroblasts in-vitro that correlated with their respective protection levels. The SC, rather than the IN immunization route, triggered higher cellular and humoral immune effectors that improved mice protection against genital C. muridarum. We report for the first time that the extended-releasing PLGA 85:15 encapsulated rMOMP nanovaccine confers protective immunity in mice against genital Chlamydia and advances the potential towards acquiring a nano-based Chlamydia vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajnish Sahu
- Center for NanoBiotechnology Research, Department of Biological Sciences, Alabama State University, Montgomery, AL, United States
| | - Saurabh Dixit
- Center for NanoBiotechnology Research, Department of Biological Sciences, Alabama State University, Montgomery, AL, United States
| | - Richa Verma
- Center for NanoBiotechnology Research, Department of Biological Sciences, Alabama State University, Montgomery, AL, United States
| | - Skyla A. Duncan
- Center for NanoBiotechnology Research, Department of Biological Sciences, Alabama State University, Montgomery, AL, United States
| | - Lula Smith
- Center for NanoBiotechnology Research, Department of Biological Sciences, Alabama State University, Montgomery, AL, United States
| | - Guillermo H. Giambartolomei
- Instituto de Inmunología, Genética y Metabolismo (INIGEM), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Shree R. Singh
- Center for NanoBiotechnology Research, Department of Biological Sciences, Alabama State University, Montgomery, AL, United States
| | - Vida A. Dennis
- Center for NanoBiotechnology Research, Department of Biological Sciences, Alabama State University, Montgomery, AL, United States
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13
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Niu W, Xu Y, Zha X, Zeng J, Qiao S, Yang S, Zhang H, Tan L, Sun L, Pang G, Liu T, Zhao H, Zheng N, Zhang Y, Bai H. IL-21/IL-21R Signaling Aggravated Respiratory Inflammation Induced by Intracellular Bacteria through Regulation of CD4 + T Cell Subset Responses. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 206:1586-1596. [PMID: 33608454 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2001107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The IL-21/IL-21R interaction plays an important role in a variety of immune diseases; however, the roles and mechanisms in intracellular bacterial infection are not fully understood. In this study, we explored the effect of IL-21/IL-21R on chlamydial respiratory tract infection using a chlamydial respiratory infection model. The results showed that the mRNA expression of IL-21 and IL-21R was increased in Chlamydia muridarum-infected mice, which suggested that IL-21 and IL-21R were involved in host defense against C. muridarum lung infection. IL-21R-/- mice exhibited less body weight loss, a lower bacterial burden, and milder pathological changes in the lungs than wild-type (WT) mice during C. muridarum lung infection. The absolute number and activity of CD4+ T cells and the strength of Th1/Th17 responses in IL-21R-/- mice were significantly higher than those in WT mice after C. muridarum lung infection, but the Th2 response was weaker. Consistently, IL-21R-/- mice showed higher mRNA expression of Th1 transcription factors (T-bet/STAT4), IL-12p40, a Th17 transcription factor (STAT3), and IL-23. The mRNA expression of Th2 transcription factors (GATA3/STAT6), IL-4, IL-10, and TGF-β in IL-21R-/- mice was significantly lower than that in WT mice. Furthermore, the administration of recombinant mouse IL-21 aggravated chlamydial lung infection in C57BL/6 mice and reduced Th1 and Th17 responses following C. muridarum lung infection. These findings demonstrate that IL-21/IL-21R may aggravate chlamydial lung infection by inhibiting Th1 and Th17 responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhao Niu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology and Key Laboratory of the Educational Ministry of China, Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, People's Republic of China
| | - Yueyue Xu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology and Key Laboratory of the Educational Ministry of China, Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyu Zha
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology and Key Laboratory of the Educational Ministry of China, Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiajia Zeng
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology and Key Laboratory of the Educational Ministry of China, Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, People's Republic of China
| | - Sai Qiao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology and Key Laboratory of the Educational Ministry of China, Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuaini Yang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology and Key Laboratory of the Educational Ministry of China, Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology and Key Laboratory of the Educational Ministry of China, Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, People's Republic of China
| | - Lu Tan
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology and Key Laboratory of the Educational Ministry of China, Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, People's Republic of China
| | - Lida Sun
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology and Key Laboratory of the Educational Ministry of China, Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, People's Republic of China
| | - Gaoju Pang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology and Key Laboratory of the Educational Ministry of China, Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, People's Republic of China
| | - Tengli Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology and Key Laboratory of the Educational Ministry of China, Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, People's Republic of China
| | - Huili Zhao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology and Key Laboratory of the Educational Ministry of China, Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, People's Republic of China
| | - Ningbo Zheng
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology and Key Laboratory of the Educational Ministry of China, Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongci Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology and Key Laboratory of the Educational Ministry of China, Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong Bai
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology and Key Laboratory of the Educational Ministry of China, Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, People's Republic of China
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14
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He C, Xu Y, Huo Z, Wang J, Jia T, Li XD, Zhong G. Regulation of Chlamydia spreading from the small intestine to the large intestine via an immunological barrier. Immunol Cell Biol 2021; 99:611-621. [PMID: 33565158 DOI: 10.1111/imcb.12446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 11/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The obligate intracellular bacterium Chlamydia is a genital tract pathogen that can also colonize the gastrointestinal tract for long periods. The long-lasting colonization is dependent on chlamydial spreading from the small intestine to the large intestine. We previously reported that a mutant Chlamydia was able to activate an intestinal barrier for blocking its own spreading to the large intestine. In the current study, we used the mutant Chlamydia colonization model to confirm the intestinal barrier function and further to determine the immunological basis of the barrier with gene-deficient mice. Recombination activating gene 1-/- mice failed to block the mutant Chlamydia spreading, while mice deficient in toll-like receptors, myeloid differentiation primary response 88 or stimulator of interferon genes still blocked the spreading, suggesting that the intestinal barrier function is dependent on lymphocytes that express antigen receptors. Mice deficient in CD4, but not CD8 nor μ chain failed to prevent the chlamydial spreading, indicating a protective role of CD4+ cells in the intestinal barrier. Consistently, adoptive transfer of CD4+ T cells reconstituted the intestinal barrier in CD4-/- mice. More importantly, CD4+ but not CD8+ T cells nor B cells restored the intestinal barrier function in recombination activating gene 1-/- mice. Thus, CD4+ T cells are necessary and sufficient for maintaining the intestinal barrier function, indicating that the spread of an intracellular bacterium from the small intestine to the large intestine is regulated by an immunological barrier. This study has also laid a foundation for further illuminating the mechanisms by which a CD4+ T cell-dependent intestinal barrier regulates bacterial spreading in the gut.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conghui He
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA.,Department of Immunology, Medical College of Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, Hebei, China
| | - Ying Xu
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA.,Department of Immunology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha City, Hunan, China
| | - Zhi Huo
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA.,Department of Immunology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha City, Hunan, China
| | - Jie Wang
- Department of Immunology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha City, Hunan, China
| | - Tianjun Jia
- Department of Immunology, Medical College of Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, Hebei, China
| | - Xiao-Dong Li
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Guangming Zhong
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
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15
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Park SM, Gu MJ, Ju YJ, Cheon IS, Hwang KJ, Gill B, Shim BS, Jeong HJ, Son YM, Choi S, Jeung W, Han SH, Chu H, Yun CH. Intranasal Vaccination with Outer-Membrane Protein of Orientia tsutsugamushi induces Protective Immunity Against Scrub Typhus. Immune Netw 2020; 21:e14. [PMID: 33996170 PMCID: PMC8099613 DOI: 10.4110/in.2021.21.e14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Scrub typhus develops after the individual is bitten by a trombiculid mite infected with Orientia tsutsugamushi. Since it has been reported that pneumonia is frequently observed in patients with scrub typhus, we investigated whether intranasal (i.n.) vaccination with the outer membrane protein of O. tsutsugamushi (OMPOT) would induce a protective immunity against O. tsutsugamushi infection. It was particular interest that when mice were infected with O. tsutsugamushi, the bacteria disseminated into the lungs, causing pneumonia. The i.n. vaccination with OMPOT induced IgG responses in serum and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid. The anti-O. tsutsugamushi IgA Abs in BAL fluid after the vaccination showed a high correlation of the protection against O. tsutsugamushi. The vaccination induced strong Ag-specific Th1 and Th17 responses in the both spleen and lungs. In conclusion, the current study demonstrated that i.n. vaccination with OMPOT elicited protective immunity against scrub typhus in mouse with O. tsutsugamushi infection causing subsequent pneumonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Moo Park
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Min Jeong Gu
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Young-Jun Ju
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - In Su Cheon
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea.,Laboratory Sciences Division, International Vaccine Institute, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Kyu-Jam Hwang
- Division of Zoonotic and Vector Borne Disease Research, Center for Infectious Disease Research, National Institute of Health, Cheongju 28159, Korea
| | - Byoungchul Gill
- Division of Zoonotic and Vector Borne Disease Research, Center for Infectious Disease Research, National Institute of Health, Cheongju 28159, Korea
| | - Byoung-Shik Shim
- Laboratory Sciences Division, International Vaccine Institute, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Hang-Jin Jeong
- Division of Zoonotic and Vector Borne Disease Research, Center for Infectious Disease Research, National Institute of Health, Cheongju 28159, Korea
| | - Young Min Son
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Sangho Choi
- Division of Zoonotic and Vector Borne Disease Research, Center for Infectious Disease Research, National Institute of Health, Cheongju 28159, Korea
| | - Woonhee Jeung
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Seung Hyun Han
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, DRI, and BK21 Plus Program, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Hyuk Chu
- Division of Zoonotic and Vector Borne Disease Research, Center for Infectious Disease Research, National Institute of Health, Cheongju 28159, Korea
| | - Cheol-Heui Yun
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea.,Institutes of Green Bio Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang 25354, Korea.,Interdisciplinary Program in Agricultural Genomics, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
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16
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Saini C, Srivastava RK, Tarique M, Kurra S, Khanna N, Ramesh V, Sharma A. Elevated IL-6R on CD4 + T cells promotes IL-6 driven Th17 cell responses in patients with T1R leprosy reactions. Sci Rep 2020; 10:15143. [PMID: 32934336 PMCID: PMC7493991 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-72148-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Th17 cells play vital role during pathogenesis of leprosy reactions. Previously, we have reported that IL-23 is involved in Th17 cells differentiation. Subsequently, our group also showed that IL-6 induces Th17 cell differentiation along with TGF-β in leprosy reactions. Here, we next asked the question that whether IL-6 or IL-23 induced Th17 cells are different in nature? In this study, Type 1 Reactions (T1R) showed significantly (p < 0.001) higher percentage of IL-17A producing CD4+IL6R+ T cells as compared to non-reaction (NR) patients. Furthermore, recombinant IL-6, IL-23 and TGF-β promoted IL-17A secretion by CD4+IL6R+ T cells. Subsequently, IL-6R and IL-23R blocking experiments showed significantly (p < 0.002) down regulated IL-17A in T1R reaction as compared to NR leprosy patients. The present study for the first time establishes that pathogenic Th17 cells produce IL-17 in an IL-6 dependent manner in leprosy T1R reactions. Thus, present approaches that specifically target Th17 cells and/or the cytokines that promote their development, such as IL-6, TGF-β and IL-23A may provide more focused treatment strategies for the management of Mycobacterium leprae and its reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaman Saini
- Department of Biotechnology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India. .,Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.
| | - Rupesh K Srivastava
- Department of Biotechnology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Mohd Tarique
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Santosh Kurra
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Neena Khanna
- Department of Dermatology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - V Ramesh
- Department of Dermatology, Safdarjung Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Alpana Sharma
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.
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17
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Th17/IL-17 Axis Regulated by Airway Microbes Get Involved in the Development of Asthma. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep 2020; 20:11. [PMID: 32172346 DOI: 10.1007/s11882-020-00903-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Bronchial asthma is a common respiratory disease induced by immune imbalance, characterized by chronic non-specific airway inflammation and airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR). Many factors induce asthma, among which respiratory infection is the important cause. In this review, we discuss how respiratory microbes participate in the occurrence and progression of asthma via Th17/IL-17 axis. RECENT FINDINGS Pathogenesis of asthma has been considered as closely related to the imbalance in number and function of Th1/Th2 in the CD4+ T lymphocyte subsets. Recent studies have shown that Th17 cell and its secretory IL-17 also play an important role in AHR. Respiratory virus, bacteria, fungi, and other respiratory microbial infections can directly or indirectly induce the differentiation of Th17 cell and the production of related cytokines to induce AHR. Respiratory microbial infection can affect the TH17/IL-17A axis through a variety of mechanisms, thereby promoting the occurrence and development of asthma, and these specific mechanisms may provide new effective therapeutic ideas for asthma.
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18
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Babaloo Z, Oskoei MR, Kohansal MH, Barac A, Ahmadpour E. Serum profile of IL-1β and IL-17 cytokines in patients with visceral leishmaniasis. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2020; 69:101431. [PMID: 32059125 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2020.101431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Revised: 01/25/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Leishmania is an intracellular protozoan parasite, mainly infects macrophages of mammalian tissues. Inflammatory related cytokines have a crucial role in the pathogenesis of leishmaniasis. The aim of the present study was to evaluate serum concentrations of IL-1β and IL-17 in patients with active visceral leishmaniasis (VL) and control group. Serum concentrations of both IL-1β and IL-17 cytokines were assessed by ELISA in Leishmania infantum infected patients (n = 25) and healthy individuals (n = 25) from Meshkin-Shahr, northwest of Iran. Mean serum concentrations of IL-1β in the patients and control groups were 47.34 ± 23.82, and 20.49 ± 9.38, respectively, which was statistically significant (p < 0.001). Furthermore, mean IL-17 concentration in patients with VL (243.96 ± 73.46) was twice higher comparing to control group (106.38 ± 129.06) (p < 0.001). Several cytokines are involved in the regulation of immunity against VL. The present data has shown that, increased serum concentrations of IL-1β and IL-17 are present in the patients with VL. Further investigations are needed to enhance our knowledge about the regulatory role of these cytokines in leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zohre Babaloo
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mehrangiz Rajaei Oskoei
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - Aleksandra Barac
- Clinic for Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Clinical Centre of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ehsan Ahmadpour
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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19
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Cipollini V, Anrather J, Orzi F, Iadecola C. Th17 and Cognitive Impairment: Possible Mechanisms of Action. Front Neuroanat 2019; 13:95. [PMID: 31803028 PMCID: PMC6877481 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2019.00095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
T helper 17 (Th17) cells represent a distinct population of immune cells, important in the defense of the organism against extracellular infectious agents. Because of their cytokine profile and ability to recruit other immune cell types, they are highly pro-inflammatory and are involved in the induction of several autoimmune disorders. Recent studies show that Th17 cells and their signature cytokine IL-17 have also a role in a wide variety of neurological diseases. This review article will briefly summarize the evidence linking Th17 cells to brain diseases associated with cognitive impairment, including multiple sclerosis (MS), ischemic brain injury and Alzheimer’s disease (AD). We will also investigate the mechanisms by which these cells enter the brain and induce brain damage, including direct effects of IL-17 on brain cells and indirect effects mediated through disruption of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), neurovascular dysfunction and gut-brain axis. Finally, therapeutic prospects targeting Th17 cells and IL-17 will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Josef Anrather
- Feil Family Brain & Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Francesco Orzi
- Sant' Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Costantino Iadecola
- Feil Family Brain & Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States
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20
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Qiao S, Zhang H, Zha X, Niu W, Liang J, Pang G, Tang Y, Liu T, Zhao H, Wang Y, Bai H. Endogenous IL-17A mediated neutrophil infiltration by promoting chemokines expression during chlamydial lung infection. Microb Pathog 2019; 129:106-111. [PMID: 30703475 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2019.01.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Revised: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Chlamydia is an obligate intracellular bacteria, which can infect cervix, urethra, conjunctiva, joints, lungs and so on. Neutrophils are important in host protection against microbial invasion during the early phase of infection. Here, to investigate the mechanism of IL-17A in recruiting neutrophils during Chlamydia muridarum (Cm) lung infection, we introduced IL-17A antibodies and IL-17-/- mice to confirm the effect of IL-17A on influencing neutrophil attractants expressions. From the analysis of the data, we found that showed that Cm infection could upregulate the expression of neutrophil-related chemokines such as KC, MIP-2 and IL-6, as well as adhesion molecules including ICAM-1 and VCAM-1. With blocking endogenous IL-17A, the upregulated MIP-2 and IL-6 were decreased, which induced less neutrophil recruitment in lung. Comparing to WT mice, IL-17-/- mice showed decreased infiltration of neutrophils in lung during the early phase of Cm infection, which were accordant with decreased chemokines, such as KC, MIP-2 and IL-6 expression. Whereas, the expression of adhesion molecules including ICAM and VCAM-1 in lungs were significantly increased in IL-17-/- mice comparing to WT mice during Cm lung infection. The results demonstrated that IL-17A influenced neutrophil infiltration by affecting expression of chemokines and adhesion molecules during the early phase of chlamydial lung infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sai Qiao
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Key Laboratory of Educational Ministry of China, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Hong Zhang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Key Laboratory of Educational Ministry of China, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Xiaoyu Zha
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Key Laboratory of Educational Ministry of China, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Wenhao Niu
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Key Laboratory of Educational Ministry of China, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Juyou Liang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Key Laboratory of Educational Ministry of China, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Gaoju Pang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Key Laboratory of Educational Ministry of China, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Yingying Tang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Key Laboratory of Educational Ministry of China, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Tengli Liu
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Key Laboratory of Educational Ministry of China, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Huili Zhao
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Key Laboratory of Educational Ministry of China, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Yue Wang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Key Laboratory of Educational Ministry of China, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Hong Bai
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Key Laboratory of Educational Ministry of China, Tianjin, PR China.
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Guan Q, Weiss CR, Wang S, Qing G, Yang X, Warrington RJ, Bernstein CN, Peng Z. Reversing Ongoing Chronic Intestinal Inflammation and Fibrosis by Sustained Block of IL-12 and IL-23 Using a Vaccine in Mice. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2018; 24:1941-1952. [PMID: 29788053 PMCID: PMC6205364 DOI: 10.1093/ibd/izy142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-12 and IL-23 that share subunit p40 are important cytokines in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease. We reported that mouse p40 peptide-based vaccines ameliorated intestinal inflammation in the prevention of trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS)–induced murine colitis model. Here, we evaluated whether administration of the vaccine after establishment of colitis would be effective in modifying both TNBS-induced and dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)–induced chronic colitis and the underlying immune mechanisms. We further examined whether vaccination could exacerbate infections. Chronic colitis was developed by either intrarectally administrating TNBS or drinking 4% DSS water. Vaccination started after two TNBS administrations or 7 days of DSS treatment. Results showed that administrating p40 vaccine induced high tittered antibodies to IL-12 and IL-23, improved clinical scores, reduced intestinal inflammation and fibrosis, and down-regulated proinflammatory cytokine productions in colon tissue, compared with control mice. Furthermore, in lamina propria mononuclear cells and/or mesenteric lymph nodes, mice immunized with p40 peptide vaccine exhibited high ratios of Treg/Th1 and Treg/Th17 cells and increased IL-10 expression in CD11c+IL-10+cells. In mice infected with lung chlamydia, in which the protective role of Th1/Th17 is well documented, vaccine immunization did not increase lung bacterial burden. We conclude that p40 vaccine may provide a potential and safe approach for treatment of IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingdong Guan
- Department of Immunology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada,Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada,Cellular Therapy Laboratory, CancerCare Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada,The Institute of Clinical Research and Translational Medicine, Gansu Provincial Hospital, Lanzhou Shi, Gansu Sheng, China,Address correspondence to: Dr. Qingdong Guan, Cellular Therapy Laboratory, CancerCare Manitoba, MS773M, 820 Sherbrook St., Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R3A 1R9. E-mail:
| | - Carolyn R Weiss
- Department of Immunology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada,Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Shuhe Wang
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Gefei Qing
- Department of Pathology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Xi Yang
- Department of Immunology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada,Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Richard J Warrington
- Department of Immunology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Charles N Bernstein
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Zhikang Peng
- Department of Immunology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada,Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
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Li T, Rong HM, Zhang C, Zhai K, Tong ZH. IL-9 Deficiency Promotes Pulmonary Th17 Response in Murine Model of Pneumocystis Infection. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1118. [PMID: 29887863 PMCID: PMC5980981 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP) remains a severe complication with high mortality in immunocompromised patients. It has been well accepted that CD4+ T cells play a major role in controlling Pneumocystis infection. Th9 cells were the main source of IL-9 with multifaced roles depending on specific diseases. It is unclear whether IL-9/Th9 contributes to the immune response against PCP. The current study aims to explore the role of IL-9 and the effect of IL-9 on Th17 cells in murine model of PCP. Materials and methods Mice were intratracheally injected with 1 × 106Pneumocystis organisms to establish the murine model of Pneumocystis infection. Pneumocystis burden was detected by TaqMan real-time PCR. Using IL-9-deficient (IL-9−/−) mice, flow cytometry, real-time PCR and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) were conducted to investigate the immune function related to Th17 response in defense against Pneumocystis infection. Results Reduced Pneumocystis burden was observed in lungs in IL-9−/− mice compared with WT mice at 3-week postinfection. IL-9−/−mice exhibited stronger Th17 immune responses than WT PCP mice through flow cytometer and real-time PCR. ELISA revealed higher levels of IL-17 and IL-23 in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from IL-9−/− mice than WT mice. And IL-9 deficiency promoted Th17 differentiation from CD4+ naive T cells. IL-17A neutralization increased Pneumocystis burden in IL-9−/− mice. Conclusion Although similar basic clearance of Pneumocystis organisms was achieved in both WT and IL-9−/− PCP mice, IL-9 deficiency could lower Pneumocystis organism burden and promote pulmonary Th17 cells response in the early stage of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Li
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Institute of Respiratory Medicine and Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Heng-Mo Rong
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Institute of Respiratory Medicine and Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Chao Zhang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Institute of Respiratory Medicine and Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Kan Zhai
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Institute of Respiratory Medicine and Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhao-Hui Tong
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Institute of Respiratory Medicine and Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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23
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Li J, Casanova JL, Puel A. Mucocutaneous IL-17 immunity in mice and humans: host defense vs. excessive inflammation. Mucosal Immunol 2018; 11:581-589. [PMID: 29186107 PMCID: PMC5975098 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2017.97] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 10/07/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-17A is a pro-inflammatory cytokine in mice and humans. It is recognized as a key factor for the protection of mice against various pathogens, but it also underlies pathogenic inflammatory responses in numerous mouse models. The inborn errors of IL-17A- and IL-17F-mediated immunity identified in humans in the last decade have revealed that IL-17A and IL-17F are key players in mucocutaneous immunity to Candida albicans, and, to a lesser extent, Staphylococcus aureus. By contrast, there is currently no genetic evidence for a causal link between excess of IL-17 and autoimmunity, autoinflammation, or allergy in humans. We discuss here the physiological and pathological roles of mouse and human IL-17A and IL-17F in host defense and excessive inflammation. We highlight recent advances in our understanding of the consequences of deficient or excessive IL-17 immunity at various mucocutaneous sites, including the oral cavity, skin, intestine, lungs, and vagina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Li
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Jean-Laurent Casanova
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, 75015 Paris, France, EU
- Paris Descartes University, Imagine Institute, 75015 Paris, France, EU
- Pediatric Hematology-Immunology Unit, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, 75015 Paris, France, EU
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Anne Puel
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, 75015 Paris, France, EU
- Paris Descartes University, Imagine Institute, 75015 Paris, France, EU
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24
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The Immunoregulation of Th17 in Host against Intracellular Bacterial Infection. Mediators Inflamm 2018; 2018:6587296. [PMID: 29743811 PMCID: PMC5884031 DOI: 10.1155/2018/6587296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2017] [Accepted: 02/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
T helper 17 cells (Th17) constitute a distinct subset of helper T cells with a unique transcriptional profile (STAT3, RORγ, and RORα), cytokine production pattern (IL17 family), and requirement of specific cytokines for their differentiation (TGF-β, IL6, IL21, and IL23). Recent studies involving experimental animals and humans have shown that Th17/IL17 plays a crucial role in host defense against a variety of pathogens, including bacteria and viruses. The underlying mechanisms by which Th17 performs include dendritic cell (DC) regulation, neutrophil recruitment, Th1 modulation, and T regulatory cell (Treg) balance. In recent years, researchers have generated an accumulating wealth of evidence on the role of Th17/IL17 in protective immunity to intracellular bacterial pathogens, such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Chlamydia trachomatis, which are one of the most important pathogens that inflict significant socioeconomic burden across the globe. In this article, we reviewed the current literature on the functions and mechanisms by which Th17/IL17 responds to intracellular bacterial infections. A better understanding of Th17/IL17 immunity to pathogens would be crucial for developing effective prophylactics and therapeutics.
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25
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Zhu C, Lin H, Tang L, Chen J, Wu Y, Zhong G. Oral Chlamydia vaccination induces transmucosal protection in the airway. Vaccine 2018; 36:2061-2068. [PMID: 29550196 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Revised: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 03/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Although Chlamydia has been frequently detected in the gastrointestinal tracts of both humans and animals, it is not associated with any gastrointestinal pathology. We have recently shown that gastrointestinal Chlamydiamuridarum is not only non-pathogenic but also induces protective immunity in the genital tract. We now report that the transmucosal immunity induced by a single oral immunization with C.muridarum protected the mouse airway from a subsequent challenge infection. The oral immunization significantly reduced chlamydial burden in the airway as early as day 3 after intranasal challenge. As a result, the airway chlamydial spreading to extra-airway tissues was completely prevented on day 3 and significantly reduced on day 9. The immunized mice were protected from any significant systemic toxicity caused by the intranasal challenge since there was no significant bodyweight drop in the immunized mice. This robust protection correlated well with Chlamydia-specific antibodies that recognize chlamydial organism surface antigens and T cell responses that are dominated with a Th1 phenotype. The immunized mice developed high ratios of IgG2b/c over IgG1 levels and IFNγ-producing over IL-5- or IL-13-producing lymphocytes. Thus, we have demonstrated that oral vaccination with C. muridarum can induce Th1-dominant transmucosal immunity in the airway. Together with previous studies, we propose that non-pathogenic colonization of Chlamydia in the gastrointestinal tract be explored as an oral delivery system for inducing protection against infections and pathologies in extra-gastrointestinal tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuiming Zhu
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Institute of Pathogenic Biology, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China; Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, TX 78229, United States
| | - Hui Lin
- The 2nd Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China; Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, TX 78229, United States
| | - Lingli Tang
- The 2nd Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Jianlin Chen
- The 2nd Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Yimou Wu
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Institute of Pathogenic Biology, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China.
| | - Guangming Zhong
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, TX 78229, United States.
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26
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Li LX, Labuda JC, Imai DM, Griffey SM, McSorley SJ. CCR7 Deficiency Allows Accelerated Clearance of Chlamydia from the Female Reproductive Tract. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 199:2547-2554. [PMID: 28801359 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1601314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Immune mechanisms responsible for pathogen clearance from the female reproductive tract (FRT) are incompletely defined; in particular, the contribution of lymphocyte trafficking to this process is unclear. CCR7-deficient mice have profoundly altered lymphocyte recirculation and display ectopic formation of lymphocyte aggregates within mucosal nonlymphoid tissues, including the FRT. In this study, we investigated how altered lymphocyte distribution in CCR7-deficient mice would affect host responses to Chlamydia muridarum within the reproductive tract. As expected, CCR7-deficient mice exhibited reduced lymphocyte trafficking to lymph nodes and a corresponding increase in T cell populations within the FRT. After intravaginal infection with Chlamydia, CCR7-deficient mice displayed markedly reduced Ag-specific CD4 T cell responses within the local draining iliac lymph nodes, yet robust Th1 and Th17 responses were prominent in the FRT. In addition, Chlamydia-specific Ab responses were dysregulated in CCR7-deficient mice, displaying an unexpected increase in the systemic IgA responses. Importantly, prominent mucosal immune responses in CCR7-deficient mice increased the efficiency of bacteria clearance from the FRT while reducing tissue-associated inflammation and pathology. Thus, increased numbers of lymphocytes within the FRT result in pathogen clearance with reduced immune-mediated pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin-Xi Li
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205;
| | - Jasmine C Labuda
- Center for Comparative Medicine, Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Cell Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616; and
| | - Denise M Imai
- Comparative Pathology Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Stephen M Griffey
- Comparative Pathology Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Stephen J McSorley
- Center for Comparative Medicine, Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Cell Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616; and
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27
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Zhang Y, Shao L, Li X, Zhong G. Uterotubal junction prevents chlamydial ascension via innate immunity. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0183189. [PMID: 28797102 PMCID: PMC5552320 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0183189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Ascension to the oviduct is necessary for Chlamydia to induce tubal infertility. Using the Chlamydia muridarum induction of hydrosalpinx mouse model, we have demonstrated a significant role of the uterotubal junction in preventing chlamydial ascending infection. First, delivery of C. muridarum to either side of the uterotubal junction resulted in significant reduction in live organisms from the tissues on the opposite sides. However, the recovery yields remained similar among different sections of the uterine horn. These observations suggest that the uterotubal junction may function as a barrier between the uterine horn and oviduct. Second, deficiency in innate immunity signaling pathways mediated by either MyD88 or STING significantly compromised the uterotubal junction barrier function, permitting C. muridarum to spread freely between uterine horn and oviduct. Finally, transcervical inoculation of C. muridarum led to significantly higher incidence of bilateral hydrosalpinges in the STING-deficient mice while the same inoculation mainly induced unilateral hydrosalpinx in the wild type mice, suggesting that the STING pathway-dependent uterotubal junction plays a significant role in preventing tubal pathology. Thus, we have demonstrated for the first time that the uterotubal junction is a functional barrier for preventing tubal infection by a sexually transmitted agent, providing the first in vivo evidence for detecting chlamydial infection by the STING pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuyang Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, PR China
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Lili Shao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Xiaodong Li
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Guangming Zhong
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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28
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Pais R, Omosun Y, He Q, Blas-Machado U, Black C, Igietseme JU, Fujihashi K, Eko FO. Rectal administration of a chlamydial subunit vaccine protects against genital infection and upper reproductive tract pathology in mice. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0178537. [PMID: 28570663 PMCID: PMC5453548 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0178537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we tested the hypothesis that rectal immunization with a VCG-based chlamydial vaccine would cross-protect mice against heterologous genital Chlamydia trachomatis infection and Chlamydia-induced upper genital tract pathologies in mice. Female mice were immunized with a C. trachomatis serovar D-derived subunit vaccine or control or live serovar D elementary bodies (EBs) and the antigen-specific mucosal and systemic immune responses were characterized. Vaccine efficacy was determined by evaluating the intensity and duration of genital chlamydial shedding following intravaginal challenge with live serovar E chlamydiae. Protection against upper genital tract pathology was determined by assessing infertility and tubal inflammation. Rectal immunization elicited high levels of chlamydial-specific IFN-gamma-producing CD4 T cells and humoral immune responses in mucosal and systemic tissues. The elicited immune effectors cross-reacted with the serovar E chlamydial antigen and reduced the length and intensity of genital chlamydial shedding. Furthermore, immunization with the VCG-vaccine but not the rVCG-gD2 control reduced the incidence of tubal inflammation and protected mice against Chlamydia-induced infertility. These results highlight the potential of rectal immunization as a viable mucosal route for inducing protective immunity in the female genital tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roshan Pais
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Immunology, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Yusuf Omosun
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Immunology, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Qing He
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Immunology, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Uriel Blas-Machado
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Carolyn Black
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Joseph U. Igietseme
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Kohtaro Fujihashi
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Immunobiology Vaccine Center, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham Alabama, United States of America
| | - Francis O. Eko
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Immunology, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
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Shao L, Melero J, Zhang N, Arulanandam B, Baseman J, Liu Q, Zhong G. The cryptic plasmid is more important for Chlamydia muridarum to colonize the mouse gastrointestinal tract than to infect the genital tract. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0177691. [PMID: 28542376 PMCID: PMC5444651 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0177691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2016] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Chlamydia has been detected in the gastrointestinal tracts of both animals and humans. However, the mechanism by which Chlamydia colonizes the gut remains unclear. Chlamydia muridarum is known to spread from the genital to the gastrointestinal tracts hematogenously. The C. muridarum plasmid is a key pathogenic determinant in the mouse upper genital tract although plasmid-deficient C. muridarum is still able to colonize the upper genital tract. We now report that plasmid-deficient C. muridarum exhibits significantly delayed/reduced spreading from the mouse genital to the gastrointestinal tracts. C. muridarum with or without plasmid maintained similar levels in the mouse circulatory system following intravenous inoculation but the hematogenous plasmid-deficient C. muridarum was significantly less efficient in colonizing the gastrointestinal tract. Consistently, plasmid-deficient C. muridarum failed to restore normal colonization in the gastrointestinal tract even after intragastric inoculation at a high dose. Thus, we have demonstrated a plasmid-dependent colonization of C. muridarum in the gastrointestinal tract, supporting the concept that C. muridarum may have acquired the plasmid for adaptation to the mouse gastrointestinal tract during oral-fecal transmission. Since the plasmid is more important for C. muridarum to colonize the gastrointestinal tract than to infect the genital tract, the current study has laid a foundation for further defining the host pathways targeted by the plasmid-encoded or -regulated chlamydial effectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Shao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Dermatovenereology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Jose Melero
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Nu Zhang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Bernard Arulanandam
- Department of Biology, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Joel Baseman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Quanzhong Liu
- Department of Dermatovenereology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Guangming Zhong
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
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30
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Abstract
The interleukin-17 (IL-17) family cytokines, such as IL-17A and IL-17F, play
important protective roles in host immune response to a variety of infections
such as bacterial, fungal, parasitic, and viral. The IL-17R signaling and
downstream pathways mediate induction of proinflammatory molecules which
participate in control of these pathogens. However, the production of IL-17 can
also mediate pathology and inflammation associated with infections. In this
review, we will discuss the yin-and-yang roles of IL-17 in host immunity to
pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shibali Das
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Shabaana Khader
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St Louis, MO, USA
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31
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Interleukin-17A Promotes CD8+ T Cell Cytotoxicity To Facilitate West Nile Virus Clearance. J Virol 2016; 91:JVI.01529-16. [PMID: 27795421 PMCID: PMC5165211 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01529-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 10/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
CD8+ T cells are crucial components of immunity and play a vital role in recovery from West Nile virus (WNV) infection. Here, we identify a previously unrecognized function of interleukin-17A (IL-17A) in inducing cytotoxic-mediator gene expression and promoting CD8+ T cell cytotoxicity against WNV infection in mice. We find that IL-17A-deficient (Il17a-/-) mice are more susceptible to WNV infection and develop a higher viral burden than wild-type (WT) mice. Interestingly, the CD8+ T cells isolated from Il17a-/- mice are less cytotoxic and express lower levels of cytotoxic-mediator genes, which can be restored by supplying recombinant IL-17A in vitro and in vivo Importantly, treatment of WNV-infected mice with recombinant IL-17A, as late as day 6 postinfection, significantly reduces the viral burden and increases survival, suggesting a therapeutic potential for IL-17A. In conclusion, we report a novel function of IL-17A in promoting CD8+ T cell cytotoxicity, which may have broad implications in other microbial infections and cancers. IMPORTANCE Interleukin-17A (IL-17A) and CD8+ T cells regulate diverse immune functions in microbial infections, malignancies, and autoimmune diseases. IL-17A is a proinflammatory cytokine produced by diverse cell types, while CD8+ T cells (known as cytotoxic T cells) are major cells that provide immunity against intracellular pathogens. Previous studies have demonstrated a crucial role of CD8+ T cells in recovery from West Nile virus (WNV) infection. However, the role of IL-17A during WNV infection remains unclear. Here, we demonstrate that IL-17A protects mice from lethal WNV infection by promoting CD8+ T cell-mediated clearance of WNV. In addition, treatment of WNV-infected mice with recombinant IL-17A reduces the viral burden and increases survival of mice, suggesting a potential therapeutic. This novel IL-17A-CD8+ T cell axis may also have broad implications for immunity to other microbial infections and cancers, where CD8+ T cell functions are crucial.
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32
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Valeri M, Raffatellu M. Cytokines IL-17 and IL-22 in the host response to infection. Pathog Dis 2016; 74:ftw111. [PMID: 27915228 PMCID: PMC5975231 DOI: 10.1093/femspd/ftw111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 09/13/2016] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytokines IL-17 and IL-22 play pivotal roles in host defense against microbes and in the development of chronic inflammatory diseases. These cytokines are produced by cells that are often located in epithelial barriers, including subsets of T cells and innate lymphoid cells. In general, IL-17 and IL-22 can be characterized as important cytokines in the rapid response to infectious agents, both by recruiting neutrophils and by inducing the production of antimicrobial peptides. Although each cytokine induces an innate immune response in epithelial cells, their functional spectra are generally distinct: IL-17 mainly induces an inflammatory tissue response and is involved in the pathogenesis of several autoimmune diseases, whereas IL-22 is largely protective and regenerative. In this review, we compare IL-17 and IL-22, describing overlaps and differences in their cellular sources as well as their regulation, signaling, biological functions and roles during disease, with a focus on the contribution of these cytokines to the gut mucosal barrier during bacterial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Valeri
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of California Irvine School of Medicine, Irvine, CA 92697-4025, USA
- Institute for Immunology, University of California Irvine School of Medicine, Irvine, CA 92697-4025, USA
| | - Manuela Raffatellu
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of California Irvine School of Medicine, Irvine, CA 92697-4025, USA
- Institute for Immunology, University of California Irvine School of Medicine, Irvine, CA 92697-4025, USA
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Bai H, Gao X, Zhao L, Peng Y, Yang J, Qiao S, Zhao H, Wang S, Fan Y, Joyee AG, Yao Z, Yang X. Respective IL-17A production by γδ T and Th17 cells and its implication in host defense against chlamydial lung infection. Cell Mol Immunol 2016; 14:850-861. [PMID: 27796286 DOI: 10.1038/cmi.2016.53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Revised: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of IL-17A is important in protection against lung infection with Chlamydiae, an obligate intracellular bacterial pathogen. In this study, we explored the producers of IL-17A in chlamydial lung infection and specifically tested the role of major IL-17A producers in protective immunity. We found that γδT cells and Th17 cells are the major producers of IL-17A at the early and later stages of chlamydial infection, respectively. Depletion of γδT cells in vivo at the early postinfection (p.i.) stage, when most γδT cells produce IL-17A, failed to alter Th1 responses and bacterial clearance. In contrast, the blockade of IL-17A at the time when IL-17A was mainly produced by Th17 (day 7 p.i.) markedly reduced the Th1 response and increased chlamydial growth. The data suggest that the γδ T cell is the highest producer of IL-17A in the very early stages of infection, but the protection conferred by IL-17A is mainly mediated by Th17 cells. In addition, we found that depletion of γδ T cells reduced IL-1α production by dendritic cells, which was associated with a reduced Th17 response. This finding is helpful to understand the variable role of IL-17A in different infections and to develop preventive and therapeutic approaches against infectious diseases by targeting IL-17A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Bai
- Department of Immunology, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R3E 0T5.,Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Key Laboratory of Educational Ministry of China, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Xiaoling Gao
- Department of Immunology, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R3E 0T5
| | - Lei Zhao
- Department of Immunology, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R3E 0T5
| | - Ying Peng
- Department of Immunology, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R3E 0T5
| | - Jie Yang
- Department of Immunology, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R3E 0T5
| | - Sai Qiao
- Department of Immunology, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R3E 0T5.,Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Key Laboratory of Educational Ministry of China, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Huili Zhao
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Key Laboratory of Educational Ministry of China, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Shuhe Wang
- Department of Immunology, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R3E 0T5
| | - YiJun Fan
- Department of Immunology, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R3E 0T5
| | - Antony George Joyee
- Department of Immunology, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R3E 0T5
| | - Zhi Yao
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Key Laboratory of Educational Ministry of China, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Xi Yang
- Department of Immunology, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R3E 0T5.,Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Key Laboratory of Educational Ministry of China, Tianjin 300070, China
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Cai H, Chen S, Xu S, Sun Y, Bai Q, Lu C, Chen Y, Fu X, Xu G, Chen L. Deficiency of LIGHT signaling pathway exacerbates Chlamydia psittaci respiratory tract infection in mice. Microb Pathog 2016; 100:250-256. [PMID: 27725282 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2016.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2016] [Revised: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 10/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
LIGHT, a costimulatory member of the immunoglobulin superfamily (Ig SF), can greatly impact T cell activation. The role of the LIGHT signaling pathway in chlamydial infection was evaluated in mice following respiratory tract infection with Chlamydia psittaci. Compared with wild type (WT) mice, LIGHT knockout (KO) mice showed significant reduction of body weight, much lower survival rate, higher bacterial burden, prolonged infection time courses and more severe pathological changes in lung tissue. The mRNA levels of IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-17 and IL-12 in the lung tissue of LIGHT KO mice were significantly lower than those in WT mice. While there was no obvious difference in the percentages of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in the spleens of the two groups of mice, there was a markedly elevated percentage of CD4+ CD25+ FoxP3+ Treg cells in LIGHT KO mice. Together, these results demonstrate that the LIGHT signaling pathway is not only required for inflammatory cytokine production as part of the host response to chlamydial infection, but also influences the differentiation of CD4+ CD25+ FoxP3+ Treg cells, both of which may be essential for control of C. psittaci respiratory tract infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hengling Cai
- College of Public Health, University of South China, 28 West Changsheng Rd., Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China; Medical College, University of South China, 28 West Changsheng Rd., Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China
| | - Shenghua Chen
- Medical College, University of South China, 28 West Changsheng Rd., Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China
| | - Sha Xu
- College of Public Health, University of South China, 28 West Changsheng Rd., Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China
| | - Yuanbin Sun
- College of Public Health, University of South China, 28 West Changsheng Rd., Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China
| | - Qinqin Bai
- College of Public Health, University of South China, 28 West Changsheng Rd., Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China
| | - Chunxue Lu
- Medical College, University of South China, 28 West Changsheng Rd., Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China
| | - Yuyu Chen
- Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 421000, China
| | - Xizong Fu
- College of Public Health, University of South China, 28 West Changsheng Rd., Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China
| | - Guilian Xu
- Institute of Immunology, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China.
| | - Lili Chen
- College of Public Health, University of South China, 28 West Changsheng Rd., Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China.
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Tsai HC, Wu R. Mechanisms of Cholera Toxin in the Modulation of TH17 Responses. Crit Rev Immunol 2016; 35:135-52. [PMID: 26351147 DOI: 10.1615/critrevimmunol.2015012295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Numerous studies have shown that TH17 cells and their signature cytokine IL-17A are critical to host defense against various bacterial and fungal infections. The protective responses mediated by TH17 cells and IL-17A include the recruitment of neutrophils, release of antimicrobial peptides and chemokines, and enhanced tight junction of epithelial cells. Due to the importance of TH17 cells in infections, efforts have been made to develop TH17-based vaccines. The goal of vaccination is to establish a protective immunological memory. Most currently approved vaccines are antibody-based and have limited protection against stereotypically different strains. Studies show that T-cell-based vaccines may overcome this limitation and protect hosts against infection of different strains. Two main strategies are used to develop TH17 vaccines: identification of TH17-specific antigens and TH17-skewing adjuvants. Studies have revealed that cholera toxin (CT) induces a potent Th17 response following vaccination. Antigen vaccination along with CT induces a robust TH17 response, which is sometimes accompanied by TH1 responses. Due to the toxicity of CT, it is hard to apply CT in a clinical setting. Thus, understanding how CT modulates TH17 responses may lead to the development of successful TH17-based vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsing-Chuan Tsai
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Reen Wu
- Center for Comparative Respiratory Biology and Medicine, University of California, USA
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36
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Li J, Dong X, Zhao L, Wang X, Wang Y, Yang X, Wang H, Zhao W. Natural killer cells regulate Th1/Treg and Th17/Treg balance in chlamydial lung infection. J Cell Mol Med 2016; 20:1339-51. [PMID: 27028780 PMCID: PMC4929289 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.12821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Accepted: 01/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cell is an important component in innate immunity, playing a critical role in bridging innate and adaptive immunity by modulating the function of other immune cells including T cells. In this study, we focused on the role of NK cells in regulating Th1/Treg and Th17/Treg balance during chlamydial lung infection. We found that NK cell‐depleted mice showed decreased Th1 and Th17 cells, which was correlated with reduced interferon‐γ, interleukin (IL)‐12, IL‐17 and IL‐22 production as well as T‐bet and receptor‐related orphan receptor gamma t expression compared with mice treated with the isotype control antibody. In contrast, NK cell depletion significantly increased Treg in cell number and related transcription factor (Foxp3) expression. The opposite trends of changes of Th1/Th17 and Treg led to significant reduction in the Th1/Treg and Th17/Treg ratios. The data implicate that NK cells play an important role in host defence against chlamydial lung infection, mainly through maintaining Th1/Treg and Th17/Treg balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Li
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Xiaojing Dong
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Lei Zhao
- Institute of Basic Medical Science, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Xiao Wang
- Department of Pathology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Pathology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Xi Yang
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Department of Immunology and Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Hong Wang
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Weiming Zhao
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
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37
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Webster SJ, Ellis L, O'Brien LM, Tyrrell B, Fitzmaurice TJ, Elder MJ, Clare S, Chee R, Gaston JSH, Goodall JC. IRE1α mediates PKR activation in response to Chlamydia trachomatis infection. Microbes Infect 2016; 18:472-83. [PMID: 27021640 PMCID: PMC4936793 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2016.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2015] [Revised: 02/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Protein kinase RNA activated (PKR) is a crucial mediator of anti-viral responses but is reported to be activated by multiple non-viral stimuli. However, mechanisms underlying PKR activation, particularly in response to bacterial infection, remain poorly understood. We have investigated mechanisms of PKR activation in human primary monocyte-derived dendritic cells in response to infection by Chlamydia trachomatis. Infection resulted in potent activation of PKR that was dependent on TLR4 and MyD88 signalling. NADPH oxidase was dispensable for activation of PKR as cells from chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) patients, or mice that lack NADPH oxidase activity, had equivalent or elevated PKR activation. Significantly, stimulation of cells with endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-inducing agents resulted in potent activation of PKR that was blocked by an inhibitor of IRE1α RNAse activity. Crucially, infection resulted in robust IRE1α RNAse activity that was dependent on TLR4 signalling and inhibition of IRE1α RNAse activity prevented PKR activation. Finally, we demonstrate that TLR4/IRE1α mediated PKR activation is required for the enhancement of interferon-β production following C. trachomatis infection. Thus, we provide evidence of a novel mechanism of PKR activation requiring ER stress signalling that occurs as a consequence of TLR4 stimulation during bacterial infection and contributes to inflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steve J Webster
- Rheumatology Research Group, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, UK
| | - Lou Ellis
- Rheumatology Research Group, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, UK
| | - Louise M O'Brien
- Rheumatology Research Group, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, UK
| | - Beatrice Tyrrell
- Rheumatology Research Group, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Matthew J Elder
- Rheumatology Research Group, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, UK
| | - Simon Clare
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, UK
| | - Ronnie Chee
- Department of Immunology, Royal Free Hospital, London, UK
| | - J S Hill Gaston
- Rheumatology Research Group, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, UK
| | - Jane C Goodall
- Rheumatology Research Group, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, UK.
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38
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Shekhar S, Peng Y, Gao X, Joyee AG, Wang S, Bai H, Zhao L, Yang J, Yang X. NK cells modulate the lung dendritic cell-mediated Th1/Th17 immunity during intracellular bacterial infection. Eur J Immunol 2015. [PMID: 26222048 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201445390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The impact of the interaction between NK cells and lung dendritic cells (LDCs) on the outcome of respiratory infections is poorly understood. In this study, we investigated the effect and mechanism of NK cells on the function of LDCs during intracellular bacterial lung infection of Chlamydia muridarum in mice. We found that the naive mice receiving LDCs from C. muridarum-infected NK-cell-depleted mice (NK-LDCs) showed more serious body weight loss, bacterial burden, and pathology upon chlamydial challenge when compared with the recipients of LDCs from infected sham-treated mice (NK+LDCs). Cytokine analysis of the local tissues of the former compared with the latter exhibited lower levels of Th1 (IFN-γ) and Th17 (IL-17), but higher levels of Th2 (IL-4), cytokines. Consistently, NK-LDCs were less efficient in directing C. muridarum-specific Th1 and Th17 responses than NK+LDCs when cocultured with CD4(+) T cells. In NK cell/LDC coculture experiments, the blockade of NKG2D receptor reduced the production of IL-12p70, IL-6, and IL-23 by LDCs. The neutralization of IFN-γ in the culture decreased the production of IL-12p70 by LDCs, whereas the blockade of TNF-α resulted in diminished IL-6 production. Our findings demonstrate that NK cells modulate LDC function to elicit Th1/Th17 immunity during intracellular bacterial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudhanshu Shekhar
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Ying Peng
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Xiaoling Gao
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Antony G Joyee
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Shuhe Wang
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Hong Bai
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Lei Zhao
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Jie Yang
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Xi Yang
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.,Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
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Baillet AC, Rehaume LM, Benham H, O'Meara CP, Armitage CW, Ruscher R, Brizard G, Harvie MCG, Velasco J, Hansbro PM, Forrester JV, Degli-Esposti MA, Beagley KW, Thomas R. High Chlamydia Burden Promotes Tumor Necrosis Factor-Dependent Reactive Arthritis in SKG Mice. Arthritis Rheumatol 2015; 67:1535-47. [PMID: 25624153 DOI: 10.1002/art.39041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2014] [Accepted: 01/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Chlamydia trachomatis is a sexually transmitted obligate intracellular pathogen that causes inflammatory reactive arthritis, spondylitis, psoriasiform dermatitis, and conjunctivitis in some individuals after genital infection. The immunologic basis for this inflammatory response in susceptible hosts is poorly understood. As ZAP-70(W163C) -mutant BALB/c (SKG) mice are susceptible to spondylo-arthritis after systemic exposure to microbial β-glucan, we undertook the present study to compare responses to infection with Chlamydia muridarum in SKG mice and BALB/c mice. METHODS After genital or respiratory infection with C muridarum, conjunctivitis and arthritis were assessed clinically, and eye, skin, and joint specimens were analyzed histologically. Chlamydial major outer membrane protein antigen-specific responses were assessed in splenocytes. Treg cells were depleted from FoxP3-DTR BALB/c or SKG mice, and chlamydial DNA was quantified by polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS Five weeks after vaginal infection with live C muridarum, arthritis, spondylitis, and psoriasiform dermatitis developed in female SKG mice, but not in BALB/c mice. Inflammatory bowel disease did not occur in mice of either strain. The severity of inflammatory disease was correlated with C muridarum inoculum size and vaginal burden postinoculation. Treatment with combination antibiotics starting 1 day postinoculation prevented disease. Chlamydial antigen was present in macrophages and spread from the infection site to lymphoid organs and peripheral tissue. In response to chlamydial antigen, production of interferon-γ and interleukin-17 was impaired in T cells from SKG mice but tumor necrosis factor (TNF) responses were exaggerated, compared to findings in T cells from BALB/c mice. Unlike previous observations in arthritis triggered by β-glucan, no autoantibodies developed. Accelerated disease triggered by depletion of Treg cells was TNF dependent. CONCLUSION In the susceptible SKG strain, Chlamydia-induced reactive arthritis develops as a result of deficient intracellular pathogen control, with antigen-specific TNF production upon dissemination of antigen, and TNF-dependent inflammatory disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athan C Baillet
- University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute and Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Linda M Rehaume
- University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute and Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Helen Benham
- University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute and Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Connor P O'Meara
- Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | | | - Roland Ruscher
- University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute and Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | | | - Marina C G Harvie
- Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jared Velasco
- University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute and Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Phillip M Hansbro
- Hunter Medical Research Institute and University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - John V Forrester
- Lions Eye Institute, Nedlands, West Australia, Australia, and University of Aberdeen Medical School, Aberdeen, Scotland
| | - Mariapia A Degli-Esposti
- Lions Eye Institute, Nedlands, West Australia, Australia, and University of West Australia, Crawley, West Australia, Australia
| | - Kenneth W Beagley
- Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Ranjeny Thomas
- University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute and Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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Shekhar S, Joyee AG, Yang X. Dynamics of NKT-Cell Responses to Chlamydial Infection. Front Immunol 2015; 6:233. [PMID: 26029217 PMCID: PMC4432794 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer T (NKT) cells have gained great attention owing to their critical functional roles in immunity to various pathogens. In this review, we provide an overview of the current knowledge on the role of NKT cells in host defense against and pathogenesis due to Chlamydia, which is an intracellular bacterial pathogen that poses a threat to the public health worldwide. Accumulating evidence has demonstrated that NKT cells, particularly invariant NKT (iNKT) cells, play a crucial role in host defense against chlamydial infections, especially in C. pneumoniae infection. iNKT cells can promote type-1 protective responses to C. pneumoniae by inducing enhanced production of IL-12 by dendritic cells (DCs), in particular CD8α+ DCs, which promote the differentiation of naive T cells into protective IFN-γ-producing Th1/Tc1 type CD4+/CD8+ T cells. This iNKT-cell-mediated modulation of DC function is largely dependent upon CD40–CD40L interaction, IFN-γ production, and cell-to-cell contact. In addition, iNKT cells modulate the function of natural killer cells. NKT cells may be also involved in the pathogenesis of some chlamydial diseases by inducing different patterns of cytokine production. A better understanding of NKT-cell biology will enable us to rationally design prophylactic and therapeutic tools to combat infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudhanshu Shekhar
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Manitoba , Winnipeg, MB , Canada
| | - Antony George Joyee
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Manitoba , Winnipeg, MB , Canada
| | - Xi Yang
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Manitoba , Winnipeg, MB , Canada ; Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Manitoba , Winnipeg, MB , Canada
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41
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Kalmar I, Berndt A, Yin L, Chiers K, Sachse K, Vanrompay D. Host-pathogen interactions in specific pathogen-free chickens following aerogenous infection with Chlamydia psittaci and Chlamydia abortus. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2015; 164:30-9. [PMID: 25638671 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2014.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2014] [Revised: 12/05/2014] [Accepted: 12/31/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Although Chlamydia (C.) psittaci infections are recognized as an important factor causing economic losses and impairing animal welfare in poultry production, the specific mechanisms leading to severe clinical outcomes are poorly understood. In the present study, we comparatively investigated pathology and host immune response, as well as systemic dissemination and expression of essential chlamydial genes in the course of experimental aerogeneous infection with C. psittaci and the closely related C. abortus, respectively, in specific pathogen-free chicks. Clinical signs appeared sooner and were more severe in the C. psittaci-infected group. Compared to C. abortus infection, more intense systemic dissemination of C. psittaci correlated with higher and faster infiltration of immune cells, as well as more macroscopic lesions and epithelial pathology, such as hyperplasia and erosion. In thoracic air sac tissue, mRNA expression of immunologically relevant factors, such as IFN-γ, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-17, IL-22, LITAF and iNOS was significantly stronger up-regulated in C. psittaci- than in C. abortus-infected birds between 3 and 14 days post-infection. Likewise, transcription rates of the chlamydial genes groEL, cpaf and ftsW were consistently higher in C. psittaci during the acute phase. These findings illustrate that the stronger replication of C. psittaci in its natural host also evoked a more intense immune response than in the case of C. abortus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Kalmar
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Immunology, Ghent University, Belgium
| | - Angela Berndt
- Institute of Molecular Pathogenesis, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (Federal Research Institute for Animal Health), Jena, Germany
| | - Lizi Yin
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Immunology, Ghent University, Belgium
| | - Koen Chiers
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Ghent University, Belgium
| | - Konrad Sachse
- Institute of Molecular Pathogenesis, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (Federal Research Institute for Animal Health), Jena, Germany.
| | - Daisy Vanrompay
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Immunology, Ghent University, Belgium
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Rizzetto L, De Filippo C, Cavalieri D. Richness and diversity of mammalian fungal communities shape innate and adaptive immunity in health and disease. Eur J Immunol 2014; 44:3166-81. [DOI: 10.1002/eji.201344403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2014] [Revised: 09/22/2014] [Accepted: 09/23/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Rizzetto
- Research and Innovation Centre; Fondazione Edmund Mach; San Michele all'Adige TN Italy
| | - Carlotta De Filippo
- Research and Innovation Centre; Fondazione Edmund Mach; San Michele all'Adige TN Italy
| | - Duccio Cavalieri
- Research and Innovation Centre; Fondazione Edmund Mach; San Michele all'Adige TN Italy
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Mathew M, Waugh C, Beagley KW, Timms P, Polkinghorne A. Interleukin 17A is an immune marker for chlamydial disease severity and pathogenesis in the koala (Phascolarctos cinereus). DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 46:423-429. [PMID: 24915607 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2014.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2014] [Revised: 05/22/2014] [Accepted: 05/22/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The koala (Phascolarctos cinereus) is an iconic Australian marsupial species that is facing many threats to its survival. Chlamydia pecorum infections are a significant contributor to this ongoing decline. A major limiting factor in our ability to manage and control chlamydial disease in koalas is a limited understanding of the koala's cell-mediated immune response to infections by this bacterial pathogen. To identify immunological markers associated with chlamydial infection and disease in koalas, we used koala-specific Quantitative Real Time PCR (qrtPCR) assays to profile the cytokine responses of Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells (PBMCs) collected from 41 koalas with different stages of chlamydial disease. Target cytokines included the principal Th1 (Interferon gamma; IFNγ), Th2 (Interleukin 10; IL10), and pro-inflammatory cytokines (Tumor Necrosis Factor alpha; TNFα). A novel koala-specific IL17A qrtPCR assay was also developed as part of this study to quantitate the gene expression of this Th17 cytokine in koalas. A statistically significant higher IL17A gene expression was observed in animals with current chlamydial disease compared to animals with asymptomatic chlamydial infection. A modest up-regulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as TNFα and IFNγ, was also observed in these animals with signs of current chlamydial disease. IL10 gene expression was not evident in the majority of animals from both groups. Future longitudinal studies are now required to confirm the role played by cytokines in pathology and/or protection against C. pecorum infection in the koala.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Mathew
- Institute of Health & Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, 60 Musk Avenue, Kelvin Grove 4059, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Courtney Waugh
- Institute of Health & Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, 60 Musk Avenue, Kelvin Grove 4059, Brisbane, Australia; Faculty of Science, Health, Education and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, 90 Sippy Downs Dr, Sippy Downs 4558, QLD, Australia
| | - Kenneth W Beagley
- Institute of Health & Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, 60 Musk Avenue, Kelvin Grove 4059, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Peter Timms
- Institute of Health & Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, 60 Musk Avenue, Kelvin Grove 4059, Brisbane, Australia; Faculty of Science, Health, Education and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, 90 Sippy Downs Dr, Sippy Downs 4558, QLD, Australia
| | - Adam Polkinghorne
- Institute of Health & Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, 60 Musk Avenue, Kelvin Grove 4059, Brisbane, Australia; Faculty of Science, Health, Education and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, 90 Sippy Downs Dr, Sippy Downs 4558, QLD, Australia.
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Zafar S, Coates DE, Cullinan MP, Drummond BK, Milne T, Seymour GJ. Zoledronic acid and geranylgeraniol regulate cellular behaviour and angiogenic gene expression in human gingival fibroblasts. J Oral Pathol Med 2014; 43:711-21. [PMID: 24762323 DOI: 10.1111/jop.12181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The mevalonate pathway (MVP) and the anti-angiogenic effect of bisphosphonates have been shown to play a role in the pathogenesis of bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (BRONJ). This study determined the effect of the bisphosphonate, zoledronic acid and the replenishment of the MVP by geranylgeraniol on human gingival fibroblasts. Cell viability, apoptosis, morphological analysis using transmission electron microscopy, and gene expression for vascular endothelial growth factor A, bone morphogenic protein 2, ras homologue gene family member B, epiregulin and interferon-alpha were conducted. Results showed cellular viability was decreased in the presence of zoledronic acid and the co-addition of zoledronic acid with geranylgeraniol restored cell viability to control levels. Caspase 3/7 was detected in zoledronic-acid-treated cells indicating apoptosis. Transmission electron microscopy revealed dilation of the rough endoplasmic reticulum with zoledronic acid and the appearance of multiple lipid-like vesicles following the addition of geranylgeraniol. Zoledronic acid significantly (P < 0.05, FR > ± 2) up-regulated vascular endothelial growth factor A, bone morphogenic protein 2, ras homologue gene family member B and epiregulin at one or more time points but not interferon-alpha. Addition of geranylgeraniol resulted in a reduction in the expression of all five genes compared with zoledronic-acid-treated human gingival fibroblasts. The study concluded geranylgeraniol partially reversed the effects of zoledronic acid in human gingival fibroblasts both at the cellular and genetic levels, suggesting the regulation of these genes is mediated via the mevalonate pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Zafar
- Faculty of Dentistry, Sir John Walsh Research Institute, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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Peng Y, Gao X, Yang J, Shekhar S, Wang S, Fan Y, Zhao W, Yang X. Interleukin-22 promotes T helper 1 (Th1)/Th17 immunity in chlamydial lung infection. Mol Med 2014; 20:109-19. [PMID: 24531835 DOI: 10.2119/molmed.2013.00115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2013] [Accepted: 01/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of interleukin-22 (IL-22) in intracellular bacterial infections is a controversial issue, although the contribution of this cytokine to host defense against extracellular bacterial pathogens has been well established. In this study, we focused on an intra-cellular bacterium, Chlamydia, and evaluated the production and function of IL-22 in host defense against chlamydial lung infection using a mouse model. We found that Chlamydia muridarum infection elicited quick IL-22 responses in the lung, which increased during infection and were reduced when bacterial loads decreased. More importantly, blockade of endogenous IL-22 using neutralizing anti-IL-22 monoclonal antibodies (mAb) resulted in more severe disease in the mice, leading to significantly higher weight loss and bacterial growth and much more severe pathological changes than treatment with isotype control antibody. Immunological analyses identified significantly lower T helper 1 (Th1) and Th17 responses in the IL-22-neutralized mice. In contrast, intranasal administration of exogenous IL-22 significantly enhanced protection following chlamydial lung infection, which was associated with a significant increase of Th17 response. The data demonstrate that IL-22 is a critical cytokine, mediating host defense against chlamydial lung infection and coordinating the function of distinct Th-cell subsets, particularly Th1 and Th17, in the process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Peng
- Departments of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada Department of Medical Microbiology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, PR China
| | - Xiaoling Gao
- Departments of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Jie Yang
- Departments of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Sudhanshu Shekhar
- Departments of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Shuhe Wang
- Departments of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Yijun Fan
- Departments of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Weiming Zhao
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, PR China
| | - Xi Yang
- Departments of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
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Abstract
The Th17 pathway has recently been shown to play a critical role in host defense, allergic responses and autoimmune inflammation. Th17 cells predominantly produce IL-17 and IL-22, which are two cytokines with broad effects in the lung and other tissues. This review summarizes not only what is currently known about the molecular regulation of this pathway and Th17-related cytokine signaling, but also the roles of these cytokines in pathogen immunity and asthma. In the last 5 years, the Th17 field has rapidly grown and research has revealed that the Th17 pathway is essential in lung pathogenesis in response to exogenous stimuli. As work in the field continues, it is expected that many exciting therapeutic advances will be made for a broad range of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle L Manni
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Allergy, and Immunology, Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, One Children’s Hospital, Dr, 9127 Rangos, 4401 Penn Ave., Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA
| | - Keven M Robinson
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Allergy, and Immunology, Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, One Children’s Hospital, Dr, 9127 Rangos, 4401 Penn Ave., Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - John F Alcorn
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Allergy, and Immunology, Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, One Children’s Hospital, Dr, 9127 Rangos, 4401 Penn Ave., Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA
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Immunity against a Chlamydia infection and disease may be determined by a balance of IL-17 signaling. Immunol Cell Biol 2013; 92:287-97. [PMID: 24366518 DOI: 10.1038/icb.2013.92] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2013] [Revised: 11/03/2013] [Accepted: 11/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Most vaccines developed against Chlamydia using animal models provide partial protection against a genital tract infection. However, protection against the oviduct pathology associated with infertility is highly variable and often has no defining immunological correlate. When comparing two adjuvants (CTA1-DD and a combination of Cholera toxin plus CpG-oligodeoxynucleotide-CT/CpG) combined with the chlamydial major outer membrane protein (MOMP) antigen and delivered via the intranasal (IN), sublingual (SL) or transcutaneous (TC) routes, we identified two vaccine groups with contrasting outcomes following infection. SL immunization with MOMP/CTA1-DD induced a 70% reduction in the incidence of oviduct pathology, without significantly altering the course of infection. Conversely, IN immunization with MOMP/CT/CpG prevented an ascending infection, but not the oviduct pathology. This anomaly presented a unique opportunity to study the mechanisms by which vaccines can prevent oviduct pathology, other than by controlling the infection. The IL-17 signaling in the oviducts was found to associate with both the enhancement of immunity to infection and the development of oviduct pathology. This conflicting role of IL-17 may provide some explanation for the discordance in protection between infection and disease and suggests that controlling immunopathology, as opposed to the rapid eradication of the infection, may be essential for an effective human chlamydial vaccine that prevents infertility.
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Gao X, Zhao L, Wang S, Yang J, Yang X. Enhanced inducible costimulator ligand (ICOS-L) expression on dendritic cells in interleukin-10 deficiency and its impact on T-cell subsets in respiratory tract infection. Mol Med 2013; 19:346-56. [PMID: 24100657 DOI: 10.2119/molmed.2013.00035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2013] [Accepted: 09/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
An association between inducible costimulator ligand (ICOS-L) expression and interleukin (IL)-10 production by dendritic cells (DCs) has been commonly found in infectious disease. DCs with higher ICOS-L expression and IL-10 production are reportedly more efficient in inducing regulatory T cells (Tregs). Here we use the Chlamydia muridarum (Cm) lung infection model in IL-10 knockout (KO) mice to test the relationship between IL-10 production and ICOS-L expression by DCs. We examined ICOS-L expression, the development of T-cell subsets, including Treg, Th17 and Th1 cell, in the background of IL-10 deficiency and its relationship with ICOS-L/ICOS signaling after infection. Surprisingly, we found that the IL-10 KO mice exhibited significantly higher ICOS-L expression by DCs. Moreover, IL-10 KO mice showed lower Tregs but higher Th17 and Th1 responses, but only the Th17 response depended on ICOS signaling. Consistently, most of the Th17 cells were ICOS⁺, whereas most of the Th1 cells were ICOS⁻ in the infected mice. Furthermore, neutralization of IL-17 in IL-10 KO mice significantly exacerbated lung infection. The data suggest that ICOS-L expression on DC may be negatively regulated by IL-10 and that ICOS-L expression on DC in the presence or absence of IL-10 costimulation may promote Treg or Th17 response, without significant impact on Th1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoling Gao
- Laboratory for Infection and Immunity, Departments of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Lei Zhao
- Laboratory for Infection and Immunity, Departments of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Shuhe Wang
- Laboratory for Infection and Immunity, Departments of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Jie Yang
- Laboratory for Infection and Immunity, Departments of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Xi Yang
- Laboratory for Infection and Immunity, Departments of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
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Andrew DW, Cochrane M, Schripsema JH, Ramsey KH, Dando SJ, O’Meara CP, Timms P, Beagley KW. The duration of Chlamydia muridarum genital tract infection and associated chronic pathological changes are reduced in IL-17 knockout mice but protection is not increased further by immunization. PLoS One 2013; 8:e76664. [PMID: 24073293 PMCID: PMC3779189 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0076664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2013] [Accepted: 08/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
IL-17 is believed to be important for protection against extracellular pathogens, where clearance is dependent on neutrophil recruitment and local activation of epithelial cell defences. However, the role of IL-17 in protection against intracellular pathogens such as Chlamydia is less clear. We have compared (i) the course of natural genital tract C. muridarum infection, (ii) the development of oviduct pathology and (iii) the development of vaccine-induced immunity against infection in wild type (WT) BALB/c and IL-17 knockout mice (IL-17-/-) to determine if IL-17-mediated immunity is implicated in the development of infection-induced pathology and/or protection. Both the magnitude and duration of genital infection was significantly reduced in IL-17-/- mice compared to BALB/c. Similarly, hydrosalpinx was also greatly reduced in IL-17-/- mice and this correlated with reduced neutrophil and macrophage infiltration of oviduct tissues. Matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) 9 and MMP2 were increased in WT oviducts compared to IL-17-/- animals at day 7 post-infection. In contrast, oviducts from IL-17-/- mice contained higher MMP9 and MMP2 at day 21. Infection also elicited higher levels of Chlamydia-neutralizing antibody in serum of IL-17-/- mice than WT mice. Following intranasal immunization with C. muridarumMajor Outer Membrane Protein (MOMP) and cholera toxin plus CpG adjuvants, significantly higher levels of chlamydial MOMP-specific IgG and IgA were found in serum and vaginal washes of IL-17-/- mice. T cell proliferation and IFNγ production by splenocytes was greater in WT animals following in vitro re-stimulation, however vaccination was only effective at reducing infection in WT, not IL-17-/- mice. Intranasal or transcutaneous immunization protected WT but not IL-17-/- mice against hydrosalpinx development. Our data show that in the absence of IL-17, the severity of C. muridarum genital infection and associated oviduct pathology are significantly attenuated, however neither infection or pathology can be reduced further by vaccination protocols that effectively protect WT mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dean W. Andrew
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, Queensland, Australia
| | - Melanie Cochrane
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, Queensland, Australia
| | - Justin H. Schripsema
- Microbiology and Immunology Department, Chicago College of Osteopathic Medicine, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Kyle H. Ramsey
- Microbiology and Immunology Department, Chicago College of Osteopathic Medicine, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Samantha J. Dando
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, Queensland, Australia
| | - Connor P. O’Meara
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, Queensland, Australia
| | - Peter Timms
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, Queensland, Australia
| | - Kenneth W. Beagley
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, Queensland, Australia
- * E-mail:
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