1
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Cao X, Zhang Y, Shi Y, Li Y, Gao L, Wang X, Sun L. Identification of critical mitochondrial hub gene for facial nerve regeneration. Biochem Cell Biol 2024; 102:179-193. [PMID: 38086039 DOI: 10.1139/bcb-2023-0224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria play a critical role in nerve regeneration, yet the impact of gene expression changes related to mitochondria in facial nerve regeneration remains unknown. To address this knowledge gap, we analyzed the expression profile of the facial motor nucleus (FMN) using data obtained from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database (GSE162977). By comparing different time points in the data, we identified differentially expressed genes (DEGs). Additionally, we collected mitochondria-related genes from the Gene Ontology (GO) database and intersected them with the DEGs, resulting in the identification of mitochondria-related DEGs (MIT-DEGs). To gain further insights, we performed functional enrichment and pathway analysis of the MIT-DEGs. To explore the interactions among these MIT-DEGs, we constructed a protein-protein interaction (PPI) network using the STRING database and identified hub genes using the Degree algorithm of Cytoscape software. To validate the relevance of these genes to nerve regeneration, we established a rat facial nerve injury (FNI) model and conducted a series of experiments. Through these experiments, we confirmed three MIT-DEGs (Myc, Lyn, and Cdk1) associated with facial nerve regeneration. Our findings provide valuable insights into the transcriptional changes of mitochondria-related genes in the FMN following FNI, which can contribute to the development of new treatment strategies for FNI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofang Cao
- Department of Dentistry, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Hard Tissue Development and Regeneration, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Dentistry, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yu Shi
- Department of Dentistry, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Ying Li
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Hard Tissue Development and Regeneration, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
- Heilongjiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Li Gao
- Department of Dentistry, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Xiumei Wang
- Department of Dentistry, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Liang Sun
- Department of Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medicine, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
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2
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Defaye M, Bradaia A, Abdullah NS, Agosti F, Iftinca M, Delanne-Cuménal M, Soubeyre V, Svendsen K, Gill G, Ozmaeian A, Gheziel N, Martin J, Poulen G, Lonjon N, Vachiery-Lahaye F, Bauchet L, Basso L, Bourinet E, Chiu IM, Altier C. Induction of antiviral interferon-stimulated genes by neuronal STING promotes the resolution of pain in mice. J Clin Invest 2024; 134:e176474. [PMID: 38690737 PMCID: PMC11060736 DOI: 10.1172/jci176474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Inflammation and pain are intertwined responses to injury, infection, or chronic diseases. While acute inflammation is essential in determining pain resolution and opioid analgesia, maladaptive processes occurring during resolution can lead to the transition to chronic pain. Here we found that inflammation activates the cytosolic DNA-sensing protein stimulator of IFN genes (STING) in dorsal root ganglion nociceptors. Neuronal activation of STING promotes signaling through TANK-binding kinase 1 (TBK1) and triggers an IFN-β response that mediates pain resolution. Notably, we found that mice expressing a nociceptor-specific gain-of-function mutation in STING exhibited an IFN gene signature that reduced nociceptor excitability and inflammatory hyperalgesia through a KChIP1-Kv4.3 regulation. Our findings reveal a role of IFN-regulated genes and KChIP1 downstream of STING in the resolution of inflammatory pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manon Defaye
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine
- Inflammation Research Network–Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, and
- Alberta Children’s Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Amyaouch Bradaia
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine
- Inflammation Research Network–Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, and
- Alberta Children’s Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Nasser S. Abdullah
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine
- Inflammation Research Network–Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, and
- Alberta Children’s Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Francina Agosti
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine
- Inflammation Research Network–Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, and
- Alberta Children’s Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Mircea Iftinca
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine
- Inflammation Research Network–Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, and
- Alberta Children’s Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Mélissa Delanne-Cuménal
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine
- Inflammation Research Network–Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, and
- Alberta Children’s Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Vanessa Soubeyre
- Department of Neurosurgery, Gui de Chauliac Hospital, Donation and Transplantation Coordination Unit, Montpellier University Medical Center, Montpellier, France
| | - Kristofer Svendsen
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine
- Inflammation Research Network–Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, and
- Alberta Children’s Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Gurveer Gill
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine
- Inflammation Research Network–Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, and
| | - Aye Ozmaeian
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine
- Inflammation Research Network–Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, and
- Alberta Children’s Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Nadine Gheziel
- Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases (INFINITy), INSERM UMR1291, University of Toulouse III, Toulouse, France
| | - Jérémy Martin
- Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases (INFINITy), INSERM UMR1291, University of Toulouse III, Toulouse, France
| | - Gaetan Poulen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Gui de Chauliac Hospital, Donation and Transplantation Coordination Unit, Montpellier University Medical Center, Montpellier, France
| | - Nicolas Lonjon
- Department of Neurosurgery, Gui de Chauliac Hospital, Donation and Transplantation Coordination Unit, Montpellier University Medical Center, Montpellier, France
| | - Florence Vachiery-Lahaye
- Department of Neurosurgery, Gui de Chauliac Hospital, Donation and Transplantation Coordination Unit, Montpellier University Medical Center, Montpellier, France
| | - Luc Bauchet
- Department of Neurosurgery, Gui de Chauliac Hospital, Donation and Transplantation Coordination Unit, Montpellier University Medical Center, Montpellier, France
- Institute of Functional Genomics, Montpellier University, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - Lilian Basso
- Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases (INFINITy), INSERM UMR1291, University of Toulouse III, Toulouse, France
| | - Emmanuel Bourinet
- Institute of Functional Genomics, Montpellier University, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - Isaac M. Chiu
- Department of Immunology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Christophe Altier
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine
- Inflammation Research Network–Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, and
- Alberta Children’s Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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3
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Yang Y, Kumar V, Peng W, Fijak M, Gabriela M, Cai W, Meinhardt A, Bhushan S. Role of macrophage colony stimulating factor and interferon regulatory factor 7 in modulating the immune profile of mouse testicular macrophages. J Reprod Immunol 2024; 161:104169. [PMID: 38016190 DOI: 10.1016/j.jri.2023.104169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
Testicular macrophages (TM) are critical for the function of the testis by regulating homeostasis and inflammatory responses. However, the mechanisms by which TM fulfil these roles remain elusive. In this study, we explored the impact of two key testicular microenvironmental factors, namely 25-hydroxycholesterol (25HC), an oxysterol related to sex hormones and macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF), a factor crucial for macrophage survival and differentiation, on the regulation of the TM phenotype. Specifically, we examined their role in controlling the expression of the transcription factor interferon regulatory factor 7 (Irf7), a factor critical for maintaining the alternative macrophage phenotype. To achieve this, we used an in vitro bone marrow-derived macrophage (BMDM) model as a surrogate for TM to investigate the roles of 25HC and M-CSF in regulating the expression of Irf7 during the polarization of murine TM. M-CSF was identified as the main regulator of Irf7 expression, while 25HC production is a consequence of Irf7 activation in BMDM. In turn, 25HC plays a role in a negative feedback loop on the expression levels of Irf7 in BMDM. Using flow cytometry in Irf7-/- mouse testis the CD64loMHChi TM subpopulation was found to be decreased. Together with lower IL-10 protein levels in Irf7-/- TM this indicates a shift towards an M1-like macrophage profile. In summary, our data indicates that M-CSF could act as an inducer of high Irf7 expression levels in the mouse testis. However, the exact role of the high 25HC concentration in the testis in maintaining the local immune milieu still needs further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yalong Yang
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Unit of Reproductive Biology, Giessen, Germany; Hessian Centre of Reproductive Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Vishnu Kumar
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Unit of Reproductive Biology, Giessen, Germany; Hessian Centre of Reproductive Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Wei Peng
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Unit of Reproductive Biology, Giessen, Germany; Hessian Centre of Reproductive Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Monika Fijak
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Unit of Reproductive Biology, Giessen, Germany; Hessian Centre of Reproductive Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Michel Gabriela
- Institute for Clinical Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Wei Cai
- Department of Radiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Andreas Meinhardt
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Unit of Reproductive Biology, Giessen, Germany; Hessian Centre of Reproductive Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Sudhanshu Bhushan
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Unit of Reproductive Biology, Giessen, Germany; Hessian Centre of Reproductive Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany.
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Sovrani V, Bobermin LD, Sesterheim P, Rezena E, Cioccari MS, Netto CA, Gonçalves CA, Leipnitz G, Quincozes-Santos A. Glioprotective effects of resveratrol in hypothalamic astrocyte cultures obtained from interferon receptor knockout (IFNα/βR -/-) mice. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2023:10.1007/s11626-023-00777-z. [PMID: 37353697 DOI: 10.1007/s11626-023-00777-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/25/2023]
Abstract
Astrocytes play essential roles in the central nervous system (CNS), such as the regulation of glutamate metabolism, antioxidant defenses, and inflammatory/immune responses. Moreover, hypothalamic astrocytes seem to be crucial in the modulation of inflammatory processes, including those related to type I interferon signaling. In this regard, the polyphenol resveratrol has emerged as an important glioprotective molecule to regulate astrocyte functions. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the immunomodulatory and protective effects of resveratrol in hypothalamic astrocyte cultures obtained from mouse depleted of type I interferon receptors (INF-α/β-/-), a condition that can impair immune and inflammatory functions. Resveratrol upregulated glutamate transporter and glutamine synthetase gene expression, as well as modulated the release of wide range of cytokines and genes involved in the control of inflammatory response, besides the expression of adenosine receptors, which display immunomodulatory functions. Resveratrol also increased genes associated with redox balance, mitochondrial processes, and trophic factors signaling. The putative genes associated with glioprotective effects of resveratrol, including nuclear factor erythroid derived 2 like 2 (Nrf2), heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1), sirtuin 1 (SIRT1), and phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt, were further upregulated by resveratrol. Thus, our data show that resveratrol was able to modulate key genes associated with glial functionality and inflammatory response in astrocyte cultures derived from IFNα/βR-/- mice. These data are in agreement with previous results, reinforcing its glioprotective effects even in hypothalamic astrocytes with altered inflammatory and immune signaling. Finally, this polyphenol can prepare astrocytes to better respond to injuries, including those associated with neuroimmunology defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Sovrani
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Larissa Daniele Bobermin
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Neurociências, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Sesterheim
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Neurociências, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
- Instituto de Cardiologia/Fundação Universitária de Cardiologia, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Ester Rezena
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Matheus Sinhorelli Cioccari
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Carlos Alexandre Netto
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Neurociências, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
- Laboratório de Neurotoxicidade e Glioproteção (LABGLIO), Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Ramiro Barcelos, 2600 - Anexo, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-003, Brazil
| | - Carlos-Alberto Gonçalves
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Neurociências, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
- Laboratório de Neurotoxicidade e Glioproteção (LABGLIO), Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Ramiro Barcelos, 2600 - Anexo, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-003, Brazil
| | - Guilhian Leipnitz
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Neurociências, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
- Laboratório de Neurotoxicidade e Glioproteção (LABGLIO), Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Ramiro Barcelos, 2600 - Anexo, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-003, Brazil
| | - André Quincozes-Santos
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Neurociências, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
- Laboratório de Neurotoxicidade e Glioproteção (LABGLIO), Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Ramiro Barcelos, 2600 - Anexo, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-003, Brazil.
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5
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Fritsch LE, Kelly C, Pickrell AM. The role of STING signaling in central nervous system infection and neuroinflammatory disease. WIREs Mech Dis 2023; 15:e1597. [PMID: 36632700 PMCID: PMC10175194 DOI: 10.1002/wsbm.1597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 11/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The cyclic guanosine monophosphate-adenosine monophosphate (GMP-AMP) synthase-Stimulator of Interferon Genes (cGAS-STING) pathway is a critical innate immune mechanism for detecting the presence of double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) and prompting a robust immune response. Canonical cGAS-STING activation occurs when cGAS, a predominantly cytosolic pattern recognition receptor, binds microbial DNA to promote STING activation. Upon STING activation, transcription factors enter the nucleus to cause the production of Type I interferons, inflammatory cytokines whose primary function is to prime the host for viral infection by producing a number of antiviral interferon-stimulated genes. While the pathway was originally described in viral infection, more recent studies have implicated cGAS-STING signaling in a number of different contexts, including autoimmune disease, cancer, injury, and neuroinflammatory disease. This review focuses on how our understanding of the cGAS-STING pathway has evolved over time with an emphasis on the role of STING-mediated neuroinflammation and infection in the nervous system. We discuss recent findings on how STING signaling contributes to the pathology of pain, traumatic brain injury, and stroke, as well as how mitochondrial DNA may promote STING activation in common neurodegenerative diseases. We conclude by commenting on the current knowledge gaps that should be filled before STING can be an effective therapeutic target in neuroinflammatory disease. This article is categorized under: Neurological Diseases > Molecular and Cellular Physiology Infectious Diseases > Molecular and Cellular Physiology Immune System Diseases > Molecular and Cellular Physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren E. Fritsch
- Graduate Program in Translational Biology, Medicine, and Health, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Roanoke, Virginia, USA
| | - Colin Kelly
- Graduate Program in Translational Biology, Medicine, and Health, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Roanoke, Virginia, USA
| | - Alicia M. Pickrell
- School of Neuroscience, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
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6
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Luigetti M, Romano A, Guglielmino V, Sciarrone MA, Vitali F, Carbone C, Piro G, Sabino A, De Stefano N, Plantone D, Primiano G. Serum Inflammatory Profile in Hereditary Transthyretin Amyloidosis: Mechanisms and Possible Therapeutic Implications. Brain Sci 2022; 12:brainsci12121708. [PMID: 36552168 PMCID: PMC9775257 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12121708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Hereditary transthyretin (ATTRv) amyloidosis is a severe, progressive, and heterogeneous multisystemic condition due to mutations in the TTR gene. Although multiple aspects of its molecular pathophysiological mechanisms have been elucidated over the years, it is possible to hypothesize different pathogenetic pathways. Indeed, we extensively investigated the serum levels of several molecules involved in the immune response, in a cohort of ATTRv patients and healthy controls (HCs). Sixteen ATTRv patients and twenty-five HCs were included in the study. IFN-alpha levels were higher in ATTRv patients than in HCs, as well as IFN-gamma levels. By contrast, IL-7 levels were lower in ATTRv patients than in HCs. No significant difference between groups was found regarding IL-1Ra, IL-6, IL-2, IL-4, and IL-33 levels. Correlation analysis did not reveal any significant correlation between IFN-α, IFN-γ, IL-7, and demographic and clinical data. Larger and longitudinal studies using ultrasensitive methods to perform a full cytokine profiling are needed to better elucidate the role of inflammation in ATTRv pathogenesis and to test the reliability of these molecules as possible biomarkers in monitoring patients' progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Luigetti
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
- Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-06-30154435; Fax: +39-06-35501909
| | - Angela Romano
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
- Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Carmine Carbone
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Geny Piro
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Sabino
- Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Nicola De Stefano
- Centre of Precision and Translation Medicine, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Domenico Plantone
- Centre of Precision and Translation Medicine, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Guido Primiano
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
- Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy
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Ryu S, Sidorov S, Ravussin E, Artyomov M, Iwasaki A, Wang A, Dixit VD. The matricellular protein SPARC induces inflammatory interferon-response in macrophages during aging. Immunity 2022; 55:1609-1626.e7. [PMID: 35963236 PMCID: PMC9474643 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2022.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The risk of chronic diseases caused by aging is reduced by caloric restriction (CR)-induced immunometabolic adaptation. Here, we found that the matricellular protein, secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine (SPARC), was inhibited by 2 years of 14% sustained CR in humans and elevated by obesity. SPARC converted anti-inflammatory macrophages into a pro-inflammatory phenotype with induction of interferon-stimulated gene (ISG) expression via the transcription factors IRF3/7. Mechanistically, SPARC-induced ISGs were dependent on toll-like receptor-4 (TLR4)-mediated TBK1, IRF3, IFN-β, and STAT1 signaling without engaging the Myd88 pathway. Metabolically, SPARC dampened mitochondrial respiration, and inhibition of glycolysis abrogated ISG induction by SPARC in macrophages. Furthermore, the N-terminal acidic domain of SPARC was required for ISG induction, while adipocyte-specific deletion of SPARC reduced inflammation and extended health span during aging. Collectively, SPARC, a CR-mimetic adipokine, is an immunometabolic checkpoint of inflammation and interferon response that may be targeted to delay age-related metabolic and functional decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seungjin Ryu
- Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Department of Comparative Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Sviatoslav Sidorov
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Eric Ravussin
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70808, USA
| | - Maxim Artyomov
- Section of Immunology, Washington School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Akiko Iwasaki
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Yale Center for Research on Aging, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Andrew Wang
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Yale Center for Research on Aging, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Vishwa Deep Dixit
- Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Department of Comparative Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Yale Center for Research on Aging, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
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8
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Chen K, Lai C, Su Y, Bao WD, Yang LN, Xu PP, Zhu LQ. cGAS-STING-mediated IFN-I response in host defense and neuro-inflammatory diseases. Curr Neuropharmacol 2021; 20:362-371. [PMID: 34561985 PMCID: PMC9413793 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x19666210924110144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The presence of foreign or misplaced nucleic acids is a danger signal that triggers innate immune responses through activating cytosolic DNA sensor cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS) and binding to its downstream signaling effector stimulator of interferon genes (STING). Then the cGAS-STING pathway activation links nucleic acid sensing to immune responses and pathogenic entities clearance. However, overactivation of this signaling pathway leads to fatal immune disorders and contributes to the progression of many human inflammatory diseases. Therefore, optimal activation of this pathway is crucial for the elimination of invading pathogens and the maintenance of immune homeostasis. In this review, we will summarize its fundamental roles in initiating host defense against invading pathogens and discuss its pathogenic roles in multiple neuro-inflammatory diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), Huntington's disease (HD), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), multiple sclerosis (MS) and other neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Chen
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Lab of Neurological Disorder of Education Ministry, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Chuan Lai
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Lab of Neurological Disorder of Education Ministry, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Yin Su
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Wen Dai Bao
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Lab of Neurological Disorder of Education Ministry, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Liu Nan Yang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Lab of Neurological Disorder of Education Ministry, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Ping-Ping Xu
- Endoscopy Center, Wuhan Children's Hospital , Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, China
| | - Ling-Qiang Zhu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Lab of Neurological Disorder of Education Ministry, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
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9
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Barrett JP, Knoblach SM, Bhattacharya S, Gordish-Dressman H, Stoica BA, Loane DJ. Traumatic Brain Injury Induces cGAS Activation and Type I Interferon Signaling in Aged Mice. Front Immunol 2021; 12:710608. [PMID: 34504493 PMCID: PMC8423402 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.710608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging adversely affects inflammatory processes in the brain, which has important implications in the progression of neurodegenerative disease. Following traumatic brain injury (TBI), aged animals exhibit worsened neurological function and exacerbated microglial-associated neuroinflammation. Type I Interferons (IFN-I) contribute to the development of TBI neuropathology. Further, the Cyclic GMP-AMP Synthase (cGAS) and Stimulator of Interferon Genes (STING) pathway, a key inducer of IFN-I responses, has been implicated in neuroinflammatory activity in several age-related neurodegenerative diseases. Here, we set out to investigate the effects of TBI on cGAS/STING activation, IFN-I signaling and neuroinflammation in young and aged C57Bl/6 male mice. Using a controlled cortical impact model, we evaluated transcriptomic changes in the injured cortex at 24 hours post-injury, and confirmed activation of key neuroinflammatory pathways in biochemical studies. TBI induced changes were highly enriched for transcripts that were involved in inflammatory responses to stress and host defense. Deeper analysis revealed that TBI increased expression of IFN-I related genes (e.g. Ifnb1, Irf7, Ifi204, Isg15) and IFN-I signaling in the injured cortex of aged compared to young mice. There was also a significant age-related increase in the activation of the DNA-recognition pathway, cGAS, which is a key mechanism to propagate IFN-I responses. Finally, enhanced IFN-I signaling in the aged TBI brain was confirmed by increased phosphorylation of STAT1, an important IFN-I effector molecule. This age-related activation of cGAS and IFN-I signaling may prove to be a mechanistic link between microglial-associated neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration in the aged TBI brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- James P Barrett
- Department of Anesthesiology and Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Susan M Knoblach
- Center for Genetic Medicine Research, Children's Research Institute, Children's National Health System, Washington, DC, United States.,Department of Genomics and Precision Medicine, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Surajit Bhattacharya
- Center for Genetic Medicine Research, Children's Research Institute, Children's National Health System, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Heather Gordish-Dressman
- Center for Translational Science, Children's Research Institute, Children's National Health System, Washington, DC, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Bogdan A Stoica
- Department of Anesthesiology and Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States.,Veterans Affairs (VA) Maryland Health Care System, Baltimore VA Medical Center, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - David J Loane
- Department of Anesthesiology and Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States.,School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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10
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Surinkaew P, Apaijai N, Sawaddiruk P, Jaiwongkam T, Kerdphoo S, Chattipakorn N, Chattipakorn SC. Mitochondrial Fusion Promoter Alleviates Brain Damage in Rats with Cardiac Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 77:993-1003. [PMID: 32804148 DOI: 10.3233/jad-200495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cardiac ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury induces brain damage through increased blood-brain barrier (BBB) breakdown, microglial hyperactivity, pro-inflammatory cytokines, amyloid-β deposition, loss of dendritic spines, brain mitochondrial dysfunction, and imbalanced mitochondrial dynamics. Previous studies demonstrated that mitochondrial fusion promoter reduced cardiac damage from cardiac I/R injury; however, following cardiac I/R injury, the roles of mitochondrial dynamics on the brain have not been investigated. OBJECTIVE To investigate the effects of pharmacological modulation using mitochondrial fusion promoter (M1) in the brain of rats following cardiac I/R injury. METHODS Twenty-four male Wistar rats were separated into two groups; 1) sham-operation (n = 8) and 2) cardiac I/R injury (n = 16). Rats in the cardiac I/R injury group were randomly received either normal saline solution as a vehicle or a mitochondrial fusion promoter (M1, 2 mg/kg) intravenously. Both treatments were given to the rats 15 minutes before cardiac I/R injury. At the end of the reperfusion protocol, the brain was rapidly removed to investigate brain mitochondrial function, mitochondrial dynamics proteins, microglial activity, and Alzheimer's disease (AD) related proteins. RESULTS Cardiac I/R injury induced brain mitochondrial dynamics imbalance as indicated by reduced mitochondrial fusion proteins expression without alteration in mitochondrial fission, brain mitochondrial dysfunction, BBB breakdown, increased macrophage infiltration, apoptosis, and AD-related proteins. Pretreatment with M1 effectively increased the expression of mitofusin 2, a mitochondrial outer membrane fusion protein, reduced brain mitochondrial dysfunction, BBB breakdown, macrophage infiltration, apoptosis, and AD-related proteins in rats following cardiac I/R injury. CONCLUSION This mitochondrial fusion promoter significantly protected rats with cardiac I/R injury against brain damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poomarin Surinkaew
- Department of Anesthesiology, Lamphun Hospital, Lamphun, Thailand.,Neurophysiology Unit, Cardiac Electrophysiology Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.,Center of Excellence in Cardiac Electrophysiology Research, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Nattayaporn Apaijai
- Neurophysiology Unit, Cardiac Electrophysiology Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.,Center of Excellence in Cardiac Electrophysiology Research, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Passakorn Sawaddiruk
- Neurophysiology Unit, Cardiac Electrophysiology Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.,Center of Excellence in Cardiac Electrophysiology Research, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.,Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Thidarat Jaiwongkam
- Neurophysiology Unit, Cardiac Electrophysiology Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.,Center of Excellence in Cardiac Electrophysiology Research, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Sasiwan Kerdphoo
- Neurophysiology Unit, Cardiac Electrophysiology Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.,Center of Excellence in Cardiac Electrophysiology Research, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Nipon Chattipakorn
- Neurophysiology Unit, Cardiac Electrophysiology Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.,Center of Excellence in Cardiac Electrophysiology Research, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.,Cardiac Electrophysiology Unit, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Siriporn C Chattipakorn
- Neurophysiology Unit, Cardiac Electrophysiology Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.,Center of Excellence in Cardiac Electrophysiology Research, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.,Department of Oral Biology and Diagnostic Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
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11
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Espindola MS, Habiel DM, Coelho AL, Stripp B, Parks WC, Oldham J, Martinez FJ, Noth I, Lopez D, Mikels-Vigdal A, Smith V, Hogaboam CM. Differential Responses to Targeting Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 in Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2021; 203:458-470. [PMID: 33052708 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201910-1977oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Rationale: Aberrant lung remodeling in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is characterized by elevated MMP9 (matrix metalloproteinase 9) expression, but the precise role of this matrix metalloproteinase in this disease has yet to be fully elucidated.Objectives: To evaluate antifibrotic effects of MMP9 inhibition on IPF.Methods: Quantitative genomic, proteomic, and functional analyses both in vitro and in vivo were used to determine MMP9 expression in IPF cells and the effects of MMP9 inhibition on profibrotic mechanisms.Measurements and Main Results: In the present study, we demonstrate that MMP9 expression was increased in airway basal cell (ABC)-like cells from IPF lungs compared with ABC cells from normal lungs. The inhibition of MMP9 activity with an anti-MMP9 antibody, andecaliximab, blocked TGF-β1 (transforming growth factor β1)-induced Smad2 phosphorylation. However, in a subset of cells from patients with IPF, TGF-β1 activation in their ABC-like cells was unaffected or enhanced by MMP9 blockade (i.e., nonresponders). Further analysis of nonresponder ABC-like cells treated with andecaliximab revealed an association with type 1 IFN expression, and the addition of IFNα to these cells modulated both MMP9 expression and TGF-β1 activation. Finally, the inhibition of MMP9 ameliorated pulmonary fibrosis induced by responder lung cells but not a nonresponder in a humanized immunodeficient mouse model of IPF.Conclusions: Together, these data demonstrate that MMP9 regulates the activation of ABC-like cells in IPF and that targeting this MMP might be beneficial to a subset of patients with IPF who show sufficient expression of type 1 IFNs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milena S Espindola
- Women's Guild Lung Institute, Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - David M Habiel
- Women's Guild Lung Institute, Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Ana Lucia Coelho
- Women's Guild Lung Institute, Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Barry Stripp
- Women's Guild Lung Institute, Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - William C Parks
- Women's Guild Lung Institute, Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Justin Oldham
- Division of Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, California
| | | | - Imre Noth
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia; and
| | - David Lopez
- Department of Biology, Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster City, California
| | | | - Victoria Smith
- Department of Biology, Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster City, California
| | - Cory M Hogaboam
- Women's Guild Lung Institute, Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
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12
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Fulop T, Tripathi S, Rodrigues S, Desroches M, Bunt T, Eiser A, Bernier F, Beauregard PB, Barron AE, Khalil A, Plotka A, Hirokawa K, Larbi A, Bocti C, Laurent B, Frost EH, Witkowski JM. Targeting Impaired Antimicrobial Immunity in the Brain for the Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2021; 17:1311-1339. [PMID: 33976546 PMCID: PMC8106529 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s264910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia and aging is the most common risk factor for developing the disease. The etiology of AD is not known but AD may be considered as a clinical syndrome with multiple causal pathways contributing to it. The amyloid cascade hypothesis, claiming that excess production or reduced clearance of amyloid-beta (Aβ) and its aggregation into amyloid plaques, was accepted for a long time as the main cause of AD. However, many studies showed that Aβ is a frequent consequence of many challenges/pathologic processes occurring in the brain for decades. A key factor, sustained by experimental data, is that low-grade infection leading to production and deposition of Aβ, which has antimicrobial activity, precedes the development of clinically apparent AD. This infection is chronic, low grade, largely clinically silent for decades because of a nearly efficient antimicrobial immune response in the brain. A chronic inflammatory state is induced that results in neurodegeneration. Interventions that appear to prevent, retard or mitigate the development of AD also appear to modify the disease. In this review, we conceptualize further that the changes in the brain antimicrobial immune response during aging and especially in AD sufferers serve as a foundation that could lead to improved treatment strategies for preventing or decreasing the progression of AD in a disease-modifying treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamas Fulop
- Research Center on Aging, Geriatric Division, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Shreyansh Tripathi
- Cluster Innovation Centre, North Campus, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110007, India.,Ikerbasque, The Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Serafim Rodrigues
- Ikerbasque, The Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain.,Mathematical Computational and Experimental Neuroscience (MCEN), BCAM - The Basque Center for Applied Mathematics, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Mathieu Desroches
- MathNeuro Team, Inria Sophia Antipolis Méditerranée, Sophia Antipolis, France.,Department of Mathematics, Université Côte d'Azur, Nice, France
| | - Ton Bunt
- Izumi Biosciences, Inc., Lexington, MA, USA
| | - Arnold Eiser
- Leonard Davis Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Francois Bernier
- Morinaga Milk Industry Co., Ltd, Next Generation Science Institute, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Pascale B Beauregard
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Annelise E Barron
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Abdelouahed Khalil
- Research Center on Aging, Geriatric Division, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Adam Plotka
- Department of Pathophysiology, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Katsuiku Hirokawa
- Institute of Health and Life Science, Tokyo Med. Dent. University, Tokyo and Nito-Memory Nakanosogo Hospital, Department of Pathology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Anis Larbi
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science Technology and Research (ASTAR), Immunos Building, Biopolis, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Christian Bocti
- Research Center on Aging, Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Benoit Laurent
- Research Center on Aging, Department of Biochemistry and Functional Genomics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Eric H Frost
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jacek M Witkowski
- Department of Pathophysiology, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
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13
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Molecular Effects of FDA-Approved Multiple Sclerosis Drugs on Glial Cells and Neurons of the Central Nervous System. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21124229. [PMID: 32545828 PMCID: PMC7352301 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21124229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is characterized by peripheral and central inflammatory features, as well as demyelination and neurodegeneration. The available Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved drugs for MS have been designed to suppress the peripheral immune system. In addition, however, the effects of these drugs may be partially attributed to their influence on glial cells and neurons of the central nervous system (CNS). We here describe the molecular effects of the traditional and more recent FDA-approved MS drugs Fingolimod, Dimethyl Fumarate, Glatiramer Acetate, Interferon-β, Teriflunomide, Laquinimod, Natalizumab, Alemtuzumab and Ocrelizumab on microglia, astrocytes, neurons and oligodendrocytes. Furthermore, we point to a possible common molecular effect of these drugs, namely a key role for NFκB signaling, causing a switch from pro-inflammatory microglia and astrocytes to anti-inflammatory phenotypes of these CNS cell types that recently emerged as central players in MS pathogenesis. This notion argues for the need to further explore the molecular mechanisms underlying MS drug action.
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14
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Romagnoli M, Porcellini E, Carbone I, Veerhuis R, Licastro F. Impaired Innate Immunity Mechanisms in the Brain of Alzheimer's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E1126. [PMID: 32046242 PMCID: PMC7038145 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21031126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Among environmental factors likely associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD), persistent virus infections, and age-related progressive decline of immune competence might play a pivotal role. However, AD antimicrobial brain immune responses are poorly investigated. The present study focused on genes involved in antimicrobial defenses, especially against virus infections, in the AD brain. In particular, mRNA levels of IRF7, MED23, IL28B, and IFN-α genes were analyzed in hippocampus and temporal cortex brain samples from AD and non-demented controls. All subjects were also genotyped for APOE ε, IRF7, MED23, and IL28B gene polymorphisms. Most AD patients showed decreased mRNA levels of all investigated genes in the hippocampus and temporal cortex. However, a small group of AD patients showed increased hippocampal mRNA expression of MED23, IL28B, and IFN-α. mRNA levels of MED23, IL28B, IFN-α from the hippocampus and those of MED23 from the temporal cortex were further decreased in APOE ε4 allele AD carriers. Moreover, rs6598008 polymorphism of IRF7 was significantly associated with decreased hippocampal expression of IRF7, MED23, IL28B, and IFN-α. These findings suggest that AD brains show impaired innate antimicrobial gene expression profiles, and individual genetic makeup, such as positivity for the APOE ε4 and IRF7 A alleles, might affect brain immune efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Romagnoli
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Bologna, Via S. Giacomo 14, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (M.R.); (I.C.); (F.L.)
| | - Elisa Porcellini
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Bologna, Via S. Giacomo 14, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (M.R.); (I.C.); (F.L.)
| | - Ilaria Carbone
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Bologna, Via S. Giacomo 14, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (M.R.); (I.C.); (F.L.)
| | - Robert Veerhuis
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, 1105 Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
- Department of Psychiatry, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, 1105 Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Federico Licastro
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Bologna, Via S. Giacomo 14, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (M.R.); (I.C.); (F.L.)
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15
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Choubey D. Type I interferon (IFN)-inducible Absent in Melanoma 2 proteins in neuroinflammation: implications for Alzheimer's disease. J Neuroinflammation 2019; 16:236. [PMID: 31771614 PMCID: PMC6880379 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-019-1639-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Cumulative evidence indicates that activation of innate immune responses in the central nervous system (CNS) induces the expression of type 1 interferons (T1 IFNs), a family of cytokines. The T1 IFNs (IFN-α/β), through activation of the JAK/STAT-signaling in microglia, astrocytes, and neurons, induce the expression of IFN-inducible proteins, which mediate the pro- and anti-inflammatory functions of IFNs. Accordingly, T1 IFN-inducible Absent in Melanoma 2 proteins (murine Aim2 and human AIM2) negatively regulate the expression of TI IFNs and, upon sensing higher levels of cytosolic DNA, assemble the Aim2/AIM2 inflammasome, resulting in activation of caspase-1, pyroptosis, and the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines (e.g., IL-1β and IL-18). Of interest, studies have indicated a role for the Aim2/AIM2 proteins in neuroinflammation and neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease (AD). The ability of Aim2/AIM2 proteins to exert pro- and anti-inflammatory effects in CNS may depend upon age, sex hormones, cell-types, and the expression of species-specific negative regulators of the Aim2/AIM2 inflammasome. Therefore, we discuss the role of Aim2/AIM2 proteins in the development of AD. An improved understanding of the role of Absent in Melanoma 2 proteins in AD could identify new approaches to treat patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divaker Choubey
- Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati, 160 Panzeca Way, P. O. Box 670056, Cincinnati, OH, 45267, USA.
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16
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van der Poel M, Ulas T, Mizee MR, Hsiao CC, Miedema SSM, Adelia, Schuurman KG, Helder B, Tas SW, Schultze JL, Hamann J, Huitinga I. Transcriptional profiling of human microglia reveals grey-white matter heterogeneity and multiple sclerosis-associated changes. Nat Commun 2019; 10:1139. [PMID: 30867424 PMCID: PMC6416318 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-08976-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Here we report the transcriptional profile of human microglia, isolated from normal-appearing grey matter (GM) and white matter (WM) of multiple sclerosis (MS) and non-neurological control donors, to find possible early changes related to MS pathology. Microglia show a clear region-specific profile, indicated by higher expression of type-I interferon genes in GM and higher expression of NF-κB pathway genes in WM. Transcriptional changes in MS microglia also differ between GM and WM. MS WM microglia show increased lipid metabolism gene expression, which relates to MS pathology since active MS lesion-derived microglial nuclei show similar altered gene expression. Microglia from MS GM show increased expression of genes associated with glycolysis and iron homeostasis, possibly reflecting microglia reacting to iron depositions. Except for ADGRG1/GPR56, expression of homeostatic genes, such as P2RY12 and TMEM119, is unaltered in normal-appearing MS tissue, demonstrating overall preservation of microglia homeostatic functions in the initiation phase of MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlijn van der Poel
- Neuroimmunology Research Group, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Meibergdreef 47, 1105BA, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas Ulas
- Genomics and Immunoregulation, LIMES Institute, University of Bonn, Carl-Troll-Straße 31, 53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Mark R Mizee
- Neuroimmunology Research Group, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Meibergdreef 47, 1105BA, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Cheng-Chih Hsiao
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Suzanne S M Miedema
- Neuroimmunology Research Group, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Meibergdreef 47, 1105BA, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Adelia
- Netherlands Brain Bank, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Meibergdreef 47, 1105BA, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Karianne G Schuurman
- Neuroimmunology Research Group, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Meibergdreef 47, 1105BA, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Boy Helder
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Amsterdam Rheumatology and Immunology Center, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sander W Tas
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Amsterdam Rheumatology and Immunology Center, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Joachim L Schultze
- Genomics and Immunoregulation, LIMES Institute, University of Bonn, Carl-Troll-Straße 31, 53115, Bonn, Germany
- PRECISE Platform for Single Cell Genomics and Epigenomics, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Street 27, 53127, Bonn, Germany
| | - Jörg Hamann
- Neuroimmunology Research Group, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Meibergdreef 47, 1105BA, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Inge Huitinga
- Neuroimmunology Research Group, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Meibergdreef 47, 1105BA, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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17
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Nazmi A, Field RH, Griffin EW, Haugh O, Hennessy E, Cox D, Reis R, Tortorelli L, Murray CL, Lopez-Rodriguez AB, Jin L, Lavelle EC, Dunne A, Cunningham C. Chronic neurodegeneration induces type I interferon synthesis via STING, shaping microglial phenotype and accelerating disease progression. Glia 2019; 67:1254-1276. [PMID: 30680794 PMCID: PMC6520218 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Revised: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Type I interferons (IFN‐I) are the principal antiviral molecules of the innate immune system and can be made by most cell types, including central nervous system cells. IFN‐I has been implicated in neuroinflammation during neurodegeneration, but its mechanism of induction and its consequences remain unclear. In the current study, we assessed expression of IFN‐I in murine prion disease (ME7) and examined the contribution of the IFN‐I receptor IFNAR1 to disease progression. The data indicate a robust IFNβ response, specifically in microglia, with evidence of IFN‐dependent genes in both microglia and astrocytes. This IFN‐I response was absent in stimulator of interferon genes (STING−/−) mice. Microglia showed increased numbers and activated morphology independent of genotype, but transcriptional signatures indicated an IFNAR1‐dependent neuroinflammatory phenotype. Isolation of microglia and astrocytes demonstrated disease‐associated microglial induction of Tnfα, Tgfb1, and of phagolysosomal system transcripts including those for cathepsins, Cd68, C1qa, C3, and Trem2, which were diminished in IFNAR1 and STING deficient mice. Microglial increases in activated cathepsin D, and CD68 were significantly reduced in IFNAR1−/− mice, particularly in white matter, and increases in COX‐1 expression, and prostaglandin synthesis were significantly mitigated. Disease progressed more slowly in IFNAR1−/− mice, with diminished synaptic and neuronal loss and delayed onset of neurological signs and death but without effect on proteinase K‐resistant PrP levels. Therefore, STING‐dependent IFN‐I influences microglial phenotype and influences neurodegenerative progression despite occurring secondary to initial degenerative changes. These data expand our mechanistic understanding of IFN‐I induction and its impact on microglial function during chronic neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arshed Nazmi
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience & Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Republic of Ireland
| | - Robert H Field
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience & Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Republic of Ireland
| | - Eadaoin W Griffin
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience & Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Republic of Ireland
| | - Orla Haugh
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience & Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Republic of Ireland
| | - Edel Hennessy
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience & Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Republic of Ireland
| | - Donal Cox
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience & Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Republic of Ireland
| | - Renata Reis
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience & Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Republic of Ireland
| | - Lucas Tortorelli
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience & Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Republic of Ireland
| | - Carol L Murray
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience & Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Republic of Ireland
| | - Ana Belen Lopez-Rodriguez
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience & Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Republic of Ireland
| | - Lei Jin
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Ed C Lavelle
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience & Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Republic of Ireland
| | - Aisling Dunne
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience & Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Republic of Ireland
| | - Colm Cunningham
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience & Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Republic of Ireland
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18
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Cunningham C, Dunne A, Lopez-Rodriguez AB. Astrocytes: Heterogeneous and Dynamic Phenotypes in Neurodegeneration and Innate Immunity. Neuroscientist 2018; 25:455-474. [PMID: 30451065 DOI: 10.1177/1073858418809941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Astrocytes are the most numerous cell type in the brain and perform several essential functions in supporting neuronal metabolism and actively participating in neural circuit and behavioral function. They also have essential roles as innate immune cells in responding to local neuropathology, and the manner in which they respond to brain injury and degeneration is the subject of increasing attention in neuroscience. Although activated astrocytes have long been thought of as a relatively homogenous population, which alter their phenotype in a relatively stereotyped way upon central nervous system injury, the last decade has revealed substantial heterogeneity in the basal state and significant heterogeneity of phenotype during reactive astrocytosis. Thus, phenotypic diversity occurs at two distinct levels: that determined by regionality and development and that determined by temporally dynamic changes to the environment of astrocytes during pathology. These inflammatory and pathological states shape the phenotype of these cells, with different consequences for destruction or recovery of the local tissue, and thus elucidating these phenotypic changes has significant therapeutic implications. In this review, we will focus on the phenotypic heterogeneity of astrocytes in health and disease and their propensity to change that phenotype upon subsequent stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colm Cunningham
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College, Dublin, Republic of Ireland
| | - Aisling Dunne
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College, Dublin, Republic of Ireland.,School of Medicine, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College, Dublin, Republic of Ireland
| | - Ana Belen Lopez-Rodriguez
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College, Dublin, Republic of Ireland
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19
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Gupta N, Shyamasundar S, Patnala R, Karthikeyan A, Arumugam TV, Ling EA, Dheen ST. Recent progress in therapeutic strategies for microglia-mediated neuroinflammation in neuropathologies. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2018; 22:765-781. [DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2018.1515917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Neelima Gupta
- Department of Anatomy Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sukanya Shyamasundar
- Department of Anatomy Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Radhika Patnala
- Department of Anatomy Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Aparna Karthikeyan
- Department of Anatomy Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Thiruma V. Arumugam
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Eng-Ang Ling
- Department of Anatomy Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - S. Thameem Dheen
- Department of Anatomy Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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20
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Roselli F, Chandrasekar A, Morganti-Kossmann MC. Interferons in Traumatic Brain and Spinal Cord Injury: Current Evidence for Translational Application. Front Neurol 2018; 9:458. [PMID: 29971040 PMCID: PMC6018073 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2018.00458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
This review article provides a general perspective of the experimental and clinical work surrounding the role of type-I, type-II, and type-III interferons (IFNs) in the pathophysiology of brain and spinal cord injury. Since IFNs are themselves well-known therapeutic targets (as well as pharmacological agents), and anti-IFNs monoclonal antibodies are being tested in clinical trials, it is timely to review the basis for the repurposing of these agents for the treatment of brain and spinal cord traumatic injury. Experimental evidence suggests that IFN-α may play a detrimental role in brain trauma, enhancing the pro-inflammatory response while keeping in check astrocyte proliferation; converging evidence from genetic models and neutralization by monoclonal antibodies suggests that limiting IFN-α actions in acute trauma may be a suitable therapeutic strategy. Effects of IFN-β administration in spinal cord and brain trauma have been reported but remain unclear or limited in effect. Despite the involvement in the inflammatory response, the role of IFN-γ remains controversial: although IFN-γ appears to improve the outcome of traumatic spinal cord injury, genetic models have produced either beneficial or detrimental results. IFNs may display opposing actions on the injured CNS relative to the concentration at which they are released and strictly dependent on whether the IFN or their receptors are targeted either via administration of neutralizing antibodies or through genetic deletion of either the mediator or its receptor. To date, IFN-α appears to most promising target for drug repurposing, and monoclonal antibodies anti IFN-α or its receptor may find appropriate use in the treatment of acute brain or spinal cord injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Roselli
- Department of Neurology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | | | - Maria C Morganti-Kossmann
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Child Health, Barrow Neurological Institute at Phoenix Children's Hospital, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Phoenix, AZ, United States
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21
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McDonough A, Weinstein JR. Correction to: Neuroimmune Response in Ischemic Preconditioning. Neurotherapeutics 2018; 15:511-524. [PMID: 29110213 PMCID: PMC5935631 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-017-0580-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic preconditioning (IPC) is a robust neuroprotective phenomenon in which a brief period of cerebral ischemia confers transient tolerance to subsequent ischemic challenge. Research on IPC has implicated cellular, molecular, and systemic elements of the immune response in this phenomenon. Potent molecular mediators of IPC include innate immune signaling pathways such as Toll-like receptors and type 1 interferons. Brain ischemia results in release of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines that orchestrate the neuroinflammatory response, resolution of inflammation, and transition to neurological recovery and regeneration. Cellular mediators of IPC include microglia, the resident central nervous system immune cells, astrocytes, and neurons. All of these cell types engage in cross-talk with each other using a multitude of signaling pathways that modulate activation/suppression of each of the other cell types in response to ischemia. As the postischemic neuroimmune response evolves over time there is a shift in function toward provision of trophic support and neuroprotection. Peripheral immune cells infiltrate the central nervous system en masse after stroke and are largely detrimental, with a few subtypes having beneficial, protective effects, though the role of these immune cells in IPC is largely unknown. The role of neural progenitor cells in IPC-mediated neuroprotection is another active area of investigation as is the role of microglial proliferation in this setting. A mechanistic understanding of these molecular and cellular mediators of IPC may not only facilitate more effective direct application of IPC to specific clinical scenarios, but also, more broadly, reveal novel targets for therapeutic intervention in stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley McDonough
- Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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22
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O'Loughlin E, Madore C, Lassmann H, Butovsky O. Microglial Phenotypes and Functions in Multiple Sclerosis. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2018; 8:8/2/a028993. [PMID: 29419406 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a028993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Microglia are the resident immune cells that constantly survey the central nervous system. They can adapt to their environment and respond to injury or insult by altering their morphology, phenotype, and functions. It has long been debated whether microglial activation is detrimental or beneficial in multiple sclerosis (MS). Recently, the two opposing yet connected roles of microglial activation have been described with the aid of novel microglial markers, RNA profiling, and in vivo models. In this review, microglial phenotypes and functions in the context of MS will be discussed with evidence from both human pathological studies, in vitro and in vivo models. Microglial functional diversity-phagocytosis, antigen presentation, immunomodulation, support, and repair-will also be examined in detail. In addition, this review discusses the emerging evidence for microglia-related targets as biomarkers and therapeutic targets for MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine O'Loughlin
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Charlotte Madore
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Hans Lassmann
- Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Oleg Butovsky
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115.,Evergrande Center for Immunologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
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23
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Qin J, Wu JC, Wang QH, Zhou SL, Mao SS, Yao C. Transcription factor networks involved in cell death in the dorsal root ganglia following peripheral nerve injury. Neural Regen Res 2018; 13:1622-1627. [PMID: 30127124 PMCID: PMC6126133 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.237183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The peripheral nervous system has the potential to regenerate after nerve injury owing to the intrinsic regrowth ability of neurons and the permissive microenvironment. The regenerative process involves numerous gene expression changes, in which transcription factors play a critical role. Previously, we profiled dysregulated genes in dorsal root ganglion neurons at different time points (0, 3 and 9 hours, and 1, 4 and 7 days) after sciatic nerve injury in rats by RNA sequencing. In the present study, we investigated differentially expressed transcription factors following nerve injury, and we identified enriched molecular and cellular functions of these transcription factors by Ingenuity Pathway Analysis. This analysis revealed the dynamic changes in the expression of transcription factors involved in cell death at different time points following sciatic nerve injury. In addition, we constructed regulatory networks of the differentially expressed transcription factors in cell death and identified some key transcription factors (such as STAT1, JUN, MYC and IRF7). We confirmed the changes in expression of some key transcription factors (STAT1 and IRF7) by quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Collectively, our analyses provide a global overview of transcription factor changes in dorsal root ganglia after sciatic nerve injury and offer insight into the regulatory transcription factor networks involved in cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Qin
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University; Department of Pathological Anatomy, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jian-Cheng Wu
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Qi-Hui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Song-Lin Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Su-Su Mao
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Chun Yao
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China
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24
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Bortell N, Basova L, Najera JA, Morsey B, Fox HS, Marcondes MCG. Sirtuin 1-Chromatin-Binding Dynamics Points to a Common Mechanism Regulating Inflammatory Targets in SIV Infection and in the Aging Brain. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2017; 13:163-178. [PMID: 29280055 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-017-9772-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Microglia and macrophages are the main non-neuronal subsets of myeloid origin in the brain, and are critical regulators in neurodegenerative disorders, where inflammation is a key factor. Since HIV infection results in neurological perturbations that are similar to those in aging, we examined microglial and infiltrating myeloid subsets in the search for changes that might resemble the ones in aging. For that, we used the SIV infection in rhesus macaques to model neuroAIDS. We found that Sirt-1, a molecule that impacts survival and health in many models, was decreased in cell preparations containing a majority of microglia and myeloid cells from the brain of infected macaques. The role of Sirt-1 in neuroAIDS is unknown. We hypothesized that Sirt-1 silencing functions are affected by SIV. Mapping of Sirt-1 binding patterns to chromatin revealed that the number of Sirt-1-bound genes was 29.6% increased in myeloid cells from infected animals with mild or no detectable neuropathology, but 51% was decreased in severe neuropathology, compared to controls. Importantly, Sirt-1-bound genes in controls largely participate in neuroinflammation. Promoters of type I IFN pathway genes IRF7, IRF1, IFIT1, and AIF1, showed Sirt-1 binding in controls, which was consistently lost after infection, together with higher transcription. Loss of Sirt-1 binding was also found in brains from old uninfected animals, suggesting a common regulation. The role of Sirt-1 in regulating these inflammatory markers was confirmed in two different in vitro models, where Sirt-1 blockage modulated IRF7, IRF1 and AIF1 levels both in human macrophage cell lines and in human blood-derived monocytes from various normal donors, stimulated with a TLR9 agonist. Our data suggests that Sirt-1-inflammatory gene silencing is disturbed by SIV infection, resembling aging in brains. These findings may impact our knowledge on the contribution of myeloid subsets to the neurological consequences of HIV infection, aggravated and overlapping with the aging process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikki Bortell
- Molecular and Cellular Neurosciences Department, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Liana Basova
- Molecular and Cellular Neurosciences Department, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA.,San Diego Biomedical Research Institute, 10865 Road to Cure, Suite 100, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
| | - Julia A Najera
- Molecular and Cellular Neurosciences Department, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Brenda Morsey
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-5800, USA
| | - Howard S Fox
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-5800, USA
| | - Maria Cecilia Garibaldi Marcondes
- Molecular and Cellular Neurosciences Department, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA. .,San Diego Biomedical Research Institute, 10865 Road to Cure, Suite 100, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA.
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25
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Ischemia/Reperfusion Induces Interferon-Stimulated Gene Expression in Microglia. J Neurosci 2017; 37:8292-8308. [PMID: 28747383 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0725-17.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Revised: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Innate immune signaling is important in the pathophysiology of ischemia/reperfusion (stroke)-induced injury and recovery. Several lines of evidence support a central role for microglia in these processes. Recent work has identified Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and type I interferon (IFN) signaling in both ischemia/reperfusion-induced brain injury and ischemic preconditioning-mediated neuroprotection. To determine the effects of "ischemia/reperfusion-like" conditions on microglia, we performed genomic analyses on wild-type (WT) and TLR4-/- cultured microglia after sequential exposure to hypoxia/hypoglycemia and normoxia/normoglycemia (H/H-N/N). We observed increased expression of type 1 IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs) as the predominant transcriptomal feature of H/H-N/N-exposed WT, but not TLR4-/-, microglia. Microarray analysis on ex vivo sorted microglia from ipsilateral male mouse cortex after a transient in vivo ischemic pulse also demonstrated robust expression of ISGs. Type 1 IFNs, including the IFN-αs and IFN-β, activate the interferon-α/β receptor (IFNAR) complex. We confirmed both in vitro H/H-N/N- and in vivo ischemia/reperfusion-induced microglial ISG responses by quantitative real-time PCR and demonstrated that both were dependent on IFNAR1. We characterized the effects of hypoxia/hypoglycemia on phosphorylation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT1), release of type 1 IFNs, and surface expression of IFNAR1 in microglia. We demonstrated that IFN-β induces dose-dependent secretion of ISG chemokines in cultured microglia and robust ISG expression in microglia both in vitro and in vivo Finally, we demonstrated that the microglial ISG chemokine responses to TLR4 agonists were dependent on TLR4 and IFNAR1. Together, these data suggest novel ischemia/reperfusion-induced pathways for both TLR4-dependent and -independent, IFNAR1-dependent, type 1 IFN signaling in microglia.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Stroke is the fifth leading cause of death in the United States and is a leading cause of serious long-term disability worldwide. Innate immune responses are critical in stroke pathophysiology, and microglia are key cellular effectors in the CNS response to ischemia/reperfusion. Using a transcriptional analysis approach, we identified a robust interferon (IFN)-stimulated gene response within microglia exposed to ischemia/reperfusion in both in vitro and in vivo experimental paradigms. Using a number of complementary techniques, we have demonstrated that these responses are dependent on innate immune signaling components including Toll-like receptor-4 and type I IFNs. We have also elucidated several novel ischemia/reperfusion-induced microglial signaling mechanisms.
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26
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Das A, Arifuzzaman S, Yoon T, Kim SH, Chai JC, Lee YS, Jung KH, Chai YG. RNA sequencing reveals resistance of TLR4 ligand-activated microglial cells to inflammation mediated by the selective jumonji H3K27 demethylase inhibitor. Sci Rep 2017; 7:6554. [PMID: 28747667 PMCID: PMC5529413 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-06914-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Persistent microglial activation is associated with the production and secretion of various pro-inflammatory genes, cytokines and chemokines, which may initiate or amplify neurodegenerative diseases. A novel synthetic histone 3 lysine 27 (H3K27) demethylase JMJD3 inhibitor, GSK-J4, was proven to exert immunosuppressive activities in macrophages. However, a genome-wide search for GSK-J4 molecular targets has not been undertaken in microglia. To study the immuno-modulatory effects of GSK-J4 at the transcriptomic level, triplicate RNA sequencing and quantitative real-time PCR analyses were performed with resting, GSK-J4-, LPS- and LPS + GSK-J4-challenged primary microglial (PM) and BV-2 microglial cells. Among the annotated genes, the transcriptional sequencing of microglia that were treated with GSK-J4 revealed a selective effect on LPS-induced gene expression, in which the induction of cytokines/chemokines, interferon-stimulated genes, and prominent transcription factors TFs, as well as previously unidentified genes that are important in inflammation was suppressed. Furthermore, we showed that GSK-J4 controls are important inflammatory gene targets by modulating STAT1, IRF7, and H3K27me3 levels at their promoter sites. These unprecedented results demonstrate that the histone demethylase inhibitor GSK-J4 could have therapeutic applications for neuroinflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amitabh Das
- Institute of Natural Science & Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, 15588, Republic of Korea
| | - Sarder Arifuzzaman
- Department of Bionanotechnology, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04673, Republic of Korea
| | - Taeho Yoon
- Department of Molecular & Life Sciences, Hanyang University, Ansan, 15588, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Hwa Kim
- Department of Molecular & Life Sciences, Hanyang University, Ansan, 15588, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Choul Chai
- Department of Molecular & Life Sciences, Hanyang University, Ansan, 15588, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Seek Lee
- Department of Molecular & Life Sciences, Hanyang University, Ansan, 15588, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoung Hwa Jung
- Institute of Natural Science & Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, 15588, Republic of Korea.
| | - Young Gyu Chai
- Department of Bionanotechnology, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04673, Republic of Korea. .,Department of Molecular & Life Sciences, Hanyang University, Ansan, 15588, Republic of Korea.
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27
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Lobo-Silva D, Carriche GM, Castro AG, Roque S, Saraiva M. Interferon-β regulates the production of IL-10 by toll-like receptor-activated microglia. Glia 2017; 65:1439-1451. [PMID: 28617991 PMCID: PMC7165667 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2016] [Revised: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Pattern recognition receptors, such as toll‐like receptors (TLRs), perceive tissue alterations and initiate local innate immune responses. Microglia, the resident macrophages of the brain, encode TLRs which primary role is to protect the tissue integrity. However, deregulated activation of TLRs in microglia may lead to chronic neurodegeneration. This double role of microglial responses is often reported in immune‐driven neurologic diseases, as in multiple sclerosis (MS). Consequently, strategies to manipulate microglia inflammatory responses may help to ameliorate disease progression. In this context, the anti‐inflammatory cytokine interleukin (IL)‐10 appears as an attractive target. In this study, we investigated how activation of microglia by TLRs with distinct roles in MS impacts on IL‐10 production. We found that activation of TLR2, TLR4, and TLR9 induced the production of IL‐10 to a greater extent than activation of TLR3. This was surprising as both TLR3 and IL‐10 play protective roles in animal models of MS. Interestingly, combination of TLR3 triggering with the other TLRs, enhanced IL‐10 through the modulation of its transcription, via interferon (IFN)‐β, but independently of IL‐27. Thus, in addition to the modulation of inflammatory responses of the periphery described for the axis TLR3/IFN‐β, we now report a direct modulation of microglial responses. We further show that the presence of IFN‐γ in the microenvironment abrogated the modulation of IL‐10 by TLR3, whereas that of IL‐17 had no effect. Considering the therapeutic application of IFN‐β in MS, our study bears important implications for the understanding of the cytokine network regulating microglia responses in this setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diogo Lobo-Silva
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Guilhermina M Carriche
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - A Gil Castro
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Susana Roque
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Margarida Saraiva
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
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28
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Microglial Interferon Signaling and White Matter. Neurochem Res 2017; 42:2625-2638. [PMID: 28540600 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-017-2307-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2016] [Revised: 05/14/2017] [Accepted: 05/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Microglia, the resident immune cells of the CNS, are primary regulators of the neuroimmune response to injury. Type I interferons (IFNs), including the IFNαs and IFNβ, are key cytokines in the innate immune system. Their activity is implicated in the regulation of microglial function both during development and in response to neuroinflammation, ischemia, and neurodegeneration. Data from numerous studies in multiple sclerosis (MS) and stroke suggest that type I IFNs can modulate the microglial phenotype, influence the overall neuroimmune milieu, regulate phagocytosis, and affect blood-brain barrier integrity. All of these IFN-induced effects result in numerous downstream consequences on white matter pathology and microglial reactivity. Dysregulation of IFN signaling in mouse models with genetic deficiency in ubiquitin specific protease 18 (USP18) leads to a severe neurological phenotype and neuropathological changes that include white matter microgliosis and pro-inflammatory gene expression in dystrophic microglia. A class of genetic disorders in humans, referred to as pseudo-TORCH syndrome (PTS) for the clinical resemblance to infection-induced TORCH syndrome, also show dysregulation of IFN signaling, which leads to severe neurological developmental disease. In these disorders, the excessive activation of IFN signaling during CNS development results in a destructive interferonopathy with similar induction of microglial dysfunction as seen in USP18 deficient mice. Other recent studies implicate "microgliopathies" more broadly in neurological disorders including Alzheimer's disease (AD) and MS, suggesting that microglia are a potential therapeutic target for disease prevention and/or treatment, with interferon signaling playing a key role in regulating the microglial phenotype.
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29
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Thaney VE, O'Neill AM, Hoefer MM, Maung R, Sanchez AB, Kaul M. IFNβ Protects Neurons from Damage in a Murine Model of HIV-1 Associated Brain Injury. Sci Rep 2017; 7:46514. [PMID: 28425451 PMCID: PMC5397848 DOI: 10.1038/srep46514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection with human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) causes brain injury. Type I interferons (IFNα/β) are critical mediators of any anti-viral immune response and IFNβ has been implicated in the temporary control of lentiviral infection in the brain. Here we show that transgenic mice expressing HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein 120 in their central nervous system (HIVgp120tg) mount a transient IFNβ response and provide evidence that IFNβ confers neuronal protection against HIVgp120 toxicity. In cerebrocortical cell cultures, neuroprotection by IFNβ against gp120 toxicity is dependent on IFNα receptor 1 (IFNAR1) and the β-chemokine CCL4, as IFNAR1 deficiency and neutralizing antibodies against CCL4, respectively, abolish the neuroprotective effects. We find in vivo that IFNβ mRNA is significantly increased in HIVgp120tg brains at 1.5, but not 3 or 6 months of age. However, a four-week intranasal IFNβ treatment of HIVgp120tg mice starting at 3.5 months of age increases expression of CCL4 and concomitantly protects neuronal dendrites and pre-synaptic terminals in cortex and hippocampus from gp120-induced damage. Moreover, in vivo and in vitro data suggests astrocytes are a major source of IFNβ-induced CCL4. Altogether, our results suggest exogenous IFNβ as a neuroprotective factor that has potential to ameliorate in vivo HIVgp120-induced brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria E Thaney
- Infectious and Inflammatory Disease Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.,Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Sanford-Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Alan M O'Neill
- Infectious and Inflammatory Disease Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Melanie M Hoefer
- Infectious and Inflammatory Disease Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Ricky Maung
- Infectious and Inflammatory Disease Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Ana B Sanchez
- Infectious and Inflammatory Disease Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Marcus Kaul
- Infectious and Inflammatory Disease Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
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30
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de Weerd NA, Matthews AY, Pattie PR, Bourke NM, Lim SS, Vivian JP, Rossjohn J, Hertzog PJ. A hot spot on interferon α/β receptor subunit 1 (IFNAR1) underpins its interaction with interferon-β and dictates signaling. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:7554-7565. [PMID: 28289093 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.773788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2017] [Revised: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The interaction of IFN-β with its receptor IFNAR1 (interferon α/β receptor subunit 1) is vital for host-protective anti-viral and anti-proliferative responses, but signaling via this interaction can be detrimental if dysregulated. Whereas it is established that IFNAR1 is an essential component of the IFNAR signaling complex, the key residues underpinning the IFN-β-IFNAR1 interaction are unknown. Guided by the crystal structure of the IFN-β-IFNAR1 complex, we used truncation variants and site-directed mutagenesis to investigate domains and residues enabling complexation of IFN-β to IFNAR1. We have identified an interface on IFNAR1-subdomain-3 that is differentially utilized by IFN-β and IFN-α for signal transduction. We used surface plasmon resonance and cell-based assays to investigate this important IFN-β binding interface that is centered on IFNAR1 residues Tyr240 and Tyr274 binding the C and N termini of the B and C helices of IFN-β, respectively. Using IFNAR1 and IFN-β variants, we show that this interface contributes significantly to the affinity of IFN-β for IFNAR1, its ability to activate STAT1, the expression of interferon stimulated genes, and ultimately to the anti-viral and anti-proliferative properties of IFN-β. These results identify a key interface created by IFNAR1 residues Tyr240 and Tyr274 interacting with IFN-β residues Phe63, Leu64, Glu77, Thr78, Val81, and Arg82 that underlie IFN-β-IFNAR1-mediated signaling and biological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole A de Weerd
- From the Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, 27-31 Wright Street, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia, .,Department of Molecular and Translational Sciences, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, 27-31 Wright Street, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - Antony Y Matthews
- From the Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, 27-31 Wright Street, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia.,Department of Molecular and Translational Sciences, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, 27-31 Wright Street, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - Phillip R Pattie
- From the Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, 27-31 Wright Street, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - Nollaig M Bourke
- From the Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, 27-31 Wright Street, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia.,Department of Molecular and Translational Sciences, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, 27-31 Wright Street, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - San S Lim
- From the Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, 27-31 Wright Street, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia.,Department of Molecular and Translational Sciences, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, 27-31 Wright Street, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - Julian P Vivian
- Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia, and
| | - Jamie Rossjohn
- Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia, and.,Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom
| | - Paul J Hertzog
- From the Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, 27-31 Wright Street, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia, .,Department of Molecular and Translational Sciences, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, 27-31 Wright Street, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
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Semax, an analog of ACTH (4-7), regulates expression of immune response genes during ischemic brain injury in rats. Mol Genet Genomics 2017; 292:635-653. [PMID: 28255762 DOI: 10.1007/s00438-017-1297-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Brain stroke continues to claim the lives of million people every year. To build the effective strategies for stroke treatment it is necessary to understand the neuroprotective mechanisms that are able to prevent the ischemic injury. Consisting of the ACTH(4-7) fragment and the tripeptide Pro-Gly-Pro (PGP), the synthetic peptide Semax effectively protects brain against ischemic stroke. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying its neuroprotection and participation of PGP in them are still needed to be clarified. To reveal biological processes and signaling pathways, which are affected by Semax and PGP, we performed the transcriptome analysis of cerebral cortex of rats with focal cerebral ischemia treated by these peptides. The genome-wide biochip data analysis detected the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and bioinformatic web-tool Ingenuity iReport found DEGs associations with several biological processes and signaling pathways. The immune response is the process most markedly affected by the peptide: Semax enhances antigen presentation signaling pathway, intensifies the effect of ischemia on the interferon signaling pathways and affects the processes for synthesizing immunoglobulins. Semax significantly increased expression of the gene encoding the immunoglobulin heavy chain, highly affects on cytokine, stress response and ribosomal protein-encoding genes after occlusion. PGP treatment of rats with ischemia attenuates the immune activity and suppresses neurotransmission in the CNS. We suppose that neuroprotective mechanism of Semax is realized via the neuroimmune crosstalk, and the new properties of PGP were found under ischemia. Our results provided the basis for further proteomic investigations in the field of searching Semax neuroprotection mechanism.
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McKee CA, Lukens JR. Emerging Roles for the Immune System in Traumatic Brain Injury. Front Immunol 2016. [PMID: 27994591 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.201600556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) affects an ever-growing population of all ages with long-term consequences on health and cognition. Many of the issues that TBI patients face are thought to be mediated by the immune system. Primary brain damage that occurs at the time of injury can be exacerbated and prolonged for months or even years by chronic inflammatory processes, which can ultimately lead to secondary cell death, neurodegeneration, and long-lasting neurological impairment. Researchers have turned to rodent models of TBI in order to understand how inflammatory cells and immunological signaling regulate the post-injury response and recovery mechanisms. In addition, the development of numerous methods to manipulate genes involved in inflammation has recently expanded the possibilities of investigating the immune response in TBI models. As results from these studies accumulate, scientists have started to link cells and signaling pathways to pro- and anti-inflammatory processes that may contribute beneficial or detrimental effects to the injured brain. Moreover, emerging data suggest that targeting aspects of the immune response may offer promising strategies to treat TBI. This review will cover insights gained from studies that approach TBI research from an immunological perspective and will summarize our current understanding of the involvement of specific immune cell types and cytokines in TBI pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celia A McKee
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Brain Immunology and Glia, School of Medicine, University of Virginia , Charlottesville, VA , USA
| | - John R Lukens
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Brain Immunology and Glia, School of Medicine, University of Virginia , Charlottesville, VA , USA
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33
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McKee CA, Lukens JR. Emerging Roles for the Immune System in Traumatic Brain Injury. Front Immunol 2016; 7:556. [PMID: 27994591 PMCID: PMC5137185 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2016] [Accepted: 11/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) affects an ever-growing population of all ages with long-term consequences on health and cognition. Many of the issues that TBI patients face are thought to be mediated by the immune system. Primary brain damage that occurs at the time of injury can be exacerbated and prolonged for months or even years by chronic inflammatory processes, which can ultimately lead to secondary cell death, neurodegeneration, and long-lasting neurological impairment. Researchers have turned to rodent models of TBI in order to understand how inflammatory cells and immunological signaling regulate the post-injury response and recovery mechanisms. In addition, the development of numerous methods to manipulate genes involved in inflammation has recently expanded the possibilities of investigating the immune response in TBI models. As results from these studies accumulate, scientists have started to link cells and signaling pathways to pro- and anti-inflammatory processes that may contribute beneficial or detrimental effects to the injured brain. Moreover, emerging data suggest that targeting aspects of the immune response may offer promising strategies to treat TBI. This review will cover insights gained from studies that approach TBI research from an immunological perspective and will summarize our current understanding of the involvement of specific immune cell types and cytokines in TBI pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celia A. McKee
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Brain Immunology and Glia, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - John R. Lukens
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Brain Immunology and Glia, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
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Abstract
Ischemic preconditioning (IPC) is a robust neuroprotective phenomenon in which a brief period of cerebral ischemia confers transient tolerance to subsequent ischemic challenge. Research on IPC has implicated cellular, molecular, and systemic elements of the immune response in this phenomenon. Potent molecular mediators of IPC include innate immune signaling pathways such as Toll-like receptors and type 1 interferons. Brain ischemia results in release of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines that orchestrate the neuroinflammtory response, resolution of inflammation, and transition to neurological recovery and regeneration. Cellular mediators of IPC include microglia, the resident central nervous system immune cells, astrocytes, and neurons. All of these cell types engage in cross-talk with each other using a multitude of signaling pathways that modulate activation/suppression of each of the other cell types in response to ischemia. As the postischemic neuroimmune response evolves over time there is a shift in function toward provision of trophic support and neuroprotection. Peripheral immune cells infiltrate the central nervous system en masse after stroke and are largely detrimental, with a few subtypes having beneficial, protective effects, though the role of these immune cells in IPC is largely unknown. The role of neural progenitor cells in IPC-mediated neuroprotection is another active area of investigation as is the role of microglial proliferation in this setting. A mechanistic understanding of these molecular and cellular mediators of IPC may not only facilitate more effective direct application of IPC to specific clinical scenarios, but also, more broadly, reveal novel targets for therapeutic intervention in stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley McDonough
- Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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Vitner EB, Farfel-Becker T, Ferreira NS, Leshkowitz D, Sharma P, Lang KS, Futerman AH. Induction of the type I interferon response in neurological forms of Gaucher disease. J Neuroinflammation 2016; 13:104. [PMID: 27175482 PMCID: PMC4866012 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-016-0570-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Accepted: 05/05/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Neuroinflammation is a key phenomenon in the pathogenesis of many neurodegenerative diseases. Understanding the mechanisms by which brain inflammation is engaged and delineating the key players in the immune response and their contribution to brain pathology is of great importance for the identification of novel therapeutic targets for these devastating diseases. Gaucher disease, the most common lysosomal storage disease, is caused by mutations in the GBA1 gene and is a significant risk factor for Parkinson’s disease; in some forms of Gaucher disease, neuroinflammation is observed. Methods An unbiased gene profile analysis was performed on a severely affected brain area of a neurological form of a Gaucher disease mouse at a pre-symptomatic stage; the mouse used for this study, the Gbaflox/flox; nestin-Cre mouse, was engineered such that GBA1 deficiency is restricted to cells of neuronal lineage, i.e., neurons and macroglia. Results The 10 most up-regulated genes in the ventral posteromedial/posterolateral region of the thalamus were inflammatory genes, with the gene expression signature significantly enriched in interferon signaling genes. Interferon β levels were elevated in neurons, and interferon-stimulated genes were elevated mainly in microglia. Interferon signaling pathways were elevated to a small extent in the brain of another lysosomal storage disease mouse model, Krabbe disease, but not in Niemann-Pick C or Sandhoff mouse brain. Ablation of the type I interferon receptor attenuated neuroinflammation but had no effect on GD mouse viability. Conclusions Our results imply that the type I interferon response is involved in the development of nGD pathology, and possibly in other lysosomal storage diseases in which simple glycosphingolipids accumulate, and support the notion that interferon signaling pathways play a vital role in the sterile inflammation that often occurs during chronic neurodegenerative diseases in which neuroinflammation is present. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12974-016-0570-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Einat B Vitner
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel.,Present address: Department of Infectious Diseases, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness-Ziona, 74100, Israel
| | - Tamar Farfel-Becker
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel.,Present address: Synaptic Function Section, The Porter Neuroscience Research Center, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | | | - Dena Leshkowitz
- Bioinformatics Unit of The Biological Services Department, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Piyush Sharma
- Institute of Immunology, Medical Faculty, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Karl S Lang
- Institute of Immunology, Medical Faculty, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.,Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Anthony H Futerman
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel.
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36
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Kaminska B, Mota M, Pizzi M. Signal transduction and epigenetic mechanisms in the control of microglia activation during neuroinflammation. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2016; 1862:339-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2015.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Revised: 10/12/2015] [Accepted: 10/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Ablation of Type-1 IFN Signaling in Hematopoietic Cells Confers Protection Following Traumatic Brain Injury. eNeuro 2016; 3:eN-NWR-0128-15. [PMID: 27022620 PMCID: PMC4757777 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0128-15.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Revised: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Type-1 interferons (IFNs) are pleiotropic cytokines that signal through the type-1 IFN receptor (IFNAR1). Recent literature has implicated the type-1 IFNs in disorders of the CNS. In this study, we have investigated the role of type-1 IFNs in neuroinflammation following traumatic brain injury (TBI). Using a controlled cortical impact model, TBI was induced in 8- to 10-week-old male C57BL/6J WT and IFNAR1−/− mice and brains were excised to study infarct volume, inflammatory mediator release via quantitative PCR analysis and immune cell profile via immunohistochemistry. IFNAR1−/− mice displayed smaller infarcts compared with WT mice after TBI. IFNAR1−/− mice exhibited an altered anti-inflammatory environment compared with WT mice, with significantly reduced levels of the proinflammatory mediators TNFα, IL-1β and IL-6, an up-regulation of the anti-inflammatory mediator IL-10 and an increased activation of resident and peripheral immune cells after TBI. WT mice injected intravenously with an anti-IFNAR1 blocking monoclonal antibody (MAR1) 1 h before, 30 min after or 30 min and 2 d after TBI displayed significantly improved histological and behavioral outcome. Bone marrow chimeras demonstrated that the hematopoietic cells are a peripheral source of type-1 IFNs that drives neuroinflammation and a worsened TBI outcome. Type-1 IFN mRNA levels were confirmed to be significantly altered in human postmortem TBI brains. Together, these data demonstrate that type-1 IFN signaling is a critical pathway in the progression of neuroinflammation and presents a viable therapeutic target for the treatment of TBI.
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Inácio AR, Liu Y, Clausen BH, Svensson M, Kucharz K, Yang Y, Stankovich T, Khorooshi R, Lambertsen KL, Issazadeh-Navikas S, Deierborg T. Endogenous IFN-β signaling exerts anti-inflammatory actions in experimentally induced focal cerebral ischemia. J Neuroinflammation 2015; 12:211. [PMID: 26581581 PMCID: PMC4652356 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-015-0427-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2015] [Accepted: 11/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Interferon (IFN)-β exerts anti-inflammatory effects, coupled to remarkable neurological improvements in multiple sclerosis, a neuroinflammatory condition of the central nervous system. Analogously, it has been hypothesized that IFN-β, by limiting inflammation, decreases neuronal death and promotes functional recovery after stroke. However, the core actions of endogenous IFN-β signaling in stroke are unclear. Methods To address this question, we used two clinically relevant models of focal cerebral ischemia, transient and permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion, and two genetically modified mouse lines, lacking either IFN-β or its receptor, the IFN-α/β receptor. Subsets of inflammatory and immune cells isolated from the brain, blood, and spleen were studied using flow cytometry. Sensorimotor deficits were assessed by a modified composite neuroscore, the rotating pole and grip strength tests, and cerebral infarct volumes were given by lack of neuronal nuclei immunoreactivity. Results Here, we report alterations in local and systemic inflammation in IFN-β knockout (IFN-βKO) mice over 8 days after induction of focal cerebral ischemia. Notably, IFN-βKO mice showed a higher number of infiltrating leukocytes in the brain 2 days after stroke. Concomitantly, in the blood of IFN-βKO mice, we found a higher percentage of total B cells but a similar percentage of mature and activated B cells, collectively indicating a higher proliferation rate. The additional differential regulation of circulating cytokines and splenic immune cell populations in wild-type and IFN-βKO mice further supports an important immunoregulatory function of IFN-β in stroke. Moreover, we observed a significant weight loss 2–3 days and a reduction in grip strength 2 days after stroke in the IFN-βKO group, while endogenous IFN-β signaling did not affect the infarct volume. Conclusions We conclude that endogenous IFN-β signaling attenuates local inflammation, regulates peripheral immune cells, and, thereby, may contribute positively to stroke outcome. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12974-015-0427-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana R Inácio
- Laboratory for Experimental Brain Research, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, BMC A13, Sölvegatan 17, 22184, Lund, Sweden. .,Present Address: INMED, INSERM U901, Parc Scientifique de Luminy, 163 route de Luminy, BP13, 13273, Marseille cedex 09, France. .,Present Address: Aix-Marseille Université, UMR S901, 13009, Marseille, France.
| | - Yawei Liu
- Neuroinflammation Unit, Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC), University of Copenhagen, Ole Maaløes Vej 5, 2200, Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Bettina H Clausen
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, JB Winsloewsvej 21, st + 25, 2, 5000, Odense C, Denmark
| | - Martina Svensson
- Experimental Neuroinflammation Laboratory, Department of Experimental Medical Sciences, Lund University, BMC B11, Sölvegatan 19, 22184, Lund, Sweden
| | - Krzysztof Kucharz
- Laboratory for Experimental Brain Research, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, BMC A13, Sölvegatan 17, 22184, Lund, Sweden.,7Present Address: Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen N, 2200, Denmark
| | - Yiyi Yang
- Experimental Neuroinflammation Laboratory, Department of Experimental Medical Sciences, Lund University, BMC B11, Sölvegatan 19, 22184, Lund, Sweden
| | - Totte Stankovich
- Laboratory for Experimental Brain Research, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, BMC A13, Sölvegatan 17, 22184, Lund, Sweden
| | - Reza Khorooshi
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, JB Winsloewsvej 21, st + 25, 2, 5000, Odense C, Denmark
| | - Kate L Lambertsen
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, JB Winsloewsvej 21, st + 25, 2, 5000, Odense C, Denmark
| | - Shohreh Issazadeh-Navikas
- Neuroinflammation Unit, Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC), University of Copenhagen, Ole Maaløes Vej 5, 2200, Copenhagen N, Denmark.
| | - Tomas Deierborg
- Laboratory for Experimental Brain Research, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, BMC A13, Sölvegatan 17, 22184, Lund, Sweden.,Experimental Neuroinflammation Laboratory, Department of Experimental Medical Sciences, Lund University, BMC B11, Sölvegatan 19, 22184, Lund, Sweden
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Khorooshi R, Asgari N, Mørch MT, Berg CT, Owens T. Hypersensitivity Responses in the Central Nervous System. Front Immunol 2015; 6:517. [PMID: 26500654 PMCID: PMC4595775 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune-mediated tissue damage or hypersensitivity can be mediated by autospecific IgG antibodies. Pathology results from activation of complement, and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity, mediated by inflammatory effector leukocytes include macrophages, natural killer cells, and granulocytes. Antibodies and complement have been associated to demyelinating pathology in multiple sclerosis (MS) lesions, where macrophages predominate among infiltrating myeloid cells. Serum-derived autoantibodies with predominant specificity for the astrocyte water channel aquaporin-4 (AQP4) are implicated as inducers of pathology in neuromyelitis optica (NMO), a central nervous system (CNS) demyelinating disease where activated neutrophils infiltrate, unlike in MS. The most widely used model for MS, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, is an autoantigen-immunized disease that can be transferred to naive animals with CD4+ T cells, but not with antibodies. By contrast, NMO-like astrocyte and myelin pathology can be transferred to mice with AQP4–IgG from NMO patients. This is dependent on complement, and does not require T cells. Consistent with clinical observations that interferon-beta is ineffective as a therapy for NMO, NMO-like pathology is significantly reduced in mice lacking the Type I IFN receptor. In MS, there is evidence for intrathecal synthesis of antibodies as well as blood–brain barrier (BBB) breakdown, whereas in NMO, IgG accesses the CNS from blood. Transfer models involve either direct injection of antibody and complement to the CNS, or experimental manipulations to induce BBB breakdown. We here review studies in MS and NMO that elucidate roles for IgG and complement in the induction of BBB breakdown, astrocytopathy, and demyelinating pathology. These studies point to significance of T-independent effector mechanisms in neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Khorooshi
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark , Odense , Denmark
| | - Nasrin Asgari
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark , Odense , Denmark ; Department of Neurology, Vejle Hospital , Vejle , Denmark
| | - Marlene Thorsen Mørch
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark , Odense , Denmark
| | - Carsten Tue Berg
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark , Odense , Denmark
| | - Trevor Owens
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark , Odense , Denmark
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Goldmann T, Blank T, Prinz M. Fine-tuning of type I IFN-signaling in microglia--implications for homeostasis, CNS autoimmunity and interferonopathies. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2015; 36:38-42. [PMID: 26397019 PMCID: PMC7126514 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2015.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Revised: 09/04/2015] [Accepted: 09/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Type I interferons (IFN) are pleiotropic cytokines originally described as molecules used for communication between cells to trigger the protective defenses against viral infections. Upon activation, type I IFN can be produced locally in the central nervous system (CNS) from a number of different cell types including microglia, the CNS-resident macrophages. Increased type I IFN production and signaling in microglia are critically important to limit viral infection and disease progression in multiple sclerosis. However, recent findings suggest that even baseline levels of constitutive IFN expression and secretion are important for homeostasis of the CNS. In fact, in the absence of viral particles chronic elevation of IFN I may be tremendously harmful for the CNS, as assumed for patients suffering from Aicardi-Goutières syndrome, Cree encephalitis or other type I interferonopathies. The highly diverse nature of type I IFN for brain homeostasis during health and disease will be discussed in this report.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Goldmann
- Institute of Neuropathology, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Blank
- Institute of Neuropathology, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Marco Prinz
- Institute of Neuropathology, University of Freiburg, Germany; BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, Germany.
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Khorooshi R, Mørch MT, Holm TH, Berg CT, Dieu RT, Dræby D, Issazadeh-Navikas S, Weiss S, Lienenklaus S, Owens T. Induction of endogenous Type I interferon within the central nervous system plays a protective role in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Acta Neuropathol 2015; 130:107-18. [PMID: 25869642 PMCID: PMC4469095 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-015-1418-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Revised: 03/21/2015] [Accepted: 03/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The Type I interferons (IFN), beta (IFN-β) and the alpha family (IFN-α), act through a common receptor and have anti-inflammatory effects. IFN-β is used to treat multiple sclerosis (MS) and is effective against experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model for MS. Mice with EAE show elevated levels of Type I IFNs in the central nervous system (CNS), suggesting a role for endogenous Type I IFN during inflammation. However, the therapeutic benefit of Type I IFN produced in the CNS remains to be established. The aim of this study was to examine whether experimentally induced CNS-endogenous Type I IFN influences EAE. Using IFN-β reporter mice, we showed that direct administration of polyinosinic–polycytidylic acid (poly I:C), a potent inducer of IFN-β, into the cerebrospinal fluid induced increased leukocyte numbers and transient upregulation of IFN-β in CD45/CD11b-positive cells located in the meninges and choroid plexus, as well as enhanced IFN-β expression by parenchymal microglial cells. Intrathecal injection of poly I:C to mice showing first symptoms of EAE substantially increased the normal disease-associated expression of IFN-α, IFN-β, interferon regulatory factor-7 and IL-10 in CNS, and disease worsening was prevented for as long as IFN-α/β was expressed. In contrast, there was no therapeutic effect on EAE in poly I:C-treated IFN receptor-deficient mice. IFN-dependent microglial and astrocyte response included production of the chemokine CXCL10. These results show that Type I IFN induced within the CNS can play a protective role in EAE and highlight the role of endogenous type I IFN in mediating neuroprotection.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Astrocytes/drug effects
- Astrocytes/immunology
- Astrocytes/pathology
- Brain/drug effects
- Brain/immunology
- Brain/pathology
- Chemokine CXCL10/metabolism
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/drug therapy
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/immunology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/pathology
- Interferon-alpha/genetics
- Interferon-alpha/metabolism
- Interferon-beta/genetics
- Interferon-beta/metabolism
- Leukocytes/drug effects
- Leukocytes/pathology
- Leukocytes/physiology
- Meninges/drug effects
- Meninges/immunology
- Meninges/pathology
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Transgenic
- Microglia/drug effects
- Microglia/pathology
- Microglia/physiology
- Neuroprotective Agents/pharmacology
- Poly I-C/pharmacology
- Random Allocation
- Receptor, Interferon alpha-beta/genetics
- Receptor, Interferon alpha-beta/metabolism
- Spinal Cord/drug effects
- Spinal Cord/immunology
- Spinal Cord/pathology
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Khorooshi
- />Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, J.B. Winsloewsvej 25, 5000 Odense C, Denmark
| | - Marlene Thorsen Mørch
- />Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, J.B. Winsloewsvej 25, 5000 Odense C, Denmark
| | - Thomas Hellesøe Holm
- />Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, J.B. Winsloewsvej 25, 5000 Odense C, Denmark
- />Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Carsten Tue Berg
- />Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, J.B. Winsloewsvej 25, 5000 Odense C, Denmark
| | - Ruthe Truong Dieu
- />Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, J.B. Winsloewsvej 25, 5000 Odense C, Denmark
| | - Dina Dræby
- />Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, J.B. Winsloewsvej 25, 5000 Odense C, Denmark
| | | | - Siegfried Weiss
- />Department of Molecular Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Stefan Lienenklaus
- />Department of Molecular Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Trevor Owens
- />Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, J.B. Winsloewsvej 25, 5000 Odense C, Denmark
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42
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Lefterov I, Schug J, Mounier A, Nam KN, Fitz NF, Koldamova R. RNA-sequencing reveals transcriptional up-regulation of Trem2 in response to bexarotene treatment. Neurobiol Dis 2015; 82:132-140. [PMID: 26071899 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2015.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2015] [Revised: 05/15/2015] [Accepted: 05/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
We have recently demonstrated that short term bexarotene treatment of APP/PS1 mice significantly improves their cognitive performance. While there were no changes in plaque load, or insoluble Aβ levels in brain, biochemical analysis strongly suggested improved clearance of soluble Aβ, including Aβ oligomers. To get further insight into molecular mechanisms underlying this therapeutic effect, we explored genome-wide differential gene expression in brain of bexarotene and control treated APP/PS1 mice. We performed high throughput massively parallel sequencing on mRNA libraries generated from cortices of bexarotene or vehicle treated APP/PS1 mice and compared the expression profiles for differential gene expression. Gene Ontology (GO) Biological Process categories with the highest fold enrichment and lowest False Discovery Rate (FDR) are clustered in GO terms immune response, inflammatory response, oxidation-reduction and immunoglobulin mediated immune response. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) followed by ChIP-QPCR, and RT-QPCR expression assays were used to validate select genes, including Trem2, Tyrobp, Apoe and Ttr, differentially expressed in response to Retinoid X Receptor (RXR) activation. We found that bexarotene significantly increased the phagocytosis of soluble and insoluble Aβ in BV2 cells. The results of our study demonstrate that in AD model mice expressing human APP, gene networks up-regulated in response to RXR activation by the specific, small molecule, ligand bexarotene may influence diverse regulatory pathways that are considered critical for cognitive performance, inflammatory response and Aβ clearance, and may provide an explanation of the bexarotene therapeutic effect at the molecular level. This study also confirms that unbiased massive parallel sequencing approaches are useful and highly informative for revealing brain molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying responses to activated nuclear hormone receptors in AD animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iliya Lefterov
- Department of Environmental & Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA.
| | - Jonathan Schug
- Institute for Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Functional Genomics Core, Department of Genetics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Anais Mounier
- Department of Environmental & Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
| | - Kyong Nyon Nam
- Department of Environmental & Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
| | - Nicholas F Fitz
- Department of Environmental & Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
| | - Radosveta Koldamova
- Department of Environmental & Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA.
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Jung KH, Das A, Chai JC, Kim SH, Morya N, Park KS, Lee YS, Chai YG. RNA sequencing reveals distinct mechanisms underlying BET inhibitor JQ1-mediated modulation of the LPS-induced activation of BV-2 microglial cells. J Neuroinflammation 2015; 12:36. [PMID: 25890327 PMCID: PMC4359438 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-015-0260-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2014] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microglial cells become rapidly activated through interaction with pathogens, and their persistent activation is associated with the production and secretion of various pro-inflammatory genes, cytokines, and chemokines, which may initiate or amplify neurodegenerative diseases. Bromodomain and extraterminal domain (BET) proteins are a group of epigenetic regulators that associate with acetylated histones and facilitate the transcription of target genes. A novel synthetic BET inhibitor, JQ1, was proven to exert immunosuppressive activities by inhibiting the expression of IL-6 and Tnf-α in macrophages. However, a genome-wide search for JQ1 molecular targets is largely unexplored in microglia. METHODS The present study was aimed at evaluating the anti-inflammatory function and underlying genes targeted by JQ1 in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated BV-2 microglial cells using two transcriptomic techniques: global transcriptomic biological duplicate RNA sequencing and quantitative real-time PCR. Associated biological pathways and functional gene ontology were also evaluated. RESULTS With a cutoff value of P ≤ 0.01 and fold change ≥1.5 log2, the expression level of 214 and 301 genes, including pro-inflammatory cytokine, chemokine, and transcription factors, was found to be upregulated in BV-2 cells stimulated with LPS for 2 and 4 h, respectively. Among these annotated genes, we found that JQ1 selectively reduced the expression of 78 and 118 genes (P ≤ 0.01, and fold change ≥ 1.5, respectively). Importantly, these inflammatory genes were not affected by JQ1 treatment alone. Furthermore, we confirmed that JQ1 reduced the expression of key inflammation- and immunity-related genes as well as cytokines/chemokines in the supernatants of LPS-treated primary microglial cells isolated from 3-day-old ICR mice. Utilizing functional group analysis, the genes affected by JQ1 were classified into four categories related to biological regulation, immune system processes, and response to stimuli. Moreover, the biological pathways and functional genomics obtained in this study may facilitate the suppression of different key inflammatory genes through JQ1-treated BV-2 microglial cells. CONCLUSIONS These unprecedented results suggest the BET inhibitor JQ1 as a candidate for the prevention or therapeutic treatment of inflammation-mediated neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoung Hwa Jung
- Department of Molecular and Life Science, Hanyang University, 1271 Sa 3-dong, Ansan, Gyeonggi-do, 426-791, South Korea.
| | - Amitabh Das
- Department of Bionanotechnology, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seoul, 133-791, South Korea.
| | - Jin Choul Chai
- Department of Molecular and Life Science, Hanyang University, 1271 Sa 3-dong, Ansan, Gyeonggi-do, 426-791, South Korea.
| | - Sun Hwa Kim
- Department of Molecular and Life Science, Hanyang University, 1271 Sa 3-dong, Ansan, Gyeonggi-do, 426-791, South Korea.
| | - Nishi Morya
- Department of Molecular and Life Science, Hanyang University, 1271 Sa 3-dong, Ansan, Gyeonggi-do, 426-791, South Korea.
| | - Kyoung Sun Park
- Department of Molecular and Life Science, Hanyang University, 1271 Sa 3-dong, Ansan, Gyeonggi-do, 426-791, South Korea.
| | - Young Seek Lee
- Department of Molecular and Life Science, Hanyang University, 1271 Sa 3-dong, Ansan, Gyeonggi-do, 426-791, South Korea.
| | - Young Gyu Chai
- Department of Molecular and Life Science, Hanyang University, 1271 Sa 3-dong, Ansan, Gyeonggi-do, 426-791, South Korea. .,Department of Bionanotechnology, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seoul, 133-791, South Korea.
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44
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Cox DJ, Field RH, Williams DG, Baran M, Bowie AG, Cunningham C, Dunne A. DNA sensors are expressed in astrocytes and microglia in vitro and are upregulated during gliosis in neurodegenerative disease. Glia 2015; 63:812-25. [PMID: 25627810 PMCID: PMC4657478 DOI: 10.1002/glia.22786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2014] [Revised: 12/18/2014] [Accepted: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The detection of nucleic acids by the innate immune system is an essential host response during viral infection. In recent years, a number of immune sensors capable of recognizing cytosolic DNA have been identified and include the PYHIN family members AIM2, IFI16, and p204 as well as the enzyme, cGAS. Activation of these receptors leads to the induction of antiviral genes including Type‐1 interferons and chemokines such as CCL5. We have carried out extensive expression profiling of these DNA sensors and other members of the PYHIN family in highly purified primary astrocytes and microglia and have demonstrated that both cell types express the majority of these proteins at the mRNA level. In microglia, several family members are highly upregulated in response to IFN‐β treatment while both cell types induce robust proinflammatory and antiviral cytokine production (e.g., IL‐6, CCL5, IFN‐β) in the presence of immune stimulatory DNA and RNA. The production of IL‐6 is partially dependent on the interferon receptor as is IFN‐β itself. Furthermore, we have found that p204 and AIM2 are upregulated in a Type I IFN dependent fashion in vivo, in a murine model of chronic neurodegeneration. Given the propensity of inflammatory responses to cause neuronal damage, increased expression and activation of these receptors, not only during viral infection but also during sterile inflammatory responses, has the potential to exacerbate existing neuroinflammation leading to further damage and impaired neurogenesis. GLIA 2015;63:812–825
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Affiliation(s)
- Donal J Cox
- Molecular Immunology Group, School, of Biochemistry and Immunology and Immunology Research Centre, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland
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45
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Tanaka T, Murakami K, Bando Y, Yoshida S. Interferon regulatory factor 7 participates in the M1-like microglial polarization switch. Glia 2014; 63:595-610. [PMID: 25422089 DOI: 10.1002/glia.22770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2014] [Accepted: 11/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Microglia are generally considered the immune cells of the central nervous system. Recent studies have demonstrated that under specific polarization conditions, microglia develop into two different phenotypes, termed M1-like and M2-like microglia. However, the phenotypic characteristics of M1-like- and M2-like-polarized microglia and the mechanisms that regulate polarization are largely unknown. In this study, we characterized lipopolysaccharide-treated M1-like and IL-4-treated M2-like microglia and investigated the mechanisms that regulate phenotypic switching. The addition of M2-like microglial conditioned medium (CM) to primary neurons resulted in an increase in neurite length when compared with neurons treated with M1-like microglial CM, possibly because of the enhanced secretion of neurotrophic factors by M2-like microglia. M1-like microglia were morphologically characterized by larger soma, whereas M2-like microglia were characterized by long processes. M2-like microglia exhibited greater phagocytic capacity than M1-like microglia. These features switched in response to polarization cues. We found that expression of interferon regulatory factor 7 (IRF7) increased during the M2-like to M1-like switch in microglia in vitro and in vivo. Knockdown of IRF7 using siRNA suppressed the expression of M1 marker mRNA and reduced phosphorylation of STAT1. Our findings suggest that IRF7 signaling may play an important role in microglial polarization switching.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuhide Tanaka
- Department of Functional Anatomy and Neuroscience, Asahikawa Medical University, Hokkaido, Japan
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46
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Abstract
The failure of past efforts to develop effective stroke treatments is at least partially because these treatments often interfered with essential physiological functions, even though they are targeted toward pathophysiological events, such as inflammation, excitotoxicity, and oxidative stress. Thus, the direct targeting of endogenous neuroprotective or destructive elements holds promise as a potential new approach to treating this devastating condition. Interferon regulatory factor 9 (IRF9), a transcription factor that regulates innate immune responses, has been implicated in neurological pathology. Here, we provide new evidence that IRF9 directly mediates neuronal death in male mice. In response to ischemia/reperfusion (I/R), IRF9 accumulated in neurons. IRF9 deficiency markedly mitigated both poststroke neuronal death and neurological deficits, whereas the neuron-specific overexpression of IRF9 sensitized neurons to death. The histone deacetylase Sirt1 was identified as a novel negative transcriptional target of IRF9 both in vivo and in vitro. IRF9 inhibits Sirt1 deacetylase activity, culminating in the acetylation and activation of p53-mediated cell death signaling. Importantly, both the genetic and pharmacological manipulation of Sirt1 effectively counteracted the pathophysiological effects of IRF9 on stroke outcome. These findings indicate that, rather than activating a delayed innate immune response, IRF9 directly activates neuronal death signaling pathways through the downregulation of Sirt1 deacetylase in response to acute I/R stress.
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Agosta F, Dalla Libera D, Spinelli EG, Finardi A, Canu E, Bergami A, Bocchio Chiavetto L, Baronio M, Comi G, Martino G, Matteoli M, Magnani G, Verderio C, Furlan R. Myeloid microvesicles in cerebrospinal fluid are associated with myelin damage and neuronal loss in mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer disease. Ann Neurol 2014; 76:813-25. [DOI: 10.1002/ana.24235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2014] [Revised: 07/25/2014] [Accepted: 07/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Federica Agosta
- Division of Neuroscience, Institute of Experimental Neurology; Scientific Institute San Raffaele; Milan
| | - Dacia Dalla Libera
- Division of Neuroscience, Institute of Experimental Neurology; Scientific Institute San Raffaele; Milan
| | - Edoardo Gioele Spinelli
- Division of Neuroscience, Institute of Experimental Neurology; Scientific Institute San Raffaele; Milan
| | - Annamaria Finardi
- Division of Neuroscience, Institute of Experimental Neurology; Scientific Institute San Raffaele; Milan
| | - Elisa Canu
- Division of Neuroscience, Institute of Experimental Neurology; Scientific Institute San Raffaele; Milan
| | - Alessandra Bergami
- Division of Neuroscience, Institute of Experimental Neurology; Scientific Institute San Raffaele; Milan
| | | | | | - Giancarlo Comi
- Division of Neuroscience, Institute of Experimental Neurology; Scientific Institute San Raffaele; Milan
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University; Milan
| | - Gianvito Martino
- Division of Neuroscience, Institute of Experimental Neurology; Scientific Institute San Raffaele; Milan
| | - Michela Matteoli
- CNR Institute of Neuroscience and Department of Medical Pharmacology; Milan
- Istituto Clinico Humanitas IRCCS; Milan Italy
| | - Giuseppe Magnani
- Division of Neuroscience, Institute of Experimental Neurology; Scientific Institute San Raffaele; Milan
| | - Claudia Verderio
- CNR Institute of Neuroscience and Department of Medical Pharmacology; Milan
- Istituto Clinico Humanitas IRCCS; Milan Italy
| | - Roberto Furlan
- Division of Neuroscience, Institute of Experimental Neurology; Scientific Institute San Raffaele; Milan
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Grzelkowska-Kowalczyk K, Wicik Z, Majewska A, Tokarska J, Grabiec K, Kozłowski M, Milewska M, Błaszczyk M. Transcriptional regulation of important cellular processes in skeletal myogenesis through interferon-γ. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2014; 35:89-99. [PMID: 25237846 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2014.0018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of interferon (IFN)-γ on the transcriptomic profile of differentiating mouse C2C12 myogenic cells. Global gene expression was evaluated using whole mouse genome oligonucleotide microarrays, and the results were validated through real-time PCR. IFN-γ (1 ng/mL) increased myoblast proliferation but decreased cell respiration and myosin heavy chain content and slightly decreased the fusion index in differentiating C2C12 cell cultures. The genes upregulated through IFN-γ were involved in cell cycle; regulation of cell proliferation; programmed cell death; chemotaxis; and cytokine, growth factor, and peptidase activity, whereas the genes downregulated through IFN-γ primarily contributed to the regulation of transcription, cell-cell signaling, nitrogen compound biosynthesis, ser/thr protein kinase signaling, and regulation of the Wnt pathway. In conclusion, IFN-γ affects the expression of numerous genes associated with the regulation of several processes in myogenesis. The effects of IFN-γ on cellular transcription include (1) alteration of cytokine/growth factor expression, promoting cell proliferation and migration but inhibiting differentiation, (2) impairment of pro-myogenic transcription, (3) disruption of cell adhesion and sarcolemma/cytoskeleton organization, and (4) increased peptidase activity leading to enhanced proteolysis and apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Grzelkowska-Kowalczyk
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (SGGW) , Warsaw, Poland
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Distrutti E, O’Reilly JA, McDonald C, Cipriani S, Renga B, Lynch MA, Fiorucci S. Modulation of intestinal microbiota by the probiotic VSL#3 resets brain gene expression and ameliorates the age-related deficit in LTP. PLoS One 2014; 9:e106503. [PMID: 25202975 PMCID: PMC4159266 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0106503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2014] [Accepted: 05/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The intestinal microbiota is increasingly recognized as a complex signaling network that impacts on many systems beyond the enteric system modulating, among others, cognitive functions including learning, memory and decision-making processes. This has led to the concept of a microbiota-driven gut–brain axis, reflecting a bidirectional interaction between the central nervous system and the intestine. A deficit in synaptic plasticity is one of the many changes that occurs with age. Specifically, the archetypal model of plasticity, long-term potentiation (LTP), is reduced in hippocampus of middle-aged and aged rats. Because the intestinal microbiota might change with age, we have investigated whether the age-related deficit in LTP might be attenuated by changing the composition of intestinal microbiota with VSL#3, a probiotic mixture comprising 8 Gram-positive bacterial strains. Here, we report that treatment of aged rats with VSL#3 induced a robust change in the composition of intestinal microbiota with an increase in the abundance of Actinobacteria and Bacterioidetes, which was reduced in control-treated aged rats. VSL#3 administration modulated the expression of a large group of genes in brain tissue as assessed by whole gene expression, with evidence of a change in genes that impact on inflammatory and neuronal plasticity processes. The age-related deficit in LTP was attenuated in VSL#3-treated aged rats and this was accompanied by a modest decrease in markers of microglial activation and an increase in expression of BDNF and synapsin. The data support the notion that intestinal microbiota can be manipulated to positively impact on neuronal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Distrutti
- S.C. di Gastroenterologia ed Epatologia, Azienda Ospedaliera di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
- * E-mail:
| | - Julie-Ann O’Reilly
- Trinity College Institute for Neuroscience, Department of Physiology, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Claire McDonald
- Trinity College Institute for Neuroscience, Department of Physiology, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Sabrina Cipriani
- Dipartimento di Medicina, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Barbara Renga
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chirurgiche e Biomediche, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Marina A. Lynch
- Trinity College Institute for Neuroscience, Department of Physiology, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Stefano Fiorucci
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chirurgiche e Biomediche, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
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