1
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Gurrea-Rubio M, Wu Q, Amin MA, Tsou PS, Campbell PL, Amarista CI, Ikari Y, Brodie WD, Mattichak MN, Muraoka S, Randon PM, Lind ME, Ruth JH, Mao-Draayer Y, Ding S, Shen X, Cooney LA, Lin F, Fox DA. Activation of cytotoxic lymphocytes through CD6 enhances killing of cancer cells. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2024; 73:34. [PMID: 38280067 PMCID: PMC10821976 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-023-03578-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/29/2024]
Abstract
Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have demonstrated efficacy and improved survival in a growing number of cancers. Despite their success, ICIs are associated with immune-related adverse events that can interfere with their use. Therefore, safer approaches are needed. CD6, expressed by T-lymphocytes and human NK cells, engages in cell-cell interactions by binding to its ligands CD166 (ALCAM) and CD318 (CDCP1). CD6 is a target protein for regulating immune responses and is required for the development of several mouse models of autoimmunity. Interestingly, CD6 is exclusively expressed on immune cells while CD318 is strongly expressed on most cancers. Here we demonstrate that disrupting the CD6-CD318 axis with UMCD6, an anti-CD6 monoclonal antibody, prolongs survival of mice in xenograft mouse models of human breast and prostate cancer, treated with infusions of human lymphocytes. Analysis of tumor-infiltrating immune cells showed that augmentation of lymphocyte cytotoxicity by UMCD6 is due to effects of this antibody on NK, NKT and CD8 + T cells. In particular, tumor-infiltrating cytotoxic lymphocytes from UMCD6-treated mice expressed higher levels of perforin and were found in higher proportions than those from IgG-treated mice. Moreover, RNA-seq analysis of human NK-92 cells treated with UMCD6 revealed that UMCD6 up-regulates the NKG2D-DAP10 receptor complex, important in NK cell activation, as well as its downstream target PI3K. Our results now describe the phenotypic changes that occur on immune cells upon treatment with UMCD6 and further confirm that the CD6-CD318 axis can regulate the activation state of cytotoxic lymphocytes and their positioning within the tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikel Gurrea-Rubio
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, University of Michigan and Autoimmunity Center of Excellence, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Qi Wu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, University of Michigan and Autoimmunity Center of Excellence, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - M Asif Amin
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, University of Michigan and Autoimmunity Center of Excellence, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Pei-Suen Tsou
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, University of Michigan and Autoimmunity Center of Excellence, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Phillip L Campbell
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, University of Michigan and Autoimmunity Center of Excellence, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Camila I Amarista
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, University of Michigan and Autoimmunity Center of Excellence, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Yuzo Ikari
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, University of Michigan and Autoimmunity Center of Excellence, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - William D Brodie
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, University of Michigan and Autoimmunity Center of Excellence, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Megan N Mattichak
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, University of Michigan and Autoimmunity Center of Excellence, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Sei Muraoka
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, University of Michigan and Autoimmunity Center of Excellence, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Peggy M Randon
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, University of Michigan and Autoimmunity Center of Excellence, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Matthew E Lind
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, University of Michigan and Autoimmunity Center of Excellence, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Jeffrey H Ruth
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, University of Michigan and Autoimmunity Center of Excellence, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Yang Mao-Draayer
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, 825 NE 13th St, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA
| | | | | | - Laura A Cooney
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, University of Michigan and Autoimmunity Center of Excellence, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Feng Lin
- Department of Immunity and Inflammation, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - David A Fox
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, University of Michigan and Autoimmunity Center of Excellence, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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2
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Nersesian S, Carter EB, Lee SN, Westhaver LP, Boudreau JE. Killer instincts: natural killer cells as multifactorial cancer immunotherapy. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1269614. [PMID: 38090565 PMCID: PMC10715270 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1269614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells integrate heterogeneous signals for activation and inhibition using germline-encoded receptors. These receptors are stochastically co-expressed, and their concurrent engagement and signaling can adjust the sensitivity of individual cells to putative targets. Against cancers, which mutate and evolve under therapeutic and immunologic pressure, the diversity for recognition provided by NK cells may be key to comprehensive cancer control. NK cells are already being trialled as adoptive cell therapy and targets for immunotherapeutic agents. However, strategies to leverage their naturally occurring diversity and agility have not yet been developed. In this review, we discuss the receptors and signaling pathways through which signals for activation or inhibition are generated in NK cells, focusing on their roles in cancer and potential as targets for immunotherapies. Finally, we consider the impacts of receptor co-expression and the potential to engage multiple pathways of NK cell reactivity to maximize the scope and strength of antitumor activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Nersesian
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
- Beatrice Hunter Cancer Research Institute, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Emily B. Carter
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
- Beatrice Hunter Cancer Research Institute, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Stacey N. Lee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
- Beatrice Hunter Cancer Research Institute, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | | | - Jeanette E. Boudreau
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
- Beatrice Hunter Cancer Research Institute, Halifax, NS, Canada
- Department of Pathology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
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3
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Liu Y, Tang W, Yao F. USP53 Exerts Tumor-Promoting Effects in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer by Deubiquitinating CRKL. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:5033. [PMID: 37894400 PMCID: PMC10605207 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15205033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2023] [Revised: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer (BC) ranks in the top five malignant tumors in terms of morbidity and mortality rates. Among BC subtypes, TNBC has a high recurrence rate and metastasis rate and the worst prognosis. However, the exact mechanism by which TNBC develops is unclear. Here, we show that the deubiquitinase USP53 contributes to tumor growth and metastasis in TNBC. USP53 is overexpressed in TNBC, and this phenotype is linked to a poor prognosis. Functionally, USP53 promotes TNBC cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). More importantly, USP53 decreases the chemosensitivity of BC cells by enhancing v-crk sarcoma virus CT10 oncogene homologue (avian)-like (CRKL) expression. Mechanistically, USP53 directly binds CRKL to stabilize and deubiquitinate it, thereby preventing CRKL degradation. Overall, we discovered that USP53 deubiquitinates CRKL, encourages tumor development and metastasis, and reduces chemosensitivity in TNBC. These findings imply that USP53 might represent a new therapeutic target for the treatment of TNBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Liu
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China;
| | - Wei Tang
- Department of Pediartrics, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China;
| | - Feng Yao
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China;
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4
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Gurrea-Rubio M, Wu Q, Amin MA, Tsou PS, Campbell PL, Amarista CE, Ikari Y, Brodie WD, Mattichak MN, Muraoka S, Randon PM, Lind ME, Ruth JH, Mao-Draayer Y, Ding S, Shen X, Cooney LA, Lin F, Fox DA. Activation of Cytotoxic Lymphocytes Through CD6 Enhances Killing of Cancer Cells. RESEARCH SQUARE 2023:rs.3.rs-3405677. [PMID: 37886483 PMCID: PMC10602169 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3405677/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have demonstrated efficacy and improved survival in a growing number of cancers. Despite their success, ICIs are associated with immune-related adverse events that can interfere with their use. Therefore, safer approaches are needed. CD6, expressed by T-lymphocytes and human NK cells, engages in cell-cell interactions by binding to its ligands CD166 (ALCAM) and CD318 (CDCP1). CD6 is a target protein for regulating immune responses and is required for the development of several mouse models of autoimmunity. Interestingly, CD6 is exclusively expressed on immune cells while CD318 is strongly expressed on most cancers. Here we demonstrate that disrupting the CD6-CD318 axis with UMCD6, an anti-CD6 monoclonal antibody, prolongs survival of mice in xenograft models of human breast and prostate cancer, treated with infusions of human lymphocytes. Analysis of tumor-infiltrating immune cells showed that augmentation of lymphocyte cytotoxicity by UMCD6 is due to effects of this antibody on NK, NKT and CD8+ T cells. Tumor-infiltrating cytotoxic lymphocytes were found in higher proportions and were activated in UMCD6-treated mice compared to controls. Similar changes in gene expression were observed by RNA-seq analysis of NK cells treated with UMCD6. Particularly, UMCD6 up-regulated the NKG2D-DAP10 complex and activated PI3K. Thus, the CD6-CD318 axis can regulate the activation state of cytotoxic lymphocytes and their positioning within the tumor microenvironment.
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5
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Wang ZH, Li W, Dong H, Han F. Current state of NK cell-mediated immunotherapy in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Front Oncol 2023; 12:1077436. [PMID: 37078002 PMCID: PMC10107371 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.1077436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) has become one of the most common hematological diseases in western countries, with an annual incidence of 42/100,000. Conventional chemotherapy and targeted therapeutic drugs showed limitations in prognosis or in efficiency in high-risk patients. Immunotherapy represented is one of the most effective therapeutic approaches with the potential of better effect and prognosis. Natural killer (NK) cells are good options for immunotherapy as they can effectively mediate anti-tumor activity of immune system by expressing activating and inhibiting receptors and recognizing specific ligands on various tumor cells. NK cells are critical in the immunotherapy of CLL by enhancing self-mediated antibody-dependent cytotoxicity (ADCC), allogeneic NK cell therapy and chimeric antigen receptor-natural killer (CAR-NK) cell therapy. In this article, we reviewed the features, working mechanisms, and receptors of NK cells, and the available evidence of the advantages and disadvantages of NK cell-based immunotherapies, and put forward future study directions in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zong-Han Wang
- Cancer Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Wei Li
- Department of General Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Hao Dong
- Department of Gastrointestinal Nutrition and Surgical Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
- *Correspondence: Hao Dong, ; Fujun Han,
| | - Fujun Han
- Cancer Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
- *Correspondence: Hao Dong, ; Fujun Han,
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6
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Ruthig VA, Lamb DJ. Modeling development of genitourinary birth defects to understand disruption due to changes in gene dosage. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL UROLOGY 2022; 10:412-424. [PMID: 36636694 PMCID: PMC9831917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Genitourinary development is a delicately orchestrated process that begins in the embryo. Once complete, the genitourinary system is a collection of functionally disparate organs spread throughout the abdominal and pelvic regions. These distinct organs are interconnected through an elaborate duct system which aggregates the organs' products to a common exit point. The complicated nature of the genitourinary system makes it highly susceptible to developmental disruptions that produce anomalies. In fact, genitourinary anomalies are among the most common class of human birth defects. Aside from congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract (CAKUT), for males, these birth defects can also occur in the penis (hypospadias) and testis (cryptorchism), which impact male fertility and male mental health. As genetic technology has advanced, it has become clear that a subset of cases of genitourinary birth defects are due to gene variation causing dosage changes in critical regulatory genes. Here we first review the parallels between human and mouse genitourinary development. We then demonstrate how translational research leverages mouse models of human gene variation cases to advance mechanistic understanding of causation in genitourinary birth defects. We close with a view to the future highlighting upcoming technologies that will provide a deeper understanding of gene variation affecting regulation of genitourinary development, which should ultimately advance treatment options for patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor A Ruthig
- Department of Urology, Weill Cornell MedicineNew York, NY, USA,Sexual Medicine Laboratory, Weill Cornell MedicineNew York, NY, USA
| | - Dolores J Lamb
- Department of Urology, Weill Cornell MedicineNew York, NY, USA,Center for Reproductive Genomics, Weill Cornell MedicineNew York, NY, USA,Englander Institute for Precision Medicine, Weill Cornell MedicineNew York, NY, USA
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7
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Grewal RK, Das J. Spatially resolved in silico modeling of NKG2D signaling kinetics suggests a key role of NKG2D and Vav1 Co-clustering in generating natural killer cell activation. PLoS Comput Biol 2022; 18:e1010114. [PMID: 35584138 PMCID: PMC9154193 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1010114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural Killer (NK) cells provide key resistance against viral infections and tumors. A diverse set of activating and inhibitory NK cell receptors (NKRs) interact with cognate ligands presented by target host cells, where integration of dueling signals initiated by the ligand-NKR interactions determines NK cell activation or tolerance. Imaging experiments over decades have shown micron and sub-micron scale spatial clustering of activating and inhibitory NKRs. The mechanistic roles of these clusters in affecting downstream signaling and activation are often unclear. To this end, we developed a predictive in silico framework by combining spatially resolved mechanistic agent based modeling, published TIRF imaging data, and parameter estimation to determine mechanisms by which formation and spatial movements of activating NKG2D microclusters affect early time NKG2D signaling kinetics in a human cell line NKL. We show co-clustering of NKG2D and the guanosine nucleotide exchange factor Vav1 in NKG2D microclusters plays a dominant role over ligand (ULBP3) rebinding in increasing production of phospho-Vav1(pVav1), an activation marker of early NKG2D signaling. The in silico model successfully predicts several scenarios of inhibition of NKG2D signaling and time course of NKG2D spatial clustering over a short (~3 min) interval. Modeling shows the presence of a spatial positive feedback relating formation and centripetal movements of NKG2D microclusters, and pVav1 production offers flexibility towards suppression of activating signals by inhibitory KIR ligands organized in inhomogeneous spatial patterns (e.g., a ring). Our in silico framework marks a major improvement in developing spatiotemporal signaling models with quantitatively estimated model parameters using imaging data. Natural Killer cells are lymphocytes of our innate immunity and provide important resistance against viral infections and tumors. NK cells scan the local environment with diverse activating and inhibitory NK cell receptors (NKRs) and remain tolerized or lyse target cells expressing cognate ligands to NKRs. NKRs have been found to form micron sized clusters (or microclusters) as they interact with cognate ligands, and mechanisms regarding how the formation and movements of these microclusters influence NK cell signaling and activation, specifically related to activating NKRs, are often unclear. To this end, we develop a predictive spatially resolved early-time NK cell signaling model to study the interplay between membrane-proximal biochemical signaling events and the kinetics of microclusters of activating NKG2D and inhibitory KIR2DL2 receptors. We used published TIRF imaging data to validate our in silico models and estimate model parameters. Predictions from multiple in silico models are tested against a variety of data obtained from published imaging experiments and immunoassays. Our analysis suggests co-clustering of NKG2D and the guanosine nucleotide exchange factor Vav1 in the microclusters plays a major role in enhancing downstream activating signals. The developed framework can be extended to describe spatiotemporal signaling for other activating NKRs including CD16.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajdeep Kaur Grewal
- Battelle Center for Mathematical Medicine, Abigail Wexner Research Institute, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Jayajit Das
- Battelle Center for Mathematical Medicine, Abigail Wexner Research Institute, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- Pelotonia Institute for Immuno-Oncology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- Biophysics Graduate Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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8
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Vulpis E, Loconte L, Peri A, Molfetta R, Caracciolo G, Masuelli L, Tomaipitinca L, Peruzzi G, Petillo S, Petrucci MT, Fazio F, Simonelli L, Fionda C, Soriani A, Cerboni C, Cippitelli M, Paolini R, Bernardini G, Palmieri G, Santoni A, Zingoni A. Impact on NK cell functions of acute versus chronic exposure to extracellular vesicle-associated MICA: Dual role in cancer immunosurveillance. J Extracell Vesicles 2022; 11:e12176. [PMID: 34973063 PMCID: PMC8720178 DOI: 10.1002/jev2.12176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are innate cytotoxic lymphocytes that play a key role in cancer immunosurveillance thanks to their ability to recognize and kill cancer cells. NKG2D is an activating receptor that binds to MIC and ULBP molecules typically induced on damaged, transformed or infected cells. The release of NKG2D ligands (NKG2DLs) in the extracellular milieu through protease-mediated cleavage or by extracellular vesicle (EV) secretion allows cancer cells to evade NKG2D-mediated immunosurveillance. In this work, we investigated the immunomodulatory properties of the NKG2D ligand MICA*008 associated to distinct populations of EVs (i.e., small extracellular vesicles [sEVs] and medium size extracellular vesicles [mEVs]). By using as model a human MICA*008-transfected multiple myeloma (MM) cell line, we found that this ligand is present on both vesicle populations. Interestingly, our findings reveal that NKG2D is specifically involved in the uptake of vesicles expressing its cognate ligand. We provide evidence that MICA*008-expressing sEVs and mEVs are able on one hand to activate NK cells but, following prolonged stimulation induce a sustained NKG2D downmodulation leading to impaired NKG2D-mediated functions. Moreover, our findings show that MICA*008 can be transferred by vesicles to NK cells causing fratricide. Focusing on MM as a clinically and biologically relevant model of tumour-NK cell interactions, we found enrichment of EVs expressing MICA in the bone marrow of a cohort of patients. All together our results suggest that the accumulation of NKG2D ligands associated to vesicles in the tumour microenvironment could favour the suppression of NK cell activity either by NKG2D down-modulation or by fratricide of NK cell dressed with EV-derived NKG2D ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Vulpis
- Laboratory affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia‐Fondazione Cenci BolognettiDepartment of Molecular MedicineSapienza’ University of RomeRomeItaly
| | - Luisa Loconte
- Laboratory affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia‐Fondazione Cenci BolognettiDepartment of Molecular MedicineSapienza’ University of RomeRomeItaly
| | - Agnese Peri
- Laboratory affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia‐Fondazione Cenci BolognettiDepartment of Molecular MedicineSapienza’ University of RomeRomeItaly
| | - Rosa Molfetta
- Laboratory affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia‐Fondazione Cenci BolognettiDepartment of Molecular MedicineSapienza’ University of RomeRomeItaly
| | - Giulio Caracciolo
- Department of Molecular MedicineSapienza University of RomeRomeItaly
| | - Laura Masuelli
- Department of Experimental MedicineSapienza University of RomeRomeItaly
| | - Luana Tomaipitinca
- Laboratory affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia‐Fondazione Cenci BolognettiDepartment of Molecular MedicineSapienza’ University of RomeRomeItaly
| | - Giovanna Peruzzi
- Center for Life Nano & Neuro ScienceIstituto Italiano di TecnologiaRomeItaly
| | - Sara Petillo
- Laboratory affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia‐Fondazione Cenci BolognettiDepartment of Molecular MedicineSapienza’ University of RomeRomeItaly
| | - Maria Teresa Petrucci
- Department of Cellular Biotechnologies and HematologySapienza University of RomeItaly
| | - Francesca Fazio
- Department of Cellular Biotechnologies and HematologySapienza University of RomeItaly
| | - Lucilla Simonelli
- Department of Experimental MedicineSapienza University of RomeRomeItaly
| | - Cinzia Fionda
- Laboratory affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia‐Fondazione Cenci BolognettiDepartment of Molecular MedicineSapienza’ University of RomeRomeItaly
| | - Alessandra Soriani
- Laboratory affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia‐Fondazione Cenci BolognettiDepartment of Molecular MedicineSapienza’ University of RomeRomeItaly
| | - Cristina Cerboni
- Laboratory affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia‐Fondazione Cenci BolognettiDepartment of Molecular MedicineSapienza’ University of RomeRomeItaly
| | - Marco Cippitelli
- Laboratory affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia‐Fondazione Cenci BolognettiDepartment of Molecular MedicineSapienza’ University of RomeRomeItaly
| | - Rossella Paolini
- Laboratory affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia‐Fondazione Cenci BolognettiDepartment of Molecular MedicineSapienza’ University of RomeRomeItaly
| | - Giovanni Bernardini
- Laboratory affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia‐Fondazione Cenci BolognettiDepartment of Molecular MedicineSapienza’ University of RomeRomeItaly
| | | | - Angela Santoni
- Laboratory affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia‐Fondazione Cenci BolognettiDepartment of Molecular MedicineSapienza’ University of RomeRomeItaly
- Neuromed I.R.C.C.S.‐Istituto Neurologico MediterraneoPozzilliItaly
| | - Alessandra Zingoni
- Laboratory affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia‐Fondazione Cenci BolognettiDepartment of Molecular MedicineSapienza’ University of RomeRomeItaly
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9
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Rowaiye AB, Asala T, Oli AN, Uzochukwu IC, Akpa A, Esimone CO. The Activating Receptors of Natural Killer Cells and Their Inter-Switching Potentials. Curr Drug Targets 2021; 21:1733-1751. [PMID: 32914713 DOI: 10.2174/1389450121666200910160929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The global incidence of cancer is on the increase and researchers are prospecting for specific and non-selective therapies derived from the immune system. The killer activating receptors of NK cells are known to be involved in immunosurveillance against tumor and virally-infected cells. These receptors belong to two main categories, namely the immunoglobulin like and C-lectin like families. Though they have different signal pathways, all the killer activating receptors have similar effector functions which include direct cytotoxicity and the release of inflammatory cytokines such as IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha. To transduce signals that exceed the activation threshold for cytotoxicity, most of these receptors require synergistic effort. This review profiles 21 receptors: 13 immunoglobulin-like, 5 lectin-like, and 3 others. It critically explores their structural uniqueness, role in disease, respective transduction signal pathways and their status as current and prospective targets for cancer immunotherapy. While the native ligands of most of these receptors are known, much work is required to prospect for specific antibodies, peptides and multi-target small molecules with high binding affinities.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Titilayo Asala
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, National Biotechnology Development Agency, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Angus Nnamdi Oli
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Agulu, Anambra state, Nigeria
| | - Ikemefuna Chijioke Uzochukwu
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical sciences, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Agulu, Anambra state, Nigeria
| | - Alex Akpa
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, National Biotechnology Development Agency, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Charles Okechukwu Esimone
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Agulu, Anambra state, Nigeria
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10
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Lozic M, Minarik L, Racetin A, Filipovic N, Saraga Babic M, Vukojevic K. CRKL, AIFM3, AIF, BCL2, and UBASH3A during Human Kidney Development. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22179183. [PMID: 34502088 PMCID: PMC8431184 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22179183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We aimed to investigate the spatio-temporal expression of possible CAKUT candidate genes CRKL, AIFM3, and UBASH3A, as well as AIF and BCL2 during human kidney development. Human fetal kidney tissue was stained with antibodies and analyzed by fluorescence microscopy and RT-PCR. Quantification of positive cells was assessed by calculation of area percentage and counting cells in nephron structures. Results showed statistically significant differences in the temporal expression patterns of the examined markers, depending on the investigated developmental stage. Limited but strong expression of CRKL was seen in developing kidneys, with increasing expression up to the period where the majority of nephrons are formed. Results also lead us to conclude that AIFM3 and AIF are important for promoting cell survival, but only AIFM3 is considered a CAKUT candidate gene due to the lack of AIF in nephron developmental structures. Our findings imply great importance of AIFM3 in energy production in nephrogenesis and tubular maturation. UBASH3A raw scores showed greater immunoreactivity in developing structures than mature ones which would point to a meaningful role in nephrogenesis. The fact that mRNA and proteins of CRKL, UBASH3A, and AIFM3 were detected in all phases of kidney development implies their role as renal development control genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirela Lozic
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, University of Split, Šoltanska 2, 21 000 Split, Croatia; (M.L.); (L.M.); (A.R.); (N.F.); (M.S.B.)
| | - Luka Minarik
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, University of Split, Šoltanska 2, 21 000 Split, Croatia; (M.L.); (L.M.); (A.R.); (N.F.); (M.S.B.)
| | - Anita Racetin
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, University of Split, Šoltanska 2, 21 000 Split, Croatia; (M.L.); (L.M.); (A.R.); (N.F.); (M.S.B.)
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Mostar, 88 000 Mostar, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Natalija Filipovic
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, University of Split, Šoltanska 2, 21 000 Split, Croatia; (M.L.); (L.M.); (A.R.); (N.F.); (M.S.B.)
| | - Mirna Saraga Babic
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, University of Split, Šoltanska 2, 21 000 Split, Croatia; (M.L.); (L.M.); (A.R.); (N.F.); (M.S.B.)
| | - Katarina Vukojevic
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, University of Split, Šoltanska 2, 21 000 Split, Croatia; (M.L.); (L.M.); (A.R.); (N.F.); (M.S.B.)
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Mostar, 88 000 Mostar, Bosnia and Herzegovina
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +385-21-557-807; Fax: +385-21-557-811
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11
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Phatarpekar PV, Overlee BL, Leehan A, Wilton KM, Ham H, Billadeau DD. The septin cytoskeleton regulates natural killer cell lytic granule release. J Cell Biol 2021; 219:152040. [PMID: 32841357 PMCID: PMC7594501 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202002145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cell–mediated killing involves the membrane fusion of preformed lytic granules. While the roles of actin and microtubules are well accepted during this process, the function of septins, another cytoskeletal component that associates with actin and microtubules, has not been investigated. Here we show that genetic depletion or pharmacologic stabilization of the septin cytoskeleton significantly inhibited NK cell cytotoxicity. Although the stabilization of septin filaments impaired conjugate formation, depletion of septin proteins had no impact on conjugate formation, lytic granule convergence, or MTOC polarization to the cytotoxic synapse (CS). Interestingly, septins copurify and accumulate near the polarized lytic granules at the CS, where they regulate lytic granule release. Mechanistically, we find that septin 7 interacts with the SNARE protein syntaxin 11 and facilitates its interaction with syntaxin binding protein 2 to promote lytic granule fusion. Altogether, our data identify a critical role for septins in regulating the release of lytic granule contents during NK cell–mediated killing.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Brittany L Overlee
- Department of Immunology, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Alexander Leehan
- Department of Immunology, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Katelynn M Wilton
- Department of Immunology, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Hyoungjun Ham
- Department of Immunology, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Daniel D Billadeau
- Department of Immunology, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
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12
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Ben-Shmuel A, Sabag B, Biber G, Barda-Saad M. The Role of the Cytoskeleton in Regulating the Natural Killer Cell Immune Response in Health and Disease: From Signaling Dynamics to Function. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:609532. [PMID: 33598461 PMCID: PMC7882700 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.609532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are innate lymphoid cells, which play key roles in elimination of virally infected and malignant cells. The balance between activating and inhibitory signals derived from NK surface receptors govern the NK cell immune response. The cytoskeleton facilitates most NK cell effector functions, such as motility, infiltration, conjugation with target cells, immunological synapse assembly, and cytotoxicity. Though many studies have characterized signaling pathways that promote actin reorganization in immune cells, it is not completely clear how particular cytoskeletal architectures at the immunological synapse promote effector functions, and how cytoskeletal dynamics impact downstream signaling pathways and activation. Moreover, pioneering studies employing advanced imaging techniques have only begun to uncover the architectural complexity dictating the NK cell activation threshold; it is becoming clear that a distinct organization of the cytoskeleton and signaling receptors at the NK immunological synapse plays a decisive role in activation and tolerance. Here, we review the roles of the actin cytoskeleton in NK cells. We focus on how actin dynamics impact cytolytic granule secretion, NK cell motility, and NK cell infiltration through tissues into inflammatory sites. We will also describe the additional cytoskeletal components, non-muscle Myosin II and microtubules that play pivotal roles in NK cell activity. Furthermore, special emphasis will be placed on the role of the cytoskeleton in assembly of immunological synapses, and how mutations or downregulation of cytoskeletal accessory proteins impact NK cell function in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aviad Ben-Shmuel
- Laboratory of Molecular and Applied Immunology, The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Batel Sabag
- Laboratory of Molecular and Applied Immunology, The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Guy Biber
- Laboratory of Molecular and Applied Immunology, The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Mira Barda-Saad
- Laboratory of Molecular and Applied Immunology, The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
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13
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Research Progress on NK Cell Receptors and Their Signaling Pathways. Mediators Inflamm 2020; 2020:6437057. [PMID: 32774149 PMCID: PMC7396059 DOI: 10.1155/2020/6437057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer cells (NK cells) play an important role in innate immunity. NK cells recognize self and nonself depending on the balance of activating receptors and inhibitory receptors. After binding to their ligands, NK cell receptors trigger subsequent signaling conduction and then determine whether NK is activated or inhibited. Furthermore, NK cell response includes cytotoxicity and cytokine release, which is tightly related to the activation of NK cell-activating receptors and the inhibition of inhibitory receptors on the surfaces of NK cells. The expression and function of NK cell surface receptors also alter in virus infection, tumor, and autoimmune diseases and influence the occurrence and development of diseases. So, it is important to understand the mechanism of recognition between NK receptors and their ligands in pathological conditions and the signaling pathways of NK cell receptors. This review mainly summarizes the research progress on NK cell surface receptors and their signal pathways.
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14
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Human signal transducer and activator of transcription 5b (STAT5b) mutation causes dysregulated human natural killer cell maturation and impaired lytic function. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2019; 145:345-357.e9. [PMID: 31600547 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2019.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Revised: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with signal transducer and activator of transcription 5b (STAT5b) deficiency have impairment in T-cell homeostasis and natural killer (NK) cells which leads to autoimmunity, recurrent infections, and combined immune deficiency. OBJECTIVE In this study we characterized the NK cell defect in STAT5b-deficient human NK cells, as well as Stat5b-/- mice. METHODS We used multiparametric flow cytometry, functional NK cell assays, microscopy, and a Stat5b-/- mouse model to elucidate the effect of impaired and/or absent STAT5b on NK cell development and function. RESULTS This alteration generated a nonfunctional CD56bright NK cell subset characterized by low cytokine production. The CD56dim NK cell subset had decreased expression of perforin and CD16 and a greater frequency of cells expressing markers of immature NK cells. We observed low NK cell numbers and impaired NK cell maturation, suggesting that STAT5b is involved in terminal NK cell maturation in Stat5b-/- mice. Furthermore, human STAT5b-deficient NK cells had low cytolytic capacity, and fixed-cell microscopy showed poor convergence of lytic granules. This was accompanied by decreased expression of costimulatory and activating receptors. Interestingly, granule convergence and cytolytic function were restored after IL-2 stimulation. CONCLUSIONS Our results show that in addition to the impaired terminal maturation of NK cells, human STAT5b mutation leads to impairments in early activation events in NK cell lytic synapse formation. Our data provide further insight into NK cell defects caused by STAT5b deficiency.
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15
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Wilton KM, Overlee BL, Billadeau DD. NKG2D-DAP10 signaling recruits EVL to the cytotoxic synapse to generate F-actin and promote NK cell cytotoxicity. J Cell Sci 2019; 133:jcs.230508. [PMID: 31235500 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.230508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 06/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells eliminate abnormal cells through the release of cytolytic granule contents. In this process, NK cells must adhere to target cells through integrin-mediated adhesion, which is highly dependent on the generation of F-actin. Ena/VASP-like (EVL) is an actin regulatory protein previously shown to regulate integrin-mediated adhesion in other cell types, but its role in NK cell biology is not known. Herein, we show that EVL is recruited to the NK cell cytotoxic synapse and is required for NK cell cytotoxicity. Significantly, EVL is involved in the generation of F-actin at the cytotoxic synapse, antibody-stimulated spreading, and NK cell-target cell adhesion. EVL interacts with WASP (also known as WAS) and VASP and is required for localization of both proteins to the synapse. Recruitment of EVL to points of cellular activation occurs through the receptor NKG2D-DAP10 (also known as KLRK1 and HCST, respectively) via a binding site previously implicated in VAV1 and Grb2 recruitment. Taken together, this study implicates DAP10-mediated Grb2 and VAV1 signaling in the recruitment of an EVL-containing actin regulatory complex to the cytotoxic synapse where it can promote F-actin nucleation leading to NK cell-mediated killing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katelynn M Wilton
- Department of Immunology, Schulze Center for Novel Therapeutics, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.,Medical Scientist Training Program, Schulze Center for Novel Therapeutics, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Brittany L Overlee
- Division of Oncology, Schulze Center for Novel Therapeutics, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Daniel D Billadeau
- Department of Immunology, Schulze Center for Novel Therapeutics, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA .,Division of Oncology, Schulze Center for Novel Therapeutics, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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16
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Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells express an array of germ-line encoded receptors that are capable of triggering cytotoxicity. NK cells tend to express many members of a given family of signalling molecules. The presence of many activating receptors and many members of a given family of signalling molecules can enable NK cells to detect different kinds of target cells, and to mount different kinds of responses. This contributes also to the robustness of NK cells responses; cytotoxic functions of NK cells often remain unaffected in the absence of selected signalling molecules. NK cells express many MHC-I-specific inhibitory receptors. Signals from MHC-I-specific inhibitory receptors tightly control NK cell cytotoxicity and, paradoxically, maintain NK cells in a state of proper responsiveness. This review provides a brief overview of the events that underlie NK cell activation, and how signals from inhibitory receptors intercept NK cell activation to prevent inappropriate triggering of cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santosh Kumar
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
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17
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Nabekura T, Chen Z, Schroeder C, Park T, Vivier E, Lanier LL, Liu D. Crk Adaptor Proteins Regulate NK Cell Expansion and Differentiation during Mouse Cytomegalovirus Infection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 200:3420-3428. [PMID: 29618525 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1701639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Natural killer cells are critical in the immune response to infection and malignancy. Prior studies have demonstrated that Crk family proteins can influence cell apoptosis, proliferation, and cell transformation. In this study, we investigated the role of Crk family proteins in mouse NK cell differentiation and host defense using a mouse CMV infection model. The number of NK cells, maturational state, and the majority of the NKR repertoire was similar in Crk x Crk-like (CrkL)-double-deficient and wild type NK cells. However, Crk family proteins were required for optimal activation, IFN-γ production, expansion, and differentiation of Ly49H+ NK cells, as well as host defense during mouse CMV infection. The diminished function of Crk x CrkL-double-deficient NK cells correlated with decreased phosphorylation of STAT4 and STAT1 in response to IL-12 and IFN-α stimulation, respectively. Together, our findings analyzing NK cell-specific Crk-deficient mice provide insights into the role of Crk family proteins in NK cell function and host defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsukasa Nabekura
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143.,Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, San Francisco, CA 94143.,Life Science Center, Tsukuba Advanced Research Alliance, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8577, Japan
| | - Zhiying Chen
- Center for Inflammation and Epigenetics, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Casey Schroeder
- Center for Inflammation and Epigenetics, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Taeju Park
- Children's Research Institute, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO 64108
| | - Eric Vivier
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Aix Marseille Université, INSERM, CNRS, 13288 Marseille, France.,Service d'Immunologie, Hôpital de la Timone, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille, 13288 Marseille, France; and
| | - Lewis L Lanier
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143; .,Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Dongfang Liu
- Center for Inflammation and Epigenetics, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030; .,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, New York, NY 10065
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18
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Mace EM. Phosphoinositide-3-Kinase Signaling in Human Natural Killer Cells: New Insights from Primary Immunodeficiency. Front Immunol 2018; 9:445. [PMID: 29563913 PMCID: PMC5845875 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Human natural killer (NK) cells play a critical role in the control of viral infections and malignancy. Their importance in human health and disease is illustrated by severe viral infections in patients with primary immunodeficiencies that affect NK cell function and/or development. The recent identification of patients with phosphoinositide-3-kinase (PI3K)-signaling pathway mutations that can cause primary immunodeficiency provides valuable insight into the role that PI3K signaling plays in human NK cell maturation and lytic function. There is a rich literature that demonstrates a requirement for PI3K in multiple key aspects of NK cell biology, including development/maturation, homing, priming, and function. Here, I briefly review these previous studies and place them in context with recent findings from the study of primary immunodeficiency patients, particularly those with hyperactivating mutations in PI3Kδ signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily M Mace
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Center for Human Immunobiology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, United States
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19
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Ruiz-García R, Vargas-Hernández A, Chinn IK, Angelo LS, Cao TN, Coban-Akdemir Z, Jhangiani SN, Meng Q, Forbes LR, Muzny DM, Allende LM, Ehlayel MS, Gibbs RA, Lupski JR, Uzel G, Orange JS, Mace EM. Mutations in PI3K110δ cause impaired natural killer cell function partially rescued by rapamycin treatment. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2018; 142:605-617.e7. [PMID: 29330011 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2017.11.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Revised: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Heterozygous gain-of-function mutations in PI3K110δ lead to lymphadenopathy, lymphoid hyperplasia, EBV and cytomegalovirus viremia, and sinopulmonary infections. OBJECTIVE The known role of natural killer (NK) cell function in the control of EBV and cytomegalovirus prompted us to investigate the functional and phenotypic effects of PI3K110δ mutations on NK cell subsets and cytotoxic function. METHODS Mutations in patients were identified by using whole-exome or targeted sequencing. We performed NK cell phenotyping and functional analysis of patients' cells using flow cytometry, standard Cr51 cytotoxicity assays, and quantitative confocal microscopy. RESULTS PI3K110δ mutations led to an altered NK cell developmental phenotype and cytotoxic dysfunction. Impaired NK cell cytotoxicity was due to decreased conjugate formation with susceptible target cells and abrogated activation of cell machinery required for target cell killing. These defects were restored partially after initiation of treatment with rapamycin in 3 patients. CONCLUSION We describe novel NK cell functional deficiency caused by PI3K110δ mutation, which is a likely contributor to the severe viremia observed in these patients. Rapamycin treatment partially restores NK cell function, providing a further rationale for its use in patients with this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Ruiz-García
- Center for Human Immunobiology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Tex; Servicio de Immunología, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alexander Vargas-Hernández
- Center for Human Immunobiology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Tex; Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Tex
| | - Ivan K Chinn
- Center for Human Immunobiology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Tex; Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Tex
| | - Laura S Angelo
- Center for Human Immunobiology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Tex; Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Tex
| | - Tram N Cao
- Center for Human Immunobiology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Tex
| | - Zeynep Coban-Akdemir
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Tex; Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Tex
| | - Shalini N Jhangiani
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Tex
| | - Qingchang Meng
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Tex
| | - Lisa R Forbes
- Center for Human Immunobiology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Tex; Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Tex
| | - Donna M Muzny
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Tex
| | - Luis M Allende
- Servicio de Immunología, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mohammed S Ehlayel
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, and Department of Pediatrics, Weill Cornell Medical College, Ar-Rayyan, Qatar
| | - Richard A Gibbs
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Tex; Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Tex
| | - James R Lupski
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Tex; Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Tex; Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Tex
| | - Gulbu Uzel
- Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md
| | - Jordan S Orange
- Center for Human Immunobiology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Tex; Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Tex
| | - Emily M Mace
- Center for Human Immunobiology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Tex; Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Tex.
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20
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Liu X, Xu Y, Zhou Q, Chen M, Zhang Y, Liang H, Zhao J, Zhong W, Wang M. PI3K in cancer: its structure, activation modes and role in shaping tumor microenvironment. Future Oncol 2017; 14:665-674. [PMID: 29219001 DOI: 10.2217/fon-2017-0588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of PI3K in cancer has been well established, and mutations of PIK3CA, the gene coding for catalytic subunit p110α of PI3K, are found in approximately 30% human cancers. The hyperactivated PI3K pathway plays a central role in the tumor cell activities such as proliferation, differentiation, chemotaxis, survival, trafficking and metabolism. Besides, PI3K pathway is involved in the regulation of angiogenesis and the host immune response against cancer. Therefore, the inhibition of PI3K pathway can yield multifaceted tumor cell-extrinsic effects that may synergize with chemotherapy, and more importantly, with the newly revived immunotherapy. Here, we review the structures and activation modes of PI3Ks and its implications in angiogenesis, extracellular matrix remodeling and tumor immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Liu
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Lung Cancer Center, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, PR China
| | - Yan Xu
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Lung Cancer Center, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, PR China
| | - Qing Zhou
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Lung Cancer Center, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, PR China
| | - Minjiang Chen
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Lung Cancer Center, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, PR China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Lung Cancer Center, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, PR China
| | - Hongge Liang
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Lung Cancer Center, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, PR China
| | - Jing Zhao
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Lung Cancer Center, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, PR China
| | - Wei Zhong
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Lung Cancer Center, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, PR China
| | - Mengzhao Wang
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Lung Cancer Center, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, PR China
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21
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Mukherjee S, Jensen H, Stewart W, Stewart D, Ray WC, Chen SY, Nolan GP, Lanier LL, Das J. In silico modeling identifies CD45 as a regulator of IL-2 synergy in the NKG2D-mediated activation of immature human NK cells. Sci Signal 2017; 10:10/485/eaai9062. [PMID: 28655861 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aai9062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells perform immunosurveillance of virally infected and transformed cells, and their activation depends on the balance between signaling by inhibitory and activating receptors. Cytokine receptor signaling can synergize with activating receptor signaling to induce NK cell activation. We investigated the interplay between the signaling pathways stimulated by the cytokine interleukin-2 (IL-2) and the activating receptor NKG2D in immature (CD56bright) and mature (CD56dim) subsets of human primary NK cells using mass cytometry experiments and in silico modeling. Our analysis revealed that IL-2 changed the abundances of several key proteins, including NKG2D and the phosphatase CD45. Furthermore, we found differences in correlations between protein abundances, which were associated with the maturation state of the NK cells. The mass cytometry measurements also revealed that the signaling kinetics of key protein abundances induced by NKG2D stimulation depended on the maturation state and the pretreatment condition of the NK cells. Our in silico model, which described the multidimensional data with coupled first-order reactions, predicted that the increase in CD45 abundance was a major enhancer of NKG2D-mediated activation in IL-2-treated CD56bright NK cells but not in IL-2-treated CD56dim NK cells. This dependence on CD45 was verified by measurement of CD107a mobilization to the NK cell surface (a marker of activation). Our mathematical framework can be used to glean mechanisms underlying synergistic signaling pathways in other activated immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayak Mukherjee
- Battelle Center for Mathematical Medicine, Research Institute at the Nationwide Children's Hospital, 700 Children's Drive, Columbus, OH 43205, USA
| | - Helle Jensen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - William Stewart
- Battelle Center for Mathematical Medicine, Research Institute at the Nationwide Children's Hospital, 700 Children's Drive, Columbus, OH 43205, USA.,Department of Statistics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - David Stewart
- Department of Mathematics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - William C Ray
- Battelle Center for Mathematical Medicine, Research Institute at the Nationwide Children's Hospital, 700 Children's Drive, Columbus, OH 43205, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43205, USA.,Biophysics Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Shih-Yu Chen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Garry P Nolan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Lewis L Lanier
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
| | - Jayajit Das
- Battelle Center for Mathematical Medicine, Research Institute at the Nationwide Children's Hospital, 700 Children's Drive, Columbus, OH 43205, USA. .,Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43205, USA.,Biophysics Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.,Department of Physics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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22
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Murine model indicates 22q11.2 signaling adaptor CRKL is a dosage-sensitive regulator of genitourinary development. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:4981-4986. [PMID: 28439006 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1619523114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The spectrum of congenital anomalies affecting either the upper tract (kidneys and ureters) or lower tract (reproductive organs) of the genitourinary (GU) system are fundamentally linked by the developmental origin of multiple GU tissues, including the kidneys, gonads, and reproductive ductal systems: the intermediate mesoderm. Although ∼31% of DiGeorge/del22q11.2 syndrome patients exhibit GU defects, little focus has been placed on the molecular etiology of GU defects in this syndrome. Among del22q11.2 patients exhibiting GU anomalies, we have mapped the smallest relevant region to only five genes, including CRKLCRKL encodes a src-homology adaptor protein implicated in mediating tyrosine kinase signaling, and is expressed in the developing GU-tract in mice and humans. Here we show that Crkl mutant embryos exhibit gene dosage-dependent growth restriction, and homozygous mutants exhibit upper GU defects at a microdissection-detectable rate of 23%. RNA-sequencing revealed that 52 genes are differentially regulated in response to uncoupling Crkl from its signaling pathways in the developing kidney, including a fivefold up-regulation of Foxd1, a known regulator of nephron progenitor differentiation. Additionally, Crkl heterozygous adult males exhibit cryptorchidism, lower testis weight, lower sperm count, and subfertility. Together, these data indicate that CRKL is intimately involved in normal development of both the upper and lower GU tracts, and disruption of CRKL contributes to the high incidence of GU defects associated with deletion at 22q11.2.
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23
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Cai L, Wang H, Yang Q. CRKL overexpression promotes cell proliferation and inhibits apoptosis in endometrial carcinoma. Oncol Lett 2016; 13:51-56. [PMID: 28123521 PMCID: PMC5245097 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2016.5394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2015] [Accepted: 07/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The v-Crk avian sarcoma virus CT10 oncogene homolog-like (CRKL) protein is important in cancer progression. However, its expression pattern and biological roles in human endometrial carcinoma remain unexplored. The potential mechanism of CRKL-induced cancer progression is still unclear. The present study aimed to explore the expression pattern and biological roles of CRKL in human endometrial carcinoma. Using immunohistochemistry, it was observed that the CRKL protein was overexpressed in 50.5% (44/87) of endometrial carcinoma tissues. Plasmid transfection of CRKL into Ishikawa cells was performed, and CRKL overexpression promoted cell proliferation, colony formation and cell cycle transition in the transfected cells. In addition, CRKL overexpression inhibited cell apoptosis in Ishikawa cells treated with cisplatin, with decreased caspase-3 and caspase-9 cleavage. Further analysis revealed that CRKL upregulated the expression of cyclin D1, cyclin E, B cell lymphoma (Bcl)-2 and survivin, and downregulated Bcl-2 associated X protein expression. In conclusion, the present study demonstrated that CRKL overexpression in endometrial carcinoma contributes to malignant cell growth and resistance to apoptosis, possibly through Bcl-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Cai
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, P.R. China
| | - He Wang
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, P.R. China
| | - Qing Yang
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, P.R. China
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Rojas JM, Spada R, Sanz-Ortega L, Morillas L, Mejías R, Mulens-Arias V, Pérez-Yagüe S, Barber DF. PI3K p85 β regulatory subunit deficiency does not affect NK cell differentiation and increases NKG2D-mediated activation. J Leukoc Biol 2016; 100:1285-1296. [PMID: 27381007 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.1a1215-541rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Revised: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of NK cells depends on a balance between activating and inhibitory signals. Class Ia PI3K are heterodimeric proteins with a catalytic and a regulatory subunit and have a central role in cell signaling by associating with tyrosine kinase receptors to trigger signaling cascades. The regulatory p85 subunit participates in signaling through NKG2D, one of the main activating receptors on NK cells, via its interaction with the adaptor protein DAP10. Although the effects of inhibiting catalytic subunits or deleting the regulatory p85α subunit have been studied, little attention has focused on the role of the p85β subunit in NK cells. Using p85β knockout mice, we found that p85β deficiency does not alter NK cell differentiation and maturation in spleen or bone marrow. NK cells from p85β-/- mice nonetheless produced more IFN-γ and degranulated more effectively when stimulated with anti-NKG2D antibody. These cells also degranulated and killed NKG2D ligand-expressing target cells more efficiently. We show that p85β deficiency impaired NKG2D internalization, which could contribute to the activated phenotype. Decreasing p85β subunit protein levels might thus constitute a therapeutic target to promote NK cell activity toward NKG2D ligand-expressing cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- José M Rojas
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología/CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Roberto Spada
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología/CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Sanz-Ortega
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología/CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Morillas
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología/CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Raquel Mejías
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología/CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Vladimir Mulens-Arias
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología/CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sonia Pérez-Yagüe
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología/CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Domingo F Barber
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología/CSIC, Madrid, Spain
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Kadri N, Wagner AK, Ganesan S, Kärre K, Wickström S, Johansson MH, Höglund P. Dynamic Regulation of NK Cell Responsiveness. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2016; 395:95-114. [PMID: 26658943 DOI: 10.1007/82_2015_485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells deliver cytotoxic granules and immunomodulatory cytokines in response to transformed and virally infected cells. NK cell functions are under the control of a large number of germline-encoded receptors that recognize various ligands on target cells, but NK cells also respond to cytokines in the surrounding environment. The interaction between NK cell receptors and their ligands delivers either inhibitory or activating signals. The cytokine milieu further shapes NK cell responses, either directly or by influencing the way inhibitory or activating signals are perceived by NK cells. In this review, we discuss how NK cell function is controlled by inhibitory receptors and MHC-I molecules, how activating receptors contribute to NK cell education, and finally, how cytokines secreted by the surrounding cells affect NK cell responsiveness. Inputs at these three levels involve different cell types and are seamlessly integrated to form a functional NK cell population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadir Kadri
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Center for Hematology and Regenerative Medicine (HERM), Karolinska Institutet, 141 86, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Arnika Kathleen Wagner
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, 17177, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sridharan Ganesan
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Center for Hematology and Regenerative Medicine (HERM), Karolinska Institutet, 141 86, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Klas Kärre
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, 17177, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Stina Wickström
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, 17177, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Maria H Johansson
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, 17177, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Petter Höglund
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Center for Hematology and Regenerative Medicine (HERM), Karolinska Institutet, 141 86, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Kadri N, Thanh TL, Höglund P. Selection, tuning, and adaptation in mouse NK cell education. Immunol Rev 2016; 267:167-77. [PMID: 26284477 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells recognize transformed cells with an array of germline-encoded inhibitory and activating receptors. Inhibitory Ly49 receptors bind major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC-I) molecules, providing a mechanism by which NK cells maintain self-tolerance yet eliminate cells expressing reduced levels of MHC-I. Additionally, MHC-I molecules are required for NK cell education, a process in which NK cells acquire responsiveness. In this review, we discuss three facets of MHC class I-dependent education of mouse NK cells: skewing of the inhibitory receptor repertoire, induction of functional responsiveness, and tuning in response to changes in MHC-I expression. We discuss prevailing models for education such as licensing and disarming and propose a model for positive selection of 'useful' NK cell subsets. Furthermore, we argue that both repertoire skewing and functional NK cell education may be altered in mature NK cells subject to changes in MHC-I input and suggest that this process may provide increased dynamics to the NK cell system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadir Kadri
- Center for Hematology and Regenerative Medicine (HERM), Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Thuy Luu Thanh
- Center for Hematology and Regenerative Medicine (HERM), Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Petter Höglund
- Center for Hematology and Regenerative Medicine (HERM), Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Clinical Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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Pessina S, Cantini G, Kapetis D, Cazzato E, Di Ianni N, Finocchiaro G, Pellegatta S. The multidrug-resistance transporter Abcc3 protects NK cells from chemotherapy in a murine model of malignant glioma. Oncoimmunology 2016; 5:e1108513. [PMID: 27467914 PMCID: PMC4910710 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2015.1108513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Revised: 10/08/2015] [Accepted: 10/10/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Abcc3, a member of the ATP-binding cassette transporter superfamily, plays a role in multidrug resistance. Here, we found that Abcc3 is highly expressed in blood-derived NK cells but not in CD8(+) T cells. In GL261 glioma-bearing mice treated with the alkylating agent temozolomide (TMZ) for 5 d, an early increased frequency of NK cells was observed. We also found that Abcc3 is strongly upregulated and functionally active in NK cells from mice treated with TMZ compared to controls. We demonstrate that Abcc3 is critical for NK cell survival during TMZ administration; more importantly, Akt, involved in lymphocyte survival, is phosphorylated only in NK cells expressing Abcc3. The resistance of NK cells to chemotherapy was accompanied by increased migration and homing in the brain at early time points. Cytotoxicity, evaluated by IFNγ production and specific lytic activity against GL261 cells, increased peripherally in the later phases, after conclusion of TMZ treatment. Intra-tumor increase of the NK effector subset as well as in IFNγ, granzymes and perforin-1 expression, were found early and persisted over time, correlating with a profound modulation on glioma microenvironment induced by TMZ. Our findings reveal an important involvement of Abcc3 in NK cell resistance to chemotherapy and have important clinical implications for patients treated with chemo-immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Dimos Kapetis
- Unit of Bioinformatics, Fondazione I.R.C.C.S. Istituto Neurologico C Besta, Milan, Italy
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Voss M, Bryceson YT. Natural killer cell biology illuminated by primary immunodeficiency syndromes in humans. Clin Immunol 2015; 177:29-42. [PMID: 26592356 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2015.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Revised: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 11/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are innate immune cytotoxic effector cells well known for their role in antiviral immunity and tumor immunosurveillance. In parts, this knowledge stems from rare inherited immunodeficiency disorders in humans that abrogate NK cell function leading to immune impairments, most notably associated with a high susceptibility to viral infections. Phenotypically, these disorders range from deficiencies selectively affecting NK cells to complex general immune defects that affect NK cells but also other immune cell subsets. Moreover, deficiencies may be associated with reduced NK cell numbers or rather impair specific NK cell effector functions. In recent years, genetic defects underlying the various NK cell deficiencies have been uncovered and have triggered investigative efforts to decipher the molecular mechanisms underlying these disorders. Here we review the associations between inherited human diseases and NK cell development as well as function, with a particular focus on defects in NK cell exocytosis and cytotoxicity. Furthermore we outline how reports of diverse genetic defects have shaped our understanding of NK cell biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Voss
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Yenan T Bryceson
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden; Broegelmann Research Laboratory, Institute of Clinical Sciences, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.
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29
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Garcia-Chagollan M, Jave-Suarez LF, Haramati J, Bueno-Topete MR, Aguilar-Lemarroy A, Estrada-Chavez C, Bastidas-Ramirez BE, Pereira-Suarez AL, Del Toro-Arreola S. An approach to the immunophenotypic features of circulating CD4⁺NKG2D⁺ T cells in invasive cervical carcinoma. J Biomed Sci 2015; 22:91. [PMID: 26486970 PMCID: PMC4615321 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-015-0190-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background NKG2D, an activating immunoreceptor, is primarily restricted to NK cells and CD8+ T cells. The existence of an atypical cytotoxic CD4+NKG2D+ T cell population has also been found in patients with autoimmune dysfunctions. Nonetheless, contradictory evidence has categorized this population with a regulatory rather than cytotoxic role in other situations. These confounding data have led to the proposal that two distinct CD4+NKG2D+ T cell subsets might exist. The immune response elicited in cervical cancer has been characterized by apparent contradictions concerning the role that T cells, in particular T-helper cells, might be playing in the control of the tumor growth. Interestingly, we recently reported a substantial increase in the frequency of CD4+NKG2D+ T cells in patients with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade-1. However, whether this particular population is also found in patients with more advanced cervical lesions or whether they express a distinctive phenotype remains still to be clarified. In this urgent study, we focused our attention on the immunophenotypic characterization of CD4+NKG2D+ T cells in patients with well-established cervical carcinoma and revealed the existence of at least two separate CD4+NKG2D+ T cell subsets defined by the co-expression or absence of CD28. Results Patients with diagnosis of invasive cervical carcinoma were enrolled in the study. A group of healthy individuals was also included. Multicolor flow cytometry was used for exploration of TCR alpha/beta, CD28, CD158b, CD45RO, HLA-DR, CD161, and CD107a. A Luminex-based cytokine kit was used to quantify the levels of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines. We found an increased percentage of CD4+NKG2D+ T cells in patients with cervical cancer when compared with controls. Accordingly with an increase of CD4+NKG2D+ T cells, we found decreased CD28 expression. The activating or degranulation markers HLA-DR, CD161, and CD107a were heterogeneously expressed. The levels of IL-1beta, IL-2, TNF-alpha, and IL-10 were negatively correlated with the percentages of CD4+NKG2D+ T cells in patients with cervical carcinoma. Conclusions Taken together, our results reveal the existence of two separate CD4+NKG2D+ T cell subsets defined by the co-expression or absence of CD28, the latter more likely to be present in patients with cervical cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariel Garcia-Chagollan
- Departamento de Fisiología, Laboratorio de Inmunología, CUCS, Universidad de Guadalajara, Sierra Mojada # 950, Guadalajara, Jalisco, México.
| | - Luis Felipe Jave-Suarez
- División de Inmunología, CIBO, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Guadalajara, Jalisco, México.
| | - Jesse Haramati
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Laboratorio de Inmunobiología, CUCBA, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, México.
| | - Miriam Ruth Bueno-Topete
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Genómica, Instituto de Enfermedades Crónico-Degenerativas, CUCS, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, México.
| | - Adriana Aguilar-Lemarroy
- División de Inmunología, CIBO, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Guadalajara, Jalisco, México.
| | - Ciro Estrada-Chavez
- Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco, Unidad de Biotecnología Médica y Farmacéutica, Guadalajara, Jalisco, México.
| | - Blanca Estela Bastidas-Ramirez
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Genómica, Instituto de Enfermedades Crónico-Degenerativas, CUCS, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, México.
| | - Ana Laura Pereira-Suarez
- Departamento de Fisiología, Laboratorio de Inmunología, CUCS, Universidad de Guadalajara, Sierra Mojada # 950, Guadalajara, Jalisco, México.
| | - Susana Del Toro-Arreola
- Departamento de Fisiología, Laboratorio de Inmunología, CUCS, Universidad de Guadalajara, Sierra Mojada # 950, Guadalajara, Jalisco, México.
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Tang F, Sally B, Lesko K, Discepolo V, Abadie V, Ciszewski C, Semrad C, Guandalini S, Kupfer SS, Jabri B. Cysteinyl leukotrienes mediate lymphokine killer activity induced by NKG2D and IL-15 in cytotoxic T cells during celiac disease. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 212:1487-95. [PMID: 26304964 PMCID: PMC4577841 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20150303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2015] [Accepted: 08/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Tang et al. show that cytotoxic effector cells produce and respond to cysteinyl leukotrienes to allow target cell killing dependent on NKG2D and IL-15. They further demonstrate a role for cysteinyl leukotrienes in celiac disease pathogenesis. Eicosanoids are inflammatory mediators that play a key but incompletely understood role in linking the innate and adaptive immune systems. Here, we show that cytotoxic effector T cells (CTLs) are capable of both producing and responding to cysteinyl leukotrienes (CystLTs), allowing for the killing of target cells in a T cell receptor–independent manner. This process is dependent on the natural killer receptor NKG2D and exposure to IL-15, a cytokine induced in distressed tissues. IL-15 and NKG2D signaling drives the up-regulation of key enzymes implicated in the synthesis of CystLTs, as well as the expression of CystLT receptors, suggesting a positive feedback loop. Finally, although the CystLT pathway has been previously linked to various allergic disorders, we provide unexpected evidence for its involvement in the pathogenesis of celiac disease (CD), a T helper 1 cell–mediated enteropathy induced by gluten. These findings provide new insights into the cytolytic signaling pathway of NKG2D and the pathogenesis of organ-specific immune disorders. Furthermore, they suggest that the blockade of CystLT receptors may represent a potent therapeutic target for CD or potentially other autoimmune disorders in which NKG2D has been implicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangming Tang
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago Celiac Disease Center, and Section of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637 Department of Medicine, University of Chicago Celiac Disease Center, and Section of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637
| | - Benjamin Sally
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago Celiac Disease Center, and Section of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637 Department of Medicine, University of Chicago Celiac Disease Center, and Section of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637
| | - Kathryn Lesko
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago Celiac Disease Center, and Section of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637 Department of Medicine, University of Chicago Celiac Disease Center, and Section of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637
| | - Valentina Discepolo
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago Celiac Disease Center, and Section of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637 Department of Medicine, University of Chicago Celiac Disease Center, and Section of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637 Department of Medicine, University of Chicago Celiac Disease Center, and Section of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637 European Laboratory for the Investigation of Food-Induced Disorders (ELFID), Department of Translational Medical Science, Section of Pediatrics, University of Naples Federico II, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Valerie Abadie
- Sainte-Justine Hospital Research Center, Department of Microbiology, Infectiology, and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Cezary Ciszewski
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago Celiac Disease Center, and Section of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637 Department of Medicine, University of Chicago Celiac Disease Center, and Section of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637
| | - Carol Semrad
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago Celiac Disease Center, and Section of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637 Department of Medicine, University of Chicago Celiac Disease Center, and Section of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637
| | - Stefano Guandalini
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago Celiac Disease Center, and Section of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637 Department of Medicine, University of Chicago Celiac Disease Center, and Section of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637
| | - Sonia S Kupfer
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago Celiac Disease Center, and Section of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637 Department of Medicine, University of Chicago Celiac Disease Center, and Section of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637
| | - Bana Jabri
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago Celiac Disease Center, and Section of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637 Department of Medicine, University of Chicago Celiac Disease Center, and Section of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637 Department of Medicine, University of Chicago Celiac Disease Center, and Section of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637
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Zheng P, Noroski LM, Hanson IC, Chen Y, Lee ME, Huang Y, Zhu MX, Banerjee PP, Makedonas G, Orange JS, Shearer WT, Liu D. Molecular mechanisms of functional natural killer deficiency in patients with partial DiGeorge syndrome. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2015; 135:1293-302. [PMID: 25748067 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2015.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2014] [Revised: 01/11/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND DiGeorge syndrome affects more than 3.5 million persons worldwide. Partial DiGeorge syndrome (pDGS), which is characterized by a number of gene deletions in chromosome 22, including the chicken tumor virus number 10 regulator of kinase (Crk)-like (CrkL) gene, is one of the most common genetic disorders in human subjects. To date, the role of natural killer (NK) cells in patients with pDGS remains unclear. OBJECTIVE We sought to define the effect of pDGS-related Crk haploinsufficiency on NK cell activation and cytotoxic immunological synapse (IS) structure and function. METHODS Inducible CrkL-silenced NK cells were used to recapitulate the pDGS, CrkL-haploinsufficient phenotype. Findings were validated by using NK cells from patients with actual pDGS. Ultimately, deficits in the function of NK cells from patients with pDGS were restored by lentiviral transduction of CrkL. RESULTS Silencing of CrkL expression inhibits NK cell function. Specifically, pDGS haploinsufficiency of CrkL inhibits accumulation of activating receptors, polarization of cytolytic machinery and key signaling molecules, and activation of β2-integrin at the IS. Reintroduction of CrkL protein restores NK cell cytotoxicity. CONCLUSION CrkL haploinsufficiency causes functional NK deficits in patients with pDGS by disrupting both β2-integrin activation and activating receptor accumulation at the IS. Our results suggest that NK cell IS quality can directly affect immune status, providing a potential target for diagnosis and therapeutic manipulation in patients with pDGS and in other patients with functional NK cell deficiencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peilin Zheng
- Center for Human Immunobiology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Tex; Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Tex
| | - Lenora M Noroski
- Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Tex
| | - Imelda C Hanson
- Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Tex
| | - Yuhui Chen
- Center for Human Immunobiology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Tex; Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Tex
| | - Michelle E Lee
- Center for Human Immunobiology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Tex; Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Tex; Wiess School of Natural Sciences, Rice University, Houston, Tex
| | - Yu Huang
- Center for Human Immunobiology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Tex; Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, Graduate Program in Cell and Regulatory Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Tex
| | - Michael X Zhu
- Center for Human Immunobiology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Tex; Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, Graduate Program in Cell and Regulatory Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Tex
| | - Pinaki P Banerjee
- Center for Human Immunobiology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Tex; Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Tex
| | - George Makedonas
- Center for Human Immunobiology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Tex; Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Tex
| | - Jordan S Orange
- Center for Human Immunobiology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Tex; Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Tex; Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Tex
| | - William T Shearer
- Center for Human Immunobiology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Tex; Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Tex; Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Tex
| | - Dongfang Liu
- Center for Human Immunobiology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Tex; Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Tex.
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Galandrini R, Capuano C, Santoni A. Activation of Lymphocyte Cytolytic Machinery: Where are We? Front Immunol 2013; 4:390. [PMID: 24312097 PMCID: PMC3832890 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2013] [Accepted: 11/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Target cell recognition by cytotoxic lymphocytes implies the simultaneous engagement and clustering of adhesion and activating receptors followed by the activation of an array of signal transduction pathways. The cytotoxic immune synapse represents the highly specialized dynamic interface formed between the cytolytic effector and its target that allows temporal and spatial integration of signals responsible for a defined sequence of processes culminating with the polarized secretion of lytic granules. Over the last decades, much attention has been given to the molecular signals coupling receptor ligation to the activation of cytolytic machinery. Moreover, in the last 10 years the discovery of genetic defects affecting cytotoxic responses greatly boosted our knowledge on the molecular effectors involved in the regulation of discrete phases of cytotoxic process at post-receptor levels. More recently, the use of super resolution and total internal reflection fluorescence imaging technologies added new insights on the dynamic reorganization of receptor and signaling molecules at lytic synapse as well as on the relationship between granule dynamics and cytoskeleton remodeling. To date we have a solid knowledge of the molecular mechanisms governing granule movement and secretion, being not yet fully unraveled the machinery that couples early receptor signaling to the late stage of synapse remodeling and granule dynamics. Here we highlight recent advances in our understanding of the molecular mechanisms acting in the activation of cytolytic machinery, also discussing similarities and differences between Natural killer cells and cytotoxic CD8+ T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricciarda Galandrini
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci-Bolognetti, Fondazione Eleonora Lorillard Spencer Cenci, Sapienza University , Rome , Italy
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The adaptor protein Crk in immune response. Immunol Cell Biol 2013; 92:80-9. [PMID: 24165979 DOI: 10.1038/icb.2013.64] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2013] [Revised: 09/02/2013] [Accepted: 09/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The adaptor proteins Crk (CT10 (chicken tumor virus number 10) regulator of kinase), including CrkI, CrkII and Crk-like, are important signal molecules that regulate a variety of cellular processes. Considerable progress has been made in understanding the roles of the Crk family proteins in signal transduction, with a focus on cellular transformation and differentiation. However, since Crk was identified in 1988, very few studies have addressed how Crk regulates the immune response. Recent work demonstrates that Crk proteins function as critical signal molecules in regulating immune cell functions. Emerging data on the roles of Crk in activation and inhibitory immunoreceptor signaling suggest that Crk proteins are potential immunotherapeutic targets in cancer and infectious diseases. The aim of this review is to summarize recent key findings regarding the role of Crk in immune responses mediated by T, B and natural killer (NK) cells. In particular, the roles of Crk in NK cell functions are discussed.
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Garcia-Chagollan M, Jave-Suarez LF, Haramati J, Sanchez-Hernandez PE, Aguilar-Lemarroy A, Bueno-Topete MR, Pereira-Suarez AL, Fafutis-Morris M, Cid-Arregui A, del Toro-Arreola S. Substantial increase in the frequency of circulating CD4+NKG2D+ T cells in patients with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 1. J Biomed Sci 2013; 20:60. [PMID: 23947399 PMCID: PMC3751941 DOI: 10.1186/1423-0127-20-60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2013] [Accepted: 08/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The NKG2D receptor confers important activating signals to NK cells via ligands expressed during cellular stress and viral infection. This receptor has generated great interest because not only is it expressed on NK cells, but it is also seen in virtually all CD8+ cytotoxic T cells and is classically considered absent in CD4+ T cells. However, recent studies have identified a distinctive population of CD4+ T cells that do express NKG2D, which could represent a particular cytotoxic effector population involved in viral infections and chronic diseases. On the other hand, increased incidence of human papillomavirus-associated lesions in CD4+ T cell-immunocompromised individuals suggests that CD4+ T cells play a key role in controlling the viral infection. Therefore, this study was focused on identifying the frequency of NKG2D-expressing CD4+ T cells in patients with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) 1. Additionally, factors influencing CD4+NKG2D+ T cell expansion were also measured. Results Close to 50% of patients with CIN 1 contained at least one of the 37 HPV types detected by our genotyping system. A tendency for increased CD4+ T cells and CD8+ T cells and decreased NK cells was found in CIN 1 patients. The percentage of circulating CD4+ T cells co-expressing the NKG2D receptor significantly increased in women with CIN 1 versus control group. Interestingly, the increase of CD4+NKG2D+ T cells was seen in patients with CIN 1, despite the overall levels of CD4+ T cells did not significantly increase. We also found a significant increase of soluble MICB in CIN 1 patients; however, no correlation with the presence of CD4+NKG2D+ T cells was seen. While TGF-beta was significantly decreased in the group of CIN 1 patients, both TNF-alpha and IL-15 showed a tendency to increase in this group. Conclusions Taken together, our results suggest that the significant increase within the CD4+NKG2D+ T cell population in CIN 1 patients might be the result of a chronic exposure to viral and/or pro-inflammatory factors, and concomitantly might also influence the clearance of CIN 1-type lesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariel Garcia-Chagollan
- Laboratorio de Inmunología, Departamento de Fisiología, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Sierra Mojada # 950, Colonia Independencia, Guadalajara, Jalisco CP 44340, México
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Gumbleton M, Kerr WG. Role of inositol phospholipid signaling in natural killer cell biology. Front Immunol 2013; 4:47. [PMID: 23508471 PMCID: PMC3589743 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2012] [Accepted: 02/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are important for host defense against malignancy and infection. At a cellular level NK cells are activated when signals from activating receptors exceed signaling from inhibitory receptors. At a molecular level NK cells undergo an education process to both prevent autoimmunity and acquire lytic capacity. Mouse models have shown important roles for inositol phospholipid signaling in lymphocytes. NK cells from mice with deletion in different members of the inositol phospholipid signaling pathway exhibit defects in development, NK cell repertoire expression and effector function. Here we review the current state of knowledge concerning the function of inositol phospholipid signaling components in NK cell biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Gumbleton
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University Syracuse, NY, USA
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Long EO, Kim HS, Liu D, Peterson ME, Rajagopalan S. Controlling natural killer cell responses: integration of signals for activation and inhibition. Annu Rev Immunol 2013; 31:227-58. [PMID: 23516982 PMCID: PMC3868343 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-immunol-020711-075005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 879] [Impact Index Per Article: 79.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Understanding how signals are integrated to control natural killer (NK) cell responsiveness in the absence of antigen-specific receptors has been a challenge, but recent work has revealed some underlying principles that govern NK cell responses. NK cells use an array of innate receptors to sense their environment and respond to alterations caused by infections, cellular stress, and transformation. No single activation receptor dominates; instead, synergistic signals from combinations of receptors are integrated to activate natural cytotoxicity and cytokine production. Inhibitory receptors for major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC-I) have a critical role in controlling NK cell responses and, paradoxically, in maintaining NK cells in a state of responsiveness to subsequent activation events, a process referred to as licensing. MHC-I-specific inhibitory receptors both block activation signals and trigger signals to phosphorylate and inactivate the small adaptor Crk. These different facets of inhibitory signaling are incorporated into a revocable license model for the reversible tuning of NK cell responsiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric O. Long
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland 20852
| | - Hun Sik Kim
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland 20852
- Department of Medicine, Graduate School, University of Ulsan, Seoul 138-736, Korea;
| | - Dongfang Liu
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland 20852
- Center for Human Immunobiology, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030;
| | - Mary E. Peterson
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland 20852
| | - Sumati Rajagopalan
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland 20852
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Krzewski K, Coligan JE. Human NK cell lytic granules and regulation of their exocytosis. Front Immunol 2012; 3:335. [PMID: 23162553 PMCID: PMC3494098 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2012.00335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2012] [Accepted: 10/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells form a subset of lymphocytes that play a key role in immuno-surveillance and host defense against cancer and viral infections. They recognize stressed cells through a variety of germline-encoded activating cell surface receptors and utilize their cytotoxic ability to eliminate abnormal cells. Killing of target cells is a complex, multi-stage process that concludes in the directed secretion of lytic granules, containing perforin and granzymes, at the immunological synapse. Upon delivery to a target cell, perforin mediates generation of pores in membranes of target cells, allowing granzymes to access target cell cytoplasm and induce apoptosis. Therefore, lytic granules of NK cells are indispensable for normal NK cell cytolytic function. Indeed, defects in lytic granule secretion lead or are related to serious and often fatal diseases, such as familial hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (FHL) type 2–5 or Griscelli syndrome type 2. A number of reports highlight the role of several proteins involved in lytic granule release and NK cell-mediated killing of tumor cells. This review focuses on lytic granules of human NK cells and the advancements in understanding the mechanisms controlling their exocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konrad Krzewski
- Receptor Cell Biology Section, Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health Rockville, MD, USA
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Anel A, Aguiló JI, Catalán E, Garaude J, Rathore MG, Pardo J, Villalba M. Protein Kinase C-θ (PKC-θ) in Natural Killer Cell Function and Anti-Tumor Immunity. Front Immunol 2012; 3:187. [PMID: 22783260 PMCID: PMC3389606 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2012.00187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2012] [Accepted: 06/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The protein kinase C-θ (PKCθ), which is essential for T cell function and survival, is also required for efficient anti-tumor immune surveillance. Natural killer (NK) cells, which express PKCθ, play a prominent role in this process, mainly by elimination of tumor cells with reduced or absent major histocompatibility complex class-I (MHC-I) expression. This justifies the increased interest of the use of activated NK cells in anti-tumor immunotherapy in the clinic. The in vivo development of MHC-I-deficient tumors is much favored in PKCθ−/− mice compared with wild-type mice. Recent data offer some clues on the mechanism that could explain the important role of PKCθ in NK cell-mediated anti-tumor immune surveillance: some studies show that PKCθ is implicated in signal transduction and anti-tumoral activity of NK cells elicited by interleukin (IL)-12 or IL-15, while others show that it is implicated in NK cell functional activation mediated by certain killer-activating receptors. Alternatively, the possibility that PKCθ is involved in NK cell degranulation is discussed, since recent data indicate that it is implicated in microtubule-organizing center polarization to the immune synapse in CD4+ T cells. The implication of PKC isoforms in degranulation has been more extensively studied in cytotoxic T lymphocyte, and these studies will be also summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Anel
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Celular, Universidad de Zaragoza Zaragoza, Spain
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Liu D, Peterson ME, Long EO. The adaptor protein Crk controls activation and inhibition of natural killer cells. Immunity 2012; 36:600-11. [PMID: 22464172 PMCID: PMC3355982 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2012.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2011] [Revised: 01/03/2012] [Accepted: 03/13/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cell inhibitory receptors recruit tyrosine phosphatases to prevent activation, induce phosphorylation and dissociation of the small adaptor Crk from cytoskeleton scaffold complexes, and maintain NK cells in a state of responsiveness to subsequent activation events. How Crk contributes to inhibition is unknown. We imaged primary NK cells over lipid bilayers carrying IgG1 Fc to stimulate CD16 and human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-E to inhibit through receptor CD94-NKG2A. HLA-E alone induced Crk phosphorylation in NKG2A(+) NK cells. At activating synapses with Fc alone, Crk was required for the movement of Fc microclusters and their ability to trigger activation signals. At inhibitory synapses, HLA-E promoted central accumulation of both Fc and phosphorylated Crk and blocked the Fc-induced buildup of F-actin. We propose a unified model for inhibitory receptor function: Crk phosphorylation prevents essential Crk-dependent activation signals and blocks F-actin network formation, thereby reducing constraints on subsequent engagement of activation receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongfang Liu
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
| | - Mary E. Peterson
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
| | - Eric O. Long
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
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Patel AG, Flatten KS, Schneider PA, Dai NT, McDonald JS, Poirier GG, Kaufmann SH. Enhanced killing of cancer cells by poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitors and topoisomerase I inhibitors reflects poisoning of both enzymes. J Biol Chem 2011; 287:4198-210. [PMID: 22158865 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.296475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP1) plays critical roles in the regulation of DNA repair. Accordingly, small molecule inhibitors of PARP are being developed as agents that could modulate the activity of genotoxic chemotherapy, such as topoisomerase I poisons. In this study we evaluated the ability of the PARP inhibitor veliparib to enhance the cytotoxicity of the topoisomerase I poisons topotecan and camptothecin (CPT). Veliparib increased the cell cycle and cytotoxic effects of topotecan in multiple cell line models. Importantly, this sensitization occurred at veliparib concentrations far below those required to substantially inhibit poly(ADP-ribose) polymer synthesis and at least an order of magnitude lower than those involved in selective killing of homologous recombination-deficient cells. Further studies demonstrated that veliparib enhanced the effects of CPT in wild-type mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) but not Parp1(-/-) MEFs, confirming that PARP1 is the critical target for this sensitization. Importantly, parental and Parp1(-/-) MEFs had indistinguishable CPT sensitivities, ruling out models in which PARP1 catalytic activity plays a role in protecting cells from topoisomerase I poisons. To the contrary, cells were sensitized to CPT in a veliparib-independent manner upon transfection with PARP1 E988K, which lacks catalytic activity, or the isolated PARP1 DNA binding domain. These results are consistent with a model in which small molecule inhibitors convert PARP1 into a protein that potentiates the effects of topoisomerase I poisons by binding to damaged DNA and preventing its normal repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anand G Patel
- Division of Oncology Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
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Carlin LM, Evans R, Milewicz H, Fernandes L, Matthews DR, Perani M, Levitt J, Keppler MD, Monypenny J, Coolen T, Barber PR, Vojnovic B, Suhling K, Fraternali F, Ameer-Beg S, Parker PJ, Thomas NSB, Ng T. A targeted siRNA screen identifies regulators of Cdc42 activity at the natural killer cell immunological synapse. Sci Signal 2011; 4:ra81. [PMID: 22126964 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.2001729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells kill tumor cells and virally infected cells, and an effective NK cell response requires processes, such as motility, recognition, and directional secretion, that rely on cytoskeletal rearrangement. The Rho guanosine triphosphatase (GTPase) Cdc42 coordinates cytoskeletal reorganization downstream of many receptors. The Rho-related GTPase from plants 1 (ROP1) exhibits oscillatory activation behavior at the apical plasma membrane of growing pollen tubes; however, a similar oscillation in Rho GTPase activity has so far not been demonstrated in mammalian cells. We hypothesized that oscillations in Cdc42 activity might occur within NK cells as they interact with target cells. Through fluorescence lifetime imaging of a Cdc42 biosensor, we observed that in live NK cells forming immunological synapses with target cells, Cdc42 activity oscillated after exhibiting an initial increase. We used protein-protein interaction networks and structural databases to identify candidate proteins that controlled Cdc42 activity, leading to the design of a targeted short interfering RNA screen. The guanine nucleotide exchange factors RhoGEF6 and RhoGEF7 were necessary for Cdc42 activation within the NK cell immunological synapse. In addition, the kinase Akt and the p85α subunit of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) were required for Cdc42 activation, the periodicity of the oscillation in Cdc42 activity, and the subsequent polarization of cytotoxic vesicles toward target cells. Given that PI3Ks are targets of tumor therapies, our findings suggest the need to monitor innate immune function during the course of targeted therapy against these enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leo M Carlin
- Richard Dimbleby Department of Cancer Research, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, UK
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PI3K functions in cancer progression, anticancer immunity and immune evasion by tumors. Clin Dev Immunol 2011; 2011:947858. [PMID: 22046194 PMCID: PMC3199188 DOI: 10.1155/2011/947858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2011] [Revised: 08/18/2011] [Accepted: 08/21/2011] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The immunological surveillance of tumors relies on a specific recognition of cancer cells and their associate antigens by leucocytes of innate and adaptive immune responses. However, a dysregulated cytokine release can lead to, or be associated with, a failure in cell-cell recognition, thus, allowing cancer cells to evade the killing system. The phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) pathway regulates multiple cellular processes which underlie immune responses against pathogens or malignant cells. Conversely, there is accumulating evidence that the PI3K pathway is involved in the development of several malignant traits of cancer cells as well as their escape from immunity. Herein, we review the counteracting roles of PI3K not only in antitumor immune response but also in the mechanisms that cancer cells use to avoid leukocyte attack. In addition, we discuss, from antitumor immunological point of view, the potential benefits and disadvantages arising from use of anticancer pharmacological agents targeting the PI3K pathway.
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Abstract
Increased evidence of cross-talk between NK cells and other immune cells has enhanced the possibilities of exploiting the interplay between the activation and inhibition of NK cells for immunotherapeutic purposes. The battery of receptors possessed by NK cells help them to efficiently detect aberrant and infected cells and embark on the signaling pathways necessary to eliminate them. Endogenous expansion of NK cells and their effector mechanisms are under exploration for enhancing adoptive immunotherapy prospects in combination with immunostimulatory and cell-death-sensitizing treatments against cancer, viral infections and other pathophysiological autoimmune conditions. Various modes of NK cell manipulation are being undertaken to overcome issues such as relapse and graft rejections associated with adoptive immunotherapy. While tracing the remarkable properties of NK cells and the major developments in this field, we highlight the role of immune cooperativity in the betterment of current immunotherapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anshu Malhotra
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Function, Department of Biochemistry & Cancer Biology, School of Medicine, Meharry Medical College, 2005 Harold D West Basic Sciences Building, 1005 Dr DB Todd Jr Boulevard, Nashville, TN 37208, USA
| | - Anil Shanker
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Function, Department of Biochemistry & Cancer Biology, School of Medicine, Meharry Medical College, 2005 Harold D West Basic Sciences Building, 1005 Dr DB Todd Jr Boulevard, Nashville, TN 37208, USA
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University, 2200 Pierce Avenue, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
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Bryceson YT, Chiang SCC, Darmanin S, Fauriat C, Schlums H, Theorell J, Wood SM. Molecular mechanisms of natural killer cell activation. J Innate Immun 2011; 3:216-26. [PMID: 21454962 DOI: 10.1159/000325265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2011] [Accepted: 02/12/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
With an array of activating and inhibitory receptors, natural killer (NK) cells can specifically eradicate infected and transformed cells. Target cell killing is achieved through directed release of lytic granules. Recognition of target cells also induces production of chemokines and cytokines that can coordinate immune responses. Upon contact with susceptible cells, a multiplicity of activating receptors can induce signals for adhesion. Engagement of the integrin leukocyte functional antigen-1 mediates firm adhesion, provides signals for granule polarization and orchestrates the structure of an immunological synapse that facilitates efficient target cell killing. Other activating receptors apart from leukocyte functional antigen-1 signal for lytic granule exocytosis, a process that requires overcoming a threshold for activation of phospholipase C-γ, which in turn induces STIM1- and ORAI1-dependent store-operated Ca²+ entry as well as exocytosis mediated by the SNARE-containing protein syntaxin-11 and regulators thereof. Cytokine and chemokine release follows a different secretory pathway which also requires phospholipase C-γ activation and store-operated Ca²+ entry. Recent studies of human NK cells have provided insights into a hierarchy of effector functions that result in graded responses by NK cell populations. Responses display cellular heterogeneity and are influenced by environmental cues. This review highlights recent knowledge gained on the molecular pathways for and regulation of NK cell activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yenan T Bryceson
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Benitez AC, Dai Z, Mann HH, Reeves RS, Margineantu DH, Gooley TA, Groh V, Spies T. Expression, signaling proficiency, and stimulatory function of the NKG2D lymphocyte receptor in human cancer cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011; 108:4081-6. [PMID: 21321202 PMCID: PMC3054013 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1018603108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The stimulatory natural killer group 2 member D (NKG2D) lymphocyte receptor and its tumor-associated ligands are important mediators in the immune surveillance of cancer. With advanced human tumors, however, persistent NKG2D ligand expression may favor tumor progression. We have found that cancer cells themselves express NKG2D in complex with the DNAX-activating protein 10 (DAP10) signaling adaptor. Triggering of NKG2D on ex vivo cancer cells or on tumor lines which express only few receptor complexes activates the oncogenic PI3K-protein kinase B (PKB/AKT)-mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling axis and downstream effectors, the ribosomal protein S6 kinase 1 (S6K1) and the translation initiation factor 4E-binding protein 1 (4E-BP1). In addition, as in lymphocytes, NKG2D ligand engagement stimulates phosphorylation of JNK and ERK in MAP kinase cascades. Consistent with these signaling activities, above-threshold expression of NKG2D-DAP10 in a ligand-bearing tumor line increases its bioenergetic metabolism and proliferation, thus suggesting functional similarity between this immunoreceptor and tumor growth factor receptors. This relationship is supported by significant correlations between percentages of cancer cells that are positive for surface NKG2D and criteria of tumor progression. Hence, in a conceptual twist, these results suggest that tumor co-option of NKG2D immunoreceptor expression may complement the presence of its ligands for stimulation of tumor growth.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Henning H. Mann
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109
| | - Rebecca S. Reeves
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109
| | | | - Ted A. Gooley
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109
| | - Veronika Groh
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109
| | - Thomas Spies
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109
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G-CSF downregulates natural killer cell-mediated cytotoxicity in donors for hematopoietic SCT. Bone Marrow Transplant 2011; 47:73-81. [PMID: 21358682 DOI: 10.1038/bmt.2011.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
In G-CSF-mobilized hematopoietic SCT (HSCT), natural killer (NK) cells have a critical role in GVHD and GVL effects. However, regulation of NK cell response to G-CSF remains unclear. This study assayed G-CSF effects in both HSCT donors and NK-92MI cells. The donors who received G-CSF had significantly decreased NK cell cytotoxicity. Levels of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) and phosphorylated (p)-Akt, but not mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), were downregulated in NK cells from G-CSF-injected donors. G-CSF also decreased cytotoxicity without affecting viability and NF-κB of NK-92MI cells. PI3K and p-ERK expression were also decreased in G-CSF-treated NK-92MI cells, and their inhibitors, wortmannin and PD98059, respectively, both enhanced the downregulation of cytotoxicity. These effects were accompanied by decreased expression of a cytotoxicity-related gene, triosephosphate isomerase (TPI). Wortmannin, but not PD98059, enhanced the downregulation of TPI in G-CSF-treated NK-92MI cells, indicating a correlation between PI3K and TPI. We conclude that G-CSF-impaired NK cell cytotoxicity may accompany PI3K/Akt signaling. The effect is transient and NK cells may recover after G-CSF clearance, suggesting that G-CSF-mobilized HSCT may benefit both acute GVHD prevention and late-phase GVL promotion in HSCT recipients.
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Hoffmann SC, Cohnen A, Ludwig T, Watzl C. 2B4 Engagement Mediates Rapid LFA-1 and Actin-Dependent NK Cell Adhesion to Tumor Cells as Measured by Single Cell Force Spectroscopy. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 186:2757-64. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1002867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Kim TJ, Kim N, Kim EO, Choi JR, Bluestone JA, Lee KM. Suppression of human anti-porcine natural killer cell xenogeneic responses by combinations of monoclonal antibodies specific to CD2 and NKG2D and extracellular signal-regulated kinase kinase inhibitor. Immunology 2010; 130:545-55. [PMID: 20406306 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2010.03253.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells can destroy xenogeneic tissues by antibody-dependent cell cytotoxicity (ADCC) and direct lysis. Unlike ADCC, activating interactions between human NK receptors and their cognate ligands in pigs are not fully elucidated. We set up this study to identify human NK activating receptors recognizing porcine cells isolated from distinct organs, e.g., aorta, cornea and liver, and to provide a molecular basis for effective immunosuppressive regimens. Among the array of NK receptors tested, NKp46, 2B4, CD49d, CD48, CD2 and NKG2D, only CD2 and NKG2D were shown to be involved in both cytotoxicity and cytokine (interferon-gamma and tumour necrosis factor-alpha) production against porcine targets. Simultaneous blocking of CD2 and NKG2D by combining its monoclonal antibodies further suppressed xenogeneic NK responses. Moreover, addition of a suboptimal dose of PD98059, an extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) kinase inhibitor, to those cells maximally reduced NK cytotoxicity, suggesting that ERK plays an important role in NK-mediated xenoreactivity. These impairments in NK cells were tightly associated with defective intracellular calcium mobilization and the subsequent degranulation process. Therefore, our data demonstrate a distinct role of CD2 and NKG2D on human NK cells in recognizing porcine grafts and further provide a potentially efficacious combinational regimen using anti-CD2 and anti-NKG2D monoclonal antibodies with PD98059 in a pig-to-human transplantation model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae-Jin Kim
- Global Research Lab, Department of Biochemistry and Division of Brain Korea 21 Program for Biomedical Science, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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