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McCaleb MR, Miranda AM, Khammash HA, Torres RM, Pelanda R. Regulation of Foxo1 expression is critical for central B cell tolerance and allelic exclusion. Cell Rep 2024; 43:114283. [PMID: 38796853 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.114283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Revised: 05/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Resolving the molecular mechanisms of central B cell tolerance might unveil strategies that prevent autoimmunity. Here, using a mouse model of central B cell tolerance in which Forkhead box protein O1 (Foxo1) is either deleted or over-expressed in B cells, we show that deleting Foxo1 blocks receptor editing, curtails clonal deletion, and decreases CXCR4 expression, allowing high-avidity autoreactive B cells to emigrate to the periphery whereby they mature but remain anergic and short lived. Conversely, expression of degradation-resistant Foxo1 promotes receptor editing in the absence of self-antigen but leads to allelic inclusion. Foxo1 over-expression also restores tolerance in autoreactive B cells harboring active PI3K, revealing opposing roles of Foxo1 and PI3K in B cell selection. Overall, we show that the transcription factor Foxo1 is a major gatekeeper of central B cell tolerance and that PI3K drives positive selection of immature B cells and establishes allelic exclusion by suppressing Foxo1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan R McCaleb
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Anjelica M Miranda
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Hadeel A Khammash
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Raul M Torres
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Roberta Pelanda
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
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2
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Nilforoushzadeh MA, Heidari N, Heidari A, Ghane Y, Lotfi Z, Jaffary F, Najar Nobari M, Najar Nobari N. The role of BAFF and BAFF-R inhibitors in the treatment of immune thrombocytopenia; a focused review. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 131:111827. [PMID: 38460303 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2024.111827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2024] [Revised: 03/02/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/11/2024]
Abstract
Immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) is an autoimmune-driven disease characterized by increased destruction and impaired platelet production resulting in an enhanced risk of bleeding. Immunosuppressant agents are the most common treatment strategies for ITP. Despite their efficacy, these medications often cause unpredictable side effects. Recent investigations revealed that patients with ITP exhibit elevated B-cell activating factor (BAFF) levels in both their spleens and serum. Belimumab, a BAFF inhibitor, illustrated a promising therapeutic avenue for managing ITP by interfering with BAFF activity and long-lived plasma cell production. Both clinical and experimental studies have yielded positive outcomes when combining rituximab with an anti-BAFF monoclonal antibody in treating ITP. In addition, ianalumab, a monoclonal antibody with a dual mechanism that targets BAFF-R and deletes peripheral BAFF-R+ B cells, is currently being used for ITP treatment [NCT05885555]. The upcoming results from novel BAFF inhibitors, such as ianalumab, could offer clinicians an additional therapeutic option for treating ITP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Ali Nilforoushzadeh
- Skin Repair Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Skin and Stem Cell Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Nazila Heidari
- Skin Repair Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Skin and Stem Cell Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Amirhossein Heidari
- Skin Repair Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Skin and Stem Cell Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Faculty of Medicine, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Yekta Ghane
- Skin Repair Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Skin and Stem Cell Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Zahra Lotfi
- Skin Repair Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Fariba Jaffary
- Skin Repair Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Skin and Stem Cell Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Minou Najar Nobari
- Department of Orofacial Pain and Dysfunction, UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Niloufar Najar Nobari
- Skin Repair Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Skin and Stem Cell Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Dermatology, Rasool Akram Medical Complex Clinical Research Development Center (RCRDC), School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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3
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Santana-Sánchez P, Vaquero-García R, Legorreta-Haquet MV, Chávez-Sánchez L, Chávez-Rueda AK. Hormones and B-cell development in health and autoimmunity. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1385501. [PMID: 38680484 PMCID: PMC11045971 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1385501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024] Open
Abstract
The development of B cells into antibody-secreting plasma cells is central to the adaptive immune system as they induce protective and specific antibody responses against invading pathogens. Various studies have shown that, during this process, hormones can play important roles in the lymphopoiesis, activation, proliferation, and differentiation of B cells, and depending on the signal given by the receptor of each hormone, they can have a positive or negative effect. In autoimmune diseases, hormonal deregulation has been reported to be related to the survival, activation and/or differentiation of autoreactive clones of B cells, thus promoting the development of autoimmunity. Clinical manifestations of autoimmune diseases have been associated with estrogens, prolactin (PRL), and growth hormone (GH) levels. However, androgens, such as testosterone and progesterone (P4), could have a protective effect. The objective of this review is to highlight the links between different hormones and the immune response mediated by B cells in the etiopathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and multiple sclerosis (MS). The data collected provide insights into the role of hormones in the cellular, molecular and/or epigenetic mechanisms that modulate the B-cell response in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Adriana Karina Chávez-Rueda
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Inmunología, Unidad Médica de Alta Especialidad (UMAE) Hospital de Pediatría, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Ciudad de México (CDMX), Mexico
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4
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Zhang T, Liu W, Yang YG. B cell development and antibody responses in human immune system mice: current status and future perspective. SCIENCE CHINA. LIFE SCIENCES 2024; 67:645-652. [PMID: 38270770 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-023-2462-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
Humanized immune system (HIS) mice have been developed and used as a small surrogate model to study human immune function under normal or disease conditions. Although variations are found between models, most HIS mice show robust human T cell responses. However, there has been unsuccessful in constructing HIS mice that produce high-affinity human antibodies, primarily due to defects in terminal B cell differentiation, antibody affinity maturation, and development of primary follicles and germinal centers. In this review, we elaborate on the current knowledge about and previous attempts to improve human B cell development in HIS mice, and propose a potential strategy for constructing HIS mice with improved humoral immunity by transplantation of human follicular dendritic cells (FDCs) to facilitate the development of secondary follicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration & Transplantation of the Ministry of Education, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130061, China
- National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Animal Models for Human Diseases, Jilin University, Changchun, 130061, China
| | - Wentao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration & Transplantation of the Ministry of Education, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130061, China.
- National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Animal Models for Human Diseases, Jilin University, Changchun, 130061, China.
| | - Yong-Guang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration & Transplantation of the Ministry of Education, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130061, China.
- National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Animal Models for Human Diseases, Jilin University, Changchun, 130061, China.
- International Center of Future Science, Jilin University, Changchun, 130061, China.
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Lin YC, Gau TS, Jiang ZH, Chen KY, Tsai YT, Lin KY, Tung HN, Chang FC. Targeted therapy in glomerular diseases. J Formos Med Assoc 2024; 123:149-158. [PMID: 37442744 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfma.2023.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2023] [Revised: 05/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Targeted therapy has emerged as a more precise approach to treat glomerular diseases, focusing on specific molecular or cellular processes that contribute to disease development or progression. This approach complements or replaces traditional immunosuppressive therapy, optimizes supportive care, and provides a more personalized treatment strategy. In this review, we summarize the evolving understanding of pathogenic mechanisms in immune-mediated glomerular diseases and the developing targeted therapies based on these mechanisms. We begin by discussing pan-B-cell depletion, anti-CD20 rituximab, and targeting B-cell survival signaling through the BAFF/APRIL pathway. We also exam specific plasma cell depletion with anti-CD38 antibody. We then shift our focus to complement activation in glomerular diseases, which is involved in antibody-mediated glomerular diseases, such as IgA nephropathy, membranous nephropathy, ANCA-associated vasculitis, and lupus nephritis. Non-antibody-mediated complement activation occurs in glomerular diseases, including C3 glomerulopathy, complement-mediated atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome, and focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. We discuss specific inhibition of terminal, lectin, and alternative pathways in different glomerular diseases. Finally, we summarize current clinical trials targeting the final pathways of various glomerular diseases, including kidney fibrosis. We conclude that targeted therapy based on individualized pathogenesis should be the future of treating glomerular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Chan Lin
- Renal Division, Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tyng-Shiuan Gau
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Zheng-Hong Jiang
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kuan-Yu Chen
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ting Tsai
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kuan-Yu Lin
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Ning Tung
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Fan-Chi Chang
- Renal Division, Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Luo Y, Qie Y, Gadd ME, Manna A, Rivera-Valentin R, To T, Li S, Yassine F, Murthy HS, Dronca R, Kharfan-Dabaja MA, Qin H. Translational development of a novel BAFF-R CAR-T therapy targeting B-cell lymphoid malignancies. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2023; 72:4031-4047. [PMID: 37814001 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-023-03537-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
Several CD19-targeting CAR-T cells are used to treat leukemias and lymphomas; however, relapsed and/or refractory (R/R) disease is still observed in a significant number of patients. Additionally, the success of CD19-CAR-T cell therapies is not uniform across hematological malignancies, particularly in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). In this study, we present the development of a novel CAR-T cell therapy targeting B-cell activating factor receptor (BAFF-R), a key regulator of B-cell proliferation and maturation. A new monoclonal antibody against BAFF-R was generated from a hybridoma clone and used to create a novel MC10029 CAR construct. Through a series of in vitro and in vivo models using the Nalm-6 cell line for leukemia and the Z138 cell line for lymphoma, we demonstrated the antigen-specific cytotoxicity of MC10029 CAR-T cells against tumor cells. Additionally, MC10029 CAR-T cells exhibited potent antitumor effects against CD19 knockout tumor cells, mimicking CD19-negative R/R disease. MC10029 CAR-T cells were specifically targeted to CLL, in which BAFF-R is nearly always expressed. The cytotoxicity of MC10029 CAR-T cells was first shown in the MEC-1 CLL cell line, before we turned our efforts to subject-derived samples. Using healthy donor-engineered MC10029 CAR-T cells against enriched primary tumor cells, followed by subject-derived MC10029 CAR-T cells against autologous tumor cells, we showed the efficacy of MC10029 CAR-T cells against CLL subject samples. With these robust data, we have advanced to the production of MC10029 CAR-T cells, using GMP lentivirus, and obtained an IND approval in preparation for a Phase 1 clinical trial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Luo
- Regenerative Immunotherapy and CAR-T Translational Research Program, Mayo Clinic, 4500 San Pablo Rd S, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
| | - Yaqing Qie
- Regenerative Immunotherapy and CAR-T Translational Research Program, Mayo Clinic, 4500 San Pablo Rd S, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
| | - Martha E Gadd
- Regenerative Immunotherapy and CAR-T Translational Research Program, Mayo Clinic, 4500 San Pablo Rd S, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
| | - Alak Manna
- Regenerative Immunotherapy and CAR-T Translational Research Program, Mayo Clinic, 4500 San Pablo Rd S, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
| | - Rocio Rivera-Valentin
- Department of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, University of Florida-Jacksonville, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Tommy To
- Regenerative Immunotherapy and CAR-T Translational Research Program, Mayo Clinic, 4500 San Pablo Rd S, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
| | - Shuhua Li
- Regenerative Immunotherapy and CAR-T Translational Research Program, Mayo Clinic, 4500 San Pablo Rd S, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
| | - Farah Yassine
- Blood and Marrow Transplantation and Cellular Therapy Program, Inpatient Hematology Unit, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Hemant S Murthy
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
- Blood and Marrow Transplantation and Cellular Therapy Program, Inpatient Hematology Unit, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Roxana Dronca
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Mohamed A Kharfan-Dabaja
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA.
- Blood and Marrow Transplantation and Cellular Therapy Program, Inpatient Hematology Unit, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA.
| | - Hong Qin
- Regenerative Immunotherapy and CAR-T Translational Research Program, Mayo Clinic, 4500 San Pablo Rd S, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA.
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA.
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Jackman RP, Darst O, Gaillard B, Tran JQ, Tomayko MM, Muench MO. Enhanced alloresponse to platelet transfusion due to immune dysregulation following ablative chemotherapy in mice. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1281123. [PMID: 38090570 PMCID: PMC10711281 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1281123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Alloimmunization is common following platelet transfusion and can result in negative outcomes for recipients such as refractoriness to subsequent transfusions and rejection of transplants. Healthy people do not receive blood transfusions, and the diseases and therapies that result in a need to transfuse have significant impacts on the immunological environment to which these alloantigens are introduced. Ablative chemotherapies are common among platelet recipients and have potent immunological effects. In this study, we modeled the impact of chemotherapy on the alloresponse to platelet transfusion. As chemotherapies are generally regarded as immunosuppressive, we hypothesized that that they would result in a diminished alloresponse. Methods Mice were given a combination chemotherapeutic treatment of cytarabine and doxorubicin followed by transfusion of allogeneic platelets, and compared to controls given no treatment, chemotherapy alone, or transfusion alone. Alloantibody responses were measured 2 weeks after transfusion, and cellular responses and growth factors were monitored over time. Results Contrary to our hypothesis, we found that chemotherapy led to increased alloantibody responses to allogeneic platelet transfusion. This enhanced response was antigen-specific and was associated with increased CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses. Chemotherapy led to rapid lymphocyte depletion followed by reconstitution, non-specific activation of transitional B cells with the highest levels of activation in the least mature subsets, and increased serum levels of B cell activating factor (BAFF). Conclusion These data suggest that ablative chemotherapy can increase the risk of alloimmunization and, if confirmed clinically, that additional measures to protect these patient populations may be warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachael P. Jackman
- Vitalant Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, United States
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Orsolya Darst
- Vitalant Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Betty Gaillard
- Vitalant Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Johnson Q. Tran
- Vitalant Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, United States
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Mary M. Tomayko
- Department of Dermatology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
- Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Marcus O. Muench
- Vitalant Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, United States
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
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8
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Koizumi H, Fujii W, Sanjoba C, Goto Y. BAFF induces CXCR5 expression during B cell differentiation in bone marrow. Biochem Biophys Rep 2023; 34:101451. [PMID: 36926279 PMCID: PMC10011739 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2023.101451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
B cell activating factor (BAFF) plays an important role in antibody production through differentiation and maturation of B cells mainly in secondary lymphoid organs. On the other hand, the role of BAFF in the bone marrow, the primary lymphoid organ of B cell development, has not been well elucidated. Here, effects of BAFF in bone marrow B cell development were examined by using BAFF-deficient mice. When mRNA expression levels of B cell differentiation markers including Cd19, Bcl2, Igμ, Il7r and Cxcr5 were compared between bone marrow of wild-type and BAFF-KO mice, a lower level of Cxcr5 expression was found in the KO mice. Additionally, protein expression of CXCR5 on IgM+ cells in the bone marrow was decreased by BAFF deficiency. In vitro studies also confirmed the effect of BAFF on CXCR5 by IgM+ cells; culturing bone marrow cells from BAFF-KO mice with BAFF in vitro increased the proportion of CXCR5+ cells in IgM+ cells compared with non-treated bone marrow cells. In addition, BAFF synergized with TNF-α and IL-6 to increase the expression of CXCR5+ on IgM+ cells. The BAFF-mediated up-regulation of CXCR5 expression was reproduced by using CD19+ cells purified from BAFF-KO bone marrow cells, suggesting that BAFF directly affects B-lineage cells in bone marrow to promote CXCR5 expression. Together, this study suggests that BAFF has an important role in B cell differentiation in bone marrow by directly inducing CXCR5 expression which affect their migration to secondary lymphoid organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hajime Koizumi
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Animal Resource Sciences, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Japan
| | - Wataru Fujii
- Laboratory of Biomedical Science, Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Japan
| | - Chizu Sanjoba
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Animal Resource Sciences, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Goto
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Animal Resource Sciences, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Japan
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9
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Choi D, Kim J, Yang JW, Kim JH, Park S, Shin JI. Dysregulated MicroRNAs in the Pathogenesis of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: A Comprehensive Review. Int J Biol Sci 2023; 19:2495-2514. [PMID: 37215992 PMCID: PMC10197884 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.74315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/11/2022] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus is a chronic autoimmune disease of which clinical presentation is vastly heterogeneous, ranging from mild skin rashes to severe renal diseases. Treatment goal of this illness is to minimize disease activity and prevent further organ damage. In recent years, much research has been done on the epigenetic aspects of SLE pathogenesis, for among the various factors known to contribute to the pathogenic process, epigenetic factors, especially microRNAs, bear the most therapeutic potential that can be altered unlike congenital genetic factors. This article reviews and updates what has been discovered so far about the pathogenesis of lupus, while focusing on the dysregulation of microRNAs in lupus patients in comparison to healthy controls along with the potentially pathogenic roles of the microRNAs commonly reported to be either upregulated or downregulated. Furthermore, this review includes microRNAs of which results are controversial, suggesting possible explanations for such discrepancies and directions for future research. Moreover, we aimed to emphasize the point that had been overlooked so far in studies regarding microRNA expression levels; that is, which specimen was used to assess the dysregulation of microRNAs. To our surprise, a vast number of studies have not considered this factor and have analyzed the potential role of microRNAs in general. Despite extensive investigations done on microRNA levels, their significance and potential role remain a mystery, which calls for further studies on this particular subject in regard of which specimen is used for assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daeun Choi
- Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jimin Kim
- Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Won Yang
- Department of Nephrology, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Hong Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seoyeon Park
- Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Il Shin
- Department of Pediatrics, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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10
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The BAFF-APRIL System in Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15061791. [PMID: 36980677 PMCID: PMC10046288 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15061791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
B cell-activating factor (BAFF; also known as CD257, TNFSF13B, BLyS) and a proliferation-inducing ligand (APRIL; also known as CD256, TNFSF13) belong to the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) family. BAFF was initially discovered as a B-cell survival factor, whereas APRIL was first identified as a protein highly expressed in various cancers. These discoveries were followed by over two decades of extensive research effort, which identified overlapping signaling cascades between BAFF and APRIL, controlling immune homeostasis in health and driving pathogenesis in autoimmunity and cancer, the latter being the focus of this review. High levels of BAFF, APRIL, and their receptors have been detected in different cancers and found to be associated with disease severity and treatment response. Here, we have summarized the role of the BAFF-APRIL system in immune cell differentiation and immune tolerance and detailed its pathogenic functions in hematological and solid cancers. We also highlight the emerging therapeutics targeting the BAFF-APRIL system in different cancer types.
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11
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Qin S, Yuan Y, Liu H, Pu Y, Chen K, Wu Y, Su Z. Identification and characterization of sex-dependent gene expression profile in glioblastoma. Neuropathology 2023; 43:72-83. [PMID: 35789505 DOI: 10.1111/neup.12845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most lethal primary tumor in the human brain and lacks favorable treatment options. Sex differences in the outcome of GBM are broadly acknowledged, but the underlying molecular mechanisms remain largely unknown. To identify the sex-dependent critical genes in the progression of GBM, raw data from several microarray datasets with the same array platform were downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. These datasets included tumorous and normal tissue from patients with GBM and crucial sex features. Then, the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in female and male tumors were identified via bioinformatics analysis, respectively. Functional signatures of the identified DEGs were further annotated by Gene Ontology (GO) and pathway enrichment analyses. Venn diagram and functional protein-protein interaction (PPI) network analyses were performed to screen out the sex-specific DEGs. Survival analysis of patients with differences in the expression level of selected genes was then carried out using the data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). Here, we showed that ECT2, AURKA, TYMS, CDK1, NCAPH, CENPU, OIP5, KIF14, ASPM, FBXO5, SGOL2, CASC5, SHCBP1, FN1, LOX, IGFBP3, CSPG4, and CD44 were enriched in female tumor samples, whereas TNFSF13B, CXCL10, CXCL8, CXCR4, TLR2, CCL2, and FCGR2A were enriched in male tumor samples. Among these key genes, interestingly, ECT2 was associated with increased an survival rate for female patients, whileTNFSF13B could be regarded as a potential marker of poor prognosis in male patients. These results suggested that sex differences in patients may be attributed to the heterogeneous gene activity, which might influence the oncogenesis and the outcomes of GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shangyao Qin
- Institute of Neuroscience, Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology of Ministry of Education and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yimin Yuan
- Institute of Neuroscience, Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology of Ministry of Education and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hong Liu
- Institute of Neuroscience, Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology of Ministry of Education and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yingyan Pu
- Institute of Neuroscience, Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology of Ministry of Education and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Kefu Chen
- Institute of Neuroscience, Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology of Ministry of Education and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yulong Wu
- Institute of Neuroscience, Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology of Ministry of Education and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhida Su
- Institute of Neuroscience, Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology of Ministry of Education and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
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McCaleb MR, Miranda AM, Ratliff KC, Torres RM, Pelanda R. CD19 Is Internalized Together with IgM in Proportion to B Cell Receptor Stimulation and Is Modulated by Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase in Bone Marrow Immature B Cells. Immunohorizons 2023; 7:49-63. [PMID: 36637517 PMCID: PMC10074640 DOI: 10.4049/immunohorizons.2200092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Newly generated immature B cells that bind self-antigen with high avidity arrest in differentiation and undergo central tolerance via receptor editing and clonal deletion. These autoreactive immature B cells also express low surface levels of the coreceptor CD19, a key activator of the PI3K pathway. Signals emanating from both CD19 and PI3K are known to be critical for attenuating receptor editing and selecting immature B cells into the periphery. However, the mechanisms that modulate CD19 expression at this stage of B cell development have not yet been resolved. Using in vivo and in vitro models, we demonstrate that Cd19 de novo gene transcription and translation do not significantly contribute to the differences in CD19 surface expression in mouse autoreactive and nonautoreactive immature B cells. Instead, CD19 downregulation is induced by BCR stimulation in proportion to BCR engagement, and the remaining surface IgM and CD19 molecules promote intracellular PI3K-AKT activity in proportion to their level of expression. The internalized CD19 is degraded with IgM by the lysosome, but inhibiting lysosome-mediated protein degradation only slightly improves surface CD19. In fact, CD19 is restored only upon Ag removal. Our data also reveal that the PI3K-AKT pathway positively modulates CD19 surface expression in immature B cells via a mechanism that is independent of inhibition of FOXO1 and its role on Cd19 gene transcription while is dependent on mTORC1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan R. McCaleb
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO; and
| | - Anjelica M. Miranda
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO; and
| | - Kaysie C. Ratliff
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO; and
| | - Raul M. Torres
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO; and
- Department of Immunology and Genomic Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO
| | - Roberta Pelanda
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO; and
- Department of Immunology and Genomic Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO
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13
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Gragnani L, Lorini S, Marri S, Rattotti S, Madia F, Zibellini S, Monti M, Basile U, Di Stasio E, Libra M, Arcaini L, Zignego AL. B-cell activating factor (BAFF), BAFF promoter and BAFF receptor allelic variants in hepatitis C virus related Cryoglobulinemic Vasculitis and Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma. Hematol Oncol 2022; 40:658-666. [PMID: 35460540 PMCID: PMC9790294 DOI: 10.1002/hon.3008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 04/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Cryoglobulinemic Vasculitis (CV) is an autoimmune/lymphoproliferative disorder associated with HCV infection that in 5%-10% of cases evolves into a B cell Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma (NHL). B-cell activating factor (BAFF) is a key regulator in B-cell development and survival. Particular genetic variants are responsible for BAFF signaling impairment in autoimmune and neoplastic diseases. We evaluated BAFF and BAFF-receptor (BAFF-R) polymorphisms in order to determine if they predispose to HCV-related CV and NHL. The analysis was performed on 416 HCV-chronically infected patients: 136 HCV without signs/symptoms of lymphoproliferations/autoimmunity (HCV), 166 HCV with CV (HCV-CV) and 114 HCV with NHL (HCV-NHL). Rs9514828 SNP on BAFF promoter, rs61756766 on BAFF-R and rs12428930 on the BAFF gene were evaluated by Real-Time PCR. Concerning rs9514828, the frequency of C/T genotype was significantly higher in HCV-CV than in HCV. The difference in the distribution of the T/T mutant genotype in HCV-CV compared to HCV was significant as well as the distribution of C/T and T/T genotype in HCV-NHL versus HCV. T minor allele was more frequent in HCV-NHL and HCV-CV than in HCV. The distribution of C/T + T/T (for the dominant model of penetrance C/T + T/T vs. C/C) was significantly higher in HCV-CV and HCV-NHL than in HCV. Genotyping of rs61756766 on BAFF-R coding gene, revealed C/T heterozygosis at a frequency of 11% in HCV-NHL versus 3% in HCV. The T minor allele frequency was higher in HCV-NHL than in HCV. No differences emerged by genotyping rs12428930 SNP on BAFF coding gene. Our results reinforce the hypothesis that BAFF/BAFF-R genetic pattern has a role in the pathogenesis of HCV-related lymphoproliferations. BAFF/BAFF-R variants could identify a risk haplotype for HCV related CV and NHL and a BAFF/BAFF-R genetic profile assessment could potentially contribute to tailoring anti-BAFF therapy by identifying patients with BAFF alterations in which the treatment could be more beneficial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Gragnani
- MASVE Interdepartmental Hepatology CenterDepartment of Experimental and Clinical MedicineUniversity of FlorenceCenter for Research and Innovation CRIA‐MASVEFirenzeItaly
| | - Serena Lorini
- MASVE Interdepartmental Hepatology CenterDepartment of Experimental and Clinical MedicineUniversity of FlorenceCenter for Research and Innovation CRIA‐MASVEFirenzeItaly
| | - Silvia Marri
- MASVE Interdepartmental Hepatology CenterDepartment of Experimental and Clinical MedicineUniversity of FlorenceCenter for Research and Innovation CRIA‐MASVEFirenzeItaly
| | - Sara Rattotti
- Division of HematologyFondazione IRCCS Policlinico San MatteoPaviaItaly
| | - Francesco Madia
- MASVE Interdepartmental Hepatology CenterDepartment of Experimental and Clinical MedicineUniversity of FlorenceCenter for Research and Innovation CRIA‐MASVEFirenzeItaly
| | - Silvia Zibellini
- Division of HematologyFondazione IRCCS Policlinico San MatteoPaviaItaly
| | - Monica Monti
- MASVE Interdepartmental Hepatology CenterDepartment of Experimental and Clinical MedicineUniversity of FlorenceCenter for Research and Innovation CRIA‐MASVEFirenzeItaly
| | - Umberto Basile
- Area Diagnostica di LaboratorioFondazione Policlinico Universitario "A. Gemelli", I.R.C.C.SRomeItaly
| | - Enrico Di Stasio
- Area Diagnostica di LaboratorioFondazione Policlinico Universitario "A. Gemelli", I.R.C.C.SRomeItaly,Dipartimento di Scienze biotecnologiche di base, cliniche intensivologiche e perioperatorieUniversità Cattolica del Sacro CuoreRomeItaly
| | - Massimo Libra
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological SciencesUniversity of CataniaCataniaItaly
| | - Luca Arcaini
- Division of HematologyFondazione IRCCS Policlinico San MatteoPaviaItaly,Department of Molecular MedicineUniversity of PaviaPaviaItaly
| | - Anna Linda Zignego
- MASVE Interdepartmental Hepatology CenterDepartment of Experimental and Clinical MedicineUniversity of FlorenceCenter for Research and Innovation CRIA‐MASVEFirenzeItaly
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14
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B-Cell Activating Factor Increases Related to Adiposity, Insulin Resistance, and Endothelial Dysfunction in Overweight and Obese Subjects. Life (Basel) 2022; 12:life12050634. [PMID: 35629302 PMCID: PMC9146198 DOI: 10.3390/life12050634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity (OB) is a major healthcare problem that results from long-term energy imbalance. Adipokines and pro-inflammatory cytokines facilitate adipose tissue (AT) remodeling to safely store excess nutrients. B-cell activating factor (BAFF) is a newly described adipokine whose role in enhancing adipogenesis has been reported. The present study aimed to evaluate serum BAFF association with adiposity distribution, serum adipokines, pro-inflammatory cytokines, and metabolic and endothelial dysfunction markers. The study included 124 young Mexican adults with no diagnosed comorbidities, divided according to their BMI. Anthropometric measurements, blood counts, and serum molecules (i.e., glucose, lipid profile, insulin, leptin, pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines, von Willebrand factor (vWF), and BAFF) were assessed. The analysis showed positive correlation between BAFF and increased fat mass in all anthropometric measurements (p < 0.0001). BAFF augmentation was related to systemic inflammatory environment (p < 0.05), and linked with insulin resistance status (p < 0.05). BAFF increment was also correlated with early endothelial damage markers such as vWF (p < 0.0001). Linear regression analysis showed a role for BAFF in predicting serum vWF concentrations (p < 0.01). In conclusion, our data show that BAFF is an adipokine dynamically related to OB progression, insulin resistance status, and systemic inflammatory environment, and is a predictor of soluble vWF augmentation, in young overweight and obese Mexican subjects.
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15
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Pelanda R, Greaves SA, Alves da Costa T, Cedrone LM, Campbell ML, Torres RM. B-cell intrinsic and extrinsic signals that regulate central tolerance of mouse and human B cells. Immunol Rev 2022; 307:12-26. [PMID: 34997597 PMCID: PMC8986553 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The random recombination of immunoglobulin V(D)J gene segments produces unique IgM antibodies that serve as the antigen receptor for each developing B cell. Hence, the newly formed B cell repertoire is comprised of a variety of specificities that display a range of reactivity with self-antigens. Newly generated IgM+ immature B cells that are non-autoreactive or that bind self-antigen with low avidity are licensed to leave the bone marrow with their intact antigen receptor and to travel via the blood to the peripheral lymphoid tissue for further selection and maturation. In contrast, clones with medium to high avidity for self-antigen remain within the marrow and undergo central tolerance, a process that revises their antigen receptor or eliminates the autoreactive B cell altogether. Thus, central B cell tolerance is critical for reducing the autoreactive capacity and avidity for self-antigen of our circulating B cell repertoire. Bone marrow cultures and mouse models have been instrumental for understanding the mechanisms that regulate the selection of bone marrow B cells. Here, we review recent studies that have shed new light on the contribution of the ERK, PI3K, and CXCR4 signaling pathways in the selection of mouse and human immature B cells that either bind or do not bind self-antigen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Pelanda
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA.,Department of Immunology and Genomic Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, USA
| | - Sarah A Greaves
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Thiago Alves da Costa
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Lena M Cedrone
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Margaret L Campbell
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Raul M Torres
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA.,Department of Immunology and Genomic Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, USA
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16
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B Cells in Primary Membranous Nephropathy: Escape from Immune Tolerance and Implications for Patient Management. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222413560. [PMID: 34948358 PMCID: PMC8708506 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222413560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Membranous nephropathy (MN) is an important cause of nephrotic syndrome and chronic kidney disease (CKD) in adults. The pathogenic significance of B cells in MN is increasingly recognized, especially following the discovery of various autoantibodies that target specific podocytic antigens and the promising treatment responses seen with B cell depleting therapies. The presence of autoreactive B cells and autoantibodies that bind to antigens on podocyte surfaces are characteristic features of MN, and are the result of breaches in central and peripheral tolerance of B lymphocytes. These perturbations in B cell tolerance include altered B lymphocyte subsets, dysregulation of genes that govern immunoglobulin production, aberrant somatic hypermutation and co-stimulatory signalling, abnormal expression of B cell-related cytokines, and increased B cell infiltrates and organized tertiary lymphoid structures within the kidneys. An understanding of the role of B cell tolerance and homeostasis may have important implications for patient management in MN, as conventional immunosuppressive treatments and novel B cell-targeted therapies show distinct effects on proliferation, differentiation and reconstitution in different B cell subsets. Circulating B lymphocytes and related cytokines may serve as potential biomarkers for treatment selection, monitoring of therapeutic response and prediction of disease relapse. These recent advances in the understanding of B cell tolerance in MN have provided greater insight into its immunopathogenesis and potential novel strategies for disease monitoring and treatment.
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17
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Souza SP, Splitt SD, Sànchez-Arcila JC, Alvarez JA, Wilson JN, Wizzard S, Luo Z, Baumgarth N, Jensen KDC. Genetic mapping reveals Nfkbid as a central regulator of humoral immunity to Toxoplasma gondii. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1010081. [PMID: 34871323 PMCID: PMC8675933 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Protective immunity to parasitic infections has been difficult to elicit by vaccines. Among parasites that evade vaccine-induced immunity is Toxoplasma gondii, which causes lethal secondary infections in chronically infected mice. Here we report that unlike susceptible C57BL/6J mice, A/J mice were highly resistant to secondary infection. To identify correlates of immunity, we utilized forward genetics to identify Nfkbid, a nuclear regulator of NF-κB that is required for B cell activation and B-1 cell development. Nfkbid-null mice (“bumble”) did not generate parasite-specific IgM and lacked robust parasite-specific IgG, which correlated with defects in B-2 cell maturation and class-switch recombination. Though high-affinity antibodies were B-2 derived, transfer of B-1 cells partially rescued the immunity defects observed in bumble mice and were required for 100% vaccine efficacy in bone marrow chimeric mice. Immunity in resistant mice correlated with robust isotype class-switching in both B cell lineages, which can be fine-tuned by Nfkbid gene expression. We propose a model whereby humoral immunity to T. gondii is regulated by Nfkbid and requires B-1 and B-2 cells for full protection. Eukaryotic parasitic diseases account for approximately one fifth of all childhood deaths, yet no highly protective vaccine exists for any human parasite. More research must be done to discover how to elicit protective vaccine-induced immunity to parasitic pathogens. We used an unbiased genetic screen to find key genes responsible for immunity to the eukaryotic parasite Toxoplasma gondii. Our screen found Nfkbid, a transcription factor regulator, which controls B cell activation and innate-like B-1 cell development. Mice without Nfkbid were not protected against T. gondii and were deficient at making antibodies against the parasite. Our survival studies of vaccinated mice with and without B-1 compartments found that B-1 cells improved survival, suggesting that B-1 cells act in conjunction with B-2 cells to provide vaccine-induced immunity. Nfkbid and other loci identified in our unbiased screen represent potential targets for vaccines to elicit protective immune responses against parasitic pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott P. Souza
- School of Natural Sciences, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Merced, Merced, California, United States of America
- Graduate Program in Quantitative and Systems Biology, University of California, Merced, Merced, California, United States of America
| | - Samantha D. Splitt
- School of Natural Sciences, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Merced, Merced, California, United States of America
- Graduate Program in Quantitative and Systems Biology, University of California, Merced, Merced, California, United States of America
| | - Juan C. Sànchez-Arcila
- School of Natural Sciences, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Merced, Merced, California, United States of America
| | - Julia A. Alvarez
- School of Natural Sciences, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Merced, Merced, California, United States of America
- Graduate Program in Quantitative and Systems Biology, University of California, Merced, Merced, California, United States of America
| | - Jessica N. Wilson
- School of Natural Sciences, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Merced, Merced, California, United States of America
- Graduate Program in Quantitative and Systems Biology, University of California, Merced, Merced, California, United States of America
| | - Safuwra Wizzard
- School of Natural Sciences, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Merced, Merced, California, United States of America
| | - Zheng Luo
- Center for Immunology & Infectious Diseases, and Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Nicole Baumgarth
- Center for Immunology & Infectious Diseases, and Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Kirk D. C. Jensen
- School of Natural Sciences, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Merced, Merced, California, United States of America
- Health Science Research Institute, University of California, Merced, Merced, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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18
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DeLuca JM, Murphy MK, Wang X, Wilson TJ. FCRL1 Regulates B Cell Receptor-Induced ERK Activation through GRB2. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 207:2688-2698. [PMID: 34697226 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2100218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Regulation of BCR signaling has important consequences for generating effective Ab responses to pathogens and preventing production of autoreactive B cells during development. Currently defined functions of Fc receptor-like (FCRL) 1 include positive regulation of BCR-induced calcium flux, proliferation, and Ab production; however, the mechanistic basis of FCRL1 signaling and its contributions to B cell development remain undefined. Molecular characterization of FCRL1 signaling shows phosphotyrosine-dependent associations with GRB2, GRAP, SHIP-1, and SOS1, all of which can profoundly influence MAPK signaling. In contrast with previous characterizations of FCRL1 as a strictly activating receptor, we discover a role for FCRL1 in suppressing ERK activation under homeostatic and BCR-stimulated conditions in a GRB2-dependent manner. Our analysis of B cells in Fcrl1 -/- mice shows that ERK suppression by FCRL1 is associated with a restriction in the number of cells surviving splenic maturation in vivo. The capacity of FCRL1 to modulate ERK activation presents a potential for FCRL1 to be a regulator of peripheral B cell tolerance, homeostasis, and activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenna M DeLuca
- Department of Microbiology, Miami University, Oxford, OH
| | | | - Xin Wang
- Department of Microbiology, Miami University, Oxford, OH
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19
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Cheng CW, Fang WF, Tang KT, Lin JD. Possible interplay between estrogen and the BAFF may modify thyroid activity in Graves' disease. Sci Rep 2021; 11:21350. [PMID: 34725405 PMCID: PMC8560878 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-00903-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A link between sex hormones and B-cell activating factor (BAFF), a crucial immunoregulator of autoimmune thyroid disease (AITD), may exist. The study aimed to elucidate the role of estrogen (E2) in regulating BAFF in Graves' disease (GD). In clinical samples, serum BAFF levels were higher in women than in men in both the GD and control groups. serum BAFF levels were associated with thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor antibody levels and thyroid function only in women and not in men. BAFF transcripts in peripheral blood mononuclear cells were higher in women with GD than those in the control group. Among GD patients with the AA genotype of rs2893321, women had higher BAFF transcripts and protein levels than men. In the progression of a spontaneous autoimmune thyroiditis (SAT) murine model, NOD.H-2h4, serum free thyroxine and BAFF levels were higher in female than in male mice. Moreover, exogenous E2 treatment increased serum BAFF levels in male SAT mice. Meanwhile, female SAT mice exhibited higher thyroid BAFF transcripts levels than either the E2-treated or untreated male SAT mouse groups. Our results showed that E2 might be implicated in modulating BAFF expression, and support a possible mechanism for the higher incidence of AITD in women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao-Wen Cheng
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan
- Traditional Herb Medicine Research Center, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan
- Cell Physiology and Molecular Image Research Center, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Fang Fang
- Department of Family Medicine, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan
| | - Kam-Tsun Tang
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, 112, Taiwan
| | - Jiunn-Diann Lin
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, 291 Jhongzheng Rd., Jhonghe District, New Taipei City, 23561, Taiwan.
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan.
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20
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Ren A, Sun J, Yin W, Westerberg LS, Miller H, Lee P, Candotti F, Guan F, Lei J, Gong Q, Chen Y, Liu C. Signaling networks in B cell development and related therapeutic strategies. J Leukoc Biol 2021; 111:877-891. [PMID: 34528729 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.2ru0221-088rrr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
B cells are essential for Ab production during humoral immune responses. From decades of B cell research, there is now a detailed understanding of B cell subsets, development, functions, and most importantly, signaling pathways. The complicated pathways in B cells and their interactions with each other are stage-dependent, varying with surface marker expression during B cell development. With the increasing understanding of B cell development and signaling pathways, the mechanisms underlying B cell related diseases are being unraveled as well, making it possible to provide more precise and effective treatments. In this review, we describe several essential and recently discovered signaling pathways in B cell development and take a look at newly developed therapeutic strategies targeted at B cell signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anwen Ren
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jianxuan Sun
- Department and Institute of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Wei Yin
- Wuhan Children's Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Lisa S Westerberg
- Department of Microbiology Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Heather Miller
- The Laboratory of Intracellular Parasites, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana, USA
| | - Pamela Lee
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Fabio Candotti
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Fei Guan
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jiahui Lei
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Quan Gong
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China.,Clinical Molecular Immunology Center, School of Medicine, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Yan Chen
- The Second Department of Pediatrics, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, China
| | - Chaohong Liu
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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21
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Increasing numbers of CD19 + CD24 highCD38 high regulatory B cells and pre-germinal center B cells reflect activated autoimmunity and predict future treatment response in patients with untreated immune thrombocytopenia. Int J Hematol 2021; 114:580-590. [PMID: 34309815 DOI: 10.1007/s12185-021-03192-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The pathophysiology of immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) is poorly understood, particularly aspects regarding abnormal homeostasis and dysregulation of B cells. In this study, we analyzed peripheral lymphocyte subsets in patients with untreated ITP and healthy controls, and examined correlations between cell percentages/counts and titers of serum cytokines and antibodies. We also compared ITP patients who later required second-line therapies and those who did not. The percentages of CD19 + CD24highCD38high regulatory B cells, pre-germinal center (GC) B cells, and plasmablast-like B cells were significantly higher in ITP patients than in healthy controls. Absolute counts of regulatory B cells and pre-GC B cells were significantly higher in those who needed second-line therapies. In addition, serum B cell-activating factor belonging to the tumor necrosis factor family (BAFF) levels and platelet-associated immune globulin G antibody titers correlated positively with regulatory B cell, pre-GC B cell, and auto-reactive B cell counts. Serum interferon-α (IFN-α) levels were elevated in four ITP patients with high auto-reactive B cell counts. These results indicate that increases in regulatory B cells and pre-GC B cells may reflect activated autoimmunity induced by BAFF and/or IFN-α. Consequently, evaluation of B cell subsets in untreated ITP patients may predict treatment response.
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22
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Ferrua F, Bortolomai I, Fontana E, Di Silvestre D, Rigoni R, Marcovecchio GE, Draghici E, Brambilla F, Castiello MC, Delfanti G, Moshous D, Picard C, Taghon T, Bordon V, Schulz AS, Schuetz C, Giliani S, Soresina A, Gennery AR, Signa S, Dávila Saldaña BJ, Delmonte OM, Notarangelo LD, Roifman CM, Poliani PL, Uva P, Mauri PL, Villa A, Bosticardo M. Thymic Epithelial Cell Alterations and Defective Thymopoiesis Lead to Central and Peripheral Tolerance Perturbation in MHCII Deficiency. Front Immunol 2021; 12:669943. [PMID: 34211466 PMCID: PMC8239840 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.669943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) class II (MHCII) deficiency (MHCII-D), also known as Bare Lymphocyte Syndrome (BLS), is a rare combined immunodeficiency due to mutations in genes regulating expression of MHCII molecules. MHCII deficiency results in impaired cellular and humoral immune responses, leading to severe infections and autoimmunity. Abnormal cross-talk with developing T cells due to the absence of MHCII expression likely leads to defects in thymic epithelial cells (TEC). However, the contribution of TEC alterations to the pathogenesis of this primary immunodeficiency has not been well characterized to date, in particular in regard to immune dysregulation. To this aim, we have performed an in-depth cellular and molecular characterization of TEC in this disease. We observed an overall perturbation of thymic structure and function in both MHCII-/- mice and patients. Transcriptomic and proteomic profiling of murine TEC revealed several alterations. In particular, we demonstrated that impairment of lymphostromal cross-talk in the thymus of MHCII-/- mice affects mTEC maturation and promiscuous gene expression and causes defects of central tolerance. Furthermore, we observed peripheral tolerance impairment, likely due to defective Treg cell generation and/or function and B cell tolerance breakdown. Overall, our findings reveal disease-specific TEC defects resulting in perturbation of central tolerance and limiting the potential benefits of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in MHCII deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Ferrua
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (SR-Tiget), IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
- Pediatric Immunohematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Ileana Bortolomai
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (SR-Tiget), IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Elena Fontana
- Human Genome Department, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
- Milan Unit, Institute of Genetic and Biomedical Research, National Research Council (CNR), Milan, Italy
| | - Dario Di Silvestre
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute for Biomedical Technologies-National Research Council (CNR), Milan, Italy
| | - Rosita Rigoni
- Human Genome Department, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
- Milan Unit, Institute of Genetic and Biomedical Research, National Research Council (CNR), Milan, Italy
| | - Genni Enza Marcovecchio
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (SR-Tiget), IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Elena Draghici
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (SR-Tiget), IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca Brambilla
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute for Biomedical Technologies-National Research Council (CNR), Milan, Italy
| | - Maria Carmina Castiello
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (SR-Tiget), IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
- Milan Unit, Institute of Genetic and Biomedical Research, National Research Council (CNR), Milan, Italy
| | - Gloria Delfanti
- Experimental Immunology Unit, Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Despina Moshous
- Department of Pediatric Immunology, Hematology and Rheumatology, Necker Children’s Hospital, AP-HP, Paris, France
- Laboratory “Genome Dynamics in the Immune System”, INSERM UMR1163, Université de Paris, Institut Imagine, Paris, France
| | - Capucine Picard
- Department of Pediatric Immunology, Hematology and Rheumatology, Necker Children’s Hospital, AP-HP, Paris, France
- Centre d’Etude des Déficits Immunitaires, Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital, AP-HP, Paris, France
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Activation and Susceptibility to EBV infection, Inserm UMR 1163, University Paris Descartes Sorbonne Paris Cité, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | - Tom Taghon
- Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Victoria Bordon
- Department of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ansgar S. Schulz
- Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Catharina Schuetz
- Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Ulm, Ulm, Germany
- Department of Pediatrics, Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Silvia Giliani
- Cytogenetics and Medical Genetics Unit and “A. Nocivelli” Institute for Molecular Medicine, Spedali Civili Hospital, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Annarosa Soresina
- Unit of Pediatric Immunology, Pediatrics Clinic, University of Brescia, ASST-Spedali Civili Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Andrew R. Gennery
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
- Department of Pediatric Immunology and HSCT, Great North Children's Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Sara Signa
- Department of Pediatric Immunology and HSCT, Great North Children's Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
- Autoinflammatory Diseases and Immunodeficiencies Center, IRCCS Istituto G. Gaslini, and Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, and Maternal and Children's Sciences, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Blachy J. Dávila Saldaña
- Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Ottavia M. Delmonte
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Luigi D. Notarangelo
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Chaim M. Roifman
- Division of Immunology & Allergy, Department of Pediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children, the Canadian Centre for Primary Immunodeficiency and the University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Pietro Luigi Poliani
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Pathology Unit, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Paolo Uva
- CRS4, Science and Technology Park Polaris, Pula, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Pier Luigi Mauri
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute for Biomedical Technologies-National Research Council (CNR), Milan, Italy
| | - Anna Villa
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (SR-Tiget), IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
- Milan Unit, Institute of Genetic and Biomedical Research, National Research Council (CNR), Milan, Italy
| | - Marita Bosticardo
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (SR-Tiget), IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD, United States
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23
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Scheffler L, Feicht S, Babushku T, Kuhn LB, Ehrenberg S, Frankenberger S, Lehmann FM, Hobeika E, Jungnickel B, Baccarini M, Bornkamm GW, Strobl LJ, Zimber-Strobl U. ERK phosphorylation is RAF independent in naïve and activated B cells but RAF dependent in plasma cell differentiation. Sci Signal 2021; 14:eabc1648. [PMID: 33975980 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.abc1648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Members of the RAF family of serine-threonine kinases are intermediates in the mitogen-activated protein kinase and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (MAPK-ERK) signaling pathway, which controls key differentiation processes in B cells. By analyzing mice with B cell-specific deletion of Raf1, Braf, or both, we showed that Raf-1 and B-Raf acted together in mediating the positive selection of pre-B and transitional B cells as well as in initiating plasma cell differentiation. However, genetic or chemical inactivation of RAFs led to increased ERK phosphorylation in mature B cells. ERK activation in the absence of Raf-1 and B-Raf was mediated by multiple RAF-independent pathways, with phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) playing an important role. Furthermore, we found that ERK phosphorylation strongly increased during the transition from activated B cells to pre-plasmablasts. This increase in ERK phosphorylation did not occur in B cells lacking both Raf-1 and B-Raf, which most likely explains the partial block of plasma cell differentiation in mice lacking both RAFs. Collectively, our data indicate that B-Raf and Raf-1 are not necessary to mediate ERK phosphorylation in naïve or activated B cells but are essential for mediating the marked increase in ERK phosphorylation during the transition from activated B cells to pre-plasmablasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Scheffler
- Research Unit of Gene Vectors, Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health GmbH, Marchioninistrasse 25, D-81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Samantha Feicht
- Research Unit of Gene Vectors, Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health GmbH, Marchioninistrasse 25, D-81377 Munich, Germany
- Institute for Clinical Molecular Biology and Tumor Genetics, Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health GmbH, Marchioninistrasse 25, D-81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Tea Babushku
- Research Unit of Gene Vectors, Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health GmbH, Marchioninistrasse 25, D-81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Laura B Kuhn
- Research Unit of Gene Vectors, Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health GmbH, Marchioninistrasse 25, D-81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Stefanie Ehrenberg
- Research Unit of Gene Vectors, Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health GmbH, Marchioninistrasse 25, D-81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Samantha Frankenberger
- Research Unit of Gene Vectors, Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health GmbH, Marchioninistrasse 25, D-81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Frank M Lehmann
- Institute for Clinical Molecular Biology and Tumor Genetics, Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health GmbH, Marchioninistrasse 25, D-81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Elias Hobeika
- Molecular Immunology, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Stübeweg 51, D-79108 Freiburg, Germany
- Institute of Immunology, Ulm University Medical Center, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, D-89070 Ulm, Germany
| | - Berit Jungnickel
- Institute for Clinical Molecular Biology and Tumor Genetics, Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health GmbH, Marchioninistrasse 25, D-81377 Munich, Germany
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Center for Molecular Biomedicine, Friedrich-Schiller University Jena, Hans-Knoell-Strasse 2, D-07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Manuela Baccarini
- Department of Microbiology, Immunobiology, and Genetics, Center for Molecular Biology of the University of Vienna, Max Perutz Labs, Dr. Bohr-Gasse 9, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Georg W Bornkamm
- Institute for Clinical Molecular Biology and Tumor Genetics, Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health GmbH, Marchioninistrasse 25, D-81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Lothar J Strobl
- Research Unit of Gene Vectors, Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health GmbH, Marchioninistrasse 25, D-81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Ursula Zimber-Strobl
- Research Unit of Gene Vectors, Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health GmbH, Marchioninistrasse 25, D-81377 Munich, Germany.
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24
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BAFF promotes heightened BCR responsiveness and manifestations of chronic GVHD after allogeneic stem cell transplantation. Blood 2021; 137:2544-2557. [PMID: 33534893 PMCID: PMC8109011 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2020008040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with chronic graft-versus-host disease (cGVHD) have increased B cell-activating factor (BAFF) levels, but whether BAFF promotes disease after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (allo-BMT) remains unknown. In a major histocompatibility complex-mismatched model with cGVHD-like manifestations, we first examined B-lymphopenic μMT allo-BMT recipients and found that increased BAFF levels in cGVHD mice were not merely a reflection of B-cell number. Mice that later developed cGVHD had significantly increased numbers of recipient fibroblastic reticular cells with higher BAFF transcript levels. Increased BAFF production by donor cells also likely contributed to cGVHD, because BAFF transcript in CD4+ T cells from diseased mice and patients was increased. cGVHD manifestations in mice were associated with high BAFF/B-cell ratios and persistence of B-cell receptor (BCR)-activated B cells in peripheral blood and lesional tissue. By employing BAFF transgenic (Tg) mice donor cells, we addressed whether high BAFF contributed to BCR activation in cGVHD. BAFF increased NOTCH2 expression on B cells, augmenting BCR responsiveness to surrogate antigen and NOTCH ligand. BAFF Tg B cells had significantly increased protein levels of the proximal BCR signaling molecule SYK, and high SYK protein was maintained by BAFF after in vitro BCR activation or when alloantigen was present in vivo. Using T cell-depleted (BM only) BAFF Tg donors, we found that BAFF promoted cGVHD manifestations, circulating GL7+ B cells, and alloantibody production. We demonstrate that pathologic production of BAFF promotes an altered B-cell compartment and augments BCR responsiveness. Our findings compel studies of therapeutic targeting of BAFF and BCR pathways in patients with cGVHD.
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25
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Central human B cell tolerance manifests with a distinctive cell phenotype and is enforced via CXCR4 signaling in hu-mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2021570118. [PMID: 33850015 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2021570118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Central B cell tolerance, the process restricting the development of many newly generated autoreactive B cells, has been intensely investigated in mouse cells while studies in humans have been hampered by the inability to phenotypically distinguish autoreactive and nonautoreactive immature B cell clones and the difficulty in accessing fresh human bone marrow samples. Using a human immune system mouse model in which all human Igκ+ B cells undergo central tolerance, we discovered that human autoreactive immature B cells exhibit a distinctive phenotype that includes lower activation of ERK and differential expression of CD69, CD81, CXCR4, and other glycoproteins. Human B cells exhibiting these characteristics were observed in fresh human bone marrow tissue biopsy specimens, although differences in marker expression were smaller than in the humanized mouse model. Furthermore, the expression of these markers was slightly altered in autoreactive B cells of humanized mice engrafted with some human immune systems genetically predisposed to autoimmunity. Finally, by treating mice and human immune system mice with a pharmacologic antagonist, we show that signaling by CXCR4 is necessary to prevent both human and mouse autoreactive B cell clones from egressing the bone marrow, indicating that CXCR4 functionally contributes to central B cell tolerance.
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26
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Li Y, Zuo X, Hua C, Zhao Y, Pei X, Tian M. Effects of Selenium Supplement on B Lymphocyte Activity in Experimental Autoimmune Thyroiditis Rats. Int J Endocrinol 2021; 2021:9439344. [PMID: 34422046 PMCID: PMC8373486 DOI: 10.1155/2021/9439344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2021] [Revised: 08/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
METHODS 45 healthy and adult female SD rats were randomly divided into three groups: normal control group, EAT model group, and selenium yeast supplement EAT group. The EAT model rats were induced by subcutaneous injection of porcine thyroglobulin and fed with high iodine water. The concentrations of serum thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), TGAb, TPOAb, and B cell activating factor (BAFF) were detected in each group by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and the expression of interleukin-10 (IL-10) in thyroid tissue was detected by immunohistochemistry. B cells and regulatory B cells (Bregs) ratios in the spleen of rats were analyzed by flow cytometry. RESULTS In contrast with the EAT model group, the levels of serum TSH, TGAB, TPOAb, and BAFF were decreased, while IL-10 expression was increased in thyroid tissue, and Bregs ratio was upregulated in the spleen (all p < 0.05) in the selenium yeast supplement EAT group. CONCLUSION Selenium yeast supplement could partially attenuate immune imbalance in EAT rats, which may be related to the mechanism of modulating B lymphocyte activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Li
- Thyroid Center of Hubei Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Hubei Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Wuhan 430074, China
- Hubei University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Wuhan 430061, China
| | - Xinhe Zuo
- Thyroid Center of Hubei Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Hubei Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Wuhan 430074, China
- Hubei University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Wuhan 430061, China
| | - Chuan Hua
- Thyroid Center of Hubei Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Hubei Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Wuhan 430074, China
- Hubei University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Wuhan 430061, China
| | - Yong Zhao
- Thyroid Center of Hubei Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Hubei Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Wuhan 430074, China
- Hubei University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Wuhan 430061, China
| | - Xun Pei
- Thyroid Center of Hubei Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Hubei Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Wuhan 430074, China
- Hubei University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Wuhan 430061, China
| | - Man Tian
- Thyroid Center of Hubei Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Hubei Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Wuhan 430074, China
- Hubei University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Wuhan 430061, China
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27
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Del Pino Molina L, Torres Canizales JM, Pernía O, Rodríguez Pena R, Ibanez de Caceres I, López Granados E. Defective Bcl-2 expression in memory B cells from common variable immunodeficiency patients. Clin Exp Immunol 2020; 203:341-350. [PMID: 32961586 DOI: 10.1111/cei.13522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) is a primary immunodeficiency characterized by hypogammaglobulinemia and different degrees of B cell compartment alteration. Memory B cell differentiation requires the orchestrated activation of several intracellular signaling pathways that lead to the activation of a number of factors, such as nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) which, in turn, promote transcriptional programs required for long-term survival. The aim of this study was to determine if disrupted B cell differentiation, survival and activation in B cells in CVID patients could be related to defects in intracellular signaling pathways. For this purpose, we selected intracellular readouts that reflected the strength of homeostatic signaling pathways in resting cells, as the protein expression levels of the Bcl-2 family which transcription is promoted by NF-κB. We found reduced Bcl-2 protein levels in memory B cells from CVID patients. We further explored the possible alteration of this crucial prosurvival signaling pathway in CVID patients by analysing the expression levels of mRNAs from anti-apoptotic proteins in naive B cells, mimicking T cell-dependent activation in vitro with CD40L and interleukin (IL)-21. BCL-XL mRNA levels were decreased, together with reduced levels of AICDA, after naive B-cell activation in CVID patients. The data suggested a molecular mechanism for this tendency towards apoptosis in B cells from CVID patients. Lower Bcl-2 protein levels in memory B cells could compromise their long-term survival, and a possible less activity of NF-κB in naive B cells, may condition an inabilityto increase BCL-XL mRNA levels, thus not promoting survival in the germinal centers.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Del Pino Molina
- Clinical Immunology Department, La Paz University Hospital, Lymphocyte Pathophysiology in Immunodeficiencies Group La Paz Institute for Health Research (IdiPAZ) and Center for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER U767), Madrid, Spain
| | - J M Torres Canizales
- Clinical Immunology Department, La Paz University Hospital, Lymphocyte Pathophysiology in Immunodeficiencies Group La Paz Institute for Health Research (IdiPAZ) and Center for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER U767), Madrid, Spain
| | - O Pernía
- Cancer Epigenetics Laboratory, INGEMM, Biomarkers and Experimental Therapeutics in Cancer Group, La Paz Institute for Health Research (IdiPAZ), Madrid, Spain
| | - R Rodríguez Pena
- Clinical Immunology Department, La Paz University Hospital, Lymphocyte Pathophysiology in Immunodeficiencies Group La Paz Institute for Health Research (IdiPAZ) and Center for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER U767), Madrid, Spain
| | - I Ibanez de Caceres
- Cancer Epigenetics Laboratory, INGEMM, Biomarkers and Experimental Therapeutics in Cancer Group, La Paz Institute for Health Research (IdiPAZ), Madrid, Spain
| | - E López Granados
- Clinical Immunology Department, La Paz University Hospital, Lymphocyte Pathophysiology in Immunodeficiencies Group La Paz Institute for Health Research (IdiPAZ) and Center for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER U767), Madrid, Spain
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28
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Differential Effects of MS Therapeutics on B Cells-Implications for Their Use and Failure in AQP4-Positive NMOSD Patients. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21145021. [PMID: 32708663 PMCID: PMC7404039 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21145021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 07/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
B cells are considered major contributors to multiple sclerosis (MS) pathophysiology. While lately approved disease-modifying drugs like ocrelizumab deplete B cells directly, most MS medications were not primarily designed to target B cells. Here, we review the current understanding how approved MS medications affect peripheral B lymphocytes in humans. These highly contrasting effects are of substantial importance when considering these drugs as therapy for neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (NMOSD), a frequent differential diagnosis to MS, which is considered being a primarily B cell- and antibody-driven diseases. Data indicates that MS medications, which deplete B cells or induce an anti-inflammatory phenotype of the remaining ones, were effective and safe in aquaporin-4 antibody positive NMOSD. In contrast, drugs such as natalizumab and interferon-β, which lead to activation and accumulation of B cells in the peripheral blood, lack efficacy or even induce catastrophic disease activity in NMOSD. Hence, we conclude that the differential effect of MS drugs on B cells is one potential parameter determining the therapeutic efficacy or failure in antibody-dependent diseases like seropositive NMOSD.
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29
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Giltiay NV, Giordano D, Clark EA. The Plasticity of Newly Formed B Cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 203:3095-3104. [PMID: 31818922 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1900928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Newly formed B cells (NF-B cells) that emerge from the bone marrow to the periphery have often been referred to as immature or transitional B cells. However, NF-B cells have several striking characteristics, including a distinct BCR repertoire, high expression of AID, high sensitivity to PAMPs, and the ability to produce cytokines. A number of findings do not support their designation as immature because NF-B cells have the potential to become Ab-producing cells and to undergo class-switch recombination. In this review, we provide a fresh perspective on NF-B cell functions and describe some of the signals driving their activation. We summarize growing evidence supporting a role for NF-B cells in protection against infections and as a potential source of autoantibody-producing cells in autoimmune diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia V Giltiay
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109; and
| | - Daniela Giordano
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109
| | - Edward A Clark
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109
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30
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Zhou Y, Zhang Y, Han J, Yang M, Zhu J, Jin T. Transitional B cells involved in autoimmunity and their impact on neuroimmunological diseases. J Transl Med 2020; 18:131. [PMID: 32183811 PMCID: PMC7079408 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-020-02289-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Transitional B cells (TrB cells) represent a crucial link between immature B cells in the bone marrow and mature peripheral B cells. Although TrB cells represent one of the regulatory B cell subpopulations in healthy individuals, the frequency of CD24hiCD38hi TrB cells in circulation may be altered in individuals with autoimmune diseases, such as multiple sclerosis, neuromyelitisoptica spectrum disorders, systemic lupus erythematosus, Sjögren’s syndrome, rheumatoid arthritis, systemic sclerosis, and juvenile dermatomyositis. Although TrB cells play regulatory roles under inflammatory conditions, consequences of their functional impairment vary across autoimmune diseases. Since the origin, development, and function of TrB cells, especially in humans, remain unclear and controversial, this review aimed to discuss the characteristics of TrB cells at steady state and explore their role in various immune diseases, including autoimmune rheumatic diseases and neuroimmunological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhou
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Xinmin Street 71#, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Xinmin Street 71#, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Jinming Han
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Xinmin Street 71#, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Mengge Yang
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Xinmin Street 71#, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Jie Zhu
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Xinmin Street 71#, Changchun, 130021, China.,Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tao Jin
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Xinmin Street 71#, Changchun, 130021, China.
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31
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Jackson SW, Davidson A. BAFF inhibition in SLE-Is tolerance restored? Immunol Rev 2019; 292:102-119. [PMID: 31562657 PMCID: PMC6935406 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The B cell activating factor (BAFF) inhibitor, belimumab, is the first biologic drug approved for the treatment of SLE, and exhibits modest, but durable, efficacy in decreasing disease flares and organ damage. BAFF and its homolog APRIL are TNF-like cytokines that support the survival and differentiation of B cells at distinct developmental stages. BAFF is a crucial survival factor for transitional and mature B cells that acts as rheostat for the maturation of low-affinity autoreactive cells. In addition, BAFF augments innate B cell responses via complex interactions with the B cell receptor (BCR) and Toll like receptor (TLR) pathways. In this manner, BAFF impacts autoreactive B cell activation via extrafollicular pathways and fine tunes affinity selection within germinal centers (GC). Finally, BAFF and APRIL support plasma cell survival, with differential impacts on IgM- and IgG-producing populations. Therapeutically, BAFF and combined BAFF/APRIL inhibition delays disease onset in diverse murine lupus strains, although responsiveness to BAFF inhibition is model dependent, in keeping with heterogeneity in clinical responses to belimumab treatment in humans. In this review, we discuss the mechanisms whereby BAFF/APRIL signals promote autoreactive B cell activation, discuss whether altered selection accounts for therapeutic benefits of BAFF inhibition, and address whether new insights into BAFF/APRIL family complexity can be exploited to improve human lupus treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaun W Jackson
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Anne Davidson
- Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, USA
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32
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Del Pino-Molina L, Rodríguez-Ubreva J, Torres Canizales J, Coronel-Díaz M, Kulis M, Martín-Subero JI, van der Burg M, Ballestar E, López-Granados E. Impaired CpG Demethylation in Common Variable Immunodeficiency Associates With B Cell Phenotype and Proliferation Rate. Front Immunol 2019; 10:878. [PMID: 31105700 PMCID: PMC6492528 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Common Variable Immunodeficiency (CVID) is characterized by impaired antibody production and poor terminal differentiation of the B cell compartment, yet its pathogenesis is still poorly understood. We first reported the occurrence of epigenetic alterations in CVID by high-throughput methylation analysis in CVID-discordant monozygotic twins. Data from a recent whole DNA methylome analysis throughout different stages of normal B cell differentiation allowed us to design a new experimental approach. We selected CpG sites for analysis based on two criteria: one, CpGs with potential association with the transcriptional status of relevant genes for B cell activation and differentiation; and two, CpGs that undergo significant demethylation from naïve to memory B cells in healthy individuals. DNA methylation was analyzed by bisulfite pyrosequencing of specific CpG sites in sorted naïve and memory B cell subsets from CVID patients and healthy donors. We observed impaired demethylation in two thirds of the selected CpGs in CVID memory B cells, in genes that govern B cell-specific processes or participate in B cell signaling. The degree of demethylation impairment associated with the extent of the memory B cell reduction. The impaired demethylation in such functionally relevant genes as AICDA in switched memory B cells correlated with a lower proliferative rate. Our new results reinforce the hypothesis of altered demethylation during B cell differentiation as a contributing pathogenic mechanism to the impairment of B cell function and maturation in CVID. In particular, deregulated epigenetic control of AICDA could play a role in the defective establishment of a post-germinal center B cell compartment in CVID.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucía Del Pino-Molina
- Lymphocyte Pathophysiology in Immunodeficiencies Group, Department of Clinical Immunology, IdiPAZ Institute for Health Research, University Hospital La Paz, Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Rodríguez-Ubreva
- Chromatin and Disease Group, Cancer Epigenetics and Biology Programme (PEBC), Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Juan Torres Canizales
- Lymphocyte Pathophysiology in Immunodeficiencies Group, Department of Clinical Immunology, IdiPAZ Institute for Health Research, University Hospital La Paz, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Coronel-Díaz
- Lymphocyte Pathophysiology in Immunodeficiencies Group, Department of Clinical Immunology, IdiPAZ Institute for Health Research, University Hospital La Paz, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Kulis
- Fundació Clínic per a la Recerca Biomèdica, Barcelona, Spain
| | - José I Martín-Subero
- Departamento de Fundamentos Clínicos, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer, CIBERONC, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain.,Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mirjam van der Burg
- Laboratory for Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Esteban Ballestar
- Chromatin and Disease Group, Cancer Epigenetics and Biology Programme (PEBC), Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eduardo López-Granados
- Lymphocyte Pathophysiology in Immunodeficiencies Group, Department of Clinical Immunology, IdiPAZ Institute for Health Research, University Hospital La Paz, Madrid, Spain
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Greaves SA, Peterson JN, Strauch P, Torres RM, Pelanda R. Active PI3K abrogates central tolerance in high-avidity autoreactive B cells. J Exp Med 2019; 216:1135-1153. [PMID: 30948496 PMCID: PMC6504226 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20181652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Revised: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
High-avidity autoreactive B cells are typically removed by central tolerance mechanisms in the bone marrow. Greaves et al. demonstrate that B cell–intrinsic expression of active PI3Kα prevents central tolerance and effectively promotes differentiation and activation of high-avidity autoreactive B cells in the periphery. Autoreactive B cells that bind self-antigen with high avidity in the bone marrow undergo mechanisms of central tolerance that prevent their entry into the peripheral B cell population. These mechanisms are breached in many autoimmune patients, increasing their risk of B cell–mediated autoimmune diseases. Resolving the molecular pathways that can break central B cell tolerance could therefore provide avenues to diminish autoimmunity. Here, we show that B cell–intrinsic expression of a constitutively active form of PI3K-P110α by high-avidity autoreactive B cells of mice completely abrogates central B cell tolerance and further promotes these cells to escape from the bone marrow, differentiate in peripheral tissue, and undergo activation in response to self-antigen. Upon stimulation with T cell help factors, these B cells secrete antibodies in vitro but remain unable to secrete autoantibodies in vivo. Overall, our data demonstrate that activation of the PI3K pathway leads high-avidity autoreactive B cells to breach central, but not late, stages of peripheral tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A Greaves
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
| | - Jacob N Peterson
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
| | - Pamela Strauch
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
| | - Raul M Torres
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO.,Department of Biomedical Research, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO
| | - Roberta Pelanda
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO .,Department of Biomedical Research, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO
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Shabgah AG, Shariati-Sarabi Z, Tavakkol-Afshari J, Mohammadi M. The role of BAFF and APRIL in rheumatoid arthritis. J Cell Physiol 2019; 234:17050-17063. [PMID: 30941763 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.28445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Revised: 02/10/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Development and activation of B cells quickly became clear after identifying new ligands and receptors in the tumor necrosis factor superfamily. B cell-activating factor (BAFF) and a proliferation-inducing ligand (APRIL) are the members of membrane proteins Type 2 family released by proteolytic cleavage of furin to form active, soluble homotrimers. Except for B cells, ligands are expressed by all such immune cells like T cells, dendritic cells, monocytes, and macrophages. BAFF and APRIL have two common receptors, namely TNFR homolog transmembrane activator and Ca2+ modulator and CAML interactor (TACI) and B cell-maturation antigen. BAFF alone can also be coupled with a third receptor called BAFFR (also called BR3 or BLyS Receptor). These receptors are often expressed by immune cells in the B-cell lineage. The binding of BAFF or APRIL to their receptors supports B cells differentiation and proliferation, immunoglobulin production and the upregulation of B cell-effector molecules expression. It is possible that the overexpression of BAFF and APRIL contributes to the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases. In BAFF transgenic mice, there is a pseudo-autoimmune manifestation, which is associated with an increase in B-lymphocytes, hyperglobulinemia, anti-single stranded DNA, and anti-double-stranded DNA antibodies, and immune complexes in their peripheral blood. Furthermore, overexpressing BAFF augments the number of peripheral B220+ B cells with a normal proliferation rate, high levels of Bcl2, and prolonged survival and hyperactivity. Therefore, in this review article, we studied BAFF and APRIL as important mediators in B-cell and discussed their role in rheumatoid arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arezoo G Shabgah
- Immunology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Zhaleh Shariati-Sarabi
- Rheumatic Diseases Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | | | - Mojgan Mohammadi
- Immunology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Allergy Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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35
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Signalling circuits that direct early B-cell development. Biochem J 2019; 476:769-778. [PMID: 30842310 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20180565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Revised: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
In mammals, the B-cell lineage arises from pluripotent progenitors in the bone marrow. During their development, B-cells undergo lineage specification and commitment, followed by expansion and selection. These processes are mediated by regulated changes in gene expression programmes, rearrangements of immunoglobulin (Ig) genes, and well-timed rounds of proliferation and apoptosis. Many of these processes are initiated by environmental factors including cytokines, chemokines, and cell-cell contacts. Developing B-cells process these environmental cues into stage-specific functions via signalling pathways including the PI3K, MAPK, or JAK-STAT pathway. The cytokines FLT3-Ligand and c-Kit-Ligand are important for the early expansion of the B-cell precursors at different developmental stages and conditions. Interleukin 7 is essential for commitment to the B-cell lineage and for orchestrating the Ig recombination machinery. After rearrangement of the immunoglobulin heavy chain, proliferation and apoptosis, and thus selection, are mediated by the clonal pre-B-cell receptor, and, following light chain rearrangement, by the B-cell receptor.
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Carrillo-Ballesteros FJ, Oregon-Romero E, Franco-Topete RA, Govea-Camacho LH, Cruz A, Muñoz-Valle JF, Bustos-Rodríguez FJ, Pereira-Suárez AL, Palafox-Sánchez CA. B-cell activating factor receptor expression is associated with germinal center B-cell maintenance. Exp Ther Med 2019; 17:2053-2060. [PMID: 30783477 PMCID: PMC6364250 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2019.7172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
B-cell activating factor (BAFF) is a major cytokine that regulates B-cell survival, maturation and differentiation through its binding with its receptors: BAFF receptor (BAFF-R), transmembrane activator and cyclophilin ligand interactor (TACI) and B-cell maturation antigen (BCMA). These receptors have been demonstrated to be involved in tertiary lymphoid structure formation; however, their role in germinal centers (GCs) has remained elusive. The aim of the present study was to determine the expression profiles of BAFF and its receptors in secondary lymphoid tissues. Tonsils resected due to chronic tonsillitis were used as lymphoid tissues. To confirm the presence of GCs identified based on their typical structure, CD21 antibody staining was employed. The expression of BAFF, BAFF-R, TACI and BCMA was assessed by immunohistochemistry. BAFF was highly expressed in all regions of the follicle, but the highest BAFF expression was detected in the mantle zone (MZ). A high expression of BAFF-R was observed on lymphocytes in the MZ in comparison with the other regions (~80%; P<0.05), which was co-localizated with BAFF (r=0.646; P<0.001), in the MZ. TACI and BCMA exhibited similar expression among the different zones of the GCs, and co-localization with BAFF was observed inside the follicle, mainly in the dark zone. The present results indicate that BAFF is implicated in the maintenance of GCs. BAFF-R overexpression in the MZ, co-localizated with BAFF, suggests that these proteins constitute the principal pathway for the maintenance of the naïve B-cell population. Furthermore, TACI and BCMA have a role in the GC, where processes of B-cell selection, proliferation and differentiation into immunoglobulin-secreting plasma cells occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Josué Carrillo-Ballesteros
- Research Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Medical Clinics, University Center for Health Sciences, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco 44340, México
| | - Edith Oregon-Romero
- Research Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Medical Clinics, University Center for Health Sciences, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco 44340, México
| | - Ramon Antonio Franco-Topete
- Department of Microbiology and Pathology, University Center for Health Sciences, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco 44340, México
| | - Luis Humberto Govea-Camacho
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, West National Medical Center, Mexican Institute of Social Security, Guadalajara, Jalisco 44340, México
| | - Alvaro Cruz
- Research Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Medical Clinics, University Center for Health Sciences, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco 44340, México
| | - José Francisco Muñoz-Valle
- Research Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Medical Clinics, University Center for Health Sciences, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco 44340, México
| | - Felipe Jesús Bustos-Rodríguez
- Department of Microbiology and Pathology, University Center for Health Sciences, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco 44340, México
| | - Ana Laura Pereira-Suárez
- Department of Physiology, University Center for Health Sciences, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco 44340, México
| | - Claudia Azucena Palafox-Sánchez
- Research Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Medical Clinics, University Center for Health Sciences, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco 44340, México
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Silveira ELV, Dominguez MR, Soares IS. To B or Not to B: Understanding B Cell Responses in the Development of Malaria Infection. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2961. [PMID: 30619319 PMCID: PMC6302011 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria is a widespread disease caused mainly by the Plasmodium falciparum (Pf) and Plasmodium vivax (Pv) protozoan parasites. Depending on the parasite responsible for the infection, high morbidity and mortality can be triggered. To escape the host immune responses, Plasmodium parasites disturb the functionality of B cell subsets among other cell types. However, some antibodies elicited during a malaria infection have the potential to block pathogen invasion and dissemination into the host. Thus, the question remains, why is protection not developed and maintained after the primary parasite exposure? In this review, we discuss different aspects of B cell responses against Plasmodium antigens during malaria infection. Since most studies have focused on the quantification of serum antibody titers, those B cell responses have not been fully characterized. However, to secrete antibodies, a complex cellular response is set up, including not only the activation and differentiation of B cells into antibody-secreting cells, but also the participation of other cell subsets in the germinal center reactions. Therefore, a better understanding of how B cell subsets are stimulated during malaria infection will provide essential insights toward the design of potent interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo L V Silveira
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mariana R Dominguez
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Irene S Soares
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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38
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B cells in Graves' Orbitopathy: more than just a source of antibodies? Eye (Lond) 2018; 33:230-234. [PMID: 30514895 DOI: 10.1038/s41433-018-0285-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
B cells have multiple actions on different phases of an immune reaction, mainly resulting in B and T cell-interaction (help), production of cytokines, regulation of dendritic cells and downregulation of regulatory B cells. The effectiveness of B cell depletion therapy is probably due to blockade of the antigen-presenting function of B cells, occurring very early in the setting of autoimmune reactions. B cells undergo a maturation process from stem cells during which the CD 20 antigen, which is the target of rituximab (RTX), is expressed from the stage of pre-B cells to mature and memory B cells, but not on plasma cells. During the maturation process, the cytokine B cell stimulating factor (BAFF) induces maturation of B cells and expansion of clones to produce plasma cells and eventually antibodies. The effect of RTX in GO is rather rapid, with significant improvement of the disease already 4-6 weeks after the first RTX infusion. Based on the evidence of significant lymphocytic infiltration in the orbits of patients with active GO, it is reasonable to postulate that RTX may cause depletion of B cells and block their antigen-presenting cell mechanism. Since it has been reported that serum BAFF concentrations are elevated in hyperthyroid GD patients and that BAFF is expressed on the thyrocytes of patients with either autoimmune disease or nodular goiter, the hypothesis that belimumab, an anti-BAFF monoclonal antibody, may be effective in patients with active GO his currently being tested in a randomized controlled trial.
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39
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Du SW, Jacobs HM, Arkatkar T, Rawlings DJ, Jackson SW. Integrated B Cell, Toll-like, and BAFF Receptor Signals Promote Autoantibody Production by Transitional B Cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 201:3258-3268. [PMID: 30373855 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1800393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The B cell survival cytokine BAFF has been linked with the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). BAFF binds distinct BAFF-family surface receptors, including the BAFF-R and transmembrane activator and CAML interactor (TACI). Although originally characterized as a negative regulator of B cell activation, TACI signals are critical for class-switched autoantibody (autoAb) production in BAFF transgenic mice. Consistent with this finding, a subset of transitional splenic B cells upregulate surface TACI expression and contribute to BAFF-driven autoAb. In the current study, we interrogated the B cell signals required for transitional B cell TACI expression and Ab production. Surprisingly, despite established roles for dual BCR and TLR signals in autoAb production in SLE, signals downstream of these receptors exerted distinct impacts on transitional B cell TACI expression and autoAb titers. Whereas loss of BCR signals prevented transitional B cell TACI expression and resulted in loss of serum autoAb across all Ig isotypes, lack of TLR signals exerted a more limited impact restricted to autoAb class-switch recombination without altering transitional B cell TACI expression. Finally, in parallel with the protective effect of TACI deletion, loss of BAFF-R signaling also protected against BAFF-driven autoimmunity. Together, these findings highlight how multiple signaling pathways integrate to promote class-switched autoAb production by transitional B cells, events that likely impact the pathogenesis of SLE and other BAFF-dependent autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel W Du
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101
| | - Holly M Jacobs
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101
| | - Tanvi Arkatkar
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101
| | - David J Rawlings
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101; .,Department of Immunology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98109; and.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98105
| | - Shaun W Jackson
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101; .,Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98105
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40
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Smulski CR, Eibel H. BAFF and BAFF-Receptor in B Cell Selection and Survival. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2285. [PMID: 30349534 PMCID: PMC6186824 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The BAFF-receptor (BAFFR) is encoded by the TNFRSF13C gene and is one of the main pro-survival receptors in B cells. Its function is impressively documented in humans by a homozygous deletion within exon 2, which leads to an almost complete block of B cell development at the stage of immature/transitional B cells. The resulting immunodeficiency is characterized by B-lymphopenia, agammaglobulinemia, and impaired humoral immune responses. However, different from mutations affecting pathway components coupled to B cell antigen receptor (BCR) signaling, BAFFR-deficient B cells can still develop into IgA-secreting plasma cells. Therefore, BAFFR deficiency in humans is characterized by very few circulating B cells, very low IgM and IgG serum concentrations but normal or high IgA levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristian R Smulski
- Faculty of Medicine, Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Hermann Eibel
- Faculty of Medicine, Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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41
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Irons EE, Lau JTY. Systemic ST6Gal-1 Is a Pro-survival Factor for Murine Transitional B Cells. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2150. [PMID: 30294329 PMCID: PMC6159744 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Humoral immunity depends on intrinsic B cell developmental programs guided by systemic signals that convey physiologic needs. Aberrant cues or their improper interpretation can lead to immune insufficiency or a failure of tolerance and autoimmunity. The means by which such systemic signals are conveyed remain poorly understood. Hence, further insight is essential to understanding and treating autoimmune diseases and to the development of improved vaccines. ST6Gal-1 is a sialyltransferase that constructs the α2,6-sialyl linkage on cell surface and extracellular glycans. The requirement for functional ST6Gal-1 in the development of humoral immunity is well documented. Canonically, ST6Gal-1 resides within the intracellular ER-Golgi secretory apparatus and participates in cell-autonomous glycosylation. However, a significant pool of extracellular ST6Gal-1 exists in circulation. Here, we segregate the contributions of B cell intrinsic and extrinsic ST6Gal-1 to B cell development. We observed that B cell-intrinsic ST6Gal-1 is required for marginal zone B cell development, while B cell non-autonomous ST6Gal-1 modulates B cell development and survival at the early transitional stages of the marrow and spleen. Exposure to extracellular ST6Gal-1 ex vivo enhanced the formation of IgM-high B cells from immature precursors, and increased CD23 and IgM expression. Extrinsic sialylation by extracellular ST6Gal-1 augmented BAFF-mediated activation of the non-canonical NF-kB, p38 MAPK, and PI3K/AKT pathways, and accelerated tyrosine phosphorylation after B cell receptor stimulation. in vivo, systemic ST6Gal-1 did not influence homing of B cells to the spleen but was critical for their long-term survival and systemic IgG levels. Circulatory ST6Gal-1 levels respond to inflammation, infection, and malignancy in mammals, including humans. In turn, we have shown previously that systemic ST6Gal-1 regulates inflammatory cell production by modifying bone marrow myeloid progenitors. Our data here point to an additional role of systemic ST6Gal-1 in guiding B cell development, which supports the concept that circulating ST6Gal-1 is a conveyor of systemic cues to guide the development of multiple branches of immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric E Irons
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Joseph T Y Lau
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, United States
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42
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Hobeika E, Dautzenberg M, Levit-Zerdoun E, Pelanda R, Reth M. Conditional Selection of B Cells in Mice With an Inducible B Cell Development. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1806. [PMID: 30127788 PMCID: PMC6087743 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Developing B cells undergo defined maturation steps in the bone marrow and in the spleen. The timing and the factors that control these differentiation steps are not fully understood. By targeting the B cell-restricted mb-1 locus to generate an mb-1 allele that expresses a tamoxifen inducible Cre and another allele in which mb-1 expression can be controlled by Cre, we have established a mouse model with an inducible B cell compartment. With these mice, we studied in detail the kinetics of B cell development and the consequence of BCR activation at a defined B cell maturation stage. Contrary to expectations, transitional 1-B cells exposed to anti-IgM reagents in vivo did not die but instead developed into transitional 2 (T2)-B cells with upregulated Bcl-2 expression. We show, however, that these T2-B cells had an increased dependency on the B cell survival factor B cell activating factor when compared to non-stimulated B cells. Overall, our findings indicate that the inducible mb-1 mouse strain represents a useful model, which allows studying the signals that control the selection of B cells in greater detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elias Hobeika
- Centre for Biological Signaling Studies (BIOSS), Biology III, Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Marcel Dautzenberg
- Centre for Biological Signaling Studies (BIOSS), Biology III, Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ella Levit-Zerdoun
- Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany.,Department of Molecular Immunology, Biology III, Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,International Max Planck Research School for Molecular and Cellular Biology, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Roberta Pelanda
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Michael Reth
- Centre for Biological Signaling Studies (BIOSS), Biology III, Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany
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43
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Greaves SA, Peterson JN, Torres RM, Pelanda R. Activation of the MEK-ERK Pathway Is Necessary but Not Sufficient for Breaking Central B Cell Tolerance. Front Immunol 2018; 9:707. [PMID: 29686680 PMCID: PMC5900439 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Newly generated bone marrow B cells are positively selected into the peripheral lymphoid tissue only when they express a B cell receptor (BCR) that is nonautoreactive or one that binds self-antigen with only minimal avidity. This positive selection process, moreover, is critically contingent on the ligand-independent tonic signals transduced by the BCR. We have previously shown that when autoreactive B cells express an active form of the rat sarcoma (RAS) oncogene, they upregulate the receptor for the B cell activating factor (BAFFR) and undergo differentiation in vitro and positive selection into the spleen in vivo, overcoming central tolerance. Based on the in vitro use of pharmacologic inhibitors, we further showed that this cell differentiation process is critically dependent on the activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase pathway MEK (MAPKK)-extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), which is downstream of RAS. Here, we next investigated if activation of ERK is not only necessary but also sufficient to break central B cell tolerance and induce differentiation of autoreactive B cells in vitro and in vivo. Our results demonstrate that activation of ERK is critical for upregulating BAFFR and overcoming suboptimal levels of tonic BCR signals or low amounts of antigen-induced BCR signals during in vitro B cell differentiation. However, direct activation of ERK does not lead high avidity autoreactive B cells to increase BAFFR levels and undergo positive selection and differentiation in vivo. B cell-specific MEK-ERK activation in mice is also unable to lead to autoantibody secretion, and this in spite of a general increase of serum immunoglobulin levels. These findings indicate that additional pathways downstream of RAS are required for high avidity autoreactive B cells to break central and/or peripheral tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A Greaves
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Jacob N Peterson
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Raul M Torres
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States.,Department of Biomedical Research, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, United States
| | - Roberta Pelanda
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States.,Department of Biomedical Research, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, United States
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44
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Garcillán B, Figgett WA, Infantino S, Lim EX, Mackay F. Molecular control of B-cell homeostasis in health and malignancy. Immunol Cell Biol 2018; 96:453-462. [PMID: 29499091 DOI: 10.1111/imcb.12030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Revised: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Altered B-cell homeostasis underlies a wide range of pathologies, from cancers to autoimmunity and immunodeficiency. The molecular safeguards against those disorders, which also allow effective immune responses, are therefore particularly critical. Here, we review recent findings detailing the fine control of B-cell homeostasis, during B-cell development, maturation in the periphery and during activation and differentiation into antibody-producing cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Garcillán
- The Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - William A Figgett
- The Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Simona Infantino
- The Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Ee Xin Lim
- The Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Fabienne Mackay
- The Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
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45
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Type I interferons promote the survival and proinflammatory properties of transitional B cells in systemic lupus erythematosus patients. Cell Mol Immunol 2018; 16:367-379. [PMID: 29563616 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-018-0010-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Revised: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
A hallmark of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is the breaking of B-cell tolerance with the generation of high-affinity autoantibodies; however, the antibody-independent features of the B-cell compartment in SLE are less understood. In this study, we performed an extensive examination of B-cell subsets and their proinflammatory properties in a Chinese cohort of new-onset SLE patients. We observed that SLE patients exhibited an increased frequency of transitional B cells compared with healthy donors and rheumatoid arthritis patients. Plasma from SLE patients potently promoted the survival of transitional B cells in a type I IFN-dependent manner, which can be recapitulated by direct IFN-α treatment. Furthermore, the effect of IFN-α on enhanced survival of transitional B cells was associated with NF-κB pathway activation and reduced expression of the pro-apoptotic molecule Bax. Transitional B cells from SLE patients harbored a higher capacity to produce proinflammatory cytokine IL-6, which was also linked to the overactivated type I IFN pathway. In addition, the frequency of IL-6-producing transitional B cells was positively correlated with disease activity in SLE patients, and these cells were significantly reduced after short-term standard therapies. Thus, the current study provides a direct link between type I IFN pathway overactivation and the abnormally high frequency and proinflammatory properties of transitional B cells in active SLE patients, which contributes to the understanding of the roles of type I IFNs and B cells in the pathogenesis of SLE.
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46
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Schmitz C, Noels H, El Bounkari O, Straussfeld E, Megens RTA, Sternkopf M, Alampour-Rajabi S, Krammer C, Tilstam PV, Gerdes N, Bürger C, Kapurniotu A, Bucala R, Jankowski J, Weber C, Bernhagen J. Mif-deficiency favors an atheroprotective autoantibody phenotype in atherosclerosis. FASEB J 2018. [PMID: 29543531 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201800058r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The inflammatory cytokine macrophage migration-inhibitory factor (MIF) promotes atherosclerosis via lesional monocyte and T-cell recruitment. B cells have emerged as important components in atherogenesis, but the interaction between MIF and B cells in atherogenesis is unknown. Here, we investigated the atherosclerotic phenotype of Mif-gene deletion in Apoe-/- mice. Apoe-/- Mif-/- mice fed a Western diet exhibited strongly reduced atherosclerotic lesions in brachiocephalic artery (BC) and abdominal aorta compared with controls. This phenotype was accompanied by reduced circulating B cells. Flow cytometry revealed a B-cell developmental defect with increased premature and immature B-cell counts in bone marrow (BM) of Apoe-/- Mif-/- mice and diminished B-cell numbers in spleen. This finding was linked with a decreased expression of Baff-R and differentiation-driving transcription factors at the immature B-cell stage, whereas peritoneal B cells exhibited unchanged CD80 and CD86 expression but vastly decreased CD9 and elevated CD23 levels, indicating that the developmental block favors the generation of immature, egressing, and reactive B cells. Mif deficiency did not affect absolute B-cell numbers in the vessel wall but favored a relative increase of B cells in the atheroprone BC region and the appearance of periadventitial B-cell-rich clusters. Of note, Mif-/- mice exhibited a significant increase in oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL)-specific antibodies after the injection of oxLDL, indicating that Mif deficiency is associated with higher sensitivity of B cells against natural-occurring antigens such as oxLDL. Importantly, Apoe-/- mice adoptively transplanted with Apoe-/-Mif-/- BM showed reduced peripheral B cells compared with Apoe-/- BM transplantation but no atheroprotection in the BC; also, whereas there was a selective increase in atheroprotective IgM-anti-oxLDL-antibodies in global Mif deficiency, BM-specific Mif deficiency also led to elevated proatherogenic anti-oxLDL-IgG. Together, these findings reveal a novel link between MIF and B cells in atherogenesis. Protection from atherosclerosis by Mif deficiency is associated with enhanced B-cell hypersensitivity, which in global but not BM-restricted Mif deficiency favors an atheroprotective autoantibody profile in atherosclerotic mice. Targeting MIF may induce protective B-cell responses in atherosclerosis.-Schmitz, C., Noels, H., El Bounkari, O., Straussfeld, E., Megens, R. T. A., Sternkopf, M., Alampour-Rajabi, S., Krammer, C., Tilstam, P. V., Gerdes, N., Bürger, C., Kapurniotu, A., Bucala, R., Jankowski, J., Weber, C., Bernhagen, J. Mif-deficiency favors an atheroprotective autoantibody phenotype in atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corinna Schmitz
- Vascular Biology, Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (ISD), Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU) Munich, Munich, Germany.,Institute for Molecular Cardiovascular Research (IMCAR), University Hospital Aachen, Rheinish-Westphalian Technical University (RWTH) Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Heidi Noels
- Institute for Molecular Cardiovascular Research (IMCAR), University Hospital Aachen, Rheinish-Westphalian Technical University (RWTH) Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Omar El Bounkari
- Vascular Biology, Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (ISD), Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU) Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Eva Straussfeld
- Vascular Biology, Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (ISD), Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU) Munich, Munich, Germany.,Institute for Molecular Cardiovascular Research (IMCAR), University Hospital Aachen, Rheinish-Westphalian Technical University (RWTH) Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Remco T A Megens
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU) Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Marieke Sternkopf
- Institute for Molecular Cardiovascular Research (IMCAR), University Hospital Aachen, Rheinish-Westphalian Technical University (RWTH) Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Setareh Alampour-Rajabi
- Institute for Molecular Cardiovascular Research (IMCAR), University Hospital Aachen, Rheinish-Westphalian Technical University (RWTH) Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Christine Krammer
- Vascular Biology, Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (ISD), Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU) Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Pathricia V Tilstam
- Institute for Molecular Cardiovascular Research (IMCAR), University Hospital Aachen, Rheinish-Westphalian Technical University (RWTH) Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.,Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Norbert Gerdes
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU) Munich, Munich, Germany.,Division of Cardiology, Pulmonology, and Vascular Medicine, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Christina Bürger
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU) Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Aphrodite Kapurniotu
- Division of Peptide Biochemistry, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany
| | - Richard Bucala
- Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Joachim Jankowski
- Institute for Molecular Cardiovascular Research (IMCAR), University Hospital Aachen, Rheinish-Westphalian Technical University (RWTH) Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.,Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Christian Weber
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU) Munich, Munich, Germany.,Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany; and
| | - Jürgen Bernhagen
- Vascular Biology, Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (ISD), Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU) Munich, Munich, Germany.,German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany; and.,SyNergy Excellence Cluster, Munich, Germany
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47
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Glaesener S, Jaenke C, Habener A, Geffers R, Hagendorff P, Witzlau K, Imelmann E, Krueger A, Meyer-Bahlburg A. Decreased production of class-switched antibodies in neonatal B cells is associated with increased expression of miR-181b. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0192230. [PMID: 29389970 PMCID: PMC5794184 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0192230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The increased susceptibility to infections of neonates is caused by an immaturity of the immune system as a result of both qualitative and quantitative differences between neonatal and adult immune cells. With respect to B cells, neonatal antibody responses are known to be decreased. Accountable for this is an altered composition of the neonatal B cell compartment towards more immature B cells. However, it remains unclear whether the functionality of individual neonatal B cell subsets is altered as well. In the current study we therefore compared phenotypical and functional characteristics of corresponding neonatal and adult B cell subpopulations. No phenotypic differences could be identified with the exception of higher IgM expression in neonatal B cells. Functional analysis revealed differences in proliferation, survival, and B cell receptor signaling. Most importantly, neonatal B cells showed severely impaired class-switch recombination (CSR) to IgG and IgA. This was associated with increased expression of miR-181b in neonatal B cells. Deficiency of miR-181b resulted in increased CSR. With this, our results highlight intrinsic differences that contribute to weaker B cell antibody responses in newborns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Glaesener
- Department of Pediatric Pneumology, Allergy and Neonatology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Christine Jaenke
- Department of Pediatric Pneumology, Allergy and Neonatology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Anika Habener
- Department of Pediatric Pneumology, Allergy and Neonatology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease (BREATH), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Hannover, Germany
| | - Robert Geffers
- Genome Analytics, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Petra Hagendorff
- Genome Analytics, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Katrin Witzlau
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Esther Imelmann
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Andreas Krueger
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Almut Meyer-Bahlburg
- Department of Pediatric Pneumology, Allergy and Neonatology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease (BREATH), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Hannover, Germany
- * E-mail:
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48
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Zhang F, Shu JL, Li Y, Wu YJ, Zhang XZ, Han L, Tang XY, Wang C, Wang QT, Chen JY, Chang Y, Wu HX, Zhang LL, Wei W. CP-25, a Novel Anti-inflammatory and Immunomodulatory Drug, Inhibits the Functions of Activated Human B Cells through Regulating BAFF and TNF-alpha Signaling and Comparative Efficacy with Biological Agents. Front Pharmacol 2017; 8:933. [PMID: 29311935 PMCID: PMC5743740 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Paeoniflorin-6′-O-benzene sulfonate (code: CP-25) was the chemistry structural modifications of Paeoniflorin (Pae). CP-25 inhibited B cells proliferation stimulated by B cell activating factor belonging to the TNF family (BAFF) or Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha). CP-25, Rituximab and Etanercept reduced the percentage and numbers of CD19+ B cells, CD19+CD20+ B cells, CD19+CD27+ B cells and CD19+CD20+CD27+ B cells induced by BAFF or TNF-alpha. There was significant difference between CP-25 and Rituximab or CP-25 and Etanercept. CP-25 down-regulated the high expression of BAFFR, BCMA, and TACI stimulated by BAFF or TNF-alpha. The effects of Rituximab and Etanercept on BAFFR or BCMA were stronger than that of CP-25. CP-25, Rituximab and Etanercept down-regulated significantly the expression of TNFR1 and TNFR2 on B cell stimulated by BAFF or TNF-alpha. CP-25, Rituximab and Etanercept down-regulated the expression of MKK3, P-p38, P-p65, TRAF2, and p52 in B cells stimulated by BAFF and the expression of TRAF2 and P-p65 in B cells stimulated by TNF-alpha. These results suggest that CP-25 regulated moderately activated B cells function by regulating the classical and alternative NF-κB signaling pathway mediated by BAFF and TNF-alpha-TRAF2-NF-κB signaling pathway. This study suggests that CP-25 may be a promising anti-inflammatory immune and soft regulation drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Jin-Ling Shu
- Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Ying Li
- Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Yu-Jing Wu
- Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Xian-Zheng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Le Han
- Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Xiao-Yu Tang
- Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Chen Wang
- Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Qing-Tong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Jing-Yu Chen
- Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Yan Chang
- Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Hua-Xun Wu
- Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Ling-Ling Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Wei Wei
- Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
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49
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Metzler G, Dai X, Thouvenel CD, Khim S, Habib T, Buckner JH, Rawlings DJ. The Autoimmune Risk Variant PTPN22 C1858T Alters B Cell Tolerance at Discrete Checkpoints and Differentially Shapes the Naive Repertoire. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2017; 199:2249-2260. [PMID: 28801357 PMCID: PMC6791366 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1700601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2017] [Accepted: 07/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
A common genetic variant in the gene encoding the protein tyrosine phosphatase nonreceptor type 22 (PTPN22 C1858T) has been linked to a wide range of autoimmune disorders. Although a B cell-intrinsic role in promoting disease has been reported, the mechanism(s) through which this variant functions to alter the preimmune B cell repertoire remains unknown. Using a series of polyclonal and transgenic self-reactive models harboring the analogous mutation in murine Ptpn22, we show evidence for enhanced BCR, B cell-activating factor receptor, and CD40 coreceptor programs, leading to broadly enhanced positive selection of B cells at two discrete checkpoints in the bone marrow and spleen. We further identified a bias for selection of B cells into the follicular mature versus marginal zone B cell compartment. Using a biomarker to track a self-reactive H chain in peripheral blood, we found evidence of similarly enhanced positive selection in human carriers of the PTPN22 C1858T variant. Our combined data support a model whereby the risk variant augments the BCR and coreceptor programs throughout B cell development, promoting enrichment of self-reactive specificities into the follicular mature compartment and thereby likely increasing the risk for seeding of autoimmune B cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genita Metzler
- Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195
| | - Xuezhi Dai
- Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101
| | - Christopher D Thouvenel
- Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101
| | - Socheath Khim
- Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101
| | - Tania Habib
- Translational Research Program, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101; and
| | - Jane H Buckner
- Translational Research Program, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101; and
| | - David J Rawlings
- Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101;
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195
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50
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Abstract
The two ligands B cell-activating factor of the tumor necrosis factor family (BAFF) and a proliferation-inducing ligand (APRIL) and the three receptors BAFF receptor (BAFF-R), transmembrane activator and calcium-modulating cyclophilin ligand interactor (TACI), and B cell maturation antigen (BCMA) are members of the "BAFF system molecules." BAFF system molecules are primarily involved in B cell homeostasis. The relevance of BAFF system molecules in host responses to microbial assaults has been investigated in clinical studies and in mice deficient for each of these molecules. Many microbial products modulate the expression of these molecules. Data from clinical studies suggest a correlation between increased expression levels of BAFF system molecules and elevated B cell responses. Depending on the pathogen, heightened B cell responses may strengthen the host response or promote susceptibility. Whereas pathogen-mediated increases in the expression levels of the ligands and/or the receptors appear to promote microbial clearance, certain pathogens have evolved to ablate B cell responses by suppressing the expression of TACI and/or BAFF-R on B cells. Other than its well-established role in B cell responses, the TACI-mediated activation of macrophages is also implicated in resistance to intracellular pathogens. An improved understanding of the role that BAFF system molecules play in infection may assist in devising novel strategies for vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiro Sakai
- Laboratory of Bacterial Polysaccharides, Division of Bacterial Parasitic and Allergenic Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Mustafa Akkoyunlu
- Laboratory of Bacterial Polysaccharides, Division of Bacterial Parasitic and Allergenic Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
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