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Toledo R, Cociancic P, Fiallos E, Esteban JG, Muñoz-Antoli C. Immunology and pathology of echinostomes and other intestinal trematodes. ADVANCES IN PARASITOLOGY 2024; 124:1-55. [PMID: 38754926 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apar.2024.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Intestinal trematodes constitute a major group of helminths that parasitize humans and animals with relevant morbidity and mortality. Despite the importance of the intestinal trematodes in medical and veterinary sciences, immunology and pathology of these helminth infections have been neglected for years. Apart from the work focused on the members of the family Echnistomatidae, there are only very isolated and sporadic studies on the representatives of other families of digeneans, which makes a compilation of all these studies necessary. In the present review, the most salient literature on the immunology and pathology of intestinal trematodes in their definitive hosts in examined. Emphasis will be placed on members of the echinostomatidae family, since it is the group in which the most work has been carried out. However, we also review the information on selected species of the families Brachylaimidae, Diplostomidae, Gymnophallidae, and Heterophyidae. For most of these families, coverage is considered under the following headings: (i) Background; (ii) Pathology of the infection; (iii) Immunology of the infection; and (iv) Human infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Toledo
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology and Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Paola Cociancic
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology and Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Emma Fiallos
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology and Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - J Guillermo Esteban
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology and Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Carla Muñoz-Antoli
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology and Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
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2
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Cunha SMF, Lam S, Mallard B, Karrow NA, Cánovas Á. Genomic Regions Associated with Resistance to Gastrointestinal Nematode Parasites in Sheep-A Review. Genes (Basel) 2024; 15:187. [PMID: 38397178 PMCID: PMC10888242 DOI: 10.3390/genes15020187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Revised: 01/27/2024] [Accepted: 01/27/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Gastrointestinal nematodes (GINs) can be a major constraint and global challenge to the sheep industry. These nematodes infect the small intestine and abomasum of grazing sheep, causing symptoms such as weight loss, diarrhea, hypoproteinemia, and anemia, which can lead to death. The use of anthelmintics to treat infected animals has led to GIN resistance, and excessive use of these drugs has resulted in residue traced in food and the environment. Resistance to GINs can be measured using multiple traits, including fecal egg count (FEC), Faffa Malan Chart scores, hematocrit, packed cell volume, eosinophilia, immunoglobulin (Ig), and dagginess scores. Genetic variation among animals exists, and understanding these differences can help identify genomic regions associated with resistance to GINs in sheep. Genes playing important roles in the immune system were identified in several studies in this review, such as the CFI and MUC15 genes. Results from several studies showed overlapping quantitative trait loci (QTLs) associated with multiple traits measuring resistance to GINs, mainly FEC. The discovery of genomic regions, positional candidate genes, and QTLs associated with resistance to GINs can help increase and accelerate genetic gains in sheep breeding programs and reveal the genetic basis and biological mechanisms underlying this trait.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samla Marques Freire Cunha
- Centre for Genetic Improvement of Livestock, Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd E, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; (S.M.F.C.); (S.L.); (B.M.); (N.A.K.)
| | - Stephanie Lam
- Centre for Genetic Improvement of Livestock, Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd E, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; (S.M.F.C.); (S.L.); (B.M.); (N.A.K.)
| | - Bonnie Mallard
- Centre for Genetic Improvement of Livestock, Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd E, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; (S.M.F.C.); (S.L.); (B.M.); (N.A.K.)
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd E, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Niel A. Karrow
- Centre for Genetic Improvement of Livestock, Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd E, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; (S.M.F.C.); (S.L.); (B.M.); (N.A.K.)
| | - Ángela Cánovas
- Centre for Genetic Improvement of Livestock, Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd E, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; (S.M.F.C.); (S.L.); (B.M.); (N.A.K.)
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3
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Barker KH, Higham JP, Pattison LA, Chessell IP, Welsh F, Smith ESJ, Bulmer DC. Sensitization of colonic nociceptors by IL-13 is dependent on JAK and p38 MAPK activity. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2023; 324:G250-G261. [PMID: 36749569 PMCID: PMC10010921 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00280.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The effective management of visceral pain is a significant unmet clinical need for those affected by gastrointestinal diseases, such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). The rational design of novel analgesics requires a greater understanding of the mediators and mechanisms underpinning visceral pain. Interleukin-13 (IL-13) production by immune cells residing in the gut is elevated in IBD, and IL-13 appears to be important in the development of experimental colitis. Furthermore, receptors for IL-13 are expressed by neurons innervating the colon, though it is not known whether IL-13 plays any role in visceral nociception per se. To resolve this, we used Ca2+ imaging of cultured sensory neurons and ex vivo electrophysiological recording from the lumbar splanchnic nerve innervating the distal colon. Ca2+ imaging revealed the stimulation of small-diameter, capsaicin-sensitive sensory neurons by IL-13, indicating that IL-13 likely stimulates nociceptors. IL-13-evoked Ca2+ signals were attenuated by inhibition of Janus (JAK) and p38 kinases. In the lumbar splanchnic nerve, IL-13 did not elevate baseline firing, nor sensitize the response to capsaicin application, but did enhance the response to distention of the colon. In line with Ca2+ imaging experiments, IL-13-mediated sensitization of the afferent response to colon distention was blocked by inhibition of either JAK or p38 kinase signaling. Together, these data highlight a potential role for IL-13 in visceral nociception and implicate JAK and p38 kinases in pronociceptive signaling downstream of IL-13.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie H Barker
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - James P Higham
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Luke A Pattison
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Iain P Chessell
- Department of Neuroscience, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Fraser Welsh
- Department of Neuroscience, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Ewan St J Smith
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - David C Bulmer
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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4
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Chen J, Wang Y, Shen L, Xiu Y, Wang B. Could IL-25 be a potential therapeutic target for intestinal inflammatory diseases? Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2023; 69:43-50. [PMID: 35840510 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2022.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
As a member of the IL-17 cytokine family, IL-25 (also called IL-17E) induces and sustains type 2 immunity. IL-25, which is mainly produced by intestinal epithelial cells, has been gradually investigated in recent years for its function in intestinal inflammation but is not yet fully understood. This review summarizes the expression and function of IL-25 in the intestine, especially the progression of its regulatory role on type 2 immunity-related cells. Finally, we discuss the dual role of IL-25 based on inflammatory bowel disease to inform research on targeting IL-25 for the treatment of intestinal inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China; Center for Pharmaceutics Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yingshu Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Lan Shen
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yanfeng Xiu
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Bing Wang
- Center for Pharmaceutics Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China.
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5
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Jiang W, Wang Z, Zhang J, Li M. Interleukin 25 and its biological features and function in intestinal diseases. Cent Eur J Immunol 2023; 47:362-372. [PMID: 36817397 PMCID: PMC9901255 DOI: 10.5114/ceji.2022.124416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Interleukin 25 (IL-25), also known as IL-17E, is a member of the IL-17 cytokine family and an important regulator of the type 2 immune response. Accumulating evidence suggests that IL-25 interacts with diverse immune as well as non-immune cells and plays a rather complicated role in different backgrounds of multiple organs. IL-25 has been studied in the physiology and pathology of the intestine to some extent. With epithelial cells being an important source in the intestine, IL-25 plays a key role in intestinal immune responses and is associated with inappropriate allergic reactions, autoimmune diseases, and cancer tumorigenesis. In this review, we discuss the emerging comprehension of the biology of IL-25, as well as its cellular sources, targets, and signaling transduction. In particular, we discuss how IL-25 participates in the development of intestinal diseases including helminth infection, inflammatory bowel diseases, food allergy and colorectal cancer, as well as its underlying role in future therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Jiang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Zehui Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Minghui Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
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6
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Sabat M, Raveglia LF, Aldegheri L, Barilli A, Bianchi F, Brault L, Brodbeck D, Feriani A, Lingard I, Miura J, Myers R, Piccoli L, Tassini S, Tyhonas J, Ton-Nu T, Wang H, Virginio C. The discovery of (1R, 3R)-1-(3-chloro-5-fluorophenyl)-3-(hydroxymethyl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline-6-carbonitrile, a potent and selective agonist of human transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily m member 5 (TRPM5) and evaluation of as a potential gastrointestinal prokinetic agent. Bioorg Med Chem 2022; 76:117084. [PMID: 36402081 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2022.117084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
This publication details the discovery of a series of selective transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily M member 5 (TRPM5) agonists culminating with the identification of the lead compound (1R, 3R)-1-(3-chloro-5-fluorophenyl)-3-(hydroxymethyl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline-6-carbonitrile (39). We describe herein our biological rationale for agonism of the target, the examination of the then current literature tool molecules, and finally the process of our discovery starting with a high throughput screening hit through lead development. We also detail the selectivity of the lead compound 39 versus related family members TRPA1, TRPV1, TRPV4, TRPM4 and TRPM8, the drug metabolism and pharmacokinetics (DMPK) profile and in vivo efficacy in a mouse model of gastrointestinal motility.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Sabat
- Turning Point Therapeutics, 10628 Science Center Drive, Suite 200, San Diego, CA 92121, United States.
| | - L F Raveglia
- Aptuit (Verona) Srl, an Evotec Company, Via Alessandro Fleming, 4, 37135 Verona, Italy
| | - L Aldegheri
- Aptuit (Verona) Srl, an Evotec Company, Via Alessandro Fleming, 4, 37135 Verona, Italy
| | - A Barilli
- Aptuit (Verona) Srl, an Evotec Company, Via Alessandro Fleming, 4, 37135 Verona, Italy.
| | - F Bianchi
- Aptuit (Verona) Srl, an Evotec Company, Via Alessandro Fleming, 4, 37135 Verona, Italy
| | - L Brault
- Aptuit (Verona) Srl, an Evotec Company, Via Alessandro Fleming, 4, 37135 Verona, Italy
| | - D Brodbeck
- Aptuit (Verona) Srl, an Evotec Company, Via Alessandro Fleming, 4, 37135 Verona, Italy
| | - A Feriani
- Aptuit (Verona) Srl, an Evotec Company, Via Alessandro Fleming, 4, 37135 Verona, Italy
| | - I Lingard
- Aptuit (Verona) Srl, an Evotec Company, Via Alessandro Fleming, 4, 37135 Verona, Italy
| | - J Miura
- Takeda California, 9625 Towne Centre Dr, San Diego, CA 92121, United States
| | - R Myers
- Takeda California, 9625 Towne Centre Dr, San Diego, CA 92121, United States
| | - L Piccoli
- Aptuit (Verona) Srl, an Evotec Company, Via Alessandro Fleming, 4, 37135 Verona, Italy
| | - S Tassini
- Aptuit (Verona) Srl, an Evotec Company, Via Alessandro Fleming, 4, 37135 Verona, Italy
| | - J Tyhonas
- Kinnate Biopharma Inc, 3611 Valley Centre Drive, Suite 175, San Diego, CA 92130, United States
| | - T Ton-Nu
- Takeda California, 9625 Towne Centre Dr, San Diego, CA 92121, United States
| | - H Wang
- Takeda California, 9625 Towne Centre Dr, San Diego, CA 92121, United States
| | - C Virginio
- Aptuit (Verona) Srl, an Evotec Company, Via Alessandro Fleming, 4, 37135 Verona, Italy
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7
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Changes in resident microbiota associated with mice susceptibility or resistance to the intestinal trematode Echinostoma caproni. Parasitology 2022; 149:1781-1793. [PMID: 36176223 PMCID: PMC10090781 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182022001366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Echinostoma caproni (Trematoda: Echinostomatidae) is an intestinal trematode with no tissue phases in the definitive host that has been extensively used as an experimental model to study the factors that determine resistance against intestinal helminths. In E. caproni infections in mice, interleukin-25 (IL-25) plays a critical role and it is required for the resistance to infection. However, little is known on the factors that determine its production. Primary E. caproni infection in mice is characterized by the development of chronic infections and elevated worm recovery, in relation to a local Th1 response with elevated production of interferon-γ. However, partial resistance against secondary E. caproni infections in ICR (Institute of Cancer Research) mice is developed after the chemotherapeutic cure of a primary infection and the innately produced IL-25 after pharmacological treatment. In this paper, we analyse the potential role of intestinal microbiota in the production of IL-25, and the subsequent resistance to infection. For this purpose, we analysed the production of IL-25 under conditions of experimental dysbiosis and also the changes in the resident microbiota in primary infections, pharmacological curation and secondary infections. The results obtained showed that resident microbiota play a major role in the production of IL-25 and the appearance of members of the phylum Verrucomicrobia as a consequence of the curation of the primary infection could be related to the partial resistance to secondary infection.
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8
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Docsa T, Sipos A, Cox CS, Uray K. The Role of Inflammatory Mediators in the Development of Gastrointestinal Motility Disorders. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:6917. [PMID: 35805922 PMCID: PMC9266627 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23136917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Feeding intolerance and the development of ileus is a common complication affecting critically ill, surgical, and trauma patients, resulting in prolonged intensive care unit and hospital stays, increased infectious complications, a higher rate of hospital readmission, and higher medical care costs. Medical treatment for ileus is ineffective and many of the available prokinetic drugs have serious side effects that limit their use. Despite the large number of patients affected and the consequences of ileus, little progress has been made in identifying new drug targets for the treatment of ileus. Inflammatory mediators play a critical role in the development of ileus, but surprisingly little is known about the direct effects of inflammatory mediators on cells of the gastrointestinal tract, and many of the studies are conflicting. Understanding the effects of inflammatory cytokines/chemokines on the development of ileus will facilitate the early identification of patients who will develop ileus and the identification of new drug targets to treat ileus. Thus, herein, we review the published literature concerning the effects of inflammatory mediators on gastrointestinal motility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tibor Docsa
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (T.D.); (A.S.)
| | - Adám Sipos
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (T.D.); (A.S.)
| | - Charles S. Cox
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX 77204, USA;
| | - Karen Uray
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (T.D.); (A.S.)
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9
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Inclan-Rico JM, Rossi HL, Herbert DR. "Every cell is an immune cell; contributions of non-hematopoietic cells to anti-helminth immunity". Mucosal Immunol 2022; 15:1199-1211. [PMID: 35538230 PMCID: PMC9646929 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-022-00518-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Helminths are remarkably successful parasites that can invade various mammalian hosts and establish chronic infections that can go unnoticed for years despite causing severe tissue damage. To complete their life cycles, helminths migrate through multiple barrier sites that are densely populated by a complex array of hematopoietic and non-hematopoietic cells. While it is clear that type 2 cytokine responses elicited by immune cells promote worm clearance and tissue healing, the actions of non-hematopoietic cells are increasingly recognized as initiators, effectors and regulators of anti-helminth immunity. This review will highlight the collective actions of specialized epithelial cells, stromal niches, stem, muscle and neuroendocrine cells as well as peripheral neurons in the detection and elimination of helminths at mucosal sites. Studies dissecting the interactions between immune and non-hematopoietic cells will truly provide a better understanding of the mechanisms that ensure homeostasis in the context of helminth infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan M Inclan-Rico
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Heather L Rossi
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - De'Broski R Herbert
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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10
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Liu J, Qian B, Zhou L, Shen G, Tan Y, Liu S, Zhao Z, Shi J, Qi W, Zhou T, Yang X, Gao G, Yang Z. IL25 Enhanced Colitis-Associated Tumorigenesis in Mice by Upregulating Transcription Factor GLI1. Front Immunol 2022; 13:837262. [PMID: 35359953 PMCID: PMC8963976 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.837262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-25 (IL17E/IL25) plays a critical role in colitis and intestinal homeostasis. However, the expression and biological role of IL25 in colorectal cancer is not properly understood. In this study, we show that IL25 is mainly expressed by cancer stem cells in the colorectal cancer microenvironment. Genetic deletion of IL25 inhibited tumor formation and growth and prolonged survival in AOM/DSS-treated mice. IL25 stimulated cancer organoid and cancer cells sphere formation and prevented the tumor from chemotherapy-induced apoptosis. Mechanistically, IL25 upregulated stem cell genes LGR5, CD133, and ABC transporters via activating the Hedgehog signaling pathway. IL25 inhibited phosphorylation of AMPK and promoted GLI1 accumulation to maintain cancer stem cells. Moreover, IL25 expression was associated with poor survival in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer. Taken together, our work reveals an immune-associated mechanism that intrinsically confers cancer cell stemness properties. Our results first demonstrated that IL25, as a new potent endogenous Hedgehog pathway agonist, could be an important prognostic factor and therapeutic target for CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junxi Liu
- Department of Biochemistry, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bingxiu Qian
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Cancer Research Center, School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Lin Zhou
- Department of Biochemistry, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Gang Shen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yandan Tan
- Department of Biochemistry, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Siqi Liu
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Cancer Research Center, School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zewei Zhao
- Department of Biochemistry, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Cancer Research Center, School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jianglin Shi
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Cancer Research Center, School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Weiwei Qi
- Department of Biochemistry, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ti Zhou
- Department of Biochemistry, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xia Yang
- Department of Biochemistry, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guoquan Gao
- Department of Biochemistry, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhonghan Yang
- Department of Biochemistry, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Cancer Research Center, School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
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11
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NIIMI K, MORIMOTO M. Cytokine elevation in the mouse small intestine at the early stage of infection with the gastrointestinal parasite Heligmosomoides polygyrus. J Vet Med Sci 2021; 83:573-580. [PMID: 33597317 PMCID: PMC8111354 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.20-0498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
To eliminate pathogens, the initiation of an appropriate immune response is critical. When the gastrointestinal nematode, Heligmosomoides polygyrus (Hp), invades the small intestine, a type-2 cytokine response is initiated; however, this response is not sufficient to clear the infection, and chronic infection can ensue. In this study, the host defense against Hp was investigated in mice with a focus on the role of CD4+ T cells. To this end, tissues from the small intestine and mesenteric lymph node (MLN) were collected every day from just after infection until Day 5 because many previous studies have described the later stages of infection from Day 8 to Day 12, during which Hp returns to the lumen and Th2 cytokine expression reaches its peak. In this study, we focused on investigating the initiation of the type-2 immune response. Our results indicated that the larvae encysted by Day 3. Increased type-2 cytokine gene expression started in the small intestine before Day 2 and increased again on Day 5. Interferon (IFN) γ increased significantly on the second day. Flow cytometry and gene expression analysis of MLN cells revealed that CD4+ T cells were not activated until Day 4. These results suggested that innate immune cells in submucosa are activated immediately after infection, but CD4+ T cells accumulate in the cyst zone later. In addition, IFNγ may have an important role in converting type-2 cytokine-producing cells from innate cells to CD4+ T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanae NIIMI
- School of Food, Agricultural, and Environmental Sciences,
Miyagi University, 2-2-1 Hatatate, Taihaku-ku, Sendaishi, Miyagi 982-0215, Japan
| | - Motoko MORIMOTO
- School of Food, Agricultural, and Environmental Sciences,
Miyagi University, 2-2-1 Hatatate, Taihaku-ku, Sendaishi, Miyagi 982-0215, Japan
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12
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Qian Q, Chowdhury BP, Sun Z, Lenberg J, Alam R, Vivier E, Gorska MM. Maternal diesel particle exposure promotes offspring asthma through NK cell-derived granzyme B. J Clin Invest 2021; 130:4133-4151. [PMID: 32407293 DOI: 10.1172/jci130324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Mothers living near high-traffic roads before or during pregnancy are more likely to have children with asthma. Mechanisms are unknown. Using a mouse model, here we showed that maternal exposure to diesel exhaust particles (DEP) predisposed offspring to allergic airway disease (AAD, murine counterpart of human asthma) through programming of their NK cells; predisposition to AAD did not develop in DEP pups that lacked NK cells and was induced in normal pups receiving NK cells from WT DEP pups. DEP NK cells expressed GATA3 and cosecreted IL-13 and the killer protease granzyme B in response to allergen challenge. Extracellular granzyme B did not kill, but instead stimulated protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR2) to cooperate with IL-13 in the induction of IL-25 in airway epithelial cells. Through loss-of-function and reconstitution experiments in pups, we showed that NK cells and granzyme B were required for IL-25 induction and activation of the type 2 immune response and that IL-25 mediated NK cell effects on type 2 response and AAD. Finally, experiments using human cord blood and airway epithelial cells suggested that DEP might induce an identical pathway in humans. Collectively, we describe an NK cell-dependent endotype of AAD that emerged in early life as a result of maternal exposure to DEP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Qian
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health (NJH), Denver, Colorado, USA
| | - Bidisha Paul Chowdhury
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health (NJH), Denver, Colorado, USA
| | - Zehua Sun
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health (NJH), Denver, Colorado, USA
| | - Jerica Lenberg
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health (NJH), Denver, Colorado, USA
| | - Rafeul Alam
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health (NJH), Denver, Colorado, USA.,Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Eric Vivier
- Innate Pharma Research Labs, Innate Pharma, Marseille, France.,Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, CNRS, INSERM, Aix Marseille University, Marseille, France.,Service d'Immunologie, Marseille Immunopole, Hôpital de la Timone, Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Marseille, Marseille, France
| | - Magdalena M Gorska
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health (NJH), Denver, Colorado, USA.,Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
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13
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Borowczyk J, Shutova M, Brembilla NC, Boehncke WH. IL-25 (IL-17E) in epithelial immunology and pathophysiology. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2021; 148:40-52. [PMID: 33485651 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2020.12.628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
IL-25, also known as IL-17E, is a unique cytokine of the IL-17 family. Indeed, IL-25 exclusively was shown to strongly induce expression of the cytokines associated with type 2 immunity. Although produced by several types of immune cells, such as T cells, dendritic cells, or group 2 innate lymphoid cells, a vast amount of IL-25 derives from epithelial cells. The functions of IL-25 have been actively studied in the context of physiology and pathology of various organs including skin, airways and lungs, gastrointestinal tract, and thymus. Accumulating evidence suggests that IL-25 is a "barrier surface" cytokine whose expression depends on extrinsic environmental factors and when upregulated may lead to inflammatory disorders such as atopic dermatitis, psoriasis, or asthma. This review summarizes the progress of the recent years regarding the effects of IL-25 on the regulation of immune response and the balance between its homeostatic and pathogenic role in various epithelia. We revisit IL-25's general and tissue-specific mechanisms of action, mediated signaling pathways, and transcription factors activated in immune and resident cells. Finally, we discuss perspectives of the IL-25-based therapies for inflammatory disorders and compare them with the mainstream ones that target IL-17A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Borowczyk
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Maria Shutova
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Wolf-Henning Boehncke
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland; Division of Dermatology and Venereology, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
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14
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Smith AD, Fan A, Qin B, Desai N, Zhao A, Shea-Donohue T. IL-25 Treatment Improves Metabolic Syndrome in High-Fat Diet and Genetic Models of Obesity. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2021; 14:4875-4887. [PMID: 34992396 PMCID: PMC8710075 DOI: 10.2147/dmso.s335761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Endemic obesity is considered the driving force for the dramatic increase in incidence of type 2 diabetes (T2D). There is mounting evidence that chronic, low-grade inflammation driven by Th1/Th17 cells and M1 macrophages, is a critical link between obesity and insulin resistance. IL-25 promotes development of a Th2 immune response and M2 macrophages that counteract the inflammation associated with obesity and T2D. METHODS Mice were fed a high-fat diet (HFD) for 16 weeks and then treated with IL-25 or BSA as a control for 21 days. Body weight, blood glucose levels, intraperitoneal glucose tolerance, and gene expression were evaluated in mice treated with BSA or IL-25. Ob/ob mice fed a normal control diet were also treated with BSA or IL-25 and body weight and blood glucose levels were measured. Transepithelial electrical resistance and sodium-linked glucose absorption were determined in muscle-free small intestinal tissue and glucose absorption assessed in vitro in intestinal epithelial and skeletal muscle cell lines. RESULTS Administration of IL-25 to HFD fed mice reversed glucose intolerance, an effect mediated in part by reduction in SGLT-1 activity and Glut2 expression. Importantly, the improved glucose tolerance in HFD mice treated with IL-25 was maintained for several weeks post-treatment indicating long-term changes in glucose metabolism in obese mice. Glucose intolerance was also reversed by IL-25 treatment in genetically obese ob/ob mice without inducing weight loss. In vitro studies demonstrated that glucose absorption was inhibited by IL-25 treatment in the epithelial IPEC-1 cells but increased glucose absorption in the L6 skeletal muscle cells. This supports a direct cell-specific effect of IL-25 on glucose metabolism. CONCLUSION These results suggest that the IL-25 pathway may be a useful target for the treatment of metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allen D Smith
- Diet, Genomics, and Immunology Laboratory, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD, USA
- Correspondence: Allen D Smith Diet, Genomics, and Immunology Laboratory, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD, USATel +1 301-504-8577Fax +1- 301 504-9062 Email
| | - Anya Fan
- Department of Radiation Oncology University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Bolin Qin
- Diet, Genomics, and Immunology Laboratory, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD, USA
| | - Neemesh Desai
- Department of Radiation Oncology University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Aiping Zhao
- Department of Radiation Oncology University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Terez Shea-Donohue
- Division of Digestive Diseases and Nutrition, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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15
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Álvarez-Izquierdo M, Pérez-Crespo M, Esteban JG, Muñoz-Antoli C, Toledo R. Interleukin-25-mediated resistance against intestinal trematodes does not depend on the generation of Th2 responses. Parasit Vectors 2020; 13:608. [PMID: 33276813 PMCID: PMC7716497 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-04467-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The cytokine interleukin-25 (IL-25) is recognized as the most relevant initiator of protective T helper 2 (Th2) responses in intestinal helminth infections. This cytokine induces resistance against several species of intestinal helminths, including the trematode Echinostoma caproni. E. caproni has been extensively used as an experimental model to study the factors determining resistance to intestinal infections. In the study reported here, we assessed the role of IL-25 in the generation of resistance in mice infected with E. caproni. Methods The factors that determine the production of IL-25 in mice experimentally infected with E. caproni were determined, as were the consequences of IL-25 production in terms of polarization of the immune response and resistance to infection. Results Our results show that the role of IL-25 in the polarization of the immune response differs between the primary and secondary immune responses. IL-25 is required for the development of a Th2 phenotype in primary E. caproni infections, but it can also promote the differentiation to Th2 memory cell subsets that enhance type-2 immunity in memory responses. However, the development of Th2 responses does not induce resistance to infection. The Th2 phenotype does not elicit resistance, and IL-25 is responsible for the resistance regardless of its type-2 cytokine activity and activation of signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT6). Alternative activation of macrophages induced by IL-25 can be implicated in the resistance to infection. Conclusions In contrast to primary infection, secondary infection elicits a type-2 immune response even in the absence of IL-25 expression. Despite the development of a type-2 response, mice are susceptible to secondary infection associated with the lack of IL-25. Resistance to infection is due to the production of IL-25, which acts autonomously from Th2 response in terms of parasite clearance.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- María Álvarez-Izquierdo
- Área de Parasitología, Departamento de Farmacia y Tecnología Farmacéutica y Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universitat de València, Avda. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, Burjassot, 46100, Valencia, Spain
| | - Miguel Pérez-Crespo
- Área de Parasitología, Departamento de Farmacia y Tecnología Farmacéutica y Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universitat de València, Avda. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, Burjassot, 46100, Valencia, Spain
| | - J Guillermo Esteban
- Área de Parasitología, Departamento de Farmacia y Tecnología Farmacéutica y Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universitat de València, Avda. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, Burjassot, 46100, Valencia, Spain
| | - Carla Muñoz-Antoli
- Área de Parasitología, Departamento de Farmacia y Tecnología Farmacéutica y Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universitat de València, Avda. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, Burjassot, 46100, Valencia, Spain
| | - Rafael Toledo
- Área de Parasitología, Departamento de Farmacia y Tecnología Farmacéutica y Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universitat de València, Avda. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, Burjassot, 46100, Valencia, Spain.
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16
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Coakley G, Harris NL. The Intestinal Epithelium at the Forefront of Host-Helminth Interactions. Trends Parasitol 2020; 36:761-772. [PMID: 32713764 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2020.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Gastrointestinal helminth infection still constitutes a major public health issue, particularly in the developing world. As these parasites can undergo a large part of their lifecycle within the intestinal tract the host has developed various structural and cellular specializations at the epithelial barrier to contend with infection. Detailed characterization of these cells will provide important insights about their contributions to the protective responses mediated against helminths. Here, we discuss how key components of the intestinal epithelium may function to limit the initial establishment of helminths, and how these cells are altered during an active response to infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gillian Coakley
- Department of Immunology and Pathology, Central Clinical School, Monash University, The Alfred Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Nicola L Harris
- Department of Immunology and Pathology, Central Clinical School, Monash University, The Alfred Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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17
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Colombo SAP, Grencis RK. Immunity to Soil-Transmitted Helminths: Evidence From the Field and Laboratory Models. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1286. [PMID: 32655568 PMCID: PMC7324686 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection with soil-transmitted helminths (STH) remains a major burden on global health and agriculture. Our understanding of the immunological mechanisms that govern whether an individual is resistant or susceptible to infection is derived primarily from model infections in rodents. Typically, experimental infections employ an artificially high, single bolus of parasites that leads to rapid expulsion of the primary infection and robust immunity to subsequent challenges. However, immunity in natura is generated slowly, and is only partially effective, with individuals in endemic areas retaining low-level infections throughout their lives. Therefore, there is a gap between traditional model STH systems and observations in the field. Here, we review the immune response to traditional model STH infections in the laboratory. We compare these data to studies of natural infection in humans and rodents in endemic areas, highlighting crucial differences between experimental and natural infection. We then detail the literature to date on the use of "trickle" infections to experimentally model the kinetics of natural infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano A. P. Colombo
- Department of Tropical Disease Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Richard K. Grencis
- Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Matrix Research, Lydia Becker Institute for Immunology and Inflammation, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
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18
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The Construction and Immunoadjuvant Activities of the Oral Interleukin-17B Expressed by Lactobacillus plantarum NC8 Strain in the Infectious Bronchitis Virus Vaccination of Chickens. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8020282. [PMID: 32517220 PMCID: PMC7350006 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8020282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-17B (IL-17B) is a protective cytokine of the IL-17 family and plays an essential role in the regulation of mucosal inflammation. However, little is known about the role of IL-17B in the control of viral infections. In this study, a recombinant Lactobacillus plantarum, designated as NC8-ChIL17B, was constructed to express the chicken IL-17B (ChIL-17B) gene. The recombinant ChIL17B (rChIL17B) protein was about 14 kDa and was anchored to the surface of NC8 cells. In vitro, it was found that the rChIL17B protein inhibited the proliferation of the infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) through activation of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) and the JAK (Janus kinase)-STAT (signal transducers and activators of transcription) signaling. Moreover, to evaluate the immunoadjuvant activities of NC8-ChIL17B, 40 three-day-old specific pathogen-free (SPF) chickens were divided into four groups. Three groups were orally vaccinated with fresh NC8, NC8-ChIL17B, and phosphate buffered saline (PBS), along with the infectious bronchitis virus vaccine, and the other group was the PBS-negative control. The results of the IBV-specific antibody titer and the concentration of the cytokines IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, and interferon gamma (IFN-γ) in sera, as well as the concentration of secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA) in the tracheal and small intestinal mucosa, the number of cluster of differentiation 4 positive (CD4+) and cluster of differentiation 8 positive (CD8+) T cells in the blood, and the expression of immune-related genes all indicated that NC8-ChIL17B efficiently enhanced the humoral and cellular immune responses to IBV vaccine. Moreover, the viral loads in the NC8-ChIL17B- and IBV-vaccinated group were significantly lower than in the control groups, suggesting a significant promotion of the immunoprotection of IBV vaccination against the virulent IBV strain. Therefore, ChIL-17B is a promising, effective adjuvant candidate for chicken virus vaccines.
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19
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ncRNAs in Type-2 Immunity. Noncoding RNA 2020; 6:ncrna6010010. [PMID: 32155783 PMCID: PMC7151598 DOI: 10.3390/ncrna6010010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2020] [Revised: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunological diseases, including asthma, autoimmunity and immunodeficiencies, affect a growing percentage of the population with significant unmet medical needs. As we slowly untangle and better appreciate these complex genetic and environment-influenced diseases, new therapeutically targetable pathways are emerging. Non-coding RNA species, which regulate epigenetic, transcriptional and translational responses are critical regulators of immune cell development, differentiation and effector function, and may represent one such new class of therapeutic targets. In this review we focus on type-2 immune responses, orchestrated by TH2 cell-derived cytokines, IL-4, IL-5 and IL-13, which stimulate a variety of immune and tissue responses- commonly referred to as type-2 immunity. Evolved to protect us from parasitic helminths, type-2 immune responses are observed in individuals with allergic diseases, including Asthma, atopic dermatitis and food allergy. A growing number of studies have identified the involvement of various RNA species, including microRNAs (miRNA) and long non-coding (lncRNA), in type-2 immune responses and in both clinical and pre-clinical disease settings. We highlight these recent findings, identify gaps in our understanding and provide a perspective on how our current understanding can be harnessed for novel treat opportunities to treat type-2 immune-mediated diseases.
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20
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Zhang S, Wu L, Chen J, Wei J, Cai H, Ma M, Zhao P, Ming F, Jia J, Li J, Fan Q, Liang Q, Deng J, Zeng M, Zhang L. Effects of porcine IL-17B and IL-17E against intestinal pathogenic microorganism. Mol Immunol 2019; 116:151-159. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2019.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Revised: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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21
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Innate Immune Responses Associated with Resistance against Haemonchus contortus in Morada Nova Sheep. J Immunol Res 2019; 2019:3562672. [PMID: 31815153 PMCID: PMC6877983 DOI: 10.1155/2019/3562672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Revised: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune response against Haemonchus contortus infections is primarily associated with the Th2 profile. However, the exact mechanisms associated with increased sheep resistance against this parasite remains poorly elucidated. The present study is aimed at evaluating mediators from the innate immune response in lambs of the Morada Nova Brazilian breed with contrasting H. contortus resistance phenotypes. Briefly, 287 lambs were characterized through fecal egg counts (FEC) and packed cell volume (PCV) after two independent experimental parasitic challenges with 4,000 H. contortus L3. 20 extreme resistance phenotypes (10 most resistant and 10 most susceptible) were selected, subjected to a third artificial infection with 4,000 L3, and euthanized 7 days later. Tissue samples were collected from abomasal fundic and pyloric mucosa and abomasal lymph nodes. Blood samples were collected at days 0 and 7 of the third parasitic challenge. RNA was extracted from tissue and blood samples for relative quantification of innate immune-related genes by RT-qPCR. For the abomasal fundic mucosa, increased TNFα and IL1β expression levels (P < 0.05) were found in the susceptible animals, while resistant animals had IL33 superiorly expressed (P < 0.05). Higher levels (P < 0.05) of TLR2 and CFI were found in the abomasal pyloric mucosa of resistant animals. TNFα was at higher levels (P < 0.05) in the blood of susceptible lambs, at day 0 of the third artificial infection. The exacerbated proinflammatory response observed in susceptible animals, at both local and systemic levels, may be a consequence of high H. contortus parasitism. This hypothesis is corroborated by the higher blood levels of TNFα before the onset of infection, which probably remained elevated from the previous parasitic challenges. On the other hand, resistant lambs had an enhanced response mediated by TLR recognition and complement activation. Nevertheless, this is the first study to directly associate sheep parasitic resistance with IL33, an innate trigger of the Th2-polarized response.
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22
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Abstract
Parasitic infections are responsible for significant morbidity and mortality throughout the world. Management strategies rely primarily on antiparasitic drugs that have side effects and risk of drug resistance. Therefore, novel strategies are needed for treatment of parasitic infections. Host-directed therapy (HDT) is a viable alternative, which targets host pathways responsible for parasite invasion/survival/pathogenicity. Recent innovative combinations of genomics, proteomics and computational biology approaches have led to discovery of several host pathways that could be promising targets for HDT for treating parasitic infections. Herein, we review major advances in HDT for parasitic disease with regard to core regulatory pathways and their interactions.
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23
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Giuffrida P, Caprioli F, Facciotti F, Di Sabatino A. The role of interleukin-13 in chronic inflammatory intestinal disorders. Autoimmun Rev 2019; 18:549-555. [DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2019.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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24
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Ha SG, Dileepan M, Ge XN, Kang BN, Greenberg YG, Rao A, Muralidhar G, Medina-Kauwe L, Thompson MA, Pabelick CM, O'Grady SM, Rao SP, Sriramarao P. Knob protein enhances epithelial barrier integrity and attenuates airway inflammation. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2018; 142:1808-1817.e3. [PMID: 29522849 PMCID: PMC6126992 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2018.01.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Revised: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Altered epithelial physical and functional barrier properties along with TH1/TH2 immune dysregulation are features of allergic asthma. Regulation of junction proteins to improve barrier function of airway epithelial cells has the potential for alleviation of allergic airway inflammation. OBJECTIVE We sought to determine the immunomodulatory effect of knob protein of the adenoviral capsid on allergic asthma and to investigate its mechanism of action on airway epithelial junction proteins and barrier function. METHODS Airway inflammation, including junction protein expression, was evaluated in allergen-challenged mice with and without treatment with knob. Human bronchial epithelial cells were exposed to knob, and its effects on expression of junction proteins and barrier integrity were determined. RESULTS Administration of knob to allergen-challenged mice suppressed airway inflammation (eosinophilia, airway hyperresponsiveness, and IL-5 levels) and prevented allergen-induced loss of airway epithelial occludin and E-cadherin expression. Additionally, knob decreased expression of TH2-promoting inflammatory mediators, specifically IL-33, by murine lung epithelial cells. At a cellular level, treatment of human bronchial epithelial cells with knob activated c-Jun N-terminal kinase, increased expression of occludin and E-cadherin, and enhanced epithelial barrier integrity. CONCLUSION Increased expression of junction proteins mediated by knob leading to enhanced epithelial barrier function might mitigate the allergen-induced airway inflammatory response, including asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Gil Ha
- Department of Veterinary & Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, St Paul, Minn
| | - Mythili Dileepan
- Department of Veterinary & Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, St Paul, Minn
| | - Xiao Na Ge
- Department of Veterinary & Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, St Paul, Minn
| | - Bit Na Kang
- Department of Veterinary & Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, St Paul, Minn
| | - Yana G Greenberg
- Department of Veterinary & Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, St Paul, Minn
| | - Amrita Rao
- Department of Veterinary & Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, St Paul, Minn
| | | | - Lali Medina-Kauwe
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center and Geffen School of Medicine, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, Calif
| | | | - Christina M Pabelick
- Departments of Anesthesiology and Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn
| | - Scott M O'Grady
- Departments of Animal Science and Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota, St Paul, Minn
| | - Savita P Rao
- Department of Veterinary & Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, St Paul, Minn
| | - P Sriramarao
- Department of Veterinary & Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, St Paul, Minn; Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minn.
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25
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Smith KA, Löser S, Varyani F, Harcus Y, McSorley HJ, McKenzie AN, Maizels RM. Concerted IL-25R and IL-4Rα signaling drive innate type 2 effector immunity for optimal helminth expulsion. eLife 2018; 7:38269. [PMID: 30238872 PMCID: PMC6173579 DOI: 10.7554/elife.38269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin 25 (IL-25) is a major 'alarmin' cytokine, capable of initiating and amplifying the type immune response to helminth parasites. However, its role in the later effector phase of clearing chronic infection remains unclear. The helminth Heligmosomoides polygyrus establishes long-term infections in susceptible C57BL/6 mice, but is slowly expelled in BALB/c mice from day 14 onwards. We noted that IL-25R (Il17rb)-deficient BALB/c mice were unable to expel parasites despite type 2 immune activation comparable to the wild-type. We then established that in C57BL/6 mice, IL-25 adminstered late in infection (days 14-17) drove immunity. Moreover, when IL-25 and IL-4 were delivered to Rag1-deficient mice, the combination resulted in near complete expulsion of the parasite, even following administration of an anti-CD90 antibody to deplete innate lymphoid cells (ILCs). Hence, effective anti-helminth immunity during chronic infection requires an innate effector cell population that is synergistically activated by the combination of IL-4Rα and IL-25R signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine A Smith
- Cardiff Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom.,Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Stephan Löser
- Wellcome Centre for Molecular Parasitology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Fumi Varyani
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Yvonne Harcus
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Henry J McSorley
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | | | - Rick M Maizels
- Wellcome Centre for Molecular Parasitology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
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26
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Cortés A, Toledo R, Cantacessi C. Classic Models for New Perspectives: Delving into Helminth–Microbiota–Immune System Interactions. Trends Parasitol 2018; 34:640-654. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2018.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Revised: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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27
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Abstract
IL-25, also known as IL-17E, is a member of the IL-17 cytokine family mostly produced by epithelial cells and innate immune cells. After binding to the IL-17RB/IL-17RA complex, IL-25 induces downstream signaling responses in epithelial cells and type 2 lymphocytes, which initiates, propagates, and sustains type 2 immunity. The function of IL-25 in allergic diseases such as asthma has been well established, and now also is extended to diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease and cancer. This review summarizes the literature on IL-25 and discusses the unsolved questions. Our knowledge on IL-25 will pave the pathway for targeting this cytokine in inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Xu
- Institute for Immunology and School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Chen Dong
- Institute for Immunology and School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
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28
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Immunity to gastrointestinal nematode infections. Mucosal Immunol 2018; 11:304-315. [PMID: 29297502 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2017.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Numerous species of nematodes have evolved to inhabit the gastrointestinal tract of animals and humans, with over a billion of the world's population infected with at least one species. These large multicellular pathogens present a considerable and complex challenge to the host immune system given that individuals are continually exposed to infective stages, as well as the high prevalence in endemic areas. This review summarizes our current understanding of host-parasite interactions, detailing induction of protective immunity, mechanisms of resistance, and resolution of the response. It is clear from studies of well-defined laboratory model systems that these responses are dominated by innate and adaptive type 2 cytokine responses, regulating cellular and soluble effectors that serve to disrupt the niche in which the parasites live by strengthening the physical mucosal barrier and ultimately promoting tissue repair.
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Vannella KM, Ramalingam TR, Borthwick LA, Barron L, Hart KM, Thompson RW, Kindrachuk KN, Cheever AW, White S, Budelsky AL, Comeau MR, Smith DE, Wynn TA. Combinatorial targeting of TSLP, IL-25, and IL-33 in type 2 cytokine-driven inflammation and fibrosis. Sci Transl Med 2017; 8:337ra65. [PMID: 27147589 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aaf1938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP), interleukin-25 (IL-25), and IL-33 are important initiators of type 2-associated mucosal inflammation and immunity. However, their role in the maintenance of progressive type 2 inflammation and fibrosis is much less clear. Using chronic models of helminth infection and allergic lung inflammation, we show that collective disruption of TSLP, IL-25, and IL-33 signaling suppresses chronic and progressive type 2 cytokine-driven inflammation and fibrosis. In a schistosome lung granuloma model or during chronic Schistosoma mansoni infection in the liver, individual ablation of TSLP, IL-25, or IL-33/ST2 had no impact on the development of IL-4/IL-13-dependent inflammation or fibrosis. However, significant reductions in granuloma-associated eosinophils, hepatic fibrosis, and IL-13-producing type 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) were observed when signaling of all three mediators was simultaneously disrupted. Combined blockade through monoclonal antibody (mAb) treatment also reduced IL-5 and IL-13 expression during primary and secondary granuloma formation in the lungs. In a model of chronic house dust mite-induced allergic lung inflammation, combined mAb treatment did not decrease established inflammation or fibrosis. TSLP/IL-33 double-knockout mice treated with anti-IL-25 mAb during priming, however, displayed decreased inflammation, mucus production, and lung remodeling in the chronic phase. Together, these studies reveal partially redundant roles for TSLP, IL-25, and IL-33 in the maintenance of type 2 pathology and suggest that in some settings, early combined targeting of these mediators is necessary to ameliorate progressive type 2-driven disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin M Vannella
- Immunopathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Thirumalai R Ramalingam
- Immunopathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Lee A Borthwick
- Immunopathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA. Tissue Fibrosis and Repair Group, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Luke Barron
- Immunopathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Kevin M Hart
- Immunopathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Robert W Thompson
- Immunopathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Kristen N Kindrachuk
- Immunopathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Allen W Cheever
- Immunopathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA. Biomedical Research Institute, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
| | - Sandra White
- Immunopathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Alison L Budelsky
- Department of Inflammation Research, Amgen, 1201 Amgen Court West, Seattle, WA 98119, USA
| | - Michael R Comeau
- Department of Inflammation Research, Amgen, 1201 Amgen Court West, Seattle, WA 98119, USA
| | - Dirk E Smith
- Department of Inflammation Research, Amgen, 1201 Amgen Court West, Seattle, WA 98119, USA
| | - Thomas A Wynn
- Immunopathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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30
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Li J, Liao Y, Ding T, Wang B, Yu X, Chu Y, Xu J, Zheng L. Tumor-infiltrating macrophages express interleukin-25 and predict a favorable prognosis in patients with gastric cancer after radical resection. Oncotarget 2017; 7:11083-93. [PMID: 26840565 PMCID: PMC4905459 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.7095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Accepted: 01/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-25 (IL-25) is a recently identified member of the proinflammatory IL-17 cytokine family; however, its role in human tumors remains largely unknown. The aim of this study was to investigate the cellular source and clinical significance of IL-25 in gastric cancer (GC) in situ. The results demonstrated that macrophages (Mφs) were the primary IL-25-expressing cells (IL-25+) in GC in situ. Moreover, IL-25+ cells were highly enriched in the intra-tumoral (IT) region of GC tissues (p < 0.001). The production of IL-25 in Mφs exposed to culture supernatant from gastric cancer cell line SGC7901 in vitro was induced by transforming growth factor-β1, and their density in the IT region was positively associated with those of other effector immune cells, namely, CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells and CD103+T cells (p < 0.01). This suggested that macrophages might produce IL-25 to create an antitumor micromilieu in GC tissues. The level of IL-25+IT cells was positively associated with histological grade (p < 0.001) and found to be an independent predictor of favorable survival (p = 0.024) in patients with GC after radical resection. These findings suggest that IL-25+IT cells may be a novel therapeutic target in those patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinqing Li
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Yuan Liao
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, P.R. China.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Tong Ding
- Department of Cell Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Bo Wang
- Department of Urology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Xingjuan Yu
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Yifan Chu
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Jing Xu
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Limin Zheng
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Gene Engineering of The Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
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Abe Y, Nambu A, Yamaguchi S, Takamori A, Suto H, Hirose S, Yokosuka T, Nakae S, Sudo K. Role of interleukin-25 in development of spontaneous arthritis in interleukin-1 receptor antagonist-deficient mice. Biochem Biophys Rep 2017; 12:62-65. [PMID: 28955793 PMCID: PMC5613236 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2017.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Revised: 06/05/2017] [Accepted: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-25, which is a member of the IL-17 family of cytokines, induces production of such Th2 cytokines as IL-4, IL-5, IL-9 and/or IL-13 by various types of cells, including Th2 cells, Th9 cells and group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2). On the other hand, IL-25 can suppress Th1- and Th17-associated immune responses by enhancing Th2-type immune responses. Supporting this, IL-25 is known to suppress development of experimental autoimmune encephalitis, which is an IL-17-mediated autoimmune disease in mice. However, the role of IL-25 in development of IL-17-mediated arthritis is not fully understood. Therefore, we investigated this using IL-1 receptor antagonist-deficient (IL-1Ra-/-) mice, which spontaneously develop IL-17-dependent arthritis. However, development of spontaneous arthritis (incidence rate, disease severity, proliferation of synovial cells, infiltration of PMNs, and bone erosion in joints) and differentiation of Th17 cells in draining lymph nodes in IL-25-/- IL-1Ra-/- mice were similar to in control IL-25+/+ IL-1Ra-/- mice. These observations indicate that IL-25 does not exert any inhibitory and/or pathogenic effect on development of IL-17-mediated spontaneous arthritis in IL-1Ra-/- mice. IL-25 is known to inhibit Th17 cell differentiation. IL-25 is known to suppress Th17-mediated autoimmune diseases in mice. IL-25 does not play any inhibitory and/or pathogenic role in IL-17-mediated arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuharu Abe
- Department of Immunology, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo 160-8402, Japan.,Department of Pharmacy, Toyohashi Medical Center, National Hospital Organization, Aichi 440-8510, Japan
| | - Aya Nambu
- Laboratory of Systems Biology, Center for Experimental Medicine and Systems Biology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Sachiko Yamaguchi
- Laboratory of Systems Biology, Center for Experimental Medicine and Systems Biology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Ayako Takamori
- Laboratory of Systems Biology, Center for Experimental Medicine and Systems Biology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Hajime Suto
- Atopy Research Center, Juntendo University, Tokyo 113-8412, Japan
| | - Sachiko Hirose
- Toin Human Science and Technology Center, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Toin University of Yokohama, Yokohama 225-8502, Japan
| | - Tadashi Yokosuka
- Department of Immunology, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo 160-8402, Japan
| | - Susumu Nakae
- Laboratory of Systems Biology, Center for Experimental Medicine and Systems Biology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan.,Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Katsuko Sudo
- Animal Research Center, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo 160-8402, Japan
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32
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Angkasekwinai P, Sodthawon W, Jeerawattanawart S, Hansakon A, Pattanapanyasat K, Wang YH. ILC2s activated by IL-25 promote antigen-specific Th2 and Th9 functions that contribute to the control of Trichinella spiralis infection. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0184684. [PMID: 28898280 PMCID: PMC5595335 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0184684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
IL-25, an IL-17 family cytokine, derived from epithelial cells was shown to regulate Th2- and Th9-type immune responses. We previously reported that IL-25 was important in promoting efficient protective immunity against T. spiralis infection; however, the cellular targets of IL-25 to elicit type-2 immunity during infection have not yet been addressed. Here, we investigated IL-25-responding cells and their involvement in mediating type-2 immune response during T. spiralis infection. ILC2 and CD4+ Th2 cells residing in the gastrointestinal tract of T. spiralis infected mice were found to express high levels of surface interleukin-17 receptor B (IL-17RB), a component of the IL-25 receptor. Following T. spiralis infection, activated ILC2s upregulated surface MHCII expression and enhanced capacity of effector T helper cell in producing antigen-specific Th2 and Th9 cytokines through MHCII-dependent interactions. Reciprocally, lack of CD4+ T helper cells impaired ILC2 function to produce type 2-associated cytokines in responding to IL-25 during T. spiralis infection. Furthermore, mice deficient in IL-17RB showed markedly reduced ILC2 numbers and antigen-specific Th2 and Th9 cytokine production during T. spiralis infection. The Il17rb-/- mice failed to mount effective antigen specific Th2 and Th9 functions resulting in diminished goblet cell and mast cell responses, leading to delayed worm expulsion in the intestines and muscles. Thus, our data indicated that ILC2s and CD4+ Th2 cells are the predominant cellular targets of IL-25 following T. spiralis infection and their collaborative interactions may play a key role in mounting effective antigen-specific Th2 and Th9 cytokine responses against T. spiralis infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pornpimon Angkasekwinai
- Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Thammasat University, Pathumthani Thailand.,Graduate Program in Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Thammasat University, Pathumthani Thailand
| | - Wichuda Sodthawon
- Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Thammasat University, Pathumthani Thailand
| | - Siranart Jeerawattanawart
- Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Thammasat University, Pathumthani Thailand.,Graduate Program in Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Thammasat University, Pathumthani Thailand
| | - Adithap Hansakon
- Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Thammasat University, Pathumthani Thailand.,Graduate Program in Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Thammasat University, Pathumthani Thailand
| | - Kovit Pattanapanyasat
- Center of Excellence for Flow Cytometry, Office for Research and Development, Faculty of Medicine, Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Yui-Hsi Wang
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH United States of America
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33
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Cortés A, Muñoz-Antoli C, Esteban JG, Toledo R. Th2 and Th1 Responses: Clear and Hidden Sides of Immunity Against Intestinal Helminths. Trends Parasitol 2017; 33:678-693. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2017.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Revised: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Shi T, Xie Y, Fu Y, Zhou Q, Ma Z, Ma J, Huang Z, Zhang J, Chen J. The signaling axis of microRNA-31/interleukin-25 regulates Th1/Th17-mediated inflammation response in colitis. Mucosal Immunol 2017; 10:983-995. [PMID: 27901018 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2016.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2015] [Accepted: 10/01/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin-25 (IL-25) is an important regulatory cytokine that has a key role on mucosal immune tolerance during inflammation response. However, the molecular mechanism that regulates the colonic IL-25 expression in Crohn's disease (CD) remains unclear. In this study, IL-25 level was proved to decrease in 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS)-induced colitis mice and IL-10 knockout (KO) spontaneous colitis mice. An inverse correlation between IL-25 and miR-31 was discovered in the colons from model mice and CD patients. Furthermore, target validation analysis demonstrated that miR-31 directly regulated IL-25 expression by binding to its messenger RNA 3'-untranslated region. Changing colonic miR-31 level in the colitis mice could affect the mucosal IL-12/23-mediated Th1/Th17 pathway and lead to either amelioration or aggravation of colonic inflammation. In addition, the therapeutic effects of anti-miR-31 in TNBS-induced colitis were abolished by colonic treatment with IL-25 antibody or colonic down-expression of IL-25. Our findings demonstrated that IL-25 could be a crucial anti-inflammatory cytokine in TNBS-induced colitis and the signaling of miR-31 targeting IL-25 might be a possible mechanism that regulates IL-12/23-mediated Th1/Th17 inflammatory responses during colonic inflammation process. Restoring colonic IL-25 expression and blocking Th1/Th17 responses via intracolonic administration of miR-31 inhibitor may represent a promising approach for CD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Y Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Y Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Q Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Z Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - J Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Z Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - J Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.,State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Sciences and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - J Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.,State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Sciences and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
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35
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Nirula A, Nilsen J, Klekotka P, Kricorian G, Erondu N, Towne JE, Russell CB, Martin DA, Budelsky AL. Effect of IL-17 receptor A blockade with brodalumab in inflammatory diseases. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2017; 55:ii43-ii55. [PMID: 27856660 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/kew346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2015] [Revised: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
IL-17 cytokines are expressed by a variety of cells and mediate host defence against extracellular pathogens. IL-17 is upregulated at sites of inflammation and can synergize with other cytokines, such as TNF-α, to amplify the inflammatory response. Activation of these signalling pathways has been hypothesized to contribute to the underlying pathogenesis of several inflammatory diseases, including psoriasis, RA, PsA and asthma. Thus the IL-17 signalling pathway is an attractive target for the development of therapeutic agents to modulate aberrant inflammatory responses. This review of the clinical development of therapeutic agents that target IL-17 signalling pathways in inflammatory diseases focuses on brodalumab, a human anti-IL-17 receptor A mAb. The cumulative findings of early clinical studies with anti-IL-17 agents, including brodalumab, secukinumab and ixekizumab, provide strong evidence for the role of IL-17 signalling in the pathophysiology of certain inflammatory diseases and support the potential use of these agents in treating these diseases.
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Zhou L, Shi M, Zhao L, Lin Z, Tang Z, Sun H, Chen T, Lv Z, Xu J, Huang Y, Yu X. Clonorchis sinensis lysophospholipase A upregulates IL-25 expression in macrophages as a potential pathway to liver fibrosis. Parasit Vectors 2017. [PMID: 28623940 PMCID: PMC5474055 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-017-2228-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Liver fibrosis is an excessive wound-healing reaction that requires the participation of inflammatory cells and hepatic stellate cells (HSCs). The pathogenesis of liver fibrosis caused by viruses and alcohol has been well characterized, but the molecular mechanisms underlying liver fibrosis induced by the liver fluke Clonorchis sinensis are poorly understood. Lysophospholipase A (LysoPLA), which deacylates lysophospholipids, plays a critical role in mediating the virulence and pathogenesis of parasites and fungi; however, the roles of C. sinensis lysophospholipase A (CsLysoPLA) in C. sinensis-induced liver fibrosis remain unknown. Methods A mouse macrophage cell line (RAW264.7) was cultured and treated with CsLysoPLA. IL-25 and members of its associated signaling pathway were detected by performing quantitative real-time PCR, Western blotting and immunofluorescent staining. A human hepatic stellate cell line (LX-2) was cultured and exposed to IL-25. LX-2 cell activation markers were examined via quantitative real-time PCR, Western blotting and immunofluorescent staining. Migration was analyzed in transwell plates. Results Treating RAW264.7 cells with CsLysoPLA significantly induced IL-25 expression. Elevated PKA, B-Raf, and ERK1/2 mRNA levels and phosphorylated B-Raf and ERK1/2 were detected in CsLysoPLA-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. The PKA inhibitor H-89 weakened B-Raf and ERK1/2 phosphorylation whereas the AKT activator SC79 attenuated ERK1/2 phosphorylation in RAW264.7 cells. Both H-89 and SC79 inhibited CsLysoPLA-induced IL-25 upregulation. In addition, stimulation of LX-2 cells with IL-25 upregulated the expression of mesenchymal cell markers, including α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) and collagen type I (Collagen-I), and promoted cell migration. Conclusions CsLysoPLA activates HSCs by upregulating IL-25 in macrophages through the PKA-dependent B-Raf/ERK1/2 pathway and potentially promotes hepatic fibrosis during C. sinensis infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Zhou
- Department of Parasitology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory for Tropical Diseases Control, Sun Yat-sen University, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Mengchen Shi
- Department of Parasitology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory for Tropical Diseases Control, Sun Yat-sen University, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Lu Zhao
- Department of Parasitology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory for Tropical Diseases Control, Sun Yat-sen University, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhipeng Lin
- Department of Parasitology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory for Tropical Diseases Control, Sun Yat-sen University, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zeli Tang
- Department of Parasitology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory for Tropical Diseases Control, Sun Yat-sen University, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Hengchang Sun
- Department of Parasitology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory for Tropical Diseases Control, Sun Yat-sen University, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Tingjin Chen
- Department of Parasitology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory for Tropical Diseases Control, Sun Yat-sen University, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhiyue Lv
- Department of Parasitology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory for Tropical Diseases Control, Sun Yat-sen University, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jin Xu
- Department of Parasitology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory for Tropical Diseases Control, Sun Yat-sen University, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yan Huang
- Department of Parasitology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China. .,Key Laboratory for Tropical Diseases Control, Sun Yat-sen University, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
| | - Xinbing Yu
- Department of Parasitology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China. .,Key Laboratory for Tropical Diseases Control, Sun Yat-sen University, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
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Shea-Donohue T, Qin B, Smith A. Parasites, nutrition, immune responses and biology of metabolic tissues. Parasite Immunol 2017; 39. [PMID: 28235148 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Nutritional immunology, immunometabolism and identification of novel immunotherapeutic targets are areas of active investigation in parasitology. There is a well-documented crosstalk among immune cells and cells in metabolically active tissues that is important for homeostasis. The numbers and function of these cells are altered by obesity leading to inflammation. A variety of helminths spend some part of their life cycle in the gastrointestinal tract and even entirely enteral nematode infections exert beneficial effects on glucose and lipid metabolism. The foundation of this review is the ability of enteric nematode infections to improve obesity-induced type 2 diabetes and the metabolic syndrome, which are significant health issues in developed areas. It considers the impact of nutrition and specific nutritional deficiencies, which are occur in both undeveloped and developed areas, on the host's ability mount a protective immune response against parasitic nematodes. There are a number of proposed mechanisms by which parasitic nematodes can impact metabolism including effects gastrointestinal hormones, altering epithelial function and changing the number and/or phenotype of immune cells in metabolic tissues. Nematodes can also exert their beneficial effects through Th2 cytokines that activate the transcription factor STAT6, which upregulates genes that regulate glucose and lipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Shea-Donohue
- Department of Radiation Oncology & Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - B Qin
- Diet, Genomics, and Immunology Laboratory, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD, USA
| | - A Smith
- Diet, Genomics, and Immunology Laboratory, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD, USA
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38
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Genetic, immunological, and clinical features of patients with bacterial and fungal infections due to inherited IL-17RA deficiency. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:E8277-E8285. [PMID: 27930337 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1618300114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis (CMC) is defined as recurrent or persistent infection of the skin, nails, and/or mucosae with commensal Candida species. The first genetic etiology of isolated CMC-autosomal recessive (AR) IL-17 receptor A (IL-17RA) deficiency-was reported in 2011, in a single patient. We report here 21 patients with complete AR IL-17RA deficiency, including this first patient. Each patient is homozygous for 1 of 12 different IL-17RA alleles, 8 of which create a premature stop codon upstream from the transmembrane domain and have been predicted and/or shown to prevent expression of the receptor on the surface of circulating leukocytes and dermal fibroblasts. Three other mutant alleles create a premature stop codon downstream from the transmembrane domain, one of which encodes a surface-expressed receptor. Finally, the only known missense allele (p.D387N) also encodes a surface-expressed receptor. All of the alleles tested abolish cellular responses to IL-17A and -17F homodimers and heterodimers in fibroblasts and to IL-17E/IL-25 in leukocytes. The patients are currently aged from 2 to 35 y and originate from 12 unrelated kindreds. All had their first CMC episode by 6 mo of age. Fourteen patients presented various forms of staphylococcal skin disease. Eight were also prone to various bacterial infections of the respiratory tract. Human IL-17RA is, thus, essential for mucocutaneous immunity to Candida and Staphylococcus, but otherwise largely redundant. A diagnosis of AR IL-17RA deficiency should be considered in children or adults with CMC, cutaneous staphylococcal disease, or both, even if IL-17RA is detected on the cell surface.
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Critical Role for Interleukin-25 in Host Protective Th2 Memory Response against Heligmosomoides polygyrus bakeri. Infect Immun 2016; 84:3328-3337. [PMID: 27620722 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00180-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Infection with parasitic nematodes, especially gastrointestinal geohelminths, affects hundreds of millions of people worldwide and thus poses a major risk to global health. The host mechanism of defense against enteric nematode infection remains to be fully understood, but it involves a polarized type 2 immunity leading to alterations in intestinal function that facilitate worm expulsion. We investigated the role of interleukin-25 (IL-25) in host protection against Heligmosomoides polygyrus bakeri infection in mice. Our results showed that Il25 and its receptor subunit, Il17rb, were upregulated during a primary infection and a secondary challenge infection with H. polygyrus bakeri Genetic deletion of IL-25 (IL-25-/-) led to an attenuated type 2 cytokine response and increased worm fecundity in mice with a primary H. polygyrus bakeri infection. In addition, the full spectrum of the host memory response against a secondary infection with H. polygyrus bakeri was severely impaired in IL-25-/- mice, including delayed type 2 cytokine responses, an attenuated functional response of the intestinal smooth muscle and epithelium, diminished intestinal smooth muscle hypertrophy/hyperplasia, and impaired worm expulsion. Furthermore, exogenous administration of IL-25 restored the host protective memory response against H. polygyrus bakeri infection in IL-25-/- mice. These data demonstrate that IL-25 is critical for host protective immunity against H. polygyrus bakeri infection, highlighting its potential application as a therapeutic agent against parasitic nematode infection worldwide.
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Buonomo EL, Petri WA. The microbiota and immune response during Clostridium difficile infection. Anaerobe 2016; 41:79-84. [PMID: 27212111 PMCID: PMC5050085 DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2016.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Revised: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 05/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Clostridium difficile is a gram-positive, spore forming anaerobe that infects the gut when the normal microbiota has been disrupted. C. difficile infection (CDI) is the most common cause of hospital acquired infection in the United States, and the leading cause of death due to gastroenteritis. Patients suffering from CDI have varying symptoms which range from mild diarrhea to pseudomembranous colitis and death. The involvement of the immune response to influence disease severity is just beginning to be investigated. There is evidence that the immune response can facilitate either protective or pathogenic phenotypes, suggesting it plays a multifaceted role during CDI. In addition to the immune response, the microbiota is pivotal in dictating the pathogenesis to CDI. A healthy microbiota effectively inhibits infection by restricting the ability of C. difficile to expand in the colon. Thus, understanding which immune mediators and components of the microbiota play beneficial roles during CDI will be important to future therapeutic developments. This review outlines how the microbiota can modulate specific immune mediators, such as IL-23 and others, to influence disease outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica L Buonomo
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cancer, University of Virginia Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA.
| | - William A Petri
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cancer, University of Virginia Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Virginia, USA.
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May RD, Fung M. Strategies targeting the IL-4/IL-13 axes in disease. Cytokine 2016; 75:89-116. [PMID: 26255210 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2015.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 05/15/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
IL-4 and IL-13 are pleiotropic Th2 cytokines produced by a wide variety of different cell types and responsible for a broad range of biology and functions. Physiologically, Th2 cytokines are known to mediate host defense against parasites but they can also trigger disease if their activities are dysregulated. In this review we discuss the rationale for targeting the IL-4/IL-13 axes in asthma, atopic dermatitis, allergic rhinitis, COPD, cancer, inflammatory bowel disease, autoimmune disease and fibrotic disease as well as evaluating the associated clinical data derived from blocking IL-4, IL-13 or IL-4 and IL-13 together.
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Acute blockade of IL-25 in a colitis associated colon cancer model leads to increased tumor burden. Sci Rep 2016; 6:25643. [PMID: 27165713 PMCID: PMC4863374 DOI: 10.1038/srep25643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic inflammation within the gastrointestinal tract results in an increased risk for developing colorectal cancer. Epithelial cytokines, including interleukin-25 (IL-25), are produced in the colon and are critical for protection from parasites, but can also be pathogenic in the context of inflammatory bowel diseases and allergy. Whether IL-25 is involved in the progression from inflammation to cancer is still largely unexplored. Using a well-established murine model for colitis-induced colon cancer; we aimed to determine the role of IL-25 in this process. We found that acute IL-25 blockade resulted in greater tumor burdens compared to isotype control treated mice. Histologically, α-IL-25 treated mice had increased colitis scores compared to mice receiving isotype control antibody, as well as decreased eosinophilia. This is the first study to explore the therapeutic potential of using an IL-25 blocking antibody during a chronic inflammatory setting. Taken together these data suggest that IL-25 plays an inhibitory role in the growth and development of colonic tumors.
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Willis CR, Siegel L, Leith A, Mohn D, Escobar S, Wannberg S, Misura K, Rickel E, Rottman JB, Comeau MR, Sullivan JK, Metz DP, Tocker J, Budelsky AL. IL-17RA Signaling in Airway Inflammation and Bronchial Hyperreactivity in Allergic Asthma. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2016; 53:810-21. [PMID: 25919006 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2015-0038oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Asthma is a heterogeneous disease characterized by airway inflammation and hyperreactivity. IL-17 receptor A (IL-17RA) is a shared receptor subunit required for activity of IL-17 family cytokines, including IL-17A and IL-25. IL-17A and IL-25 induce different proinflammatory responses, and concentrations are elevated in subjects with asthma. However, the individual contributions of IL-17A and IL-25 to disease pathogenesis are unclear. We explored proinflammatory activities of the IL-17 pathway in models of pulmonary inflammation and assessed its effects on contractility of human bronchial airway smooth muscle. In two mouse models, IL-17RA, IL-17RB, or IL-25 blockade reduced airway inflammation and airway hyperreactivity. Individually, IL-17A and IL-25 enhanced contractility of human bronchial smooth muscle induced by methacholine or carbachol. IL-17A had more pronounced effects on methacholine-induced contractility in bronchial rings from donors with asthma compared with donors without asthma. Blocking the IL-17 pathway via IL-17RA may be a useful therapy for some patients with asthma by reducing pulmonary inflammation and airway hyperreactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Kira Misura
- 2 Genome Analysis Unit, Amgen Inc., Seattle, Washington
| | | | - James B Rottman
- 3 Comparative Biology and Safety Sciences, Amgen Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts; and
| | | | | | | | - Joel Tocker
- 4 Janssen Research and Development LLC, Spring House, Pennsylvania
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Lee JB, Chen CY, Liu B, Mugge L, Angkasekwinai P, Facchinetti V, Dong C, Liu YJ, Rothenberg ME, Hogan SP, Finkelman FD, Wang YH. IL-25 and CD4(+) TH2 cells enhance type 2 innate lymphoid cell-derived IL-13 production, which promotes IgE-mediated experimental food allergy. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2016; 137:1216-1225.e5. [PMID: 26560039 PMCID: PMC4826796 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2015.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2014] [Revised: 09/10/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Food-mediated allergic reactions have emerged as a major health problem. The underlying mechanisms that promote uncontrolled type 2 immune responses to dietary allergens in the gastrointestinal tract remain elusive. OBJECTIVE We investigated whether altering IL-25 signaling enhances or attenuates allergic responses to food allergens. METHODS Mice of an IL-25 transgenic mouse line (iIL-25Tg mice), which constitutively overexpress intestinal IL-25, and Il17rb(-/-) mice, in which Il17rb gene expression is disrupted, were sensitized and gavage fed with ovalbumin (OVA). We assessed symptomatic characteristics of experimental food allergy, including incidence of diarrhea, incidence of hypothermia, intestinal TH2 immune response, and serum OVA-specific IgE and mast cell protease 1 production. RESULTS Rapid induction of Il25 expression in the intestinal epithelium preceded onset of the anaphylactic response to ingested OVA antigen. iIL-25Tg mice were more prone and Il17rb(-/-) mice were more resistant to experimental food allergy. Resident intestinal type 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) were identified as the major producers of IL-5 and IL-13 in response to IL-25. Reconstituting irradiated wild-type mice with Rora(-/-) or Il17rb(-/-) bone marrow resulted in a deficiency or dysfunction of the ILC2 compartment, respectively, and resistance to experimental food allergy. Repeated intragastric antigen challenge induced a significant increase in numbers of CD4(+) TH2 cells, which enhance IL-25-stimulated IL-13 production by ILC2s ex vivo and in vivo. Finally, reconstituted IL-13-deficient ILC2s had reduced capability to promote allergic inflammation, resulting in increased resistance to experimental food allergy. CONCLUSION IL-25 and CD4(+) TH2 cells induced by ingested antigens enhance ILC2-derived IL-13 production, thereby promoting IgE-mediated experimental food allergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jee-Boong Lee
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Chun-Yu Chen
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Bo Liu
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Luke Mugge
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Pornpimon Angkasekwinai
- Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Thammasat University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Valeria Facchinetti
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas and MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Tex
| | - Chen Dong
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas and MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Tex
| | | | - Marc E Rothenberg
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Simon P Hogan
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Fred D Finkelman
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio; Department of Medicine, Cincinnati Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio; Division of Immunology, Allergy and Rheumatology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Yui-Hsi Wang
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio.
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The roles and functional mechanisms of interleukin-17 family cytokines in mucosal immunity. Cell Mol Immunol 2016; 13:418-31. [PMID: 27018218 DOI: 10.1038/cmi.2015.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2015] [Revised: 11/21/2015] [Accepted: 11/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The mucosal immune system serves as our front-line defense against pathogens. It also tightly maintains immune tolerance to self-symbiotic bacteria, which are usually called commensals. Sensing both types of microorganisms is modulated by signalling primarily through various pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs) on barrier epithelial cells or immune cells. After sensing, proinflammatory molecules such as cytokines are released by these cells to mediate either defensive or tolerant responses. The interleukin-17 (IL-17) family members belong to a newly characterized cytokine subset that is critical for the maintenance of mucosal homeostasis. In this review, we will summarize recent progress on the diverse functions and signals of this family of cytokines at different mucosal edges.
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Interleukin-13 Receptor α1-Dependent Responses in the Intestine Are Critical to Parasite Clearance. Infect Immun 2016; 84:1032-1044. [PMID: 26810038 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00990-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Nematode infection upregulates interleukin-4 (IL-4) and IL-13 and induces STAT6-dependent changes in gut function that promote worm clearance. IL-4 and IL-13 activate the type 2 IL-4 receptor (IL-4R), which contains the IL-13Rα1 and IL-4Rα chains. We used mice deficient in IL-13Rα1 (IL-13Rα1(-/-)) to examine the contribution of IL-13 acting at the type 2 IL-4R to immune and functional responses to primary (Hb1) and secondary (Hb2) infections with the gastrointestinal nematode parasite Heligmosomoides bakeri There were differences between strains in the IL-4 and IL-13 expression responses to Hb1 but not Hb2 infection. Following Hb2 infection, deficient mice had impaired worm expulsion and higher worm fecundity despite normal production of Th2-derived cytokines. The upregulation of IL-25 and IL-13Rα2 in Hb1- and Hb2-infected wild-type (WT) mice was absent in IL-13Rα1(-/-)mice. Goblet cell numbers and resistin-like molecule beta (RELM-β) expression were attenuated significantly in IL-13Rα1(-/-)mice following Hb2 infections. IL-13Rα1 contributes to the development of alternatively activated macrophages, but the type 1 IL-4R is also important. Hb1 infection had no effects on smooth muscle function or epithelial permeability in either strain, while the enhanced mucosal permeability and changes in smooth muscle function and morphology observed in response to Hb2 infection in WT mice were absent in IL-13Rα1(-/-)mice. Notably, the contribution of claudin-2, which has been linked to IL-13, does not mediate the increased mucosal permeability following Hb2 infection. These results show that activation of IL-13Rα1 is critical for key aspects of the immune and functional responses to Hb2 infection that facilitate expulsion.
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von Moltke J, Ji M, Liang HE, Locksley RM. Tuft-cell-derived IL-25 regulates an intestinal ILC2-epithelial response circuit. Nature 2016; 529:221-5. [PMID: 26675736 PMCID: PMC4830391 DOI: 10.1038/nature16161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 840] [Impact Index Per Article: 105.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Accepted: 10/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Parasitic helminths and allergens induce a type 2 immune response leading to profound changes in tissue physiology, including hyperplasia of mucus-secreting goblet cells and smooth muscle hypercontractility. This response, known as 'weep and sweep', requires interleukin (IL)-13 production by tissue-resident group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) and recruited type 2 helper T cells (TH2 cells). Experiments in mice and humans have demonstrated requirements for the epithelial cytokines IL-33, thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) and IL-25 in the activation of ILC2s, but the sources and regulation of these signals remain poorly defined. In the small intestine, the epithelium consists of at least five distinct cellular lineages, including the tuft cell, whose function is unclear. Here we show that tuft cells constitutively express IL-25 to sustain ILC2 homeostasis in the resting lamina propria in mice. After helminth infection, tuft-cell-derived IL-25 further activates ILC2s to secrete IL-13, which acts on epithelial crypt progenitors to promote differentiation of tuft and goblet cells, leading to increased frequencies of both. Tuft cells, ILC2s and epithelial progenitors therefore comprise a response circuit that mediates epithelial remodelling associated with type 2 immunity in the small intestine, and perhaps at other mucosal barriers populated by these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob von Moltke
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143-0795, USA
| | - Ming Ji
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143-0795, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143-0795, USA
| | - Hong-Erh Liang
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143-0795, USA
| | - Richard M Locksley
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143-0795, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143-0795, USA
- Department of Microbiology &Immunology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143-0795, USA
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Gerbe F, Sidot E, Smyth DJ, Ohmoto M, Matsumoto I, Dardalhon V, Cesses P, Garnier L, Bruschi M, Harcus Y, Taylor N, Maizels RM, Jay P. Intestinal epithelial tuft cells initiate type 2 mucosal immunity to helminth parasites. Nature 2016; 529:226-230. [PMID: 26762460 PMCID: PMC7614903 DOI: 10.1038/nature16527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 615] [Impact Index Per Article: 76.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Helminth parasitic infections are a major global health and social burden. The host defence against helminths such as Nippostrongylus brasiliensis is orchestrated by type 2 cell-mediated immunity. Induction of type 2 cytokines, including interleukins (IL) IL-4 and IL-13, induce goblet cell hyperplasia with mucus production, ultimately resulting in worm expulsion. However, the mechanisms underlying the initiation of type 2 responses remain incompletely understood. Here we show that tuft cells, a rare epithelial cell type in the steady-state intestinal epithelium, are responsible for initiating type 2 responses to parasites by a cytokine-mediated cellular relay. Tuft cells have a Th2-related gene expression signature and we demonstrate that they undergo a rapid and extensive IL-4Rα-dependent amplification following infection with helminth parasites, owing to direct differentiation of epithelial crypt progenitor cells. We find that the Pou2f3 gene is essential for tuft cell specification. Pou2f3(-/-) mice lack intestinal tuft cells and have defective mucosal type 2 responses to helminth infection; goblet cell hyperplasia is abrogated and worm expulsion is compromised. Notably, IL-4Rα signalling is sufficient to induce expansion of the tuft cell lineage, and ectopic stimulation of this signalling cascade obviates the need for tuft cells in the epithelial cell remodelling of the intestine. Moreover, tuft cells secrete IL-25, thereby regulating type 2 immune responses. Our data reveal a novel function of intestinal epithelial tuft cells and demonstrate a cellular relay required for initiating mucosal type 2 immunity to helminth infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- François Gerbe
- CNRS, UMR-5203, Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Montpellier, F-34094, France
- INSERM, U1191, Montpellier, F-34094, France
- Université de Montpellier, UMR-5203, Montpellier, F-34000, France
| | - Emmanuelle Sidot
- CNRS, UMR-5203, Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Montpellier, F-34094, France
- INSERM, U1191, Montpellier, F-34094, France
- Université de Montpellier, UMR-5203, Montpellier, F-34000, France
| | - Danielle J. Smyth
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, School of Biological Sciences and Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, University of Edinburgh, UK
| | - Makoto Ohmoto
- Monell Chemical Senses Center, 3500 Market Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, U.S.A
| | - Ichiro Matsumoto
- Monell Chemical Senses Center, 3500 Market Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, U.S.A
| | - Valérie Dardalhon
- Université de Montpellier, UMR-5203, Montpellier, F-34000, France
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, UMR5535 ; Université de Montpellier ; Montpellier ; France
| | - Pierre Cesses
- CNRS, UMR-5203, Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Montpellier, F-34094, France
- INSERM, U1191, Montpellier, F-34094, France
- Université de Montpellier, UMR-5203, Montpellier, F-34000, France
| | - Laure Garnier
- CNRS, UMR-5203, Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Montpellier, F-34094, France
- INSERM, U1191, Montpellier, F-34094, France
- Université de Montpellier, UMR-5203, Montpellier, F-34000, France
| | - Marco Bruschi
- CNRS, UMR-5203, Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Montpellier, F-34094, France
- INSERM, U1191, Montpellier, F-34094, France
- Université de Montpellier, UMR-5203, Montpellier, F-34000, France
| | - Yvonne Harcus
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, School of Biological Sciences and Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, University of Edinburgh, UK
| | - Naomi Taylor
- Université de Montpellier, UMR-5203, Montpellier, F-34000, France
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, UMR5535 ; Université de Montpellier ; Montpellier ; France
| | - Rick M. Maizels
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, School of Biological Sciences and Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, University of Edinburgh, UK
| | - Philippe Jay
- CNRS, UMR-5203, Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Montpellier, F-34094, France
- INSERM, U1191, Montpellier, F-34094, France
- Université de Montpellier, UMR-5203, Montpellier, F-34000, France
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Regulation of Interleukin-17 Production. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2016; 941:139-166. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-024-0921-5_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Abstract
Autoimmune and chronic inflammatory organic diseases represent a "postindustrial revolution epidemics," and their frequency has increased dramatically in the last century. Today, it is assumed that the increase in hygiene standards reduced the interactions with helminth parasites that coevolved with the immune system and are crucial for its proper functioning. Several helminths have been proposed and tested in the search of the ideal therapeutic. In this review, the authors summarize the translational and clinical studies and review the caveats and possible solutions for the optimization of helminth therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Leonardi
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Isabelle Frey
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Gerhard Rogler
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland; Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
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