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Morales-Primo AU, Becker I, Pedraza-Zamora CP, Zamora-Chimal J. Th17 Cell and Inflammatory Infiltrate Interactions in Cutaneous Leishmaniasis: Unraveling Immunopathogenic Mechanisms. Immune Netw 2024; 24:e14. [PMID: 38725676 PMCID: PMC11076297 DOI: 10.4110/in.2024.24.e14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2024] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The inflammatory response during cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) involves immune and non-immune cell cooperation to contain and eliminate Leishmania parasites. The orchestration of these responses is coordinated primarily by CD4+ T cells; however, the disease outcome depends on the Th cell predominant phenotype. Although Th1 and Th2 phenotypes are the most addressed as steers for the resolution or perpetuation of the disease, Th17 cell activities, especially IL-17 release, are recognized to be vital during CL development. Th17 cells perform vital functions during both acute and chronic phases of CL. Overall, Th17 cells induce the migration of phagocytes (neutrophils, macrophages) to the infection site and CD8+ T cells and NK cell activation. They also provoke granzyme and perforin secretion from CD8+ T cells, macrophage differentiation towards an M2 phenotype, and expansion of B and Treg cells. Likewise, immune cells from the inflammatory infiltrate have modulatory activities over Th17 cells involving their differentiation from naive CD4+ T cells and further expansion by generating a microenvironment rich in optimal cytokines such as IL-1β, TGF-β, IL-6, and IL-21. Th17 cell activities and synergies are crucial for the resistance of the infection during the early and acute stages; however, if unchecked, Th17 cells might lead to a chronic stage. This review discusses the synergies between Th17 cells and the inflammatory infiltrate and how these interactions might destine the course of CL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abraham U. Morales-Primo
- Laboratorio de Inmunoparasitología, Unidad de Investigación en Medicina Experimental, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Hospital General de México, Mexico City 06720, México
| | - Ingeborg Becker
- Laboratorio de Inmunoparasitología, Unidad de Investigación en Medicina Experimental, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Hospital General de México, Mexico City 06720, México
| | - Claudia Patricia Pedraza-Zamora
- Laboratorio de Biología Periodontal y Tejidos Mineralizados, División de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Facultad de Odontología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 04510, México
| | - Jaime Zamora-Chimal
- Laboratorio de Inmunoparasitología, Unidad de Investigación en Medicina Experimental, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Hospital General de México, Mexico City 06720, México
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Zhu Q, Zhao L, Ding H, Song J, Zhang Q, Yu S, Wang Y, Wang H. Interleukins and Psoriasis. J Cutan Med Surg 2024; 28:NP19-NP35. [PMID: 38314729 DOI: 10.1177/12034754241227623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
Psoriasis is an immune-mediated chronic inflammatory skin disease that affects 2% to 3% of the world's population. It is widely assumed that immune cells and cytokines acting together play a crucial part in the pathophysiology of psoriasis by promoting the excessive proliferation of skin keratinocytes and inflammatory infiltration. Interleukins (ILs), as a critical component of cytokines, have been closely associated with the pathogenesis and progression of psoriasis. This review summarizes the current contribution of ILs to psoriasis and describes the role each IL performs in psoriasis. Furthermore, the paper presents the therapeutic effects and application prospects of biologics developed for ILs in clinical treatment and experiments. The study aims to further the research on ILs in the treatment of psoriasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Zhu
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Translational Research of TCM Prescription and Syndrome, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Linna Zhao
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Translational Research of TCM Prescription and Syndrome, Tianjin, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin, China
| | - Haining Ding
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Jingna Song
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Qin Zhang
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Shuhua Yu
- Hubei University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China
| | - Yi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Component-Based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Hongmei Wang
- Department of Dermatology, Tianjin Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated Hospital, Tianjin, China
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Harnett MM, Lumb FE, Crowe J, Doonan J, Buitrago G, Brown S, Thom G, MacDonald A, Suckling CJ, Selman C, Harnett W. Protection against lung pathology during obesity-accelerated ageing in mice by the parasitic worm product ES-62. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1285069. [PMID: 38077318 PMCID: PMC10701379 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1285069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Mice develop pathology in the lungs as they age and this may be accelerated by a high calorie diet (HCD). ES-62 is a protein secreted by the parasitic worm Acanthocheilonema viteae that is immunomodulatory by virtue of covalently attached phosphorylcholine (PC) moieties. In this study, we show that weekly treatment of C57BL/6J mice with ES-62 protected against pathology in the lungs in male but not female mice fed a HCD from 10 weeks of age as shown by reductions in cellular infiltration and airway remodelling, particularly up to 160 days of age. ES-62 also reduced gene expression of the cytokines IL-4 and IL-17 and in addition the TLR/IL-1R adaptor MyD88, in the lungs of male mice although HCD-induced increases in these inflammatory markers were not detected until between 340 and 500 days of age. A combination of two drug-like ES-62 PC-based small molecule analogues (SMAs), produced broadly similar protective effects in the lungs of male mice with respect to both lung pathology and inflammatory markers, in addition to a decrease in HCD-induced IL-5 expression. Overall, our data show that ES-62 and its SMAs offer protection against HCD-accelerated pathological changes in the lungs during ageing. Given the targeting of Th2 cytokines and IL-17, we discuss this protection in the context of ES-62's previously described amelioration of airway hyper-responsiveness in mouse models of asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret M. Harnett
- School of Infection and Immunity, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Felicity E. Lumb
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Jenny Crowe
- School of Infection and Immunity, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - James Doonan
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Geraldine Buitrago
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Stephanie Brown
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Gillian Thom
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Amy MacDonald
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Colin J. Suckling
- Department of Pure & Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Colin Selman
- School of Biodiversity, One Health and Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - William Harnett
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom
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Mazzocco YL, Bergero G, Del Rosso S, Eberhardt N, Sola C, Saka HA, Villada SM, Bocco JL, Aoki MP. Differential expression patterns of purinergic ectoenzymes and the antioxidative role of IL-6 in hospitalized COVID-19 patient recovery. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1227873. [PMID: 37818368 PMCID: PMC10560791 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1227873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction We have acquired significant knowledge regarding the pathogenesis of severe acute respiratory syndrome caused by coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). However, the underlying mechanisms responsible for disease recovery still need to be fully understood. Methods To gain insights into critical immune markers involved in COVID-19 etiopathogenesis, we studied the evolution of the immune profile of peripheral blood samples from patients who had recovered from COVID-19 and compared them to subjects with severe acute respiratory illness but negative for SARS-CoV-2 detection (controls). In addition, linear and clustered correlations between different parameters were determined. Results The data obtained revealed a significant reduction in the frequency of inflammatory monocytes (CD14+CD16+) at hospital discharge vs. admission. Remarkably, nitric oxide (NO) production by the monocyte compartment was significantly reduced at discharge. Furthermore, interleukin (IL)-6 plasma levels were negatively correlated with the frequency of NO+CD14+CD16+ monocytes at hospital admission. However, at the time of hospital release, circulating IL-6 directly correlated with the NO production rate by monocytes. In line with these observations, we found that concomitant with NO diminution, the level of nitrotyrosine (NT) on CD8 T-cells significantly diminished at the time of hospital release. Considering that purinergic signaling constitutes another regulatory system, we analyzed the kinetics of CD39 and CD73 ectoenzyme expression in CD8 T-cells. We found that the frequency of CD39+CD8+ T-cells significantly diminished while the percentage of CD73+ cells increased at hospital discharge. In vitro, IL-6 stimulation of PBMCs from COVID-19 patients diminished the NT levels on CD8 T-cells. A clear differential expression pattern of CD39 and CD73 was observed in the NT+ vs. NT-CD8+ T-cell populations. Discussion The results suggest that early after infection, IL-6 controls the production of NO, which regulates the levels of NT on CD8 T-cells modifying their effector functions. Intriguingly, in this cytotoxic cell population, the expression of purinergic ectoenzymes is tightly associated with the presence of nitrated surface molecules. Overall, the data obtained contribute to a better understanding of pathogenic mechanisms associated with COVID-19 outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanina Luciana Mazzocco
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI), Córdoba, Argentina
- Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Gastón Bergero
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI), Córdoba, Argentina
- Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Sebastian Del Rosso
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI), Córdoba, Argentina
- Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Natalia Eberhardt
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI), Córdoba, Argentina
- Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Claudia Sola
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI), Córdoba, Argentina
- Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Héctor Alex Saka
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI), Córdoba, Argentina
- Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Sofía María Villada
- Servicio de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Hospital Privado Universitario de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - José Luis Bocco
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI), Córdoba, Argentina
- Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Maria Pilar Aoki
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI), Córdoba, Argentina
- Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Córdoba, Argentina
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Chen W, Zhu L, Shen LL, Si SY, Liu JL. T Lymphocyte Subsets Profile and Toll-Like Receptors Responses in Patients with Herpes Zoster. J Pain Res 2023; 16:1581-1594. [PMID: 37220634 PMCID: PMC10200109 DOI: 10.2147/jpr.s405157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Herpes zoster (HZ) is caused by the varicella-zoster virus (VZV), and 20% of healthy humans and 50% of people with immune dysfunction have a high probability of suffering from HZ. This study aimed to screen dynamic immune signatures and explore the potential mechanism during HZ progression. Patients and Methods Peripheral blood samples from 31 HZ patients and 32 age-sex-matched healthy controls were collected and analyzed. The protein levels and gene levels of toll-like receptors (TLRs) were detected in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) by flow cytometry and quantitative real-time PCR. Further, the characteristics of T cell subsets and cytokines were detected via a cytometric bead array. Results Compared to healthy controls, the mRNA levels of TLR2, TLR4, TLR7, and TLR9 mRNA in PBMCs were significantly increased in HZ patients. The protein level of TLR4 and TLR7 was significantly increased in HZ patients, but the levels of TLR2 and TLR9 were dramatically decreased. The CD3+ T cells were constant in HZ and healthy controls. CD4+ T cells were decreased in HZ patients, while CD8+ T cells were increased, resulting in an improved CD4+/CD8+ T cells ratio. Further, it was found that Th2 and Th17 were not changed, but the decreased Th1 and upregulated Treg cells were found in HZ. The Th1/Th2 and Th17/Treg ratios were significantly decreased. Last, the levels of IL-6, IL-10, and IFN-γ were significantly increased, but IL-2, IL-4, and IL-17A had no significant changes. Conclusion The dysfunction of host's lymphocytes and activation of TLRs in PBMCs were the important mechanism in varicella-zoster virus induced herpes zoster. TLRs might be the core targets for the therapy drug development in treating HZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Chen
- Dermatology, Zhejiang Provincial Dermatology Hospital, Huzhou, Zhejiang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lu Zhu
- Dermatology, Zhejiang Provincial Dermatology Hospital, Huzhou, Zhejiang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Li-Ling Shen
- Dermatology, Zhejiang Provincial Dermatology Hospital, Huzhou, Zhejiang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shao-Yan Si
- Department of Comprehensive Basic Experiment, Strategic Support Force Medical Center, Bejing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jun-Lian Liu
- Dermatology, Chui Yang Liu Hospital Affiliated Tsinghua University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
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Purzycka-Bohdan D, Nedoszytko B, Sobalska-Kwapis M, Zabłotna M, Żmijewski MA, Wierzbicka J, Gleń J, Strapagiel D, Szczerkowska-Dobosz A, Nowicki RJ. Assessment of the Potential Role of Selected Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) of Genes Related to the Functioning of Regulatory T Cells in the Pathogenesis of Psoriasis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24076061. [PMID: 37047033 PMCID: PMC10094301 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Revised: 03/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have indicated a key role of the impaired suppressive capacity of regulatory T cells (Tregs) in psoriasis (PsO) pathogenesis. However, the genetic background of Treg dysfunctions remains unknown. The aim of this study was to evaluate the association of PsO development with selected single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of genes in which protein products play a significant role in the regulation of differentiation and function of Tregs. There were three study groups in our research and each consisted of different unrelated patients and controls: 192 PsO patients and 5605 healthy volunteers in the microarray genotyping group, 150 PsO patients and 173 controls in the ARMS-PCR method group, and 6 PsO patients and 6 healthy volunteers in the expression analysis group. The DNA microarrays analysis (283 SNPs of 57 genes) and ARMS-PCR method (8 SNPs in 7 genes) were used to determine the frequency of occurrence of SNPs in selected genes. The mRNA expression of selected genes was determined in skin samples. There were statistically significant differences in the allele frequencies of four SNPs in three genes (TNF, IL12RB2, and IL12B) between early-onset PsO patients and controls. The lowest p-value was observed for rs3093662 (TNF), and the G allele carriers had a 2.73 times higher risk of developing early-onset PsO. Moreover, the study revealed significant differences in the frequency of SNPs and their influence on PsO development between early- and late-onset PsO. Based on the ARMS-PCR method, the association between some polymorphisms of four genes (IL4, IL10, TGFB1, and STAT3) and the risk of developing PsO was noticed. Psoriatic lesions were characterized with a lower mRNA expression of FOXP3, CTLA4, and IL2, and a higher expression of TNF and IL1A in comparison with unaffected skin. In conclusion, the genetic background associated with properly functioning Tregs seems to play a significant role in PsO pathogenesis and could have diagnostic value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorota Purzycka-Bohdan
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-210 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Bogusław Nedoszytko
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-210 Gdansk, Poland
- Molecular Laboratory, Invicta Fertility and Reproductive Centre, 81-740 Sopot, Poland
| | - Marta Sobalska-Kwapis
- Biobank Laboratory, Department of Oncobiology and Epigenetics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 90-237 Lodz, Poland
| | - Monika Zabłotna
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-210 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Michał A Żmijewski
- Department of Histology, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-211 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Justyna Wierzbicka
- Department of Histology, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-211 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Jolanta Gleń
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-210 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Dominik Strapagiel
- Biobank Laboratory, Department of Oncobiology and Epigenetics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 90-237 Lodz, Poland
| | - Aneta Szczerkowska-Dobosz
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-210 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Roman J Nowicki
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-210 Gdansk, Poland
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Yan Y, Li K, Jiang J, Jiang L, Ma X, Ai F, Qiu S, Si W. Perinatal tissue-derived exosomes ameliorate colitis in mice by regulating the Foxp3 + Treg cells and gut microbiota. Stem Cell Res Ther 2023; 14:43. [PMID: 36941715 PMCID: PMC10029206 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-023-03263-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The capacity of self-renewal and multipotent differentiation makes mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) one of the most widely investigated cell lines in preclinical studies as cell-based therapies. However, the low survival rate and poor homing efficiency of MSCs after transplantation hinder the therapeutic application. Exosomes derived from MSCs have shown promising therapeutic potential in many diseases. However, the heterogeneity of MSCs may lead to differences in the function of secreting exosomes. In this study, the therapeutic effects of hUC-Exos and hFP-Exos on the DSS-induced colitis mouse model were investigated. METHODS The colitis mouse models were randomly divided into four groups: (1) DSS administered for 7 days and euthanasia (DSS7D), (2) DSS administered for 7 days and kept for another 7 days without any treatment (DSS14D), (3) DSS administered for 7 days and followed with hUC-EVs infusion for 7 days (hUC-EVs) and (4) DSS administered for 7 days and followed with hFP-EVs infusion for 7 days (hFP-EVs). We analyzed colon length, histopathology, Treg cells, cytokines and gut microbiota composition in each group. RESULTS A large amount of IL-6, IL-17 and IFN-γ were produced along with the decrease in the number of CD4 + Foxp3 + and CD8 + Foxp3 + cells in DSS7D group, which indicated that Th17 cells were activated and Treg cells were suppressed. We found that the number of CD4 + Foxp3 + and CD8 + Foxp3 + cells increased in order to suppress inflammation, but the length of colon did not recover and the symotoms were worsened of the colonic tissue in DSS14D group. The subsequent infusion of either hUC-Exos or hFP-Exos mediated the transformation of Treg and Th17 cells in colitis mice to maintain immune balance. The infusion of hUC-Exos and hFP-Exos also both reduced the abundance of pro-inflammatory intestinal bacterial such as Verrucomicrobia and Akkermansia muciniphila to improve colitis. CONCLUSIONS We found that Foxp3 + Treg cells can inhibit the inflammatory response, and the over-activated Treg cells can still further damage the intestinal mucosa. hUC-Exos and hFP-Exos can control inflammation by regulating the balance between Th17 cells and Treg cells. Decreased inflammatory response improved the structure of colon wall in mice and reduced the abundance of pro-inflammatory bacteria in the intestine. The improvement of intestinal wall structure provides conditions for the reproduction of beneficial bacteria, which further contributes to the reduction of colitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaping Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research, Institute of Primate Translational Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, Yunnan, China
| | - Kaixiu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research, Institute of Primate Translational Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, Yunnan, China
| | - Jiang Jiang
- Department of Obstetrics, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, 650032, Yunnan, China
- Affiliated Hospital of Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650032, Yunnan, China
| | - Lihong Jiang
- Affiliated Hospital of Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650032, Yunnan, China
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Innovative Application of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, 650032, Yunnan, China
| | - Xiang Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research, Institute of Primate Translational Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, Yunnan, China
| | - Fang Ai
- Department of Obstetrics, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, 650032, Yunnan, China
- Affiliated Hospital of Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650032, Yunnan, China
| | - Shuai Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research, Institute of Primate Translational Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, Yunnan, China
| | - Wei Si
- State Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research, Institute of Primate Translational Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, Yunnan, China.
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8
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Zizzo G, Tamburello A, Castelnovo L, Laria A, Mumoli N, Faggioli PM, Stefani I, Mazzone A. Immunotherapy of COVID-19: Inside and Beyond IL-6 Signalling. Front Immunol 2022; 13:795315. [PMID: 35340805 PMCID: PMC8948465 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.795315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Acting on the cytokine cascade is key to preventing disease progression and death in hospitalised patients with COVID-19. Among anti-cytokine therapies, interleukin (IL)-6 inhibitors have been the most used and studied since the beginning of the pandemic. Going through previous observational studies, subsequent randomised controlled trials, and meta-analyses, we focused on the baseline characteristics of the patients recruited, identifying the most favourable features in the light of positive or negative study outcomes; taking into account the biological significance and predictivity of IL-6 and other biomarkers according to specific thresholds, we ultimately attempted to delineate precise windows for therapeutic intervention. By stimulating scavenger macrophages and T-cell responsivity, IL-6 seems protective against viral replication during asymptomatic infection; still protective on early tissue damage by modulating the release of granzymes and lymphokines in mild-moderate disease; importantly pathogenic in severe disease by inducing the proinflammatory activation of immune and endothelial cells (through trans-signalling and trans-presentation); and again protective in critical disease by exerting homeostatic roles for tissue repair (through cis-signalling), while IL-1 still drives hyperinflammation. IL-6 inhibitors, particularly anti-IL-6R monoclonal antibodies (e.g., tocilizumab, sarilumab), are effective in severe disease, characterised by baseline IL-6 concentrations ranging from 35 to 90 ng/mL (reached in the circulation within 6 days of hospital admission), a ratio of partial pressure arterial oxygen (PaO2) and fraction of inspired oxygen (FiO2) between 100 and 200 mmHg, requirement of high-flow oxygen or non-invasive ventilation, C-reactive protein levels between 120 and 160 mg/L, ferritin levels between 800 and 1600 ng/mL, D-dimer levels between 750 and 3000 ng/mL, and lactate dehydrogenase levels between 350 and 500 U/L. Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor inhibitors might have similar windows of opportunity but different age preferences compared to IL-6 inhibitors (over or under 70 years old, respectively). Janus kinase inhibitors (e.g., baricitinib) may also be effective in moderate disease, whereas IL-1 inhibitors (e.g., anakinra) may also be effective in critical disease. Correct use of biologics based on therapeutic windows is essential for successful outcomes and could inform future new trials with more appropriate recruiting criteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaetano Zizzo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale (ASST) Ovest Milanese, Milan, Italy
| | - Antonio Tamburello
- Department of Internal Medicine, Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale (ASST) Ovest Milanese, Milan, Italy
| | - Laura Castelnovo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale (ASST) Ovest Milanese, Milan, Italy
| | - Antonella Laria
- Department of Internal Medicine, Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale (ASST) Ovest Milanese, Milan, Italy
| | - Nicola Mumoli
- Department of Internal Medicine, Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale (ASST) Ovest Milanese, Milan, Italy
| | - Paola Maria Faggioli
- Department of Internal Medicine, Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale (ASST) Ovest Milanese, Milan, Italy
| | - Ilario Stefani
- Department of Internal Medicine, Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale (ASST) Ovest Milanese, Milan, Italy
| | - Antonino Mazzone
- Department of Internal Medicine, Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale (ASST) Ovest Milanese, Milan, Italy
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9
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Matucci-Cerinic C, Viglizzo G, Pastorino C, Corcione A, Prigione I, Bocca P, Bustaffa M, Cecconi M, Gattorno M, Volpi S. Remission of eczema and recovery of Th1 polarization following treatment with Dupilumab in STAT3 hyper IgE syndrome. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2022; 33:e13770. [PMID: 35470938 PMCID: PMC9321118 DOI: 10.1111/pai.13770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Caterina Matucci-Cerinic
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Riabilitazione, Oftalmologia, Genetica e Scienze Materno-Infantili (DINOGMI), Università degli Studi di Genova, Genova, Italy.,Unità Operativa Semplice Dipartimentale Centro Malattie Autoinfiammatorie e Immunodeficienze, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genova, Italy
| | | | | | - Anna Corcione
- Unità Operativa Semplice Dipartimentale Centro Malattie Autoinfiammatorie e Immunodeficienze, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genova, Italy
| | - Ignazia Prigione
- Unità Operativa Semplice Dipartimentale Centro Malattie Autoinfiammatorie e Immunodeficienze, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genova, Italy
| | - Paola Bocca
- Unità Operativa Semplice Dipartimentale Centro Malattie Autoinfiammatorie e Immunodeficienze, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genova, Italy
| | - Marta Bustaffa
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Riabilitazione, Oftalmologia, Genetica e Scienze Materno-Infantili (DINOGMI), Università degli Studi di Genova, Genova, Italy.,Unità Operativa Semplice Dipartimentale Centro Malattie Autoinfiammatorie e Immunodeficienze, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genova, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Cecconi
- UOC laboratorio di Genetica umana, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
| | - Marco Gattorno
- Unità Operativa Semplice Dipartimentale Centro Malattie Autoinfiammatorie e Immunodeficienze, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genova, Italy.,UOC Clinica Pediatrica e Reumatologia, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
| | - Stefano Volpi
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Riabilitazione, Oftalmologia, Genetica e Scienze Materno-Infantili (DINOGMI), Università degli Studi di Genova, Genova, Italy.,Unità Operativa Semplice Dipartimentale Centro Malattie Autoinfiammatorie e Immunodeficienze, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genova, Italy
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10
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Carter M, Casey S, O'Keeffe GW, Gibson L, Gallagher L, Murray DM. Maternal Immune Activation and Interleukin 17A in the Pathogenesis of Autistic Spectrum Disorder and Why It Matters in the COVID-19 Era. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:823096. [PMID: 35250672 PMCID: PMC8891512 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.823096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is the commonest neurodevelopmental disability. It is a highly complex disorder with an increasing prevalence and an unclear etiology. Consensus indicates that ASD arises as a genetically modulated, and environmentally influenced condition. Although pathogenic rare genetic variants are detected in around 20% of cases of ASD, no single factor is responsible for the vast majority of ASD cases or that explains their characteristic clinical heterogeneity. However, a growing body of evidence suggests that ASD susceptibility involves an interplay between genetic factors and environmental exposures. One such environmental exposure which has received significant attention in this regard is maternal immune activation (MIA) resulting from bacterial or viral infection during pregnancy. Reproducible rodent models of ASD are well-established whereby induction of MIA in pregnant dams, leads to offspring displaying neuroanatomical, functional, and behavioral changes analogous to those seen in ASD. Blockade of specific inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-17A during gestation remediates many of these observed behavioral effects, suggesting a causative or contributory role. Here, we review the growing body of animal and human-based evidence indicating that interleukin-17A may mediate the observed effects of MIA on neurodevelopmental outcomes in the offspring. This is particularly important given the current corona virus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection during pregnancy is a potent stimulator of the maternal immune response, however the long-term effects of maternal SARS-CoV-2 infection on neurodevelopmental outcomes is unclear. This underscores the importance of monitoring neurodevelopmental outcomes in children exposed to SARS-CoV-2-induced MIA during gestation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Carter
- INFANT Research Centre, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,National Children's Research Centre, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Sophie Casey
- INFANT Research Centre, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Gerard W O'Keeffe
- INFANT Research Centre, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Louise Gibson
- INFANT Research Centre, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Louise Gallagher
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.,Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, St. James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Deirdre M Murray
- INFANT Research Centre, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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11
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Leyva-Castillo JM, Das M, Kane J, Strakosha M, Singh S, Wong DSH, Horswill AR, Karasuyama H, Brombacher F, Miller LS, Geha RS. Basophil-derived IL-4 promotes cutaneous Staphylococcus aureus infection. JCI Insight 2021; 6:149953. [PMID: 34747366 PMCID: PMC8663570 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.149953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Superficial cutaneous Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) infection in humans can lead to soft tissue infection, an important cause of morbidity and mortality. IL-17A production by skin TCRγδ+ cells in response to IL-1 and IL-23 produced by epithelial and immune cells is important for restraining S. aureus skin infection. How S. aureus evades this cutaneous innate immune response to establish infection is not clear. Here we show that mechanical injury of mouse skin by tape stripping predisposed mice to superficial skin infection with S. aureus. Topical application of S. aureus to tape-stripped skin caused cutaneous influx of basophils and increased Il4 expression. This basophil-derived IL-4 inhibited cutaneous IL-17A production by TCRγδ+ cells and promoted S. aureus infection of tape-stripped skin. We demonstrate that IL-4 acted on multiple checkpoints that suppress the cutaneous IL-17A response. It reduced Il1 and Il23 expression by keratinocytes, inhibited IL-1+IL-23-driven IL-17A production by TCRγδ+ cells, and impaired IL-17A-driven induction of neutrophil-attracting chemokines by keratinocytes. IL-4 receptor blockade is shown to promote Il17a expression and enhance bacterial clearance in tape-stripped mouse skin exposed to S. aureus, suggesting that it could serve as a therapeutic approach to prevent skin and soft tissue infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan-Manuel Leyva-Castillo
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Mrinmoy Das
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jennifer Kane
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Maria Strakosha
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Sonal Singh
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Daniel Sen Hoi Wong
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Alexander R Horswill
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Hajime Karasuyama
- Inflammation, Infection and Immunity Laboratory, TMDU Advanced Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Frank Brombacher
- International Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Cape Town Component and Health Science Faculty, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Lloyd S Miller
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Raif S Geha
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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12
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Virgens AR, Goes HFO, de Carvalho GC, Pietrobon AJ, C C Branco AC, Ramos YAL, Pereira NV, Orfali RL, Aoki V, da Silva LFF, Sotto MN, Dos Reis VMS, Sato MN. Perivascular clusters of Th2 cells and M2 macrophages in allergic contact dermatitis to methylchloroisothiazolinone and methylisothiazolinone. Exp Dermatol 2021; 31:191-201. [PMID: 34358352 DOI: 10.1111/exd.14442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Methylisothiazolinone (MI) and Methylchloroisothiazolinone (MCI) are among the most common skin sensitizers, yet the immunological events that occur during MCI/MI allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) are still poorly understood. OBJECTIVES To analyse dendrocytes, macrophage subtypes and T cells in skin during the elicitation phase of MCI/MI ACD. METHODS Thirteen patients with positive patch test reactions to MCI/MI (ACD group) and 11 individuals with negative patch test results were selected. Skin biopsies were only performed at 48 hours of patch testing. Immunohistochemistry was conducted to assess T cells, dendrocytes (Factor XIIIa), M1 (p-Stat1, CD68) and M2 (c-Maf, CD163) macrophages. Transcriptional analyses were performed for cytokines and related factors, and further compared to atopic dermatitis samples (n=4). Immunofluorescence assays addressed T cells location, along with IL-4 or IL-13, within the skin. RESULTS MCI/MI elicited dermal dendrocytes and macrophages, pronouncedly the M2 subtype. T cells, majorly CD4+ T cells, accumulated in the perivascular areas. Similarly, abundant IL-4 protein was detected in these areas. There was an upregulation of IL-4 and IL-13 mRNA expression, a mild increase in IFNG mRNA levels and a down-regulation of RORC in the ACD group. Immunofluorescence revealed dermal clusters of T cells co-localized with IL-4. CONCLUSIONS M2 macrophages and Th2 cells participate in the immunopathogenesis of MCI/MI ACD. Dermal dendrocytes and M2 macrophages may assist the formation of CD4+ T cells perivascular clusters. These findings render a mechanistic insight into the MCI/MI reaction. Further analysis at different timepoints of patch testing is required to fully comprehend this ACD kinetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anangélica R Virgens
- Laboratory of Investigation in Medicine, LIM-56, Department of Dermatology, Tropical Medicine Institute of São Paulo, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.,Department of Dermatology, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Heliana F O Goes
- Laboratory of Investigation in Medicine, LIM-56, Department of Dermatology, Tropical Medicine Institute of São Paulo, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.,Department of Dermatology, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Gabriel C de Carvalho
- Laboratory of Investigation in Medicine, LIM-56, Department of Dermatology, Tropical Medicine Institute of São Paulo, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Anna Julia Pietrobon
- Laboratory of Investigation in Medicine, LIM-56, Department of Dermatology, Tropical Medicine Institute of São Paulo, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Anna Cláudia C C Branco
- Laboratory of Investigation in Medicine, LIM-56, Department of Dermatology, Tropical Medicine Institute of São Paulo, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Yasmim A L Ramos
- Department of Pathology, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Naiura V Pereira
- Department of Dermatology, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Raquel L Orfali
- Department of Dermatology, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Valéria Aoki
- Department of Dermatology, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Mirian N Sotto
- Department of Pathology, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Vitor M S Dos Reis
- Department of Dermatology, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Maria N Sato
- Laboratory of Investigation in Medicine, LIM-56, Department of Dermatology, Tropical Medicine Institute of São Paulo, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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13
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Mansurov A, Lauterbach A, Budina E, Alpar AT, Hubbell JA, Ishihara J. Immunoengineering approaches for cytokine therapy. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2021; 321:C369-C383. [PMID: 34232748 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00515.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Since the discovery of cytokines, much effort has been put forth to achieve therapeutic translation for treatment of various diseases, including cancer and autoimmune diseases. Despite these efforts, very few cytokines have cleared regulatory approval, and those that were approved are not commonly used due to their challenging toxicity profile and/or limited therapeutic efficacy. The main limitation in translation has been that wild-type cytokines have unfavorable pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profiles, either eliciting unwanted systemic side effects or insufficient residence in secondary lymphoid organs. In this review, we address protein-engineering approaches that have been applied to both proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines to enhance their therapeutic indices, and we highlight diseases in which administration of engineered cytokines is especially relevant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aslan Mansurov
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Abigail Lauterbach
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Erica Budina
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Aaron T Alpar
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Jeffrey A Hubbell
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Jun Ishihara
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois.,Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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14
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Bouzeyen R, Chugh S, Gosain TP, Barbouche MR, Haoues M, Rao KVS, Essafi M, Singh R. Co-Administration of Anticancer Candidate MK-2206 Enhances the Efficacy of BCG Vaccine Against Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Mice and Guinea Pigs. Front Immunol 2021; 12:645962. [PMID: 34122406 PMCID: PMC8190480 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.645962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The failure of M. bovis BCG to induce long-term protection has been endowed to its inability to escape the phagolysosome, leading to mild activation of CD8+ mediated T cell response. Induction of apoptosis in host cells plays an important role in potentiating dendritic cells-mediated priming of CD8+ T cells, a process defined as “cross-priming.” Moreover, IL-10 secretion by infected cells has been reported to hamper BCG-induced immunity against Tuberculosis (TB). Previously, we have reported that apoptosis of BCG-infected macrophages and inhibition of IL-10 secretion is FOXO3 dependent, a transcription factor negatively regulated by the pro-survival activated threonine kinase, Akt. We speculate that FOXO3-mediated induction of apoptosis and abrogation of IL-10 secretion along with M. bovis BCG immunization might enhance the protection imparted by BCG. Here, we have assessed whether co-administration of a known anti-cancer Akt inhibitor, MK-2206, enhances the protective efficacy of M. bovis BCG in mice model of infection. We observed that in vitro MK-2206 treatment resulted in FOXO3 activation, enhanced BCG-induced apoptosis of macrophages and inhibition of IL-10 secretion. Co-administration of M. bovis BCG along with MK-2206 also increased apoptosis of antigen-presenting cells in draining lymph nodes of immunized mice. Further, MK-2206 administration improved BCG-induced CD4+ and CD8+ effector T cells responses and its ability to induce both effector and central memory T cells. Finally, we show that co-administration of MK-2206 enhanced the protection imparted by M. bovis BCG against Mtb in aerosol infected mice and guinea pigs. Taken together, we provide evidence that MK-2206-mediated activation of FOXO3 potentiates BCG-induced immunity and imparts protection against Mtb through enhanced innate immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rania Bouzeyen
- Institut Pasteur de Tunis, LTCII, LR11 IPT02, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Saurabh Chugh
- Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, India
| | | | | | - Meriam Haoues
- Institut Pasteur de Tunis, LTCII, LR11 IPT02, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Kanury V S Rao
- Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, India
| | - Makram Essafi
- Institut Pasteur de Tunis, LTCII, LR11 IPT02, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Ramandeep Singh
- Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, India
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15
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Zhao Y, Liu Z, Qin L, Wang T, Bai O. Insights into the mechanisms of Th17 differentiation and the Yin-Yang of Th17 cells in human diseases. Mol Immunol 2021; 134:109-117. [PMID: 33756352 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2021.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Th17 cells are a lineage of CD4+ T helper cells with Th17-specific transcription factors RORγt and RoRα. Since its discovery in 2005, research on Th17 has been in rapid progress, and increasing cytokines or transcription factors have been uncovered in the activation and differentiation of Th17 cells. Furthermore, growing evidence proves there are two different subsets of Th17 cells, namely non-pathogenic Th17 (non-pTh17) and pathogenic Th17 (pTh17), both of which play important roles in adaptive immunity, especially in host defenses, autoimmune diseases, and cancer. In this review, we summarize and discuss the mechanisms of Th17 cells differentiation, and their roles in immunity and diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangzhi Zhao
- Department of Hematology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China.
| | - Zhongshan Liu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China.
| | - Lei Qin
- Institute for Immunology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.
| | - Tiejun Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China.
| | - Ou Bai
- Department of Hematology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China.
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16
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Guo K, Zhang X. Cytokines that Modulate the Differentiation of Th17 Cells in Autoimmune Uveitis. J Immunol Res 2021; 2021:6693542. [PMID: 33816637 PMCID: PMC7990547 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6693542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence has suggested that T helper 17 (Th17) cells play a central role in the pathogenesis of ocular immune disease. The association between pathogenic Th17 cells and the development of uveitis has been confirmed in experimental and clinical studies. Several cytokines affect the initiation and stabilization of the differentiation of Th17 cells. Therefore, understanding the mechanism of related cytokines in the differentiation of Th17 cells is important for exploring the pathogenesis and the potential therapeutic targets of uveitis. This article briefly describes the structures, mechanisms, and targeted drugs of cytokines-including interleukin (IL)-6, transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), IL-1β, IL-23, IL-27, IL-35, IL-2, IL-4, IL-21, and interferon (IFN)-γ-which have an important influence on the differentiation of Th17 cells and discusses their potential as therapeutic targets for treating autoimmune uveitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kailei Guo
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Xiaomin Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin 300384, China
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17
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Motavalli R, Etemadi J, Soltani-Zangbar MS, Ardalan MR, Kahroba H, Roshangar L, Nouri M, Aghebati-Maleki L, Khiavi FM, Abediazar S, Mehdizadeh A, Hojjat-Farsangi M, Mahmoodpoor A, Kafil HS, Zolfaghari M, Ahmadian Heris J, Yousefi M. Altered Th17/Treg ratio as a possible mechanism in pathogenesis of idiopathic membranous nephropathy. Cytokine 2021; 141:155452. [PMID: 33571932 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2021.155452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Idiopathic membranous nephropathy (IMN) as a single organ autoimmune disease is a main cause of nephrotic syndrome in adults which is determined through autoantibodies to podocytes proteins. Th17/regulatory T (Treg) balance has emerged as a prominent factor in the regulation of autoimmunity. In this study, we evaluated the balance of Th17 and Treg cells, expression level of related master transcription factors, cytokines and microRNAs in mononuclear cells of peripheral blood of 30 patients with IMN and 30 healthy individuals before treatment. No significant variation was observed in Th17 cell frequency, retinoic acid receptor-related orphan nuclear receptor γt (RORɣt), signal transducer and Activator of transcription 3(STAT3), IL-17, and IL-23, while IL-21, IL-4, and IL-10 had significant increase in mRNA expression and protein level of peripheral blood mononuclear cells in IMN cases. Reduction in the percentage of Treg cells was also accompanied with significantly decreased expression of Forkhead box P3(FOXP3) and Transforming growth factor beta(TGF-β) in IMN patients compared to the control group. Our study revealed that Th17 cells themselves might not be engaged in the pathogenesis of newly diagnosed patients with IMN; however, decreased T reg cells and increased ratio of Th17/Treg lymphocytes might display a role in the pathogenesis of IMN before treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roza Motavalli
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Jalal Etemadi
- Kidney Disease Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
| | | | - Mohamad-Reza Ardalan
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Kidney Disease Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Houman Kahroba
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Leila Roshangar
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Nouri
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | | | - Sima Abediazar
- Kidney Disease Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Amir Mehdizadeh
- Endocrine Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hojjat-Farsangi
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Immune and Gene Therapy Lab, Cancer Center Karolinska (CCK), Karolina University Hospital Solna and Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ata Mahmoodpoor
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hossein Samadi Kafil
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohamadali Zolfaghari
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Javad Ahmadian Heris
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Children Medical Research and Training Hospital, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mehdi Yousefi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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18
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Verwoolde MB, van den Biggelaar RHGA, de Vries Reilingh G, Arts JAJ, van Baal J, Lammers A, Jansen CA. Innate immune training and metabolic reprogramming in primary monocytes of broiler and laying hens. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 114:103811. [PMID: 32750399 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2020.103811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Recently, we have reported trained innate immunity in laying chicken monocytes. In the present study, we further investigated trained innate immunity of monocytes in layers and broilers. Monocytes of both breeds isolated from blood were trained in vitro with β-glucan, rec-chicken IL-4 or a combination of both, and restimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), after which inflammation and metabolism-related responses were measured. Training of laying and broiler hen monocytes resulted in increased mRNA levels of IL-1β, iNOS and HIF-1α, but enhanced surface expression of CD40 and NO production was only observed in layers. Our in vitro study demonstrates that monocytes from different genetic backgrounds can be trained. However, the observed differences suggest a differential effect on immune functionality associated with innate training. Whether these differences in immune functions between layers and broilers have effect on disease resistance remains to be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel B Verwoolde
- Adaptation Physiology Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands; Animal Nutrition Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Robin H G A van den Biggelaar
- Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Ger de Vries Reilingh
- Adaptation Physiology Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Joop A J Arts
- Adaptation Physiology Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Jürgen van Baal
- Animal Nutrition Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Aart Lammers
- Adaptation Physiology Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Christine A Jansen
- Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
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19
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Medara N, Lenzo JC, Walsh KA, O'Brien-Simpson NM, Reynolds EC, Darby IB. Peripheral T helper cell profiles during management of periodontitis. J Clin Periodontol 2020; 48:76-90. [PMID: 33051896 DOI: 10.1111/jcpe.13389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 08/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIM Periodontitis has been associated with other systemic diseases with underlying inflammation responsible for the shared link. This study evaluated longitudinal variation in peripheral T helper cells in periodontitis patients undergoing management over 1 year. MATERIALS AND METHODS Periodontal parameters and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were collected from 54 periodontitis patients at baseline, and 3-, 6- and 12-months post-treatment and 40 healthy controls. IFN-γ+ , IL-4+ , IL-17+ and Foxp3+ and their double-positive expression were identified in CD4+ and TCRαβ+ cells using flow cytometry. PBMCs were incubated with P. gingivalis, and IFN-γ, IL-4, IL-17 and IL-10 in cell supernatant were measured by ELISA. Cells and cytokines were also assessed based on clinical response to treatment where good (<10% of sites), moderate (10-20%) and poor (>20%) treatment outcome (TxO) groups had probing depths of ≥5 mm at study conclusion. RESULTS IFN-γ+ cells were lower at baseline, and 3- and 6-months compared to health, whereas Foxp3+ cells were increased at 12-months compared to all preceding timepoints and health. The good TxO group showed treatment-related variation in IFN-γ+ and Foxp3+ cells, whereas the poor TxO group did not. IFN-γ and IL-17 cytokine expression in cell supernatants was significantly lower at baseline compared to health, and IFN-γ and IL-10 showed treatment-related decrease. CONCLUSION This study suggests that IFN-γ+ and Foxp3+ cells may have a role in the systemic compartment in periodontitis. Periodontal management has local and systemic effects, and thus, assessment and management of periodontitis should form an integral part of overall systemic health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nidhi Medara
- Melbourne Dental School, The University of Melbourne, Carlton, VIC, Australia
| | - Jason C Lenzo
- Melbourne Dental School, The University of Melbourne, Carlton, VIC, Australia.,Centre for Oral Health Research, Melbourne Dental School, The University of Melbourne, Carlton, VIC, Australia
| | | | - Neil M O'Brien-Simpson
- Melbourne Dental School, The University of Melbourne, Carlton, VIC, Australia.,Centre for Oral Health Research, Melbourne Dental School, The University of Melbourne, Carlton, VIC, Australia
| | - Eric C Reynolds
- Melbourne Dental School, The University of Melbourne, Carlton, VIC, Australia.,Centre for Oral Health Research, Melbourne Dental School, The University of Melbourne, Carlton, VIC, Australia
| | - Ivan B Darby
- Melbourne Dental School, The University of Melbourne, Carlton, VIC, Australia
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20
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Prolonged residence of an albumin-IL-4 fusion protein in secondary lymphoid organs ameliorates experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Nat Biomed Eng 2020; 5:387-398. [PMID: 33046864 DOI: 10.1038/s41551-020-00627-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-4 (IL-4) suppresses the development of multiple sclerosis in a murine model of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Here, we show that, in mice with EAE, the accumulation and persistence in the lymph nodes and spleen of a systemically administered serum albumin (SA)-IL-4 fusion protein leads to higher efficacy in preventing disease development than the administration of wild-type IL-4 or of the clinically approved drug fingolimod. We also show that the SA-IL-4 fusion protein prevents immune-cell infiltration in the spinal cord, decreases integrin expression in antigen-specific CD4+ T cells, increases the number of granulocyte-like myeloid-derived suppressor cells (and their expression of programmed-death-ligand-1) in spinal cord-draining lymph nodes and decreases the number of T helper 17 cells, a pathogenic cell population in EAE. In mice with chronic EAE, SA-IL-4 inhibits immune-cell infiltration into the spinal cord and completely abrogates immune responses to myelin antigen in the spleen. The SA-IL-4 fusion protein may be prophylactically and therapeutically advantageous in the treatment of multiple sclerosis.
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21
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Farahani S, Solgi L, Bayat S, Abedin Do A, Zare-Karizi S, Safarpour Lima B, Mirfakhraie R. RAR-related orphan receptor A: One gene with multiple functions related to migraine. CNS Neurosci Ther 2020; 26:1315-1321. [PMID: 32892507 PMCID: PMC7702232 DOI: 10.1111/cns.13453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2020] [Revised: 08/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims RAR‐related orphan receptor (RORA) involves in regulation of several biological processes including inflammation and circadian rhythm that probably are involved in migraine pathophysiology. In the current study, the association between RORA rs11639084 and rs4774388 variants and susceptibility to migraine were investigated in a sample of Iranian migraine patients for the first time. Methods In a case‐control study including 400 participants, 200 migraineurs and 200 healthy controls, genotyping of RORA rs4774388 and rs11639084 polymorphisms was performed using tetra‐primer amplification refractory mutation system–polymerase chain reaction (TP‐ARMS‐PCR). Results The distribution of rs4774388 C/T and T/T genotypes differed significantly between the studied groups. Moreover, an association was observed between rs4774388 and migraine under the recessive mode of inheritance (P = 0.002; OR = 1.89.; CI = 1.25‐2.87). The distribution of rs11639084 alleles and genotypes was not significantly different between migraineurs and healthy controls. Conclusion Current results suggest RORA, as a molecular link, may explain inflammation and circadian rhythm dysfunction in migraine. Further studies in different ethnicities are required to confirm the function of RORA in migraine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sedigheh Farahani
- Department of Genetics, School of Biological Sciences, Varamin-Pishva Branch, Islamic Azad University, Varamin, Iran
| | - Leila Solgi
- Department of Genetics, School of Biological Sciences, Varamin-Pishva Branch, Islamic Azad University, Varamin, Iran
| | - Sahar Bayat
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Atieh Abedin Do
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, GREB Dental Faculty, Laval University, Quebec, Canada
| | - Shohreh Zare-Karizi
- Department of Genetics, School of Biological Sciences, Varamin-Pishva Branch, Islamic Azad University, Varamin, Iran
| | - Behnam Safarpour Lima
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Mirfakhraie
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Genomic Research Centre, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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22
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Cota-Arce JM, Zazueta-Favela D, Díaz-Castillo F, Jiménez S, Bernáldez-Sarabia J, Caram-Salas NL, Dan KWL, Escobedo G, Licea-Navarro AF, Possani LD, De León-Nava MA. Venom components of the scorpion Centruroides limpidus modulate cytokine expression by T helper lymphocytes: Identification of ion channel-related toxins by mass spectrometry. Int Immunopharmacol 2020; 84:106505. [PMID: 32380407 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.106505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The study of the effector mechanisms of T helper cells has revealed different phenotypic characteristics that can be manipulated for designing new therapeutic schemes in different pathological scenarios. Ion channels are significant targets in T lymphocyte modulation since they are closely related to their effector activity. Remarkably, some toxins produced by scorpions specifically affect the function of these membrane proteins. For that reason, these toxins are important candidates in the search for new immunomodulators. Here, the effect of two venom fractions of the scorpion Centruroides limpidus was assessed on T lymphocyte proliferation and cytokine production. The venom fractions ClF8 and ClF9 were separated by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) and cultured at 25 and 35 µg/ml with murine T lymphocytes. The results indicate that the fraction ClF8 increased both production and secretion levels of IFN-γ, IL-4, IL-17A and IL-10 by CD4+ T cells at 24 h. In contrast, fraction ClF9 only promoted the secretion of IL-17A and IL-10 at its highest concentration (35 µg/ml). Both fractions did not show any effect on T cell proliferation. Subsequent analyses by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) revealed seventeen toxins in the fraction ClF8 and five toxins in the fraction ClF9, most of them with voltage-gated sodium (NaScTx) and potassium (KScTx) channels as molecular targets. These toxins might probably interact with ion channels involved in T lymphocyte activity. Our findings suggest that the difference in composition between the two fractions could be related to the observed effects, and the components identified could be isolated to search for possible immunomodulatory molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julián M Cota-Arce
- Departamento de Innovación Biomédica, Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada (CICESE), Baja California, C.P. 22860, México
| | - Daniela Zazueta-Favela
- Departamento de Innovación Biomédica, Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada (CICESE), Baja California, C.P. 22860, México
| | - Fernando Díaz-Castillo
- Departamento de Innovación Biomédica, Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada (CICESE), Baja California, C.P. 22860, México
| | - Samanta Jiménez
- Departamento de Innovación Biomédica, Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada (CICESE), Baja California, C.P. 22860, México
| | - Johanna Bernáldez-Sarabia
- Departamento de Innovación Biomédica, Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada (CICESE), Baja California, C.P. 22860, México
| | - Nadia L Caram-Salas
- Departamento de Innovación Biomédica, Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada (CICESE), Baja California, C.P. 22860, México; Cátedra CONACYT/Departamento de Innovación Biomédica, CICESE, México
| | - Kee W L Dan
- Departamento de Innovación Biomédica, Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada (CICESE), Baja California, C.P. 22860, México
| | - Galileo Escobedo
- Laboratorio de Proteómica y Metabolómica, Dirección de Investigación, Hospital General de México "Dr. Eduardo Liceaga", Ciudad de México, C.P. 06720, México
| | - Alexei F Licea-Navarro
- Departamento de Innovación Biomédica, Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada (CICESE), Baja California, C.P. 22860, México
| | - Lourival D Possani
- Departamento de Medicina Molecular y Bioprocesos, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos, C.P. 62210, México
| | - Marco A De León-Nava
- Departamento de Innovación Biomédica, Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada (CICESE), Baja California, C.P. 22860, México.
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Comparison of Sheep, Goats, and Calves as Infection Models for Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2020; 225:110060. [PMID: 32413513 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2020.110060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Animal infection models to study Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) infection are useful for evaluating the efficacy of vaccines and other therapeutics for the prevention or treatment of infection. The goal of the present study was to compare smaller ruminants, sheep and goats, with calves as infection models. Neonatal sheep, goats, and calves (n = 4) received 109 cfu of a cattle isolate of MAP in milk replacer on days 0, 3 and 6 in a 12-month study and sampled monthly thereafter. Results demonstrated a robust antigen-specific IFN-γ response at 90 days post-inoculation for sheep and goats, with lower responses noted for calves. By 360 days, IFN-γ responses were 50 and 82% higher for calves than for goats and sheep, respectively. Although MAP-specific antibody responses were first observed in sheep at 90 days, calves had higher antibody responses throughout the remainder of the study. Following pass-through shedding on day 7, fecal shedding was fairly negligible across treatments but remained higher for calves throughout the study. Colonization of tissues was variable within treatment group and was higher for calves and sheep for the majority of tissues. Upon antigen stimulation of PBMCs, higher populations of CD4 + T cells cells and lower populations of γδ TCR + and NK cells were observed for goats and calves compared to sheep. Relative gene expression of IL-4, IL-12, and IL-17 in PBMCs was higher in goats, corresponding to lower tissue colonization with MAP. These data suggest that ruminant species are fairly comparable as infection models for MAP, but discrete differences in host responses to MAP infection exist between species.
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24
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Wang M, Zhang N, Zheng M, Li Y, Meng L, Ruan Y, Han J, Zhao N, Wang X, Zhang L, Bachert C. Cross-talk between T H2 and T H17 pathways in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2019; 144:1254-1264. [PMID: 31271788 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2019.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Revised: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) is a heterogeneous disease with a spectrum of endotypes. TH2- and TH17-related cytokines are 2 central regulators involved in the inflammation associated with CRSwNP. OBJECTIVE We sought to investigate the interregulation of TH2 and TH17 pathways in Chinese patients with CRSwNP. METHODS Levels of key TH2- and TH17-related factors were measured in homogenates of polyp tissue obtained from patients with CRSwNP. The relationship of these factors and their expression in groups classified according to tissue IL-5 and IL-17 concentrations were analyzed. Cross-regulation of TH2 and TH17 cytokines and the effects of dexamethasone treatment were studied in dispersed nasal polyp cells. Associations between TH2- and TH17 related factors and comorbid atopic status and asthma, disease recurrence, and edema scores were also explored. RESULTS Four CRSwNP groups were classified based on expression or nonexpression of mutually exclusive TH2- and TH17-related factors. The TH2 cytokines IL-4 and IL-13 inhibited expression of TH17-related factors, whereas the TH17 cytokines IL-17 and TGF-β1 enhanced expression of TH2-related factors. Dexamethasone treatment inhibited both the TH2 and TH17 pathways. A patient's atopic status was related to their TH2 immune response. Edema scores were positively correlated with the TH2 pathway and negatively correlated with the TH17 pathway. CONCLUSION The TH2 and TH17 pathways are mutually exclusive and regulate each other, favoring the development of a TH2 immune response in Chinese patients with CRSwNP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Nasal Diseases, Beijing Institute of Otolaryngology, Beijing, China
| | - Nan Zhang
- Upper Airways Research Laboratory, Department of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ming Zheng
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Nasal Diseases, Beijing Institute of Otolaryngology, Beijing, China
| | - Lingling Meng
- Department of Otolaryngology, Bayan Nur Hospital, Bayan Nur, China
| | - Yu Ruan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Nasal Diseases, Beijing Institute of Otolaryngology, Beijing, China
| | - Jinbo Han
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Nasal Diseases, Beijing Institute of Otolaryngology, Beijing, China
| | - Na Zhao
- Department of Otolaryngology, Yanqing District Hospital, General Practice and Continuing Education Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiangdong Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Nasal Diseases, Beijing Institute of Otolaryngology, Beijing, China; Department of Allergy, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
| | - Luo Zhang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Nasal Diseases, Beijing Institute of Otolaryngology, Beijing, China; Department of Allergy, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
| | - Claus Bachert
- Upper Airways Research Laboratory, Department of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium; Division of ENT Diseases, Department of Clinical Sciences, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Ear, Nose and Throat Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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25
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Ameliorative effect of chlorin e6-mediated photodynamic therapy on DNCB-induced atopic dermatitis-like skin lesions in mice. Mol Cell Toxicol 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s13273-019-0030-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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26
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Evasovic JM, Singer CA. Regulation of IL-17A and implications for TGF-β1 comodulation of airway smooth muscle remodeling in severe asthma. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2019; 316:L843-L868. [PMID: 30810068 PMCID: PMC6589583 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00416.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe asthma develops as a result of heightened, persistent symptoms that generally coincide with pronounced neutrophilic airway inflammation. In individuals with severe asthma, symptoms are poorly controlled by high-dose inhaled glucocorticoids and often lead to elevated morbidity and mortality rates that underscore the necessity for novel drug target identification that overcomes limitations in disease management. Many incidences of severe asthma are mechanistically associated with T helper 17 (TH17) cell-derived cytokines and immune factors that mediate neutrophilic influx to the airways. TH17-secreted interleukin-17A (IL-17A) is an independent risk factor for severe asthma that impacts airway smooth muscle (ASM) remodeling. TH17-derived cytokines and diverse immune mediators further interact with structural cells of the airway to induce pathophysiological processes that impact ASM functionality. Transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) is a pivotal mediator involved in airway remodeling that correlates with enhanced TH17 activity in individuals with severe asthma and is essential to TH17 differentiation and IL-17A production. IL-17A can also reciprocally enhance activation of TGF-β1 signaling pathways, whereas combined TH1/TH17 or TH2/TH17 immune responses may additively impact asthma severity. This review seeks to provide a comprehensive summary of cytokine-driven T cell fate determination and TH17-mediated airway inflammation. It will further review the evidence demonstrating the extent to which IL-17A interacts with various immune factors, specifically TGF-β1, to contribute to ASM remodeling and altered function in TH17-driven endotypes of severe asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon M Evasovic
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Nevada , Reno, Nevada
| | - Cherie A Singer
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Nevada , Reno, Nevada
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27
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Fernandez CP, Afrin F, Flores RA, Kim WH, Jeong J, Kim S, Lillehoj HS, Min W. Identification of duck IL-4 and its inhibitory effect on IL-17A expression in R. anatipestifer- stimulated splenic lymphocytes. Mol Immunol 2018; 95:20-29. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2018.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Revised: 12/29/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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28
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Chamoun MN, Blumenthal A, Sullivan MJ, Schembri MA, Ulett GC. Bacterial pathogenesis and interleukin-17: interconnecting mechanisms of immune regulation, host genetics, and microbial virulence that influence severity of infection. Crit Rev Microbiol 2018; 44:465-486. [PMID: 29345518 DOI: 10.1080/1040841x.2018.1426556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin-17 (IL-17) is a pro-inflammatory cytokine involved in the control of many different disorders, including autoimmune, oncogenic, and diverse infectious diseases. In the context of infectious diseases, IL-17 protects the host against various classes of microorganisms but, intriguingly, can also exacerbate the severity of some infections. The regulation of IL-17 expression stems, in part, from the activity of Interleukin-23 (IL-23), which drives the maturation of different classes of IL-17-producing cells that can alter the course of infection. In this review, we analyze IL-17/IL-23 signalling in bacterial infection, and examine the interconnecting mechanisms that link immune regulation, host genetics, and microbial virulence in the context of bacterial pathogenesis. We consider the roles of IL-17 in both acute and chronic bacterial infections, with a focus on mouse models of human bacterial disease that involve infection of mucosal surfaces in the lungs, urogenital, and gastrointestinal tracts. Polymorphisms in IL-17-encoding genes in humans, which have been associated with heightened host susceptibility to some bacterial pathogens, are discussed. Finally, we examine the implications of IL-17 biology in infectious diseases for the development of novel therapeutic strategies targeted at preventing bacterial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle N Chamoun
- a School of Medical Science, and Menzies Health Institute Queensland , Griffith University , Southport , Australia
| | - Antje Blumenthal
- b The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute , Brisbane , Australia
| | - Matthew J Sullivan
- a School of Medical Science, and Menzies Health Institute Queensland , Griffith University , Southport , Australia
| | - Mark A Schembri
- c School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, and Australian Infectious Disease Research Centre , The University of Queensland , Brisbane , Australia
| | - Glen C Ulett
- a School of Medical Science, and Menzies Health Institute Queensland , Griffith University , Southport , Australia
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29
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Banuelos J, Cao Y, Shin SC, Lu NZ. Immunopathology alters Th17 cell glucocorticoid sensitivity. Allergy 2017; 72:331-341. [PMID: 27646878 PMCID: PMC5315659 DOI: 10.1111/all.13051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Th17 cells contribute to several inflammatory conditions and increasing evidence supports that Th17 cells are glucocorticoid resistant. However, Th17 cells in psoriasis and related diseases are glucocorticoid sensitive. We compare glucocorticoid sensitive and resistant immunological diseases and suggest that several aspects in Th17-related diseases alter glucocorticoid sensitivity of Th17 cells. We identify molecular pathways that are implicated in glucocorticoid sensitivity of Th17 cells in the literature, as this information is useful for developing approaches to overcome glucocorticoid-resistant immunopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Banuelos
- Division of Allergy-Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
| | - Y. Cao
- Division of Allergy-Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
| | - S. C. Shin
- Division of Allergy-Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
| | - N. Z. Lu
- Division of Allergy-Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
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30
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Hahn
- a Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center , Eberhard Karls University Tübingen , Tübingen , Germany
| | - Kamran Ghoreschi
- a Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center , Eberhard Karls University Tübingen , Tübingen , Germany
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STAT6 Signaling Attenuates Interleukin-17-Producing γδ T Cells during Acute Klebsiella pneumoniae Infection. Infect Immun 2016; 84:1548-1555. [PMID: 26953325 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00646-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
γδ T cells are prevalent at mucosal and epithelial surfaces and are a critical first line of defense against bacterial and fungal pathogens. γδ17 cells are a subset of γδ T cells which, in the presence of IL-23 and IL-1β, produce large quantities of interleukin-17A (IL-17A), a cytokine crucial to these cells' antibacterial and antifungal function. STAT6, an important transcription factor in Th2 differentiation and inhibition of Th1 differentiation, is expressed at high levels in the T cells of people with parasitic infections and asthma. Our group and others have shown that STAT6 attenuates IL-17A protein expression by CD4(+) T cells. By extension, we hypothesized that STAT6 activation also inhibits innate γδ17 cell cytokine secretion. We show here that γδ17 cells expressed the type I IL-4 receptor (IL-4R), and IL-4 increased STAT6 phosphorylation in γδ T cells. IL-4 inhibited γδ17 cell production of IL-17A. IL-4 also decreased γδ17 cell expression of IL-23R as well as Sgk1. To determine whether STAT6 signaling regulates γδ17 cell numbers in vivo, we used a model of Klebsiella pneumoniae in mice deficient in STAT6. We chose K. pneumoniae for our in vivo model, since K. pneumoniae increases IL-17A expression and γδ17 numbers. K. pneumoniae infection of STAT6 knockout mice resulted in a statistically significant increase in the number of γδ17 cells compared to that of wild-type mice. These studies are the first to demonstrate that γδ17 cells express the type I IL-4R and that STAT6 signaling negatively regulates γδ17 cells, a cell population that plays a front-line role in mucosal immunity.
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32
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Olenscki Gilli SC, Pericole FV, Benites BD, Sippert EÂ, Castilho LM, Addas-Carvalho M, Olalla Saad ST. Cytokine polymorphisms in sickle cell disease and the relationship with cytokine expression. Exp Hematol 2016; 44:583-9. [PMID: 27026283 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2016.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Revised: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 03/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Sickle cell disease is a chronic inflammatory condition characterized by elevated levels of inflammatory cytokines, which may be regulated by genetic polymorphisms and could be associated with diverse disease presentations and alloimmunization. The aim of this study was to evaluate Treg and Th17 cell frequencies, cytokine gene polymorphisms, and their association with cytokine expression profile in patients with sickle cell disease. For that purpose, we evaluated the IL intron 3 variable number tandem repeat (VNTR, genotypes 1.1, 1.2, 2.2, and 2.3), IL4-T590C>T, IL6-174G>C, TNFα-308G>A, IL10-819T>C, IL10-592A>C, and IL10-1082A>G polymorphisms and their correlation with TGFβ, IL4, IL6, and IL10 gene expression in sickle cell patients. We observed a significant decrease in Treg frequency together with a substantial increase in Th17 response in patients with sickle cell disease compared with healthy controls (p < 0.001 and p = 0.014, respectively). There was also a higher prevalence of the IL4-590T/T genotype in patients with sickle cell disease than in Afro-Brazilian descendent controls (p < 0.001) and higher expression of IL4 in patients with the 1.1 genotype of IL4 intron 3 VNTR (p = 0.06). Significantly greater gene expression of TGFβ, IL6, and IL10 was observed in sickle cell patients when compared with controls (p = 0.01, 0.03, and <0.001, respectively). Moreover, higher levels of interleukin-6 and -10 were observed in the group of alloimmunized patients. These new data bring insights into the deregulation in the immune system affecting sickle cell patients and must be further investigated in larger cohorts to better characterize individual variations in immune responses and new markers for disease morbidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Cristina Olenscki Gilli
- Hematology and Hemotherapy Center, University of Campinas, HEMOCENTRO- UNICAMP, Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia do Sangue, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fernando Vieira Pericole
- Hematology and Hemotherapy Center, University of Campinas, HEMOCENTRO- UNICAMP, Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia do Sangue, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bruno Deltreggia Benites
- Hematology and Hemotherapy Center, University of Campinas, HEMOCENTRO- UNICAMP, Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia do Sangue, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Emilia Ângela Sippert
- Hematology and Hemotherapy Center, University of Campinas, HEMOCENTRO- UNICAMP, Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia do Sangue, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lilian Maria Castilho
- Hematology and Hemotherapy Center, University of Campinas, HEMOCENTRO- UNICAMP, Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia do Sangue, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Addas-Carvalho
- Hematology and Hemotherapy Center, University of Campinas, HEMOCENTRO- UNICAMP, Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia do Sangue, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sara Teresinha Olalla Saad
- Hematology and Hemotherapy Center, University of Campinas, HEMOCENTRO- UNICAMP, Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia do Sangue, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
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Rathore JS, Wang Y. Protective role of Th17 cells in pulmonary infection. Vaccine 2016; 34:1504-1514. [PMID: 26878294 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2015] [Revised: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 02/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Th17 cells are characterized as preferential producer of interleukins including IL-17A, IL-17F, IL-21 and IL-22. Corresponding receptors of these cytokines are expressed on number of cell types found in the mucosa, including epithelial cells and fibroblasts which constitute the prime targets of the Th17-associated cytokines. Binding of IL-17 family members to their corresponding receptors lead to modulation of antimicrobial functions of target cells including alveolar epithelial cells. Stimulated alveolar epithelial cells produce antimicrobial peptides and are involved in granulepoesis, neutrophil recruitment and tissue repair. Mucosal immunity mediated by Th17 cells is protective against numerous pulmonary pathogens including extracellular bacterial and fungal pathogens. This review focuses on the protective role of Th17 cells during pulmonary infection, highlighting subset differentiation, effector cytokines production, followed by study of the binding of these cytokines to their corresponding receptors, the subsequent signaling pathway they engender and their effector role in host defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jitendra Singh Rathore
- University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Department of Microbiology, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Gautam Buddha University, School of Biotechnology, Greater Noida, Yamuna Expressway, Uttar Pradesh, India.
| | - Yan Wang
- University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Department of Microbiology, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Evaluation of Chosen Cytokine Levels among Patients with Herpes Zoster as Ability to Provide Immune Response. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0150301. [PMID: 26934574 PMCID: PMC4775057 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0150301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim and Background Herpes zoster is a viral disease caused by the reactivation of varicella–zoster virus (VZV) which remained latent in the cranial nerve or dorsal root ganglia. Cell-mediated immunity is known to decline with age as part of immunosenescence and can lead to the reactivation of VZV. Whereas herpes zoster is usually mild in healthy young persons, older patients are at increased risk for complications. In the present study we investigated the serum cytokine profile (IL-17, IL-23, IL-21, IL-4, IL-12), representing cellular and humoral immunity and assessed the level of VZV IgG antibodies in patients with herpes zoster. Methods We investigated the serum concentrations of IL-17, IL-23, IL-21, IL-4, IL-12 and the level of VZV IgG antibodies in 23 patients with herpes zoster who did not develop superinfection. The control group was represented by 21 individuals in similar age with no inflammatory and infectious diseases. Cytokine and antibodies levels were measured by ELISA method. Statistical analysis was performed using the ROC curve (receiver operating characteristic), t-test, Welch’s t-test, and nonparametric tests with STATISTICA 10 software. Results In patients with herpes zoster, the serum level of IL-17, IL-23, IL-21, IL-4 and IL-12 as well as VZV IgG antibodies titer were statistically significantly increased compared to control group. Conclusion Our results confirm the broad activation of the immune system involving humoral and cell-mediated immunity.
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Haribhai D, Ziegelbauer J, Jia S, Upchurch K, Yan K, Schmitt EG, Salzman NH, Simpson P, Hessner MJ, Chatila TA, Williams CB. Alternatively Activated Macrophages Boost Induced Regulatory T and Th17 Cell Responses during Immunotherapy for Colitis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 196:3305-17. [PMID: 26927797 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1501956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Accepted: 02/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Induced regulatory T (iTreg) and Th17 cells promote mucosal homeostasis. We used a T cell transfer model of colitis to compare the capacity of iTreg and Th17 cells to develop in situ following the transfer of naive CD4(+)CD45RB(hi)T cells intoRag1(-/-)C57BL/6 or BALB/c mice, the prototypical Th1/M1- and Th2/M2-prone strains. We found that the frequency and number of Foxp3(+)iTreg cells and Th17 cells were significantly reduced in C57BL/6 mice compared with the BALB/c strain. C57BL/6 mice with colitis were also resistant to natural Treg cell immunotherapy. Pretreatment of C57BL/6Rag1(-/-)mice with IL-4 plus IL-13, or with M2a but not M1 macrophages, dramatically increased the generation of iTreg and Th17 cells. Importantly, M2a transfers, either as a pretreatment or in mice with established colitis, allowed successful immunotherapy with natural Treg cells. M2a macrophages also reduced the generation of pathogenic iTreg cells that lost Foxp3 expression, suggesting that they stabilize the expression of Foxp3. Thus, polarized M2a macrophages drive a directionally concordant expansion of the iTreg-Th17 cell axis and can be exploited as a therapeutic adjuvant in cell-transfer immunotherapy to re-establish mucosal tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dipica Haribhai
- Section of Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226
| | - Jennifer Ziegelbauer
- Section of Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226
| | - Shuang Jia
- Section of Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226
| | - Kyle Upchurch
- Section of Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226
| | - Ke Yan
- Section of Quantitative Health Sciences, Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226
| | - Erica G Schmitt
- Section of Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226
| | - Nita H Salzman
- Section of Gastroenterology, Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226; and
| | - Pippa Simpson
- Section of Quantitative Health Sciences, Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226
| | - Martin J Hessner
- Section of Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226
| | - Talal A Chatila
- Division of Immunology, Children's Hospital Boston, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Calvin B Williams
- Section of Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226;
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Guo S, Wu LX, Jones CX, Chen L, Hao CL, He L, Zhang JH. Allergic airway inflammation disrupts interleukin-17 mediated host defense against streptococcus pneumoniae infection. Int Immunopharmacol 2016; 31:32-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2015.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2015] [Revised: 11/16/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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Adair P, Kim YC, Pratt KP, Scott DW. Avidity of human T cell receptor engineered CD4(+) T cells drives T-helper differentiation fate. Cell Immunol 2015; 299:30-41. [PMID: 26653006 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2015.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2015] [Revised: 10/17/2015] [Accepted: 10/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The role of the T cell receptor (TCR) in antigen recognition and activation of T lymphocytes is well established. However, how the TCR affects T-helper differentiation/skewing is less well understood, particularly for human CD4(+) (CD4) T cell subsets. Here we investigate the role of TCR specific antigen avidity in differentiation and maintenance of human Th1, Th2 and Th17 subsets. Two human TCRs, both specific for the same peptide antigen but with different avidities, were cloned and expressed in human CD4 T cells. These TCR engineered cells were then stimulated with specific antigen in unskewed and T-helper skewed conditions. We show that TCR avidity can control the percentage of IL-4 and IFN-γ co-expression in unskewed TCR engineered cells, that effector function can be maintained in a TCR avidity-dependent manner in skewed TCR engineered cells, and that increased TCR avidity can accelerate Th1 skewing of TCR engineered cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Adair
- Department of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 21201, USA; Molecular Medicine Program, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 20814, USA
| | - Yong Chan Kim
- Department of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 21201, USA
| | - Kathleen P Pratt
- Department of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 21201, USA
| | - David W Scott
- Department of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 21201, USA
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Astry B, Venkatesha SH, Moudgil KD. Involvement of the IL-23/IL-17 axis and the Th17/Treg balance in the pathogenesis and control of autoimmune arthritis. Cytokine 2015; 74:54-61. [PMID: 25595306 PMCID: PMC4457562 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2014.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2014] [Revised: 11/15/2014] [Accepted: 11/18/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The T helper (Th) cell subsets are characterized by the type of cytokines produced and the master transcription factor expressed. Th1 cells participate in cell-mediated immunity, whereas Th2 cells promote humoral immunity. Furthermore, the two subsets can control each other. Thereby, Th1-Th2 balance offered a key paradigm in understanding the induction and regulation of immune pathology in autoimmune and other diseases. However, over the past decade, Th17 cells producing interleukin-17 (IL-17) have emerged as the major pathogenic T cell subset in many pathological conditions that were previously attributed to Th1 cells. In addition, the role of CD4+CD25+T regulatory cells (Treg) in controlling the activity of Th17 and other T cell subsets has increasingly been realized. Thereby, examination of the Th17/Treg balance in the course of autoimmune diseases has significantly advanced our understanding of the pathogenesis of these disorders. The differentiation of Th17 and Treg cells from naïve T cells is inter-related and controlled in part by the cytokine milieu. For example, transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) is required for Treg induction, whereas the same cytokine in the presence of IL-6 (or IL-1) promotes the differentiation of Th17. Furthermore, IL-23 plays a role in the maintenance of Th17. Accordingly, novel therapeutic approaches are being developed to target IL-23/IL-17 as well as to modulate the Th17/Treg balance in favor of immune regulation to control autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Astry
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States
| | - Shivaprasad H Venkatesha
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States
| | - Kamal D Moudgil
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States.
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Ravichandran J, Jackson RJ, Trivedi S, Ranasinghe C. IL-17A expression in HIV-specific CD8 T cells is regulated by IL-4/IL-13 following HIV-1 prime-boost immunization. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2015; 35:176-85. [PMID: 25493691 PMCID: PMC4350450 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2014.0078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2014] [Accepted: 08/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Although Th1 and Th2 cytokines can inhibit interleukin (IL)-17-secreting T cells, how these cells are regulated under different infectious conditions is still debated. Our previous studies have shown that vaccination of IL-4 and IL-13 gene knockout (KO) mice can induce high-avidity HIV K(d)Gag197-205-specific CD8 T cells with better protective efficacy. In this study, when IL-13, IL-4, STAT6 KO, and wild-type BALB/c mice were prime-boost immunized with an HIV poxviral modality, elevated numbers of IL-17A(+) splenic K(d)Gag197-205-specific CD8 T cells were observed in all the KO mice compared with the wt BALB/c control. Similarly, when wt BALB/c mice were immunized with IL-13Rα2-adjuvanted HIV vaccines (that transiently inhibited IL-13 activity and induced high-avidity CD8 T cells with enhanced protective efficacy), elevated IL-17A(+) K(d)Gag197-205-specific CD8 T cells were detected both in the lung and the spleen. However, at the transcriptional level, elevated TGF-β, IL-6, ROR-γt, and IL-17A mRNA copy numbers were mainly detected in IL-4 KO, but not the IL-13 KO mice. These data suggested that TGF-β, IL-6, ROR-γt, but not IL-23a, played a role in IL-17A regulation in K(d)Gag197-205-specific CD8 T cells. Collectively, our findings suggest that IL-4 and IL-13 differentially regulate the expression of IL-17A in K(d)Gag197-205-specific CD8 T cells at the transcriptional and translational level, respectively, implicating IL-17A as an indirect modulator of CD8 T cell avidity and protective immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayashree Ravichandran
- Molecular Mucosal Vaccine Immunology Group, Department of Immunology, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University , Canberra, Australia
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IL-4 abrogates T(H)17 cell-mediated inflammation by selective silencing of IL-23 in antigen-presenting cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:2163-8. [PMID: 25646481 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1416922112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Interleukin 4 (IL-4) can suppress delayed-type hypersensitivity reactions (DTHRs), including organ-specific autoimmune diseases in mice and humans. Despite the broadly documented antiinflammatory effect of IL-4, the underlying mode of action remains incompletely understood, as IL-4 also promotes IL-12 production by dendritic cells (DCs) and IFN-γ-producing T(H)1 cells in vivo. Studying the impact of IL-4 on the polarization of human and mouse DCs, we found that IL-4 exerts opposing effects on the production of either IL-12 or IL-23. While promoting IL-12-producing capacity of DCs, IL-4 completely abrogates IL-23. Bone marrow chimeras proved that IL-4-mediated suppression of DTHRs relies on the signal transducer and activator of transcription 6 (STAT6)-dependent abrogation of IL-23 in antigen-presenting cells. Moreover, IL-4 therapy attenuated DTHRs by STAT6- and activating transcription factor 3 (ATF3)-dependent suppression of the IL-23/T(H)17 responses despite simultaneous enhancement of IL-12/TH1 responses. As IL-4 therapy also improves psoriasis in humans and suppresses IL-23/T(H)17 responses without blocking IL-12/T(H)1, selective IL-4-mediated IL-23/T(H)17 silencing is promising as treatment against harmful inflammation, while sparing the IL-12-dependent T(H)1 responses.
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Ex vivo PBMC cytokine profile in familial Mediterranean fever patients: Involvement of IL-1β, IL-1α and Th17-associated cytokines and decrease of Th1 and Th2 cytokines. Cytokine 2014; 69:248-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2014.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2014] [Revised: 05/26/2014] [Accepted: 06/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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TH17 cells in human recurrent pregnancy loss and pre-eclampsia. Cell Mol Immunol 2014; 11:564-70. [PMID: 25027967 DOI: 10.1038/cmi.2014.54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2014] [Revised: 06/06/2014] [Accepted: 06/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
T helper 17 (TH17) cells have been identified as a new lineage of helper T cells and have been shown to be important in host defense against extracellular infectious agents, autoimmune disease and chronic inflammatory diseases. Recently, TH17 cells have also been shown to participate in successful pregnancy, as well as in the pathogenesis of diseases of pregnancy, such as recurrent spontaneous abortion (RSA) and pre-eclampsia (PE). Here, we review our current knowledge of TH17 cells in human RSA and PE. We also discuss how the local uterine microenvironment affects the differentiation of TH17 cells and the mechanisms that regulate TH17 cells during pregnancy. Research into TH17 cells will not only advance our understanding of TH17-related pregnancy complications, but will also facilitate the design of novel therapies for reproductive diseases.
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Allergic airway inflammation decreases lung bacterial burden following acute Klebsiella pneumoniae infection in a neutrophil- and CCL8-dependent manner. Infect Immun 2014; 82:3723-39. [PMID: 24958709 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00035-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The Th17 cytokines interleukin-17A (IL-17A), IL-17F, and IL-22 are critical for the lung immune response to a variety of bacterial pathogens, including Klebsiella pneumoniae. Th2 cytokine expression in the airways is a characteristic feature of asthma and allergic airway inflammation. The Th2 cytokines IL-4 and IL-13 diminish ex vivo and in vivo IL-17A protein expression by Th17 cells. To determine the effect of IL-4 and IL-13 on IL-17-dependent lung immune responses to acute bacterial infection, we developed a combined model in which allergic airway inflammation and lung IL-4 and IL-13 expression were induced by ovalbumin sensitization and challenge prior to acute lung infection with K. pneumoniae. We hypothesized that preexisting allergic airway inflammation decreases lung IL-17A expression and airway neutrophil recruitment in response to acute K. pneumoniae infection and thereby increases the lung K. pneumoniae burden. As hypothesized, we found that allergic airway inflammation decreased the number of K. pneumoniae-induced airway neutrophils and lung IL-17A, IL-17F, and IL-22 expression. Despite the marked reduction in postinfection airway neutrophilia and lung expression of Th17 cytokines, allergic airway inflammation significantly decreased the lung K. pneumoniae burden and postinfection mortality. We showed that the decreased lung K. pneumoniae burden was independent of IL-4, IL-5, and IL-17A and partially dependent on IL-13 and STAT6. Additionally, we demonstrated that the decreased lung K. pneumoniae burden associated with allergic airway inflammation was both neutrophil and CCL8 dependent. These findings suggest a novel role for CCL8 in lung antibacterial immunity against K. pneumoniae and suggest new mechanisms of orchestrating lung antibacterial immunity.
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Chen G, Chan AJ, Chung JI, Jang JC, Osborne LC, Nair MG. Polarizing the T helper 17 response in Citrobacter rodentium infection via expression of resistin-like molecule α. Gut Microbes 2014; 5:363-8. [PMID: 24831469 PMCID: PMC4153775 DOI: 10.4161/gmic.29100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Citrobacter rodentium infection is a murine model of pathogenic Escherichia coli infection that allows investigation of the cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in host-protective immunity and bacterial-induced intestinal inflammation. We recently demonstrated that following C. rodentium infection, the absence of Resistin-Like Molecule (RELM) α resulted in attenuated Th17 cell responses and reduced intestinal inflammation with minimal effects on bacterial clearance. In this addendum, we investigated the cytokine modulatory effects of RELMα and RELMα expression in the intestinal mucosa following C. rodentium infection. We show that in addition to promoting Th17 cytokine responses, RELMα inhibits Th2 cytokine expression and Th2-cytokine effector macrophage responses in the C. rodentium-infected colons. Second, utilizing reporter C. rodentium, we examined RELMα expression and macrophage recruitment at the host pathogen interface. We observed infection-induced macrophage infiltration and RELMα expression by intestinal epithelial cells. The influence of infection-induced RELMα on macrophage recruitment in the intestine is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Chen
- Division of Biomedical Sciences; School of Medicine; University of California Riverside; Riverside, CA USA
| | - Alexander J Chan
- Division of Biomedical Sciences; School of Medicine; University of California Riverside; Riverside, CA USA
| | - Josiah I Chung
- Division of Biomedical Sciences; School of Medicine; University of California Riverside; Riverside, CA USA
| | - Jessica C Jang
- Division of Biomedical Sciences; School of Medicine; University of California Riverside; Riverside, CA USA
| | - Lisa C Osborne
- Institute of Immunology; Department of Microbiology; Perelman School of Medicine; University of Pennsylvania; Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - Meera G Nair
- Division of Biomedical Sciences; School of Medicine; University of California Riverside; Riverside, CA USA,Correspondence to: Meera G Nair,
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Kato H, Endres J, Fox DA. The roles of IFN-γ versus IL-17 in pathogenic effects of human Th17 cells on synovial fibroblasts. Mod Rheumatol 2014. [DOI: 10.3109/s10165-012-0811-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Moraes-Vieira PMM, Larocca RA, Bassi EJ, Peron JPS, Andrade-Oliveira V, Wasinski F, Araujo R, Thornley T, Quintana FJ, Basso AS, Strom TB, Câmara NOS. Leptin deficiency impairs maturation of dendritic cells and enhances induction of regulatory T and Th17 cells. Eur J Immunol 2014; 44:794-806. [PMID: 24271843 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201343592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2013] [Revised: 11/08/2013] [Accepted: 11/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Leptin is an adipose-secreted hormone that plays an important role in both metabolism and immunity. Leptin has been shown to induce Th1-cell polarization and inhibit Th2-cell responses. Additionally, leptin induces Th17-cell responses, inhibits regulatory T (Treg) cells and modulates autoimmune diseases. Here, we investigated whether leptin mediates its activity on T cells by influencing dendritic cells (DCs) to promote Th17 and Treg-cell immune responses in mice. We observed that leptin deficiency (i) reduced the expression of DC maturation markers, (ii) decreased DC production of IL-12, TNF-α, and IL-6, (iii) increased DC production of TGF-β, and (iv) limited the capacity of DCs to induce syngeneic CD4(+) T-cell proliferation. As a consequence of this unique phenotype, DCs generated under leptin-free conditions induced Treg or TH 17 cells more efficiently than DCs generated in the presence of leptin. These data indicate important roles for leptin in DC homeostasis and the initiation and maintenance of inflammatory and regulatory immune responses by DCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro M M Moraes-Vieira
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Medical Deaconess Center, Transplant Institute, Boston, MA, USA
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du Plessis N, Walzl G. Helminth-M. tb co-infection. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2014; 828:49-74. [PMID: 25253027 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-1489-0_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nelita du Plessis
- Biomedical Sciences, Division Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, DST/NRF, Centre of Excellence in Biomedical TB Research, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, Western Cape, South Africa,
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Lu R, Zhang J, Sun W, Du G, Zhou G. Inflammation-related cytokines in oral lichen planus: an overview. J Oral Pathol Med 2013; 44:1-14. [PMID: 24329772 DOI: 10.1111/jop.12142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cytokines are powerful mediators which play a central role in both innate and adapted immune responses. Aberrant productions of cytokines may lead to the onset of immune deficiency, allergy or autoimmunity, which are involved in the mechanisms of various immune-mediated inflammatory diseases. Oral lichen planus (OLP) is a chronic inflammation disease affecting the oral mucosa with unknown aetiology. Previous studies have described the abnormal expression patterns of various inflammation-related cytokines, such as IL-1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 12, 17, 18, TGF-β, IFN-γ and TNF-α, in lesions, saliva, serum and peripheral blood mononuclear cells from patients with OLP, which may reflect the immune dysregulation status and emerge as central players in the immunopathogenesis of OLP. Besides, the gene polymorphisms of several cytokines such as IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-4, IL-10 have been found to be involved in the susceptibility of OLP. In this review, we gave a brief introduction of the characteristics and biological functions of these inflammation-related cytokines and summarized for the first time the current knowledge on the involvement of inflammation-related cytokines in OLP. Further research on the exact roles of these cytokines will aid the understanding of the pathogenesis and the identification of novel therapeutic approaches of OLP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Lu
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, PR China; Department of Oral Medicine, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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Lim H, Kim YU, Yun K, Drouin SM, Chung Y. Distinct regulation of Th2 and Th17 responses to allergens by pulmonary antigen presenting cells in vivo. Immunol Lett 2013; 156:140-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2013.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2013] [Revised: 10/02/2013] [Accepted: 10/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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A novel subset of helper T cells promotes immune responses by secreting GM-CSF. Cell Death Differ 2013; 20:1731-41. [PMID: 24076588 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2013.130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2013] [Revised: 08/08/2013] [Accepted: 08/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Helper T cells are crucial for maintaining proper immune responses. Yet, they have an undefined relationship with one of the most potent immune stimulatory cytokines, granulocyte macrophage-colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF). By depleting major cytokines during the differentiation of CD4(+) T cells in vitro, we derived cells that were found to produce large amounts of GM-CSF, but little of the cytokines produced by other helper T subsets. By their secretion of GM-CSF, this novel subset of helper T cells (which we have termed ThGM cells) promoted the production of cytokines by other T-cell subtypes, including type 1 helper T cell (Th1), type 2 helper T cell (Th2), type 1 cytotoxic T cell (Tc1), type 2 cytotoxic T cell (Tc2), and naive T cells, as evidenced by the fact that antibody neutralization of GM-CSF abolished this effect. ThGM cells were found to be highly prone to activation-induced cell death (AICD). Inhibitors of TRAIL or granzymes could not block AICD in ThGM cells, whereas inhibition of FasL/Fas interaction partially rescued ThGM cells from AICD. Thus, ThGM cells are a novel subpopulation of T helper cells that produce abundant GM-CSF, exhibit exquisite susceptibility to apoptosis, and therefore play a pivotal role in the regulation of the early stages of immune responses.
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