1
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Sanchez-Garrido J, Baghshomali YN, Kaushal P, Kozik Z, Perry RW, Williams HRT, Choudhary J, Frankel G. Impaired neutrophil migration underpins host susceptibility to infectious colitis. Mucosal Immunol 2024:S1933-0219(24)00062-X. [PMID: 38936619 DOI: 10.1016/j.mucimm.2024.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Revised: 06/07/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
Citrobacter rodentium models infection with enteropathogenic Escherichia coli and ulcerative colitis (UC). While C57BL/6 (C57) mice recover, C3H/HeN (C3H) mice succumb to infection, partially due to increased colonic neutrophil elastase activity, also seen in UC patients; however, the underlying cause was unknown. Here, we found that bone marrow, blood, and colonic C57 neutrophils expressed (CD)11bHi and reached the infected colonic lumen, where they underwent productive NETosis. In contrast, while the number of C3H neutrophils increased in the bone marrow, blood, and colon, they remained CD11bLo and got trapped in the submucosa, away from C. rodentium, where they underwent harmful NETosis. CD11bLo neutrophils in C3H mice infected with CRi9, which triggers expression of neutrophil chemoattractants, reached the colonization site, resulting in host survival. UC patient neutrophils also displayed decreased levels of the activation/differentiation markers CD16/CXCR4. These results, suggesting that neutrophil malfunction contributes to exacerbated colitis, provide insight for future therapeutic prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Prashant Kaushal
- Functional Proteomics Group, Chester Beatty Laboratories, Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Zuza Kozik
- Functional Proteomics Group, Chester Beatty Laboratories, Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Robert W Perry
- Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Horace R T Williams
- Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jyoti Choudhary
- Functional Proteomics Group, Chester Beatty Laboratories, Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Gad Frankel
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
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2
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Yan D, Wei G, Ai Z, Song S, Zhang L, Dong N, Dou X, Shan A. CXCR2, as a key regulatory gene of HDP-PG-1, maintains intestinal mucosal homeostasis. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 269:132025. [PMID: 38704076 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.132025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Revised: 04/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024]
Abstract
The intestine defends against pathogenic microbial invasion via the secretion of host defense peptides (HDPs). Nutritional immunomodulation can stimulate the expression of endogenous HDPs and enhance the body's immune defense, representing a novel non-antibiotic strategy for disease prevention. The project aims to explore the regulatory mechanism of protegrin-1 (PG-1) expression using sodium phenylbutyrate (PBA) by omics sequencing technology and further investigate the role of key regulatory genes on intestinal health. The results showed that PBA promoted PG-1 expression in intestinal epithelial cells based on cell density through epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and G protein-coupled receptor (GPR43). Transcriptome sequencing and microRNA sequencing revealed that C-X-C motif chemokine receptor 2 (CXCR2) exhibited interactions with PG-1. Pre-treatment cells with a CXCR2 inhibitor (SB225002) effectively suppressed the induction of PG-1 by PBA. Furthermore, SB225002 significantly suppressed the gene expression of HDPs in the jejunum of mice without influencing on the morphology, number of goblet cells, and proliferation of the intestine. CXCR2 inhibition significantly reduced the expression of HDPs during E. coli infection, and resulted in the edema of jejunal epithelial cells. The 16S rDNA analysis of cecal contents showed that the E. coli and SB225002 treatments changed gut microbiota diversity and composition at different taxonomic levels. Correlation analysis suggested a potential regulatory relationship between gut microbiota and HDPs. To that end, a gene involved in the HDP expression, CXCR2, has been identified in the study, which contributes to improving intestinal immune function. PBA may be used as a functional additive to regulate intestinal mucosal function, thereby enhancing the health of the intestinal and host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Yan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Guoyang Wei
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Zichun Ai
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Shuang Song
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Licong Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Na Dong
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Xiujing Dou
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China.
| | - Anshan Shan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China.
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3
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Ryan AT, Kim M, Lim K. Immune Cell Migration to Cancer. Cells 2024; 13:844. [PMID: 38786066 PMCID: PMC11120175 DOI: 10.3390/cells13100844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2024] [Revised: 04/27/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Immune cell migration is required for the development of an effective and robust immune response. This elegant process is regulated by both cellular and environmental factors, with variables such as immune cell state, anatomical location, and disease state that govern differences in migration patterns. In all cases, a major factor is the expression of cell surface receptors and their cognate ligands. Rapid adaptation to environmental conditions partly depends on intrinsic cellular immune factors that affect a cell's ability to adjust to new environment. In this review, we discuss both myeloid and lymphoid cells and outline key determinants that govern immune cell migration, including molecules required for immune cell adhesion, modes of migration, chemotaxis, and specific chemokine signaling. Furthermore, we summarize tumor-specific elements that contribute to immune cell trafficking to cancer, while also exploring microenvironment factors that can alter these cellular dynamics within the tumor in both a pro and antitumor fashion. Specifically, we highlight the importance of the secretome in these later aspects. This review considers a myriad of factors that impact immune cell trajectory in cancer. We aim to highlight the immunotherapeutic targets that can be harnessed to achieve controlled immune trafficking to and within tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison T. Ryan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA; (A.T.R.); (M.K.)
- David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Minsoo Kim
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA; (A.T.R.); (M.K.)
- David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Kihong Lim
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA; (A.T.R.); (M.K.)
- David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
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4
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Zindl CL, Wilson CG, Chadha AS, Duck LW, Cai B, Harbour SN, Nagaoka-Kamata Y, Hatton RD, Gao M, Figge DA, Weaver CT. Distal colonocytes targeted by C. rodentium recruit T-cell help for barrier defence. Nature 2024; 629:669-678. [PMID: 38600382 PMCID: PMC11096101 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-024-07288-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
Interleukin 22 (IL-22) has a non-redundant role in immune defence of the intestinal barrier1-3. T cells, but not innate lymphoid cells, have an indispensable role in sustaining the IL-22 signalling that is required for the protection of colonic crypts against invasion during infection by the enteropathogen Citrobacter rodentium4 (Cr). However, the intestinal epithelial cell (IEC) subsets targeted by T cell-derived IL-22, and how T cell-derived IL-22 sustains activation in IECs, remain undefined. Here we identify a subset of absorptive IECs in the mid-distal colon that are specifically targeted by Cr and are differentially responsive to IL-22 signalling. Major histocompatibility complex class II (MHCII) expression by these colonocytes was required to elicit sustained IL-22 signalling from Cr-specific T cells, which was required to restrain Cr invasion. Our findings explain the basis for the regionalization of the host response to Cr and demonstrate that epithelial cells must elicit MHCII-dependent help from IL-22-producing T cells to orchestrate immune protection in the intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlene L Zindl
- Department of Pathology, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
| | - C Garrett Wilson
- Department of Pathology, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Awalpreet S Chadha
- Department of Medicine, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Lennard W Duck
- Department of Medicine, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Baiyi Cai
- Department of Pathology, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Stacey N Harbour
- Department of Pathology, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Yoshiko Nagaoka-Kamata
- Department of Pathology, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Robin D Hatton
- Department of Pathology, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Min Gao
- Department of Medicine, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - David A Figge
- Department of Pathology, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Casey T Weaver
- Department of Pathology, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
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5
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Danne C, Skerniskyte J, Marteyn B, Sokol H. Neutrophils: from IBD to the gut microbiota. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2024; 21:184-197. [PMID: 38110547 DOI: 10.1038/s41575-023-00871-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic inflammatory condition of the gastrointestinal tract that results from dysfunction in innate and/or adaptive immune responses. Impaired innate immunity, which leads to lack of control of an altered intestinal microbiota and to activation of the adaptive immune system, promotes a secondary inflammatory response that is responsible for tissue damage. Neutrophils are key players in innate immunity in IBD, but their roles have been neglected compared with those of other immune cells. The latest studies on neutrophils in IBD have revealed unexpected complexities, with heterogeneous populations and dual functions, both deleterious and protective, for the host. In parallel, interconnections between disease development, intestinal microbiota and neutrophils have been highlighted. Numerous IBD susceptibility genes (such as NOD2, NCF4, LRRK2, CARD9) are involved in neutrophil functions related to defence against microorganisms. Moreover, severe monogenic diseases involving dysfunctional neutrophils, including chronic granulomatous disease, are characterized by intestinal inflammation that mimics IBD and by alterations in the intestinal microbiota. This observation demonstrates the dialogue between neutrophils, gut inflammation and the microbiota. Neutrophils affect microbiota composition and function in several ways. In return, microbial factors, including metabolites, regulate neutrophil production and function directly and indirectly. It is crucial to further investigate the diverse roles played by neutrophils in host-microbiota interactions, both at steady state and in inflammatory conditions, to develop new IBD therapies. In this Review, we discuss the roles of neutrophils in IBD, in light of emerging evidence proving strong interconnections between neutrophils and the gut microbiota, especially in an inflammatory context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Danne
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM UMRS-938, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, CRSA, AP-HP, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, Service de Gastroentérologie, Paris, France.
- Paris Center For Microbiome Medicine (PaCeMM) FHU, Paris, France.
| | - Jurate Skerniskyte
- CNRS, UPR 9002, Université de Strasbourg, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Architecture et Réactivité de l'ARN, Strasbourg, France
- Institute of Biosciences, Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Benoit Marteyn
- CNRS, UPR 9002, Université de Strasbourg, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Architecture et Réactivité de l'ARN, Strasbourg, France
- University of Strasbourg Institute for Advanced Study (USIAS), Strasbourg, France
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, Inserm 1225 Unité de Pathogenèse des Infections Vasculaires, Paris, France
| | - Harry Sokol
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM UMRS-938, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, CRSA, AP-HP, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, Service de Gastroentérologie, Paris, France
- Paris Center For Microbiome Medicine (PaCeMM) FHU, Paris, France
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAe, AgroParisTech, Micalis Institute, Jouy-en-Josas, France
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6
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Cremin M, Tay EXY, Ramirez VT, Murray K, Nichols RK, Brust-Mascher I, Reardon C. TRPV1 controls innate immunity during Citrobacter rodentium enteric infection. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011576. [PMID: 38109366 PMCID: PMC10758261 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 01/01/2024] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Mucosal immunity is critical to host protection from enteric pathogens and must be carefully controlled to prevent immunopathology. Regulation of immune responses can occur through a diverse range of mechanisms including bi-directional communication with neurons. Among which include specialized sensory neurons that detect noxious stimuli due to the expression of transient receptor potential vanilloid receptor 1 (TRPV1) ion channel and have a significant role in the coordination of host-protective responses to enteric bacterial pathogens. Here we have used the mouse-adapted attaching and effacing pathogen Citrobacter rodentium to assess the specific role of TRPV1 in coordinating the host response. TRPV1 knockout (TRPV1-/-) mice had a significantly higher C. rodentium burden in the distal colon and fecal pellets compared to wild-type (WT) mice. Increased bacterial burden was correlated with significantly increased colonic crypt hyperplasia and proliferating intestinal epithelial cells in TRPV1-/- mice compared to WT. Despite the increased C. rodentium burden and histopathology, the recruitment of colonic T cells producing IFNγ, IL-17, or IL-22 was similar between TRPV1-/- and WT mice. In evaluating the innate immune response, we identified that colonic neutrophil recruitment in C. rodentium infected TRPV1-/- mice was significantly reduced compared to WT mice; however, this was independent of neutrophil development and maturation within the bone marrow compartment. TRPV1-/- mice were found to have significantly decreased expression of the neutrophil-specific chemokine Cxcl6 and the adhesion molecules Icam1 in the distal colon compared to WT mice. Corroborating these findings, a significant reduction in ICAM-1 and VCAM-1, but not MAdCAM-1 protein on the surface of colonic blood endothelial cells from C. rodentium infected TRPV1-/- mice compared to WT was observed. These findings demonstrate the critical role of TRPV1 in regulating the host protective responses to enteric bacterial pathogens, and mucosal immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Cremin
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, UC Davis School of Veterinary Medicine, UC Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Emmy Xue Yun Tay
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, UC Davis School of Veterinary Medicine, UC Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Valerie T. Ramirez
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, UC Davis School of Veterinary Medicine, UC Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Kaitlin Murray
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, UC Davis School of Veterinary Medicine, UC Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Rene K. Nichols
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, UC Davis School of Veterinary Medicine, UC Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Ingrid Brust-Mascher
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, UC Davis School of Veterinary Medicine, UC Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Colin Reardon
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, UC Davis School of Veterinary Medicine, UC Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
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7
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Cremin M, Tay E, Ramirez VT, Murray K, Nichols RK, Brust-Mascher I, Reardon C. TRPV1 controls innate immunity during Citrobacter rodentium enteric infection. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.07.26.550772. [PMID: 37546968 PMCID: PMC10402119 DOI: 10.1101/2023.07.26.550772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
Mucosal immunity is critical to host protection from enteric pathogens and must be carefully controlled to prevent immunopathology. Regulation of immune responses can occur through a diverse range of mechanisms including bi-directional communication with the neurons. Among which include specialized sensory neurons that detect noxious stimuli due to the expression of transient receptor potential vanilloid receptor 1 (TRPV1) ion channel and have a significant role in the coordination of host-protective responses to enteric bacterial pathogens. Here we have used the mouse-adapted attaching and effacing pathogen Citrobacter rodentium to assess the specific role of the TRPV1 channel in coordinating the host response. TRPV1 knockout (TRPV1-/-) mice had a significantly higher C. rodentium burden in the distal colon and fecal pellets compared to wild-type (WT) mice. Increased bacterial burden was correlated with significantly increased colonic crypt hyperplasia and proliferating intestinal epithelial cells in TRPV1-/- mice compared to WT. Despite the increased C. rodentium burden and histopathology, the recruitment of colonic T cells producing IFNγ, IL-17, or IL-22 was similar between TRPV1-/- and WT mice. In evaluating the innate immune response, we identified that colonic neutrophil recruitment in C. rodentium infected TRPV1-/- mice was significantly reduced compared to WT mice; however, this was independent of neutrophil development and maturation within the bone marrow compartment. TRPV1-/- mice were found to have significantly decreased expression of the neutrophil-specific chemokine Cxcl6 and the adhesion molecules Icam1 in the distal colon compared to WT mice. Corroborating these findings, a significant reduction in ICAM-1 and VCAM-1, but not MAdCAM-1 protein on the surface of colonic blood endothelial cells from C. rodentium infected TRPV1-/- mice compared to WT was observed. These findings demonstrate the critical role of TRPV1 in regulating the host protective responses to enteric bacterial pathogens, and mucosal immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Cremin
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, UC Davis School of Veterinary Medicine, UC Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Emmy Tay
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, UC Davis School of Veterinary Medicine, UC Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Valerie T. Ramirez
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, UC Davis School of Veterinary Medicine, UC Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Kaitlin Murray
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, UC Davis School of Veterinary Medicine, UC Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Rene K. Nichols
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, UC Davis School of Veterinary Medicine, UC Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Ingrid Brust-Mascher
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, UC Davis School of Veterinary Medicine, UC Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Colin Reardon
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, UC Davis School of Veterinary Medicine, UC Davis, Davis, California, USA
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8
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Overcast GR, Meibers HE, Eshleman EM, Saha I, Waggoner L, Patel KN, Jain VG, Haslam DB, Alenghat T, VanDussen KL, Pasare C. IEC-intrinsic IL-1R signaling holds dual roles in regulating intestinal homeostasis and inflammation. J Exp Med 2023; 220:e20212523. [PMID: 36976181 PMCID: PMC10067527 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20212523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) constitute a critical first line of defense against microbes. While IECs are known to respond to various microbial signals, the precise upstream cues regulating diverse IEC responses are not clear. Here, we discover a dual role for IEC-intrinsic interleukin-1 receptor (IL-1R) signaling in regulating intestinal homeostasis and inflammation. Absence of IL-1R in epithelial cells abrogates a homeostatic antimicrobial program including production of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs). Mice deficient for IEC-intrinsic IL-1R are unable to clear Citrobacter rodentium (C. rodentium) but are protected from DSS-induced colitis. Mechanistically, IL-1R signaling enhances IL-22R-induced signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) phosphorylation in IECs leading to elevated production of AMPs. IL-1R signaling in IECs also directly induces expression of chemokines as well as genes involved in the production of reactive oxygen species. Our findings establish a protective role for IEC-intrinsic IL-1R signaling in combating infections but a detrimental role during colitis induced by epithelial damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garrett R. Overcast
- Immunology Graduate Program, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX, USA
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Center for Inflammation and Tolerance, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Hannah E. Meibers
- Immunology Graduate Program, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Center for Inflammation and Tolerance, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Emily M. Eshleman
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Center for Inflammation and Tolerance, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Irene Saha
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Center for Inflammation and Tolerance, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Lisa Waggoner
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Center for Inflammation and Tolerance, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Krupaben N. Patel
- Divisions of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition and of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Viral G. Jain
- Division of Neonatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - David B. Haslam
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Theresa Alenghat
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Center for Inflammation and Tolerance, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Kelli L. VanDussen
- Divisions of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition and of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Chandrashekhar Pasare
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Center for Inflammation and Tolerance, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
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9
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Matsushima K, Shichino S, Ueha S. Thirty-five years since the discovery of chemotactic cytokines, interleukin-8 and MCAF: A historical overview. PROCEEDINGS OF THE JAPAN ACADEMY. SERIES B, PHYSICAL AND BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES 2023; 99:213-226. [PMID: 37518010 DOI: 10.2183/pjab.99.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
Inflammation is a host defense response to various invading stimuli, but an excessive and persistent inflammatory response can cause tissue injury, which can lead to irreversible organ damage and dysfunction. Excessive inflammatory responses are believed to link to most human diseases. A specific type of leukocyte infiltration into invaded tissues is required for inflammation. Historically, the underlying molecular mechanisms of this process during inflammation were an enigma, compromising research in the fields of inflammation, immunology, and pathology. However, the pioneering discovery of chemotactic cytokines (chemokines), monocyte-derived neutrophil chemotactic factor (MDNCF; interleukin [IL]-8, CXCL8) and monocyte chemotactic and activating factor (MCAF; monocyte chemotactic factor 1 [MCP-1], CCL2) in the late 1980s finally enabled us to address this issue. In this review, we provide a historical overview of chemokine research over the last 35 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kouji Matsushima
- Division of Molecular Regulation of Inflammation and Immune Diseases, Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science
| | - Shigeyuki Shichino
- Division of Molecular Regulation of Inflammation and Immune Diseases, Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science
| | - Satoshi Ueha
- Division of Molecular Regulation of Inflammation and Immune Diseases, Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science
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10
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Cannon AR, Shim EH, Kuprys PV, Choudhry MA. IL-22 and Lactobacillus delbrueckii mitigate alcohol-induced exacerbation of DSS-induced colitis. J Leukoc Biol 2022; 112:1471-1484. [PMID: 35916052 PMCID: PMC9701151 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.4a0122-068r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Ulcerative colitis (UC) is characterized by cycles of active disease flare and inactive disease remission. During UC remission, IL-22 is up-regulated, acting as a hallmark of entrance into UC remission. Recently, we found that in our mouse model of binge alcohol and dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis, alcohol increases severity of UC pathology. In this study, we assessed not only whether alcohol influenced IL-22 expression and thereby perpetuates UC, but also whether recombinant IL-22 (rIL-22) or treatment with a probiotic could alleviate exacerbated symptoms of UC. Levels of large intestine IL-22 were significantly decreased ∼6.9-fold in DSS ethanol compared with DSS vehicle. Examination of lamina propria (LP) cells in the large intestine revealed IL-22+ γδ T cells in DSS vehicle-treated mice were significantly increased, while IL-22+ γδ T cells in DSS ethanol mice were unable to mount this IL-22 response. We administered rIL-22 and found it restored weight loss of DSS ethanol-treated mice. Colonic shortening and increased Enterobacteriaceae were also attenuated. Administration of Lactobacillus delbrueckii attenuated weight loss (p < 0.01), colon length (p < 0.001), mitigated increases in Enterobacteriaceae, increased levels of IL-22, and increased levels of p-STAT3 back to that of DSS vehicle group in DSS ethanol mice. In contrast, sole administration of L. delbrueckii supernatant was not sufficient to reduce UC exacerbation following alcohol. Our findings suggest L. delbrueckii contributes to repair mechanisms by increasing levels of IL-22, resulting in phosphorylation of STAT3, thus attenuating the alcohol-induced increases in intestinal damage after colitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail R. Cannon
- Alcohol Research Program, Burn and Shock Trauma Research Institute, Department of Surgery, Loyola University Chicago Health Sciences Campus, Maywood, IL 60153, USA
- Integrative Cell Biology Program, Loyola University Chicago Health Sciences Campus, Maywood, IL 60153, USA
- Department of Surgery, Loyola University Chicago Health Sciences Campus, Maywood, IL 60153, USA
| | - Esther H. Shim
- Alcohol Research Program, Burn and Shock Trauma Research Institute, Department of Surgery, Loyola University Chicago Health Sciences Campus, Maywood, IL 60153, USA
| | - Paulius V. Kuprys
- Alcohol Research Program, Burn and Shock Trauma Research Institute, Department of Surgery, Loyola University Chicago Health Sciences Campus, Maywood, IL 60153, USA
| | - Mashkoor A. Choudhry
- Alcohol Research Program, Burn and Shock Trauma Research Institute, Department of Surgery, Loyola University Chicago Health Sciences Campus, Maywood, IL 60153, USA
- Integrative Cell Biology Program, Loyola University Chicago Health Sciences Campus, Maywood, IL 60153, USA
- Department of Surgery, Loyola University Chicago Health Sciences Campus, Maywood, IL 60153, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Loyola University Chicago Health Sciences Campus, Maywood, IL 60153, USA
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11
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Zindl CL, Witte SJ, Laufer VA, Gao M, Yue Z, Janowski KM, Cai B, Frey BF, Silberger DJ, Harbour SN, Singer JR, Turner H, Lund FE, Vallance BA, Rosenberg AF, Schoeb TR, Chen JY, Hatton RD, Weaver CT. A nonredundant role for T cell-derived interleukin 22 in antibacterial defense of colonic crypts. Immunity 2022; 55:494-511.e11. [PMID: 35263568 PMCID: PMC9126440 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2022.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-22 is central to immune defense at barrier sites. We examined the contributions of innate lymphoid cell (ILC) and T cell-derived IL-22 during Citrobacter rodentium (C.r) infection using mice that both report Il22 expression and allow lineage-specific deletion. ILC-derived IL-22 activated STAT3 in C.r-colonized surface intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) but only temporally restrained bacterial growth. T cell-derived IL-22 induced a more robust and extensive activation of STAT3 in IECs, including IECs lining colonic crypts, and T cell-specific deficiency of IL-22 led to pathogen invasion of the crypts and increased mortality. This reflected a requirement for T cell-derived IL-22 for the expression of a host-protective transcriptomic program that included AMPs, neutrophil-recruiting chemokines, and mucin-related molecules, and it restricted IFNγ-induced proinflammatory genes. Our findings demonstrate spatiotemporal differences in the production and action of IL-22 by ILCs and T cells during infection and reveal an indispensable role for IL-22-producing T cells in the protection of the intestinal crypts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlene L Zindl
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.
| | - Steven J Witte
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Vincent A Laufer
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Min Gao
- Department of Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; Informatics Institute, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Zongliang Yue
- Department of Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; Informatics Institute, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Karen M Janowski
- Department of Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Baiyi Cai
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Blake F Frey
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Daniel J Silberger
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Stacey N Harbour
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Jeffrey R Singer
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Henrietta Turner
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Frances E Lund
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Bruce A Vallance
- Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6H 3V4, Canada
| | - Alexander F Rosenberg
- Informatics Institute, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Trenton R Schoeb
- Department of Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Jake Y Chen
- Department of Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; Informatics Institute, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Robin D Hatton
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Casey T Weaver
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.
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12
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IRE1α-driven inflammation promotes clearance of Citrobacter rodentium infection. Infect Immun 2021; 90:e0048121. [PMID: 34748367 PMCID: PMC8788755 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00481-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress is intimately linked with inflammation in response to pathogenic infections. ER stress occurs when cells experience a buildup of misfolded or unfolded protein during times of perturbation, such as infections, which facilitates the unfolded protein response (UPR). The UPR involves multiple host pathways in an attempt to re-establish homeostasis, which oftentimes leads to inflammation and cell death if unresolved. The UPR is activated to help resolve some bacterial infections, and the IRE1α pathway is especially critical in mediating inflammation. To understand the role of the IRE1α pathway of the UPR during enteric bacterial infection, we employed Citrobacter rodentium to study host-pathogen interactions in intestinal epithelial cells and the murine gastrointestinal (GI) tract. C. rodentium is an enteric mouse pathogen that is similar to the human pathogens enteropathogenic and enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EPEC and EHEC, respectively), which have limited small animal models. Here, we demonstrate that both C. rodentium and EPEC induced the UPR in intestinal epithelial cells. UPR induction during C. rodentium infection correlated with the onset of inflammation in bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs). Our previous work implicated IRE1α and NOD1/2 in ER stress-induced inflammation, which we observed were also required for pro-inflammatory gene induction during C. rodentium infection. C. rodentium induced IRE1α-dependent inflammation in mice, and inhibiting IRE1α led to a dysregulated inflammatory response and delayed clearance of C. rodentium. This study demonstrates that ER stress aids inflammation and clearance of C. rodentium through a mechanism involving the IRE1α-NOD1/2 axis.
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13
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In vivo studies on Citrobacter rodentium and host cell death pathways. Curr Opin Microbiol 2021; 64:60-67. [PMID: 34601305 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2021.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Citrobacter rodentium is a mouse-specific extracellular enteropathogen, commonly used as a small animal model for studying human enteropathogenic Escherichia coli infections. Both pathogens share a core set of virulence factors, including a type III secretion system, which enables translocation of effector proteins into infected cells to subvert host antimicrobial responses. Notably, these bacterial effectors have been reported to specifically target components of the apoptotic, necroptotic and pyroptotic signaling cascades in vivo, resulting in compromised immune cell recruitment and impaired mucosal homeostasis. Identifying the contributions of each cell death modality to bacterial control in a physiological model represents a crucial step in furthering our understanding of host-pathogen evolution and may provide insight into the host evasion strategies utilised by other enteric pathogens.
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14
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Protective and Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Protegrin-1 on Citrobacter rodentium Intestinal Infection in Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22179494. [PMID: 34502403 PMCID: PMC8431371 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22179494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Infectious intestinal colitis, manifesting as intestinal inflammation, diarrhea, and epithelial barrier disruption, affects millions of humans worldwide and, without effective treatment, can result in death. In addition to this, the significant rise in antibiotic-resistant bacteria poses an urgent need for alternative anti-infection therapies for the treatment of intestinal disorders. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are potential therapies that have broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity due to their (1) unique mode of action, (2) broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity, and (3) protective role in GI tract maintenance. Protegrin-1 (PG-1) is an AMP of pig origin that was previously shown to reduce the pathological effects of chemically induced digestive tract inflammation (colitis) and to modulate immune responses and tissue repair. This study aimed to extend these findings by investigating the protective effects of PG-1 on pathogen-induced colitis in an infection study over a 10-day experimental period. The oral administration of PG-1 reduced Citrobacter rodentium intestinal infection in mice as evidenced by reduced histopathologic change in the colon, prevention of body weight loss, milder clinical signs of disease, and more effective clearance of bacterial infection relative to challenged phosphate-buffered saline (PBS)-treated mice. Additionally, PG-1 treatment altered the expression of various inflammatory mediators during infection, which may act to resolve inflammation and re-establish intestinal homeostasis. PG-1 administered in its mature form was more effective relative to the pro-form (ProPG-1). To our knowledge, this is the first study demonstrating the protective effects of PG-1 on infectious colitis.
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15
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Lambertini C, Zannoni A, Romagnoli N, Bombardi C, Morini M, Dondi F, Bernardini C, Forni M, Rinnovati R, Spadari A. Expression of Proteinase-Activated Receptor 2 During Colon Volvulus in the Horse. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:589367. [PMID: 33330716 PMCID: PMC7728609 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.589367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Large colon volvulus in horses is associated with a poor prognosis, especially when ischemic-reperfusion injury of the affected intestinal tract develops. Proteinase-activated receptor 2 (PAR2) plays an important role in the pathogenesis of inflammation in the gastrointestinal tract. The aim of this study was to evaluate the distribution and expression of PAR2 in colonic pelvic flexure of horses spontaneously affected by large colon volvulus (CVH group). Eight horses admitted for severe abdominal colon volvolus and which underwent surgery were included. Colon samples were collected after enterotomy. Data previously obtained from healthy horses were used as a control group. Histologic evaluation was carried out to grade the severity of the colon lesions. Immunofluorescence, western blot and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) were carried out on colon samples to evaluate PAR2 expression. In addition, the transcriptional profile of cytokines and chemokines was evaluated using RT2 Profiler™ PCR Array Horse Cytokines & Chemokines. Three out of the eight patients were euthanised due to clinical deterioration. Immunostaining for PAR2 was observed in the enterocytes, intestinal glands and neurons of the submucosal and myenteric plexi. In the CVH horses, the expression of PAR2 mesenger RNA (mRNA) did not differ significantly from that of the healthy animals; western blots of the mucosa of the colon tracts showed a clear band of the expected molecular weight for PAR2 (~44 kDa) and a band smaller than the expected molecular weight for PAR2 (25kDa), suggesting its activation. The gene expressions for C-X-C motif ligand 1 (CXCL1); interleukin 8 (IL8), macrophage inflammatory protein 2 beta (MIP-2BETA) were upregulated in the colic horses as compared with the colons of the healthy horses. Therefore, in the present study, the expression and activation of PAR2 in the colons of horses in the presence of an inflammatory reaction like that occurring in those with spontaneous colon volvulus was confirmed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlotta Lambertini
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Augusta Zannoni
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Noemi Romagnoli
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Cristiano Bombardi
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Maria Morini
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesco Dondi
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Chiara Bernardini
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Monica Forni
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Riccardo Rinnovati
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Alessandro Spadari
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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16
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Holani R, Babbar A, Blyth GAD, Lopes F, Jijon H, McKay DM, Hollenberg MD, Cobo ER. Cathelicidin-mediated lipopolysaccharide signaling via intracellular TLR4 in colonic epithelial cells evokes CXCL8 production. Gut Microbes 2020; 12:1785802. [PMID: 32658599 PMCID: PMC7524372 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2020.1785802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
We hypothesized that the antimicrobial peptide cathelicidin has a physiological role in regulating gut inflammatory homeostasis. We determined that cathelicidin synergizes with LPS to facilitate its internalization and signaling via endosomic TLR4 in colonic epithelium, evoking synthesis of the human neutrophil chemoattractant, CXCL8 (or murine homolog, CXCL1). Interaction of cathelicidin with LPS in the control of CXCL8/CXCL1 synthesis was assessed in human colon epithelial cells, murine colonoids and cathelicidin-null mice (Camp-/- ). Mechanistically, human cathelicidin (LL-37), as an extracellular complex with LPS, interacted with lipid raft-associated GM1 gangliosides to internalize and activate intracellular TLR4. Two signaling pathways converged on CXCL8/CXCL1 production: (1) a p38MAPK-dependent pathway regulated by Src-EGFR kinases; and, (2) a p38MAPK-independent, NF-κB-dependent pathway, regulated by MEK1/2-MAPK. Increased cathelicidin-dependent CXCL8 secretion in the colonic mucosa activated human blood-derived neutrophils. These cathelicidin effects occurred in vitro at concentrations well below those needed for microbicidal function. The important immunomodulatory role of cathelicidins was evident in cathelicidin-null/Camp-/- mice, which had diminished colonic CXCL1 secretion, decreased neutrophil recruitment-activation and reduced bacterial clearance when challenged with the colitis-inducing murine pathogen, Citrobacter rodentium. We conclude that in addition to its known microbicidal action, cathelicidin has a unique pathogen-sensing role, facilitating LPS-mediated intestinal responses, including the production of CXCL8/CXCL1 that would contribute to an integrated tissue response to recruit neutrophils during colitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi Holani
- Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Anshu Babbar
- Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Graham A. D. Blyth
- Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Fernando Lopes
- Institute of Parasitology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Humberto Jijon
- Physiology and Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Derek M. McKay
- Physiology and Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Morley D. Hollenberg
- Physiology and Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Eduardo R. Cobo
- Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada,CONTACT Eduardo R. Cobo Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, ABT2N 4N1, Canada
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17
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Olli KE, Rapp C, O’Connell L, Collins CB, McNamee EN, Jensen O, Jedlicka P, Allison KC, Goldberg MS, Gerich ME, Frank DN, Ir D, Robertson CE, Evans CM, Aherne CM. Muc5ac Expression Protects the Colonic Barrier in Experimental Colitis. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2020; 26:1353-1367. [PMID: 32385500 PMCID: PMC7441107 DOI: 10.1093/ibd/izaa064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The mucus gel layer (MGL) lining the colon is integral to exclusion of bacteria and maintaining intestinal homeostasis in health and disease. Some MGL defects allowing bacteria to directly contact the colonic surface are commonly observed in ulcerative colitis (UC). The major macromolecular component of the colonic MGL is the secreted gel-forming mucin MUC2, whose expression is essential for homeostasis in health. In UC, another gel-forming mucin, MUC5AC, is induced. In mice, Muc5ac is protective during intestinal helminth infection. Here we tested the expression and functional role of MUC5AC/Muc5ac in UC biopsies and murine colitis. METHODS We measured MUC5AC/Muc5ac expression in UC biopsies and in dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) colitis. We performed DSS colitis in mice deficient in Muc5ac (Muc5ac-/-) to model the potential functional role of Muc5ac in colitis. To assess MGL integrity, we quantified bacterial-epithelial interaction and translocation to mesenteric lymph nodes. Antibiotic treatment and 16S rRNA gene sequencing were performed to directly investigate the role of bacteria in murine colitis. RESULTS Colonic MUC5AC/Muc5ac mRNA expression increased significantly in active UC and murine colitis. Muc5ac-/- mice experienced worsened injury and inflammation in DSS colitis compared with control mice. This result was associated with increased bacterial-epithelial contact and translocation to the mesenteric lymph nodes. However, no change in microbial abundance or community composition was noted. Antibiotic treatment normalized colitis severity in Muc5ac-/- mice to that of antibiotic-treated control mice. CONCLUSIONS MUC5AC/Muc5ac induction in the acutely inflamed colon controls injury by reducing bacterial breach of the MGL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristine E Olli
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Mucosal Inflammation Program, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Caroline Rapp
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Mucosal Inflammation Program, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Lauren O’Connell
- School of Medicine, Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Colm B Collins
- Mucosal Inflammation Program, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Digestive Health Institute, Children’s Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Eoin N McNamee
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Mucosal Inflammation Program, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Kathleen Lonsdale Institute for Human Health Research, Department of Biology, Maynooth University, County Kildare, Ireland
| | - Owen Jensen
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Mucosal Inflammation Program, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Paul Jedlicka
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Kristen C Allison
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Mucosal Inflammation Program, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Matthew S Goldberg
- Mucosal Inflammation Program, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Mark E Gerich
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Daniel N Frank
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Diana Ir
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Charles E Robertson
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Christopher M Evans
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Carol M Aherne
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Mucosal Inflammation Program, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- School of Medicine, Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
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18
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Metzemaekers M, Gouwy M, Proost P. Neutrophil chemoattractant receptors in health and disease: double-edged swords. Cell Mol Immunol 2020; 17:433-450. [PMID: 32238918 PMCID: PMC7192912 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-020-0412-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 233] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils are frontline cells of the innate immune system. These effector leukocytes are equipped with intriguing antimicrobial machinery and consequently display high cytotoxic potential. Accurate neutrophil recruitment is essential to combat microbes and to restore homeostasis, for inflammation modulation and resolution, wound healing and tissue repair. After fulfilling the appropriate effector functions, however, dampening neutrophil activation and infiltration is crucial to prevent damage to the host. In humans, chemoattractant molecules can be categorized into four biochemical families, i.e., chemotactic lipids, formyl peptides, complement anaphylatoxins and chemokines. They are critically involved in the tight regulation of neutrophil bone marrow storage and egress and in spatial and temporal neutrophil trafficking between organs. Chemoattractants function by activating dedicated heptahelical G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). In addition, emerging evidence suggests an important role for atypical chemoattractant receptors (ACKRs) that do not couple to G proteins in fine-tuning neutrophil migratory and functional responses. The expression levels of chemoattractant receptors are dependent on the level of neutrophil maturation and state of activation, with a pivotal modulatory role for the (inflammatory) environment. Here, we provide an overview of chemoattractant receptors expressed by neutrophils in health and disease. Depending on the (patho)physiological context, specific chemoattractant receptors may be up- or downregulated on distinct neutrophil subsets with beneficial or detrimental consequences, thus opening new windows for the identification of disease biomarkers and potential drug targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mieke Metzemaekers
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49 bus 1042, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Mieke Gouwy
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49 bus 1042, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Paul Proost
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49 bus 1042, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium.
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19
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Twin-Arginine Translocation System Is Involved in Citrobacter rodentium Fitness in the Intestinal Tract. Infect Immun 2020; 88:IAI.00892-19. [PMID: 31818958 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00892-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The twin-arginine translocation (Tat) system is involved in not only a wide array of cellular processes but also pathogenesis in many bacterial pathogens; thus, this system is expected to become a novel therapeutic target to treat infections. To the best of our knowledge, involvement of the Tat system has not been reported in the gut infection caused by Citrobacter rodentium Here, we studied the role of Tat in C. rodentium gut infection, which resembles human infection with enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) and enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC). A C. rodentium Tat loss-of-function mutant displayed prolonged gut colonization, which was explained by reduced inflammatory responses and, particularly, neutrophil infiltration. Further, the Tat mutant had colonization defects upon coinfection with the wild-type strain of C. rodentium The Tat mutant also became hypersensitive to bile acids, and an increase in fecal bile acids fostered C. rodentium clearance from the gut lumen. Finally, we show that the chain form of C. rodentium cells, induced by a Tat-dependent cell division defect, exhibits impaired resistance to bile acids. Our findings indicate that the Tat system is involved in gut colonization by C. rodentium, which is associated with neutrophil infiltration and resistance to bile acids. Interventions that target the Tat system, as well as luminal bile acids, might thus be promising therapeutic strategies to treat human EHEC and EPEC infections.
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20
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Waldschmitt N, Kitamoto S, Secher T, Zacharioudaki V, Boulard O, Floquet E, Delacre M, Lamas B, Pham HP, Six A, Richard ML, Dagorn JC, Eberl G, Langella P, Chatel JM, Ryffel B, Iovanna JL, Poulin LF, Sokol H, Kamada N, Chamaillard M. The regenerating family member 3 β instigates IL-17A-mediated neutrophil recruitment downstream of NOD1/2 signalling for controlling colonisation resistance independently of microbiota community structure. Gut 2019; 68:1190-1199. [PMID: 30279238 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2018-316757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Revised: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Loss of the Crohn's disease predisposing NOD2 gene results in an intestinal microenvironment conducive for colonisation by attaching-and-effacing enteropathogens. However, it remains elusive whether it relies on the intracellular recruitment of the serine-threonine kinase RIPK2 by NOD2, a step that is required for its activation of the transcription factor NF-κB. DESIGN Colonisation resistance was evaluated in wild type and mutant mice, as well as in ex-germ-free (ex-GF) mice which were colonised either with faeces from Ripk2-deficient mice or with bacteria with similar preferences for carbohydrates to those acquired by the pathogen. The severity of the mucosal pathology was quantified at several time points postinfection by using a previously established scoring. The community resilience in response to infection was evaluated by 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequence analysis. The control of pathogen virulence was evaluated by monitoring the secretion of Citrobacter-specific antibody response in the faeces. RESULTS Primary infection was similarly outcompeted in ex-GF Ripk2-deficient and control mice, demonstrating that the susceptibility to infection resulting from RIPK2 deficiency cannot be solely attributed to specific microbiota community structures. In contrast, delayed clearance of Citrobacter rodentium and exacerbated histopathology were preceded by a weakened propensity of intestinal macrophages to afford innate lymphoid cell activation. This tissue protection unexpectedly required the regenerating family member 3β by instigating interleukin (IL) 17A-mediated neutrophil recruitment to the intestine and subsequent phosphorylation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3. CONCLUSIONS These results unveil a previously unrecognised mechanism that efficiently protects from colonisation by diarrhoeagenic bacteria early in infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Waldschmitt
- CIIL - Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, Université de Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHRU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019 - UMR 8204, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Sho Kitamoto
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Thomas Secher
- INEM, Orléans University, CNRS UMR 7355, F-45071, Orléans, France
| | - Vassiliki Zacharioudaki
- CIIL - Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, Université de Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHRU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019 - UMR 8204, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Olivier Boulard
- CIIL - Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, Université de Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHRU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019 - UMR 8204, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Emilie Floquet
- CIIL - Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, Université de Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHRU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019 - UMR 8204, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Myriam Delacre
- CIIL - Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, Université de Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHRU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019 - UMR 8204, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Bruno Lamas
- Laboratoire des Biomolécules (LBM), SorbonneUniversités, UPMC Univ. Paris 06, École normale supérieure, PSL ResearchUniversity, CNRS, INSERM, APHP, Paris, France.,Commensals and Probiotics-Host Interactions Laboratory, INRA, UMR1319Micalis & AgroParisTech, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Hang-Phuong Pham
- ILTOO Pharma, iPEPS ICM, Hôpital Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Adrien Six
- Department of Immunology-Immunopathology-Immunotherapy (I3), Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Inserm UMRS959, Paris, France
| | - Mathias L Richard
- Commensals and Probiotics-Host Interactions Laboratory, INRA, UMR1319Micalis & AgroParisTech, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Jean-Charles Dagorn
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille, Aix-Marseille Université, Inserm U1068, CNRS UMR 7258 and Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Parc Scientifique et Technologique de Luminy, Marseille, France
| | - Gérard Eberl
- Microenvironment and Immunity Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Philippe Langella
- Commensals and Probiotics-Host Interactions Laboratory, INRA, UMR1319Micalis & AgroParisTech, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Jean-Marc Chatel
- Commensals and Probiotics-Host Interactions Laboratory, INRA, UMR1319Micalis & AgroParisTech, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Bernhard Ryffel
- INEM, Orléans University, CNRS UMR 7355, F-45071, Orléans, France
| | - Juan Lucio Iovanna
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille, Aix-Marseille Université, Inserm U1068, CNRS UMR 7258 and Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Parc Scientifique et Technologique de Luminy, Marseille, France
| | - Lionel F Poulin
- CIIL - Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, Université de Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHRU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019 - UMR 8204, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Harry Sokol
- Laboratoire des Biomolécules (LBM), SorbonneUniversités, UPMC Univ. Paris 06, École normale supérieure, PSL ResearchUniversity, CNRS, INSERM, APHP, Paris, France.,Commensals and Probiotics-Host Interactions Laboratory, INRA, UMR1319Micalis & AgroParisTech, Jouy-en-Josas, France.,Department of Gastroenterology, Saint Antoine Hospital, AP-HP, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Paris, France
| | - Nobuhiko Kamada
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Mathias Chamaillard
- CIIL - Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, Université de Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHRU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019 - UMR 8204, F-59000, Lille, France
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21
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Yang H, Yu HB, Bhinder G, Ryz NR, Lee J, Yang H, Fotovati A, Gibson DL, Turvey SE, Reid GS, Vallance BA. TLR9 limits enteric antimicrobial responses and promotes microbiota-based colonisation resistance during Citrobacter rodentium infection. Cell Microbiol 2019; 21:e13026. [PMID: 30893495 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.13026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2018] [Revised: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian cells express an array of toll-like receptors to detect and respond to microbial pathogens, including enteropathogenic and enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EPEC and EHEC). These clinically important attaching and effacing (A/E) pathogens infect the apical surface of intestinal epithelial cells, causing inflammation as well as severe diarrheal disease. Because EPEC and EHEC are human-specific, the related murine pathogen Citrobacter rodentium has been widely used to define how hosts defend against A/E pathogens. This study explored the role of TLR9, a receptor that recognises unmethylated CpG dinucleotides present in bacterial DNA, in promoting host defence against C. rodentium. Infected Tlr9-/- mice suffered exaggerated intestinal damage and carried significantly higher (10-100 fold) pathogen burdens in their intestinal tissues as compared with wild type (WT) mice. C. rodentium infection also induced increased antimicrobial responses, as well as hyperactivation of NF-κB signalling in the intestines of Tlr9-/- mice. These changes were associated with accelerated depletion of the intestinal microbiota in Tlr9-/- mice as compared with WT mice. Notably, antibiotic-based depletion of the gut microbiota in WT mice prior to infection increased their susceptibility to the levels seen in Tlr9-/- mice. Our results therefore indicate that TLR9 signalling suppresses intestinal antimicrobial responses, thereby promoting microbiota-mediated colonisation resistance against C. rodentium infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyungjun Yang
- Department of Pediatrics, BC Children's Hospital Research Institute and the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Hong B Yu
- Department of Pediatrics, BC Children's Hospital Research Institute and the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Ganive Bhinder
- Department of Pediatrics, BC Children's Hospital Research Institute and the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Natasha R Ryz
- Department of Pediatrics, BC Children's Hospital Research Institute and the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Julia Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, BC Children's Hospital Research Institute and the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Hong Yang
- Department of Pediatrics, BC Children's Hospital Research Institute and the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Abbas Fotovati
- Department of Pediatrics, BC Children's Hospital Research Institute and the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Deanna L Gibson
- Department of Biology, The Irving K. Barber School of Arts and Sciences, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Stuart E Turvey
- Department of Pediatrics, BC Children's Hospital Research Institute and the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Gregor S Reid
- Department of Pediatrics, BC Children's Hospital Research Institute and the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Bruce A Vallance
- Department of Pediatrics, BC Children's Hospital Research Institute and the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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22
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Saha P, Yeoh BS, Xiao X, Golonka RM, Singh V, Wang Y, Vijay-Kumar M. PAD4-dependent NETs generation are indispensable for intestinal clearance of Citrobacter rodentium. Mucosal Immunol 2019; 12:761-771. [PMID: 30710097 PMCID: PMC6519124 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-019-0139-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Revised: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Peptidyl arginine deiminase-4 (PAD4) is indispensable for generation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), which can provide antimicrobial effects during host innate immune response; however, the role of PAD4 against gastrointestinal infection is largely unknown. Herein, we challenged PAD4-deficient (Pad4-/-) mice and wild-type (WT) littermates with Citrobacter rodentium (CR), and investigated bacteria clearance and gut pathology. Luminal colonization of CR in Pad4-/- mice peaked between 11-14 days post-infection, whereas WT mice suppressed the infection by 14 days. We demonstrated that Pad4-/- mice were unable to form NETs, whereas WT mice showed increased NETs formation in the colon during infection. Pad4-/- mice showed aggravated CR-associated inflammation as indicated by elevated systemic and colonic pro-inflammatory markers. Histological analysis revealed that transmissible colonic hyperplasia, goblet cell depletion, and apoptotic cell death were more pronounced in the colon of CR-infected Pad4-/- mice. Treating WT mice with deoxyribonuclease I, which can disrupt NETs generation, recapitulated the exacerbated CR infection and gut pathology associated with the loss of PAD4. Administration of the PAD4 inhibitor, Cl-amidine also aggravated CR infection, but to a lesser extent. Taken together, our findings highlight the importance of PAD4 in the mucosal clearance of CR and in resolving gut-associated inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piu Saha
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH, 43614, USA
| | - Beng San Yeoh
- Graduate Program in Immunology & Infectious Disease, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Philadelphia, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Xia Xiao
- Division of Nephrology, MGH, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Rachel M Golonka
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH, 43614, USA
| | - Vishal Singh
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH, 43614, USA
| | - Yanming Wang
- College of Life Sciences & Medicine, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, China
| | - Matam Vijay-Kumar
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH, 43614, USA.
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23
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Mendes V, Galvão I, Vieira AT. Mechanisms by Which the Gut Microbiota Influences Cytokine Production and Modulates Host Inflammatory Responses. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2019; 39:393-409. [PMID: 31013453 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2019.0011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The gastrointestinal tract encounters a wide variety of microorganisms, including beneficial symbionts, pathobionts, and pathogens. Recent evidence has shown that the gut microbiota, directly or indirectly through its components, such as metabolites, actively participates in the host inflammatory response by cytokine-microbiota or microbiota-cytokine modulation interactions, both in the gut and systemically. Therefore, further elucidation of host cytokine molecular pathways and microbiota components will provide a novel and promising therapeutic approach to control or prevent inflammatory disease and to maintain host homeostasis. The purpose of this review is to summarize well-established scientific findings and provide an updated overview regarding the direct and indirect mechanisms by which the gut microbiota can influence the inflammatory response by modulating the host's cytokine pathways that are mostly involved, but not exclusively so, with gut homeostasis. In addition, we will highlight recent results from our group, which suggest that the microbiota promotes cytokine release from inflammatory cells though activation of microbial metabolite sensor receptors that are more highly expressed on inflammatory and intestinal epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviani Mendes
- 1 Laboratory of Microbiota and Immunomodulation, Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.,2 Department of General Biology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Izabela Galvão
- 3 Department of Cellular Biology ICB, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Angelica Thomaz Vieira
- 1 Laboratory of Microbiota and Immunomodulation, Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.,2 Department of General Biology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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24
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Rahman T, Brown AS, Hartland EL, van Driel IR, Fung KY. Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells Provide Protection Against Bacterial-Induced Colitis. Front Immunol 2019; 10:608. [PMID: 31024525 PMCID: PMC6465541 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We have examined the influence of depleting plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDC) in mice on the immune response to the gut pathogen Citrobacter rodentium, an organism that is a model for human attaching effacing pathogens such as enterohaemorraghic E. coli. A significantly higher number of C. rodentium were found in mice depleted of pDC from 7 days after infection and pDC depleted mice showed increased gut pathology and higher levels of mRNA encoding inflammatory cytokines in the colon upon infection. pDC-depletion led to a compromising of the gut mucosal barrier that may have contributed to increased numbers of C. rodentium in systemic organs. pDC-depleted mice infected with C. rodentium suffered substantial weight loss necessitating euthanasia. A number of observations suggested that this was not simply the result of dysregulation of immunity in the colon as pDC-depleted mice infected intravenously with C. rodentium also exhibited exacerbated weight loss, arguing that pDC influence systemic immune responses. Overall, these data indicate that pDC contribute at multiple levels to immunity to C. rodentium including control of bacterial numbers in the colon, maintenance of colon barrier function and regulation of immune responses to disseminated bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania Rahman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Andrew S Brown
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Elizabeth L Hartland
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Ian R van Driel
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Ka Yee Fung
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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25
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Wang Z, Lin L, Chen W, Zheng X, Zhang Y, Liu Q, Yang D. Neutrophil plays critical role during Edwardsiella piscicida immersion infection in zebrafish larvae. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 87:565-572. [PMID: 30742890 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2018] [Revised: 02/02/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Edwardsiella piscicida is a facultative intracellular pathogen that causes hemorrhagic septicemia and haemolytic ascites disease in aquaculture fish. During bacterial infection, macrophages and neutrophils are the first line of host innate immune system. However, the role of neutrophils in response to E. piscicida infection in vivo remains poorly understood. Here, through developing an immersion infection model in the 5 day-post fertilization (dpf) zebrafish larvae, we found that E. piscicida was mainly colonized in intestine, and resulted into significant pathological changes in paraffin sections. Moreover, a dynamic up-regulation of inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, GCSFb, CXCL8 and MMP9) was detected in zebrafish larvae during E. piscicida infection. Furthermore, a significant recruitment of neutrophils was observed during the E. piscicida infection in Tg(mpx:eGFP) zebrafish larvae. Thus, we utilized the CRISPR/Cas9 system to generate the neutrophil-knockdown (gcsfr-/- crispants) larvae, and found a comparative higher mortality and bacterial colonization in gcsfr-/- crispants, which reveals the critical role of fish neutrophils in bacterial clearance. Taken together, our results developed an effective E. piscicida immersion challenge model in zebrafish larvae to clarify the dynamic of bacterial infection in vivo, which would provide a better understanding of the action about innate immune cells during infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Lingyun Lin
- Zhejiang Institute of Freshwater Fisheries, Huzhou, 313001, China
| | - Weijie Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Xin Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Yuanxing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Marine Cultured Animal Vaccines, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Qin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Marine Cultured Animal Vaccines, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Dahai Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Marine Cultured Animal Vaccines, Shanghai, 200237, China.
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26
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Cross talk between neutrophils and the microbiota. Blood 2019; 133:2168-2177. [PMID: 30898860 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2018-11-844555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 12/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The microbiota has emerged as an important regulator of the host immunity by the induction, functional modulation, or suppression of local and systemic immune responses. In return, the host immune system restricts translocation and fine tunes the composition and distribution of the microbiota to maintain a beneficial symbiosis. This paradigm applies to neutrophils, a critical component of the innate immunity, allowing their production and function to be influenced by microbial components and metabolites derived from the microbiota, and engaging them in the process of microbiota containment and regulation. The cross talk between neutrophils and the microbiota adjusts the magnitude of neutrophil-mediated inflammation on challenge while preventing neutrophil responses against commensals under steady state. Here, we review the major molecular and cellular mediators of the interactions between neutrophils and the microbiota and discuss their interplay and contribution in chronic inflammatory diseases and cancer.
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27
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Wang B, Lim JH, Kajikawa T, Li X, Vallance BA, Moutsopoulos NM, Chavakis T, Hajishengallis G. Macrophage β2-Integrins Regulate IL-22 by ILC3s and Protect from Lethal Citrobacter rodentium-Induced Colitis. Cell Rep 2019; 26:1614-1626.e5. [PMID: 30726742 PMCID: PMC6404229 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.01.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Revised: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
β2-integrins promote neutrophil recruitment to infected tissues and are crucial for host defense. Neutrophil recruitment is defective in leukocyte adhesion deficiency type-1 (LAD1), a condition caused by mutations in the CD18 (β2-integrin) gene. Using a model of Citrobacter rodentium (CR)-induced colitis, we show that CD18-/- mice display increased intestinal damage and systemic bacterial burden, compared to littermate controls, ultimately succumbing to infection. This phenotype is not attributed to defective neutrophil recruitment, as it is shared by CXCR2-/- mice that survive CR infection. CR-infected CD18-/- mice feature prominent upregulation of IL-17 and downregulation of IL-22. Exogenous IL-22 administration, but not endogenous IL-17 neutralization, protects CD18-/- mice from lethal colitis. β2-integrin expression on macrophages is mechanistically linked to Rac1/ROS-mediated induction of noncanonical-NLRP3 (nucleotide-binding domain, leucine-rich-containing family, pyrin domain-containing-3) inflammasome-dependent IL-1β production, which promotes ILC3-derived IL-22. Therefore, β2-integrins are required for protective IL-1β-dependent IL-22 responses in colitis, and the identified mechanism may underlie the association of human LAD1 with colitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baomei Wang
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Dental Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - Jong-Hyung Lim
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Dental Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Tetsuhiro Kajikawa
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Dental Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Xiaofei Li
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Dental Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Bruce A Vallance
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6H 3N1, Canada
| | | | - Triantafyllos Chavakis
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - George Hajishengallis
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Dental Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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28
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Normand S, Waldschmitt N, Neerincx A, Martinez-Torres RJ, Chauvin C, Couturier-Maillard A, Boulard O, Cobret L, Awad F, Huot L, Ribeiro-Ribeiro A, Lautz K, Ruez R, Delacre M, Bondu C, Guilliams M, Scott C, Segal A, Amselem S, Hot D, Karabina S, Bohn E, Ryffel B, Poulin LF, Kufer TA, Chamaillard M. Proteasomal degradation of NOD2 by NLRP12 in monocytes promotes bacterial tolerance and colonization by enteropathogens. Nat Commun 2018; 9:5338. [PMID: 30559449 PMCID: PMC6297353 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-07750-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain protein 12 (NLRP12) cause recurrent episodes of serosal inflammation. Here we show that NLRP12 efficiently sequesters HSP90 and promotes K48-linked ubiquitination and degradation of NOD2 in response to bacterial muramyl dipeptide (MDP). This interaction is mediated by the linker-region proximal to the nucleotide-binding domain of NLRP12. Consequently, the disease-causing NLRP12 R284X mutation fails to repress MDP-induced NF-κB and subsequent activity of the JAK/STAT signaling pathway. While NLRP12 deficiency renders septic mice highly susceptible towards MDP, a sustained sensing of MDP through NOD2 is observed among monocytes lacking NLRP12. This loss of tolerance in monocytes results in greater colonization resistance towards Citrobacter rodentium. Our data show that this is a consequence of NOD2-dependent accumulation of inflammatory mononuclear cells that correlates with induction of interferon-stimulated genes. Our study unveils a relevant process of tolerance towards the gut microbiota that is exploited by an attaching/effacing enteric pathogen. Mutations in nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain protein 12 (NLRP12) are known to effect inflammatory processes. Here the authors show that NLRP12-mediated proteasomal degradation of NOD2 in monocytes promotes bacterial tolerance and colonisation in a model of enteric infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvain Normand
- University of Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019 - UMR 8204 - CIIL - Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Nadine Waldschmitt
- University of Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019 - UMR 8204 - CIIL - Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, F-59000, Lille, France.,Technische Universität München, Chair of Nutrition and Immunology, 85350, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - Andreas Neerincx
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QP, UK
| | | | - Camille Chauvin
- University of Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019 - UMR 8204 - CIIL - Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Aurélie Couturier-Maillard
- University of Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019 - UMR 8204 - CIIL - Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Olivier Boulard
- University of Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019 - UMR 8204 - CIIL - Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Laetitia Cobret
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR_S 933, F-75012, Paris, France.,Inserm, UMR_S 933, F-75012, Paris, France
| | - Fawaz Awad
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR_S 933, F-75012, Paris, France.,Inserm, UMR_S 933, F-75012, Paris, France
| | - Ludovic Huot
- University of Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019 - UMR 8204 - CIIL - Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, F-59000, Lille, France
| | | | - Katja Lautz
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Richard Ruez
- University of Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019 - UMR 8204 - CIIL - Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Myriam Delacre
- University of Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019 - UMR 8204 - CIIL - Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Clovis Bondu
- University of Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019 - UMR 8204 - CIIL - Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Martin Guilliams
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, VIB Inflammation Research Center, 9052, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Internal Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, 9000, Belgium
| | - Charlotte Scott
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, VIB Inflammation Research Center, 9052, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Internal Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, 9000, Belgium
| | - Anthony Segal
- Division of Medicine, University College London, WC1E 6BT, London, UK
| | - Serge Amselem
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR_S 933, F-75012, Paris, France.,Inserm, UMR_S 933, F-75012, Paris, France
| | - David Hot
- University of Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019 - UMR 8204 - CIIL - Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Sonia Karabina
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR_S 933, F-75012, Paris, France.,Inserm, UMR_S 933, F-75012, Paris, France
| | - Erwin Bohn
- Interfakultaeres Institut für Mikrobiologie und Infektionsmedizin, Eberhard Karl Universitat Tuebingen, 72076, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Bernhard Ryffel
- CNRS, Orléans University, INEM, UMR 7355, F-45071, Orléans, France
| | - Lionel F Poulin
- University of Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019 - UMR 8204 - CIIL - Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Thomas A Kufer
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Nutritional Medicine, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Mathias Chamaillard
- University of Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019 - UMR 8204 - CIIL - Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, F-59000, Lille, France.
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29
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Furniss RCD, Low WW, Mavridou DAI, Dagley LF, Webb AI, Tate EW, Clements A. Plasma membrane profiling during enterohemorrhagic E. coli infection reveals that the metalloprotease StcE cleaves CD55 from host epithelial surfaces. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:17188-17199. [PMID: 30190327 PMCID: PMC6222108 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.005114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2018] [Revised: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) is one of several E. coli pathotypes that infect the intestinal tract and cause disease. Formation of the characteristic attaching and effacing lesion on the surface of infected cells causes significant remodeling of the host cell surface; however, limited information is available about changes at the protein level. Here we employed plasma membrane profiling, a quantitative cell-surface proteomics technique, to identify host proteins whose cell-surface levels are altered during infection. Using this method, we quantified more than 1100 proteins, 280 of which showed altered cell-surface levels after exposure to EHEC. 22 host proteins were significantly reduced on the surface of infected epithelial cells. These included both known and unknown targets of EHEC infection. The complement decay–accelerating factor cluster of differentiation 55 (CD55) exhibited the greatest reduction in cell-surface levels during infection. We showed by flow cytometry and Western blot analysis that CD55 is cleaved from the cell surface by the EHEC-specific protease StcE and found that StcE-mediated CD55 cleavage results in increased neutrophil adhesion to the apical surface of intestinal epithelial cells. This suggests that StcE alters host epithelial surfaces to depress neutrophil transepithelial migration during infection. This work is the first report of the global manipulation of the epithelial cell surface by a bacterial pathogen and illustrates the power of quantitative cell-surface proteomics in uncovering critical aspects of bacterial infection biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Christopher D Furniss
- From the MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ United Kingdom
| | - Wen Wen Low
- From the MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ United Kingdom
| | - Despoina A I Mavridou
- From the MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ United Kingdom
| | - Laura F Dagley
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne 3052, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne 3050, Australia, and
| | - Andrew I Webb
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne 3052, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne 3050, Australia, and
| | - Edward W Tate
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Abigail Clements
- From the MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ United Kingdom,
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Das S, Jayaratne R, Barrett KE. The Role of Ion Transporters in the Pathophysiology of Infectious Diarrhea. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2018; 6:33-45. [PMID: 29928670 PMCID: PMC6007821 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2018.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Every year, enteric infections and associated diarrhea kill millions of people. The situation is compounded by increases in the number of enteric pathogens that are acquiring resistance to antibiotics, as well as (hitherto) a relative paucity of information on host molecular targets that may contribute to diarrhea. Many forms of diarrheal disease depend on the dysregulation of intestinal ion transporters, and an associated imbalance between secretory and absorptive functions of the intestinal epithelium. A number of major transporters have been implicated in the pathogenesis of diarrheal diseases and thus an understanding of their expression, localization, and regulation after infection with various bacteria, viruses, and protozoa likely will prove critical in designing new therapies. This article surveys our understanding of transporters that are modulated by specific pathogens and the mechanism(s) involved, thereby illuminating targets that might be exploited for new therapeutic approaches.
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Key Words
- ATP, adenosine triphosphate
- ATPase, adenosine triphosphatase
- CDI, Clostridium difficile infection
- CFTR, cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator
- CLCA1, chloride channel accessory 1
- CT, cholera toxin
- CXCR2, C-X-C motif chemokine receptor 2
- DRA, down-regulated in adenoma
- Diarrhea
- ENaC, epithelial sodium channel
- EPEC, enteropathogenic Escherichia coli
- ETEC, enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli
- Enteric Pathogen
- Epithelium
- EspG, Escherichia coli secreted protein G
- GPR39, G-protein coupled receptor 39
- Ion Transport
- KCC, potassium-chloride cotransporter
- LPA, lysophosphatidic acid
- LT, heat-labile toxin
- NHE, sodium/hydrogen exchanger
- NHERF2, sodium/hydrogen exchanger regulatory factor 2
- NKCC, sodium-potassium-2 chloride cotransporter
- ORT, oral rehydration therapy
- PKC, protein kinase C
- SGLT1, sodium-glucose cotransporter 1
- SLC, solute carrier
- ST, heat-stabile toxin
- TNF, tumor necrosis factor
- Tcd, Clostridium difficile toxin
- ZnR, zinc sensing receptor
- cAMP, adenosine 3′,5′-cyclic monophosphate
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumita Das
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, California
| | - Rashini Jayaratne
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, California
| | - Kim E. Barrett
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, California,Correspondence Address correspondence to: Kim E. Barrett, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093-0063. fax: (858) 246-1788.
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31
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Kang E, Zhou G, Yousefi M, Cayrol R, Xia J, Gruenheid S. Loss of disease tolerance during Citrobacter rodentium infection is associated with impaired epithelial differentiation and hyperactivation of T cell responses. Sci Rep 2018; 8:847. [PMID: 29339782 PMCID: PMC5770458 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-17386-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 11/24/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Citrobacter rodentium is an intestinal mouse pathogen widely used as a model to study the mucosal response to infection. Inbred mouse strains suffer one of two fates following infection: self-limiting colitis or fatal diarrheal disease. We previously reported that Rspo2 is a major genetic determinant of the outcome of C. rodentium infection; Rspo2 induction during infection of susceptible mice leads to loss of intestinal function and mortality. Rspo2 induction does not impact bacterial colonization, but rather, impedes the ability of the host to tolerate C. rodentium infection. Here, we performed deep RNA sequencing and systematically analyzed the global gene expression profiles of C. rodentium-infected colon tissues from susceptible and resistant congenic mice strains to determine the common responses to infection and the Rspo2-mediated dysfunction pathway signatures associated with loss of disease tolerance. Our results highlight changes in metabolism, tissue remodeling, and host defence as common responses to infection. Conversely, increased Wnt and stem cell signatures, loss of epithelial differentiation, and exaggerated CD4+ T cell activation through increased antigen processing and presentation were specifically associated with the response to infection in susceptible mice. These data provide insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying intestinal dysfunction and disease tolerance during C. rodentium infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugene Kang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- McGill University Research Centre on Complex Traits, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Guangyan Zhou
- Institute of Parasitology, McGill University, Sainte Anne de Bellevue, Quebec, Canada
| | - Mitra Yousefi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- McGill University Research Centre on Complex Traits, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Romain Cayrol
- Department of Pathology and Cellular Biology, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jianguo Xia
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Institute of Parasitology, McGill University, Sainte Anne de Bellevue, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Animal Science, McGill University, Sainte Anne de Bellevue, Quebec, Canada
| | - Samantha Gruenheid
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
- McGill University Research Centre on Complex Traits, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
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Citrobacter rodentium Infection Model for the Analysis of Bacterial Pathogenesis and Mucosal Immunology. Methods Mol Biol 2018; 1725:77-89. [PMID: 29322410 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7568-6_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/06/2022]
Abstract
Citrobacter rodentium is a mouse restricted pathogen that was originally isolated from laboratory mouse colonies and causes transmissible colonic hyperplasia, characterized by thickening of the colon and inflammation. As a natural pathogen of mice, the infection model has proven critical to the development of our understanding of the pathogenesis of enteric disease and the mucosal immune response. In addition to this, some features of disease such as dysbiosis, inflammation, and wound healing replicate features of human inflammatory bowel diseases. As such, the C. rodentium infection model has become a key tool in investigations of many aspects of mucosal immunology.
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Acuff NV, Li X, Latha K, Nagy T, Watford WT. Tpl2 Promotes Innate Cell Recruitment and Effector T Cell Differentiation To Limit Citrobacter rodentium Burden and Dissemination. Infect Immun 2017; 85:e00193-17. [PMID: 28760932 PMCID: PMC5607429 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00193-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2017] [Accepted: 07/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor progression locus 2 (Tpl2) is a serine-threonine kinase that regulates Th1 differentiation, secretion of the inflammatory cytokine gamma interferon (IFN-γ), and host defense against the intracellular pathogens Toxoplasma gondii, Listeria monocytogenes, and Mycobacterium tuberculosis However, relatively little is known about the contribution of Tpl2 to Th17 differentiation and immune cell function during infection with an extracellular pathogen. The goal of this study was to determine whether Tpl2 influences the immune response generated to the extracellular bacterium Citrobacter rodentium, which induces a mixed Th1 and Th17 response. During peak infection with C. rodentium, Tpl2-/- mice experienced greater bacterial burdens with evidence of dissemination to the liver and spleen but ultimately cleared the bacteria within 3 weeks postinfection, similar to the findings for wild-type mice. Tpl2-/- mice also recruited fewer neutrophils and monocytes to the colon during peak infection, which correlated with increased bacterial burdens. In mixed bone marrow chimeras, Tpl2 was shown to play a T cell-intrinsic role in promoting both IFN-γ and interleukin-17A production during infection with C. rodentium However, upon CD4 T cell transfer into Rag-/- mice, Tpl2-/- CD4 T cells were as protective as wild-type CD4 T cells against the dissemination of bacteria and mortality. These data indicate that the enhanced bacterial burdens in Tpl2-/- mice are not caused primarily by impairments in CD4 T cell function but result from defects in innate immune cell recruitment and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole V Acuff
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Krishna Latha
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Tamas Nagy
- Department of Pathology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Wendy T Watford
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
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Microbiome-mediated neutrophil recruitment via CXCR2 and protection from amebic colitis. PLoS Pathog 2017; 13:e1006513. [PMID: 28817707 PMCID: PMC5560520 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The disease severity of Entamoeba histolytica infection ranges from asymptomatic to life-threatening. Recent human and animal data implicate the gut microbiome as a modifier of E. histolytica virulence. Here we have explored the association of the microbiome with susceptibility to amebiasis in infants and in the mouse model of amebic colitis. Dysbiosis occurred symptomatic E. histolytica infection in children, as evidenced by a lower Shannon diversity index of the gut microbiota. To test if dysbiosis was a cause of susceptibility, wild type C57BL/6 mice (which are innately resistant to E. histiolytica infection) were treated with antibiotics prior to cecal challenge with E. histolytica. Compared with untreated mice, antibiotic pre-treated mice had more severe colitis and delayed clearance of E. histolytica. Gut IL-25 and mucus protein Muc2, both shown to provide innate immunity in the mouse model of amebic colitis, were lower in antibiotic pre-treated mice. Moreover, dysbiotic mice had fewer cecal neutrophils and myeloperoxidase activity. Paradoxically, the neutrophil chemoattractant chemokines CXCL1 and CXCL2, as well as IL-1β, were higher in the colon of mice with antibiotic-induced dysbiosis. Neutrophils from antibiotic pre-treated mice had diminished surface expression of the chemokine receptor CXCR2, potentially explaining their inability to migrate to the site of infection. Blockade of CXCR2 increased susceptibility of control non-antibiotic treated mice to amebiasis. In conclusion, dysbiosis increased the severity of amebic colitis due to decreased neutrophil recruitment to the gut, which was due in part to decreased surface expression on neutrophils of CXCR2. Amebiasis, caused by intestinal infection of Entamoeba histolytica, is one of the leading causes of parasite infection-related mortality and morbidity around the world. However, pathogenesis, such as determinant factors of infection outcome, is still unclear although recent data indicate that the gut microbiome plays an important role. In the present study, we firstly found that dysbiosis, which was represented by a lower Shannon diversity index of the gut microbiota, occurred symptomatic E. histolytica infection in children living in endemic area. In mouse model, we demonstrated that dysbiosis induced by antibiotic pre-treatment increased the severity of amebic colitis due to decreased neutrophil activity as well as decreased IL-25 associated mucosal defense in the gut. Moreover, we demonstrated surface expression on neutrophils of CXCR2 was diminished in mice with dysbiosis, which resulted in decreased neutrophil recruitment to the gut. This study is of fundamental importance in amebiasis research for the discovery of a mechanism of microbiome-mediated resistance to amebiasis via neutrophil trafficking to the gut. The work is importantly of broad interest in infectious diseases and immunology for the discovery that neutrophil mediated protection can be disturbed by dysbiosis.
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Cxcr2 signaling and the microbiome suppress inflammation, bile duct injury, and the phenotype of experimental biliary atresia. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0182089. [PMID: 28763485 PMCID: PMC5538677 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0182089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Biliary atresia is progressive fibro-inflammatory cholangiopathy of young children. Central to pathogenic mechanisms of injury is the tissue targeting by the innate and adaptive immune cells. Among these cells, neutrophils and the IL-8/Cxcl-8 signaling via its Cxcr2 receptor have been linked to bile duct injury. Here, we aimed to investigate whether the intestinal microbiome modulates Cxcr2-dependent bile duct injury and obstruction. Adult wild-type (WT) and Cxcr2-/- mice were fed a diet supplemented with sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim (SMZ/TMP) during pregnancy and lactation, and their pups were injected intraperitoneally with rhesus rotavirus (RRV) within 24 hours of life to induce experimental biliary atresia. The maternal exposure to SMZ/TMP significantly lowered the incidence of jaundice and bile duct obstruction and resulted in improved survival, especially in Cxcr2-/- mice. Analyses of the microbiome by deep sequencing of 16S rRNA of the neonatal colon showed a delay in bacterial colonization of WT mice induced by SMZ/TMP, with a notable switch from Proteobacteria to Firmicutes. Interestingly, the genetic inactivation of Cxcr2 alone produced a similar bacterial shift. When treated with SMZ/TMP, Cxcr2-/- mice infected with RRV to induce experimental biliary atresia showed further enrichment of Corynebacterium, Anaerococcus and Streptococcus. Among these, Anaerococcus lactolyticus was significantly associated with a suppression of biliary injury, cholestasis, and survivability. These results suggest that the postnatal development of the intestinal microbiota is an important susceptibility factor for experimental biliary atresia.
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36
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Yang Y, Zhou Y, Hu J, Luo F, Xie Y, Shen Y, Bian W, Yin Z, Li H, Zhang X. Ficolin-A/2, acting as a new regulator of macrophage polarization, mediates the inflammatory response in experimental mouse colitis. Immunology 2017; 151:433-450. [PMID: 28380665 PMCID: PMC5506452 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Revised: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Human ficolin-2 (FCN-2) and mouse ficolin-A (FCN-A, a ficolin-2-like molecule in mouse) are activators of the lectin complement pathway, present in normal plasma and usually associated with infectious diseases, but little is known about the role of FCN-A/2 in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). In our present study, we found that patients with IBD exhibited much higher serum FCN-2 levels than healthy controls. In the dextran sulphate sodium-induced acute colitis mouse model, FCN-A knockout mice showed much milder disease symptoms with less histological damage, lower expression levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines [interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-1β and tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α)], chemokines (CXCL1/2/10 and CCL4) and higher levels of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 compared with wild-type mice. We demonstrated that FCN-A/2 exacerbated the inflammatory pathogenesis of IBD by stimulating M1 polarization through the TLR4/MyD88/MAPK/NF-κB signalling pathway in macrophages. Hence, our data suggest that FCN-A/2 may be used as a novel therapeutic target for IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi‐Fei Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and Medical Research InstituteHubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology and Department of ImmunologyWuhan University School of Basic Medical SciencesWuhanChina
| | - Yi‐Dan Zhou
- Department of MicrobiologySchool of Molecular and Cellular BiologyUniversity of Illinois at Urbana‐ChampaignChampaignILUSA
| | - Jia‐Chen Hu
- Department of Gastroenterology/HepatologyZhongnan HospitalWuhan University School of MedicineWuhanChina
| | - Feng‐Ling Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and Medical Research InstituteHubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology and Department of ImmunologyWuhan University School of Basic Medical SciencesWuhanChina
| | - Yan Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and Medical Research InstituteHubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology and Department of ImmunologyWuhan University School of Basic Medical SciencesWuhanChina
| | - Yan‐Ying Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and Medical Research InstituteHubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology and Department of ImmunologyWuhan University School of Basic Medical SciencesWuhanChina
| | - Wen‐Xiu Bian
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and Medical Research InstituteHubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology and Department of ImmunologyWuhan University School of Basic Medical SciencesWuhanChina
| | - Zhi‐Nan Yin
- Biomedical Translational Research InstituteJinan UniversityGuangzhouGuangdongChina
| | - Hong‐Liang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and Medical Research InstituteHubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology and Department of ImmunologyWuhan University School of Basic Medical SciencesWuhanChina
| | - Xiao‐Lian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and Medical Research InstituteHubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology and Department of ImmunologyWuhan University School of Basic Medical SciencesWuhanChina
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Pallett MA, Crepin VF, Serafini N, Habibzay M, Kotik O, Sanchez-Garrido J, Di Santo JP, Shenoy AR, Berger CN, Frankel G. Bacterial virulence factor inhibits caspase-4/11 activation in intestinal epithelial cells. Mucosal Immunol 2017; 10:602-612. [PMID: 27624779 PMCID: PMC5159625 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2016.77] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The human pathogen enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC), as well as the mouse pathogen Citrobacter rodentium, colonize the gut mucosa via attaching and effacing lesion formation and cause diarrheal diseases. EPEC and C. rodentium type III secretion system (T3SS) effectors repress innate immune responses and infiltration of immune cells. Inflammatory caspases such as caspase-1 and caspase-4/11 are crucial mediators of host defense and inflammation in the gut via their ability to process cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-18. Here we report that the effector NleF binds the catalytic domain of caspase-4 and inhibits its proteolytic activity. Following infection of intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) EPEC inhibited caspase-4 and IL-18 processing in an NleF-dependent manner. Depletion of caspase-4 in IECs prevented the secretion of mature IL-18 in response to infection with EPECΔnleF. NleF-dependent inhibition of caspase-11 in colons of mice prevented IL-18 secretion and neutrophil influx at early stages of C. rodentium infection. Neither wild-type C. rodentium nor C. rodentiumΔnleF triggered neutrophil infiltration or IL-18 secretion in Cas11 or Casp1/11-deficient mice. Thus, IECs have a key role in modulating early innate immune responses in the gut via a caspase-4/11-IL-18 axis, which is targeted by virulence factors encoded by enteric pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell A. Pallett
- Department of Life Sciences, MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Imperial College London, UK
| | - Valerie F. Crepin
- Department of Life Sciences, MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Imperial College London, UK
| | - Nicolas Serafini
- Innate Immunity Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France,Inserm U668, Paris, France
| | - Maryam Habibzay
- Department of Life Sciences, MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Imperial College London, UK
| | - Olga Kotik
- Department of Life Sciences, MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Imperial College London, UK
| | - Julia Sanchez-Garrido
- Department of Medicine, MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Imperial College London, UK
| | - James P. Di Santo
- Innate Immunity Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France,Inserm U668, Paris, France
| | - Avinash R. Shenoy
- Department of Medicine, MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Imperial College London, UK
| | - Cedric N. Berger
- Department of Life Sciences, MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Imperial College London, UK
| | - Gad Frankel
- Department of Life Sciences, MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Imperial College London, UK,Corresponding author, Gad Frankel, MRC CMBI, Flowers Building, Imperial College, London, SW7 2AZ,
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38
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Acuff NV, Li X, Elmore J, Rada B, Watford WT. Tpl2 promotes neutrophil trafficking, oxidative burst, and bacterial killing. J Leukoc Biol 2017; 101:1325-1333. [PMID: 28356348 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.3a0316-146r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Revised: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor progression locus 2 (Tpl2) is a serine/threonine kinase that promotes inflammatory cytokine production by activating the MEK/ERK pathway. Tpl2 has been shown to be important for eliciting the inflammatory properties of macrophages; however, there is relatively little known about the contribution of Tpl2 to neutrophil effector functions. This is an important consideration, as neutrophils provide the first line of defense against infection in the innate immune system. We found that Tpl2 is expressed in both human and murine neutrophils, suggesting a potential function for Tpl2 in this lineage. Despite significantly higher proportions of bone marrow (BM) neutrophils in Tpl2-deficient (Tpl2-/- ) mice compared with wild-type (WT) mice, Tpl2-/- mice have significantly reduced proportions of circulating neutrophils. Tpl2-/- neutrophils show impaired recruitment to thioglycollate, which was primarily a result of neutrophil-extrinsic factors in the host. In response to infection, neutrophils secrete inflammatory cytokines and produce reactive oxygen species (ROS), which promote bacterial killing. Tpl2 ablation impaired neutrophil TNF secretion in response to LPS stimulation, superoxide generation in response to the chemotactic peptide fMLP, and killing of the extracellular bacterium, Citrobacter rodentium, despite normal bacterial phagocytosis. These results implicate Tpl2 in the regulation of multiple neutrophil antimicrobial pathways, including inflammatory cytokine secretion and oxidative burst. Furthermore, they indicate that Tpl2 functions early during infection to bolster neutrophil-mediated innate immunity against extracellular bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole V Acuff
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Jessica Elmore
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Balázs Rada
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Wendy T Watford
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
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39
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Chen W, Lu X, Chen Y, Li M, Mo P, Tong Z, Wang W, Wan W, Su G, Xu J, Yu C. Steroid Receptor Coactivator 3 Contributes to Host Defense against Enteric Bacteria by Recruiting Neutrophils via Upregulation of CXCL2 Expression. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 198:1606-1615. [PMID: 28053238 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1600300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Steroid receptor coactivator 3 (SRC-3) is a transcriptional coactivator that interacts with nuclear receptors and some other transcription factors to enhance their effects on target gene transcription. We reported previously that SRC-3-deficient (SRC-3-/-) mice are extremely susceptible to Escherichia coli-induced septic peritonitis as a result of uncontrolled inflammation and a defect in bacterial clearance. In this study, we observed significant upregulation of SRC-3 in colonic epithelial cells in response to Citrobacter rodentium infection. Based on these findings, we hypothesized that SRC-3 is involved in host defense against attaching and effacing bacterial infection. We compared the responses of SRC-3-/- and wild-type mice to intestinal C. rodentium infection. We found that SRC-3-/- mice exhibited delayed clearance of C. rodentium and more severe tissue pathology after oral infection with C. rodentium compared with wild-type mice. SRC-3-/- mice expressed normal antimicrobial peptides in the colons but exhibited delayed recruitment of neutrophils into the colonic mucosa. Accordingly, SRC-3-/- mice showed a delayed induction of CXCL2 and CXCL5 in colonic epithelial cells, which are responsible for neutrophil recruitment. At the molecular level, we found that SRC-3 can activate the NF-κB signaling pathway to promote CXCL2 expression at the transcriptional level. Collectively, we show that SRC-3 contributes to host defense against enteric bacteria, at least in part via upregulating CXCL2 expression to recruit neutrophils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenbo Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China.,The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen 361001, China; and
| | - Xuqiang Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Yuan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Ming Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Pingli Mo
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Zhangwei Tong
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Wei Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Guoqiang Su
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen 361001, China; and
| | - Jianming Xu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Chundong Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China;
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Yersinia enterocolitica YopH-Deficient Strain Activates Neutrophil Recruitment to Peyer's Patches and Promotes Clearance of the Virulent Strain. Infect Immun 2016; 84:3172-3181. [PMID: 27550935 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00568-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Accepted: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Yersinia enterocolitica evades the immune response by injecting Yersinia outer proteins (Yops) into the cytosol of host cells. YopH is a tyrosine phosphatase critical for Yersinia virulence. However, the mucosal immune mechanisms subverted by YopH during in vivo orogastric infection with Y. enterocolitica remain elusive. The results of this study revealed neutrophil recruitment to Peyer's patches (PP) after infection with a YopH-deficient mutant strain (Y. enterocolitica ΔyopH). While the Y. enterocolitica wild-type (WT) strain in PP induced the major neutrophil chemoattractant CXCL1 mRNA and protein levels, infection with the Y. enterocolitica ΔyopH mutant strain exhibited a higher expression of the CXCL1 receptor, CXCR2, in blood neutrophils, leading to efficient neutrophil recruitment to the PP. In contrast, migration of neutrophils into PP was impaired upon infection with Y. enterocolitica WT strain. In vitro infection of blood neutrophils revealed the involvement of YopH in CXCR2 expression. Depletion of neutrophils during Y. enterocolitica ΔyopH infection raised the bacterial load in PP. Moreover, the clearance of WT Y. enterocolitica was improved when an equal mixture of Y. enterocolitica WT and Y. enterocolitica ΔyopH strains was used in infecting the mice. This study indicates that Y. enterocolitica prevents early neutrophil recruitment in the intestine and that the effector protein YopH plays an important role in the immune evasion mechanism. The findings highlight the potential use of the Y. enterocolitica YopH-deficient strain as an oral vaccine carrier.
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Crepin VF, Collins JW, Habibzay M, Frankel G. Citrobacter rodentium mouse model of bacterial infection. Nat Protoc 2016; 11:1851-76. [PMID: 27606775 DOI: 10.1038/nprot.2016.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Infection of mice with Citrobacter rodentium is a robust model to study bacterial pathogenesis, mucosal immunology, the health benefits of probiotics and the role of the microbiota during infection. C. rodentium was first isolated by Barthold from an outbreak of mouse diarrhea in Yale University in 1972 and was 'rediscovered' by Falkow and Schauer in 1993. Since then the use of the model has proliferated, and it is now the gold standard for studying virulence of the closely related human pathogens enteropathogenic and enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EPEC and EHEC, respectively). Here we provide a detailed protocol for various applications of the model, including bacterial growth, site-directed mutagenesis, mouse inoculation (from cultured cells and after cohabitation), monitoring of bacterial colonization, tissue extraction and analysis, immune responses, probiotic treatment and microbiota analysis. The main protocol, from mouse infection to clearance and analysis of tissues and host responses, takes ∼5 weeks to complete.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie F Crepin
- MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - James W Collins
- MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Maryam Habibzay
- MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Gad Frankel
- MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College, London, UK
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Interleukin-8, CXCL1, and MicroRNA miR-146a Responses to Probiotic Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 and Enteropathogenic E. coli in Human Intestinal Epithelial T84 and Monocytic THP-1 Cells after Apical or Basolateral Infection. Infect Immun 2016; 84:2482-92. [PMID: 27297392 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00402-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterium-host interactions in the gut proceed via directly contacted epithelial cells, the host's immune system, and a plethora of bacterial factors. Here we characterized and compared exemplary cytokine and microRNA (miRNA) responses of human epithelial and THP-1 cells toward the prototype enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) strain E2348/69 (O127:H6) and the probiotic strain Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 (EcN) (O6:K5:H1). Human T84 and THP-1 cells were used as cell culture-based model systems for epithelial and monocytic cells. Polarized T84 monolayers were infected apically or basolaterally. Bacterial challenges from the basolateral side resulted in more pronounced cytokine and miRNA responses than those observed for apical side infections. Interestingly, the probiotic EcN also caused a pronounced transcriptional increase of proinflammatory CXCL1 and interleukin-8 (IL-8) levels when human T84 epithelial cells were infected from the basolateral side. miR-146a, which is known to regulate adaptor molecules in Toll-like receptor (TLR)/NF-κB signaling, was found to be differentially regulated in THP-1 cells between probiotic and pathogenic bacteria. To assess the roles of flagella and flagellin, we employed several flagellin mutants of EcN. EcN flagellin mutants induced reduced IL-8 as well as CXCL1 responses in T84 cells, suggesting that flagellin is an inducer of this cytokine response. Following infection with an EPEC type 3 secretion system (T3SS) mutant, we observed increased IL-8 and CXCL1 transcription in T84 and THP-1 cells compared to that in wild-type EPEC. This study emphasizes the differential induction of miR-146a by pathogenic and probiotic E. coli strains in epithelial and immune cells as well as a loss of probiotic properties in EcN interacting with cells from the basolateral side.
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43
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RIPK4 activates an IRF6-mediated proinflammatory cytokine response in keratinocytes. Cytokine 2016; 83:19-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2016.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Revised: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Yu C, Zhang S, Wang Y, Zhang S, Luo L, Thorlacius H. Platelet-Derived CCL5 Regulates CXC Chemokine Formation and Neutrophil Recruitment in Acute Experimental Colitis. J Cell Physiol 2016; 231:370-6. [PMID: 26089223 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2015] [Accepted: 06/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Accumulating data suggest that platelets not only regulate thrombosis and haemostasis but also inflammatory processes. Platelets contain numerous potent pro-inflammatory compounds, including the chemokines CCL5 and CXCL4, although their role in acute colitis remains elusive. The aim of this study is to examine the role of platelets and platelet-derived chemokines in acute colitis. Acute colitis is induced in female Balb/c mice by administration of 5% dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) for 5 days. Animals receive a platelet-depleting, anti-CCL5, anti-CXCL4, or a control antibody prior to DSS challenge. Colonic tissue is collected for quantification of myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity, CXCL5, CXCL2, interleukin-6 (IL-6), and CCL5 levels as well as morphological analyses. Platelet depletion reduce tissue damage and clinical disease activity index in DSS-exposed animals. Platelet depletion not only reduces levels of CXCL2 and CXCL5 but also levels of CCL5 in the inflamed colon. Immunoneutralization of CCL5 but not CXCL4 reduces tissue damage, CXC chemokine expression, and neutrophil recruitment in DSS-treated animals. These findings show that platelets play a key role in acute colitis by regulating CXC chemokine generation, neutrophil infiltration, and tissue damage in the colon. Moreover, our results suggest that platelet-derived CCL5 is an important link between platelet activation and neutrophil recruitment in acute colitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changhui Yu
- Department of Clinical Sciences Section of Surgery, Malmö Lund University, Malmö, Sweden.,Department of Gastroenterology, Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Songen Zhang
- Department of Clinical Sciences Section of Surgery, Malmö Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Yongzhi Wang
- Department of Clinical Sciences Section of Surgery, Malmö Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Su Zhang
- Department of Clinical Sciences Section of Surgery, Malmö Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Lingtao Luo
- Department of Clinical Sciences Section of Surgery, Malmö Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Henrik Thorlacius
- Department of Clinical Sciences Section of Surgery, Malmö Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
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Abstract
The intestinal mucosa is a particularly dynamic environment in which the host constantly interacts with trillions of commensal microorganisms, known as the microbiota, and periodically interacts with pathogens of diverse nature. In this Review, we discuss how mucosal immunity is controlled in response to enteric bacterial pathogens, with a focus on the species that cause morbidity and mortality in humans. We explain how the microbiota can shape the immune response to pathogenic bacteria, and we detail innate and adaptive immune mechanisms that drive protective immunity against these pathogens. The vast diversity of the microbiota, pathogens and immune responses encountered in the intestines precludes discussion of all of the relevant players in this Review. Instead, we aim to provide a representative overview of how the intestinal immune system responds to pathogenic bacteria.
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Cotton JA, Amat CB, Buret AG. Disruptions of Host Immunity and Inflammation by Giardia Duodenalis: Potential Consequences for Co-Infections in the Gastro-Intestinal Tract. Pathogens 2015; 4:764-92. [PMID: 26569316 PMCID: PMC4693164 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens4040764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Revised: 11/04/2015] [Accepted: 11/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Giardia duodenalis (syn. G. intestinalis, or G. lamblia) is a leading cause of waterborne diarrheal disease that infects hundreds of millions of people annually. Research on Giardia has greatly expanded within the last few years, and our understanding of the pathophysiology and immunology on this parasite is ever increasing. At peak infection, Giardia trophozoites induce pathophysiological responses that culminate in the development of diarrheal disease. However, human data has suggested that the intestinal mucosa of Giardia-infected individuals is devoid of signs of overt intestinal inflammation, an observation that is reproduced in animal models. Thus, our understanding of host inflammatory responses to the parasite remain incompletely understood and human studies and experimental data have produced conflicting results. It is now also apparent that certain Giardia infections contain mechanisms capable of modulating their host’s immune responses. As the oral route of Giardia infection is shared with many other gastrointestinal (GI) pathogens, co-infections may often occur, especially in places with poor sanitation and/or improper treatment of drinking water. Moreover, Giardia infections may modulate host immune responses and have been found to protect against the development of diarrheal disease in developing countries. The following review summarizes our current understanding of the immunomodulatory mechanisms of Giardia infections and their consequences for the host, and highlights areas for future research. Potential implications of these immunomodulatory effects during GI co-infection are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A Cotton
- Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada.
| | - Christina B Amat
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada.
- Inflammation Research Network, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada.
- Host-Parasite Interactions, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada.
| | - Andre G Buret
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada.
- Inflammation Research Network, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada.
- Host-Parasite Interactions, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada.
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Lee YS, Yang H, Yang JY, Kim Y, Lee SH, Kim JH, Jang YJ, Vallance BA, Kweon MN. Interleukin-1 (IL-1) signaling in intestinal stromal cells controls KC/ CXCL1 secretion, which correlates with recruitment of IL-22- secreting neutrophils at early stages of Citrobacter rodentium infection. Infect Immun 2015; 83:3257-67. [PMID: 26034212 PMCID: PMC4496604 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00670-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2015] [Accepted: 05/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Attaching and effacing pathogens, including enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli in humans and Citrobacter rodentium in mice, raise serious public health concerns. Here we demonstrate that interleukin-1 receptor (IL-1R) signaling is indispensable for protection against C. rodentium infection in mice. Four days after infection with C. rodentium, there were significantly fewer neutrophils (CD11b+ Ly6C+ Ly6G+) in the colons of IL-1R−/− mice than in wild-type mice. Levels of mRNA and protein of KC/CXCL1 were also significantly reduced in colon homogenates of infected IL-1R−/− mice relative to wild-type mice. Of note, infiltrated CD11b+ Ly6C+ Ly6G+ neutrophils were the main source of IL-22 secretion after C. rodentium infection. Interestingly, intestinal stromal cells isolated from IL-1R−/− mice secreted lower levels of KC/CXCL1 than stromal cells from wild-type mice during C. rodentium infection. Similar effects were found when mouse intestinal stromal cells and human nasal polyp stromal cells were treated with IL-1R antagonists (i.e., anakinra) in vitro. These results suggest that IL-1 signaling plays a pivotal role in activating mucosal stromal cells to secrete KC/CXCL1, which is essential for infiltration of IL-22-secreting neutrophils upon bacterial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Soo Lee
- Mucosal Immunology Laboratory, Department of Convergence Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine/Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyungjun Yang
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Pediatrics, Child and Family Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Jin-Young Yang
- Mucosal Immunology Laboratory, Department of Convergence Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine/Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeji Kim
- Mucosal Immunology Laboratory, Department of Convergence Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine/Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Su-Hyun Lee
- Mucosal Immunology Laboratory, Department of Convergence Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine/Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Heui Kim
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine/Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Ju Jang
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine/Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Bruce A. Vallance
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Pediatrics, Child and Family Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Mi-Na Kweon
- Mucosal Immunology Laboratory, Department of Convergence Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine/Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Interleukin 10-deficient mice (IL-10(-/-)) are a popular model used to dissect the mechanisms underlying inflammatory bowel diseases. The role of complement, a host defense mechanism that bridges the innate and adaptive immune systems, has not been described in this model. We therefore studied the effect of deficiency of properdin, a positive regulator of complement, on colitis in mice with the IL-10(-/-) background. METHODS For acute colitis, IL-10(-/-) and IL-10/properdin double knockout (DKO) or radiation bone marrow-reconstituted chimeric mice, had piroxicam added to their powdered chow for 14 days. For chronic colitis, 2.5% dextran sodium sulfate was added to the animals' water for 4 days then the mice were killed 8 weeks later. Colons were assessed for inflammation, cell infiltration, and cytokine and complement measurements. Bacterial translocation was measured by cultivating bacteria from organs on Luria broth agar plates. RESULTS C3a and C5a levels and C9 deposition were all increased in piroxicam-fed IL-10(-/-) mice compared with mice not fed piroxicam. Piroxicam-fed DKO mice lacked increased C5a and C9 deposition combined with exacerbated colitis, reduced numbers of infiltrating neutrophils, and markedly higher local and systemic bacterial numbers compared with IL-10(-/-) mice. Bone marrow cells from IL-10(-/-) mice were sufficient to restore protection against the heightened colitis in piroxicam-fed DKO mice. CONCLUSIONS Complement is activated in the IL-10(-/-) mouse mucosa in a properdin-dependent manner. In the absence of terminal complement activation, the inflammation is heightened, likely due to a lack of neutrophil control over microbes escaping from the intestines.
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Tir Triggers Expression of CXCL1 in Enterocytes and Neutrophil Recruitment during Citrobacter rodentium Infection. Infect Immun 2015; 83:3342-54. [PMID: 26077760 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00291-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2015] [Accepted: 06/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The hallmarks of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) infection are formation of attaching and effacing (A/E) lesions on mucosal surfaces and actin-rich pedestals on cultured cells, both of which are dependent on the type III secretion system effector Tir. Following translocation into cultured cells and clustering by intimin, Tir Y474 is phosphorylated, leading to recruitment of Nck, activation of N-WASP, and actin polymerization via the Arp2/3 complex. A secondary, weak, actin polymerization pathway is triggered via an NPY motif (Y454). Importantly, Y454 and Y474 play no role in A/E lesion formation on mucosal surfaces following infection with the EPEC-like mouse pathogen Citrobacter rodentium. In this study, we investigated the roles of Tir segments located upstream of Y451 and downstream of Y471 in C. rodentium colonization and A/E lesion formation. We also tested the role that Tir residues Y451 and Y471 play in host immune responses to C. rodentium infection. We found that deletion of amino acids 382 to 462 or 478 to 547 had no impact on the ability of Tir to mediate A/E lesion formation, although deletion of amino acids 478 to 547 affected Tir translocation. Examination of enterocytes isolated from infected mice revealed that a C. rodentium strain expressing Tir_Y451A/Y471A recruited significantly fewer neutrophils to the colon and triggered less colonic hyperplasia on day 14 postinfection than the wild-type strain. Consistently, enterocytes isolated from mice infected with C. rodentium expressing Tir_Y451A/Y471A expressed significantly less CXCL1. These result show that Tir-induced actin remodeling plays a direct role in modulation of immune responses to C. rodentium infection.
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Dann SM, Manthey CF, Le C, Miyamoto Y, Gima L, Abrahim A, Cao AT, Hanson EM, Kolls JK, Raz E, Cong Y, Eckmann L. IL-17A promotes protective IgA responses and expression of other potential effectors against the lumen-dwelling enteric parasite Giardia. Exp Parasitol 2015; 156:68-78. [PMID: 26071205 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2015.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Revised: 05/14/2015] [Accepted: 06/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Giardia lamblia is a leading protozoan cause of diarrheal disease worldwide. It colonizes the lumen and epithelial surface of the small intestine, but does not invade the mucosa. Acute infection causes only minimal mucosal inflammation. Effective immune defenses exist, yet their identity and mechanisms remain incompletely understood. Interleukin (IL)-17A has emerged as an important cytokine involved in inflammation and antimicrobial defense against bacterial pathogens at mucosal surfaces. In this study, we demonstrate that IL-17A has a crucial function in host defense against Giardia infection. Using murine infection models with G. muris and G. lamblia, we observed marked and selective induction of intestinal IL-17A with peak expression after 2 weeks. Th17 cells in the lamina propria and innate immune cells in the epithelial compartment of the small intestine were responsible for the IL-17A response. Experiments in gene-targeted mice revealed that the cytokine, and its cognate receptor IL-17RA, were required for eradication of the parasite. The actions of the cytokine were mediated by hematopoietic cells, and were required for the transport of IgA into the intestinal lumen, since IL-17A deficiency led to marked reduction of fecal IgA levels, as well as for increased intestinal expression of several other potential effectors, including β-defensin 1 and resistin-like molecule β. In contrast, intestinal hypermotility, another major antigiardial defense mechanism, was not impacted by IL-17A loss. Taken together, these findings demonstrate that IL-17A and IL-17 receptor signaling are essential for intestinal defense against the important lumen-dwelling intestinal parasite Giardia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara M Dann
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Carolin F Manthey
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Christine Le
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Yukiko Miyamoto
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Lauren Gima
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Andrew Abrahim
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Anthony T Cao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Elaine M Hanson
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Jay K Kolls
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Eyal Raz
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Yingzi Cong
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Lars Eckmann
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA.
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