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Agafina A, Aguiar VC, Rossovskaya M, Fartoukh MS, Hajjar LA, Thiéry G, Timsit JF, Gordeev I, Protsenko D, Carbone J, Pellegrini R, Stadnik CMB, Avdeev S, Ferrer M, Heinz CC, Häder T, Langohr P, Bobenhausen I, Schüttrumpf J, Staus A, Ruehle M, Weissmüller S, Wartenburg-Demand A, Torres A. Efficacy and safety of trimodulin in patients with severe COVID-19: results from a randomised, placebo-controlled, double-blind, multicentre, phase II trial (ESsCOVID). Eur J Med Res 2024; 29:418. [PMID: 39138518 PMCID: PMC11321023 DOI: 10.1186/s40001-024-02008-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 08/01/2024] [Indexed: 08/15/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Trimodulin (human polyvalent immunoglobulin [Ig] M ~ 23%, IgA ~ 21%, IgG ~ 56% preparation) has previously been associated with a lower mortality rate in a subpopulation of patients with severe community-acquired pneumonia on invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV) and with clear signs of inflammation. The hypothesis for the ESsCOVID trial was that trimodulin may prevent inflammation-driven progression of severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) to critical disease or even death. METHODS Adults with severe COVID-19 were randomised to receive intravenous infusions of trimodulin or placebo for 5 consecutive days in addition to standard of care. The primary efficacy endpoint was a composite of clinical deterioration (Days 6-29) and 28-day all-cause mortality (Days 1-29). RESULTS One-hundred-and-sixty-six patients received trimodulin (n = 84) or placebo (n = 82). Thirty-three patients died, nine during the treatment phase. Overall, 84.9% and 76.5% of patients completed treatment and follow-up, respectively. The primary efficacy endpoint was reported in 33.3% of patients on trimodulin and 34.1% of patients on placebo (P = 0.912). No differences were observed in the proportion of patients recovered on Day 29, days of invasive mechanical ventilation, or intensive care unit-free days. Rates of treatment-emergent adverse events were comparable. A post hoc analysis was conducted in patients with early systemic inflammation by excluding those with high CRP (> 150 mg/L) and/or D-dimer (≥ 3 mg/L) and/or low platelet counts (< 130 × 109/L) at baseline. Forty-seven patients in the trimodulin group and 49 in the placebo group met these criteria. A difference of 15.5 percentage points in clinical deterioration and mortality was observed in favour of trimodulin (95% confidence interval: -4.46, 34.78; P = 0.096). CONCLUSION Although there was no difference in the primary outcome in the overall population, observations in a subgroup of patients with early systemic inflammation suggest that trimodulin may have potential in this setting that warrants further investigation. ESSCOVID WAS REGISTERED PROSPECTIVELY AT CLINICALTRIALS.GOV ON OCTOBER 6, 2020.: NCT04576728.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Muriel Sarah Fartoukh
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Service de Médecine Intensive Réanimation, Hôpital Tenon, and DMU APPROCHES, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Ludhmila Abrahao Hajjar
- Instituto Do Coração InCor, Hospital das Clínicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Jean-François Timsit
- Medical and Infectious Diseases ICU (M12) APHP, Hôpital Bichat-Claude Bernard, Paris, France
| | | | | | - Javier Carbone
- Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañon, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - Sergey Avdeev
- First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Miquel Ferrer
- Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, CibeRes (CB06/06/0028) University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Antoni Torres
- Respiratory and Intensive Care Unit, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, CibeRes (CB06/06/0028), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
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2
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Virk R, Cook K, Cavazos A, Wassall SR, Gowdy KM, Shaikh SR. How Membrane Phospholipids Containing Long-Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and Their Oxidation Products Orchestrate Lipid Raft Dynamics to Control Inflammation. J Nutr 2024:S0022-3166(24)00396-1. [PMID: 39025329 DOI: 10.1016/j.tjnut.2024.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2024] [Revised: 07/08/2024] [Accepted: 07/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Long-chain PUFA (LC-PUFA) influence varying aspects of inflammation. One mechanism by which they regulate inflammation is by controlling the size and molecular composition of lipid rafts. Lipid rafts are sphingolipid/cholesterol-enriched plasma membrane microdomains that compartmentalize signaling proteins and thereby control downstream inflammatory gene expression and cytokine production. OBJECTIVES This review summarizes developments in our understanding of how LC-PUFA acyl chains of phospholipids, in addition to oxidized derivatives of LC-PUFAs such as oxidized 1-palmitoyl-2-arachidonyl-phosphatidylcholine (oxPAPC), manipulate formation of lipid rafts and thereby inflammation. METHODS We reviewed the literature, largely from the past 2 decades, on the impact of LC-PUFA acyl chains and oxidized products of LC-PUFAs on lipid raft biophysical organization of myeloid and lymphoid cells. The majority of the studies are based on rodent or cellular experiments with supporting mechanistic studies using biomimetic membranes and molecular dynamic simulations. These studies have focused largely on the LC-PUFA docosahexaenoic acid, with some studies addressing eicosapentaenoic acid. A few studies have investigated the role of oxidized phospholipids on rafts. RESULTS The biophysical literature suggests a model in which n-3 LC-PUFAs, in addition to oxPAPC, localize predominately to nonraft regions and impart a disordering effect in this environment. Rafts become larger because of the ensuing increase in the difference in order between raft and nonrafts. Biochemical studies suggest that some n-3 LC-PUFAs can be found within rafts. This deviation from homeostasis is a potential trigger for controlling aspects of innate and adaptive immunity. CONCLUSION Overall, select LC-PUFA acyl chains and oxidized acyl chains of phospholipids control lipid raft dynamics and downstream inflammation. Gaps in knowledge remain, particularly on underlying molecular mechanisms by which plasma membrane receptor organization is controlled in response to oxidized LC-PUFA acyl chains of membrane phospholipids. Validation in humans is also an area for future study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafia Virk
- Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health and School of Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Katie Cook
- Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health and School of Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Andres Cavazos
- Department of Physics, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Stephen R Wassall
- Department of Physics, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Kymberly M Gowdy
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Saame Raza Shaikh
- Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health and School of Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States.
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McGettigan SE, Aira LE, Kumar G, Ballet R, Butcher EC, Baumgarth N, Debes GF. Secreted IgM modulates IL-10 expression in B cells. Nat Commun 2024; 15:324. [PMID: 38182585 PMCID: PMC10773282 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-44382-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2024] Open
Abstract
IL-10+ B cells are critical for immune homeostasis and restraining immune responses in infection, cancer, and inflammation; however, the signals that govern IL-10+ B cell differentiation are ill-defined. Here we find that IL-10+ B cells expand in mice lacking secreted IgM ((s)IgM-/-) up to 10-fold relative to wildtype (WT) among all major B cell and regulatory B cell subsets. The IL-10+ B cell increase is polyclonal and presents within 24 hours of birth. In WT mice, sIgM is produced prenatally and limits the expansion of IL-10+ B cells. Lack of the high affinity receptor for sIgM, FcμR, in B cells translates into an intermediate IL-10+ B cell phenotype relative to WT or sIgM-/- mice. Our study thus shows that sIgM regulates IL-10 programming in B cells in part via B cell-expressed FcμR, thereby revealing a function of sIgM in regulating immune homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon Eileen McGettigan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA
| | - Lazaro Emilio Aira
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA
| | - Gaurav Kumar
- Department of Cancer Biology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA
| | - Romain Ballet
- Palo Alto Veterans Institute for Research, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA
- Laboratory of Immunology and Vascular Biology, Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Eugene C Butcher
- Palo Alto Veterans Institute for Research, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA
- Laboratory of Immunology and Vascular Biology, Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Nicole Baumgarth
- Center for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Dept. Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Gudrun F Debes
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA.
- Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA.
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4
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Tsitsami E, Sarrigeorgiou I, Tsinti M, Rouka EC, Zarogiannis SG, Lymberi P. Natural autoimmunity in oligoarticular juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Pediatr Rheumatol Online J 2023; 21:44. [PMID: 37138302 PMCID: PMC10155367 DOI: 10.1186/s12969-023-00823-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oligoarticular juvenile idiopathic arthritis (oligo-JIA) is considered as an antigen-driven lymphocyte-mediated autoimmune disease. Natural antibodies (NAbs) are pre-immune antibodies produced in the absence of exogenous antigen stimulation, participating in both, innate and adaptive immunity. Considering their major immunoregulatory role in homeostasis and autoimmune pathogenesis, we designed this study to further elucidate their role in oligo-JIA pathogenesis. METHODS Seventy children with persistent oligo-JIA and 20 healthy matched controls were enrolled in the study. Serum IgM and IgA antibodies against human G-actin, human IgG F(ab΄)2 fragments and the hapten TriNitroPhenol (TNP) as well as the total concentration of serum IgM and IgA were measured by in-house enzyme-immunoassays. Kolmogorov-Smirnov normality test, Kruskal-Wallis H and Mann-Whitney tests were used to assess data distribution, and significant differences of non-parametric data between groups of the study. Backward regression analysis was used to analyze the effect of multiple factors (age, gender, disease activity, anti-nuclear antibody positivity, presence of uveitis) on continuous dependent variables (activities and activity/ concentration ratios of IgM and IgA NAbs). RESULTS The ratios of IgA anti-TNP, anti-actin and anti-F(ab΄)2 levels to total serum IgA concentration were found to be significantly increased in patients with oligo-JIA compared to healthy subjects. Significantly elevated levels of IgM anti-TNP antibodies were also found in children with inactive oligo-JIA compared to those of children with active disease and of healthy controls. In the presence of anterior uveitis, IgM anti-TNP levels were significantly higher than in patients without uveitis or in healthy controls. Backward regression analysis revealed that the disease activity and the presence of anterior uveitis independently affect IgM anti-TNP levels. CONCLUSUIONS Our findings are in accordance with the hypothesis that NAbs contribute to the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases and provide additional evidence that disturbances in natural autoimmunity may contribute to the as yet unclarified pathogenesis of oligo-JIA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Tsitsami
- Pediatric Rheumatology Unit, First Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Athens, Children's Hospital "Aghia Sofia", Thivon & Papadiamadopoulou, 11525, Athens, Greece
| | - Ioannis Sarrigeorgiou
- Immunology Laboratory, Immunology Department, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, 127, Vasilissis Sofias Avenue, 11521, Athens, Greece
| | - Maria Tsinti
- Pediatric Rheumatology Unit, First Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Athens, Children's Hospital "Aghia Sofia", Thivon & Papadiamadopoulou, 11525, Athens, Greece
| | - Erasmia C Rouka
- Faculty of Nursing, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, 41500, Geopolis, Larissa, Greece
| | - Sotirios G Zarogiannis
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, BIOPOLIS, 41500, Geopolis, Larissa, Greece
| | - Peggy Lymberi
- Immunology Laboratory, Immunology Department, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, 127, Vasilissis Sofias Avenue, 11521, Athens, Greece.
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5
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Smith FL, Savage HP, Luo Z, Tipton CM, Lee FEH, Apostol AC, Beaudin AE, Lopez DA, Jensen I, Keller S, Baumgarth N. B-1 plasma cells require non-cognate CD4 T cell help to generate a unique repertoire of natural IgM. J Exp Med 2023; 220:e20220195. [PMID: 36811605 PMCID: PMC9960156 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20220195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Evolutionarily conserved, "natural" (n)IgM is broadly reactive to both self and foreign antigens. Its selective deficiency leads to increases in autoimmune diseases and infections. In mice, nIgM is secreted independent of microbial exposure to bone marrow (BM) and spleen B-1 cell-derived plasma cells (B-1PC), generating the majority of nIgM, or by B-1 cells that remain non-terminally differentiated (B-1sec). Thus, it has been assumed that the nIgM repertoire is broadly reflective of the repertoire of body cavity B-1 cells. Studies here reveal, however, that B-1PC generate a distinct, oligoclonal nIgM repertoire, characterized by short CDR3 variable immunoglobulin heavy chain regions, 7-8 amino acids in length, some public, many arising from convergent rearrangements, while specificities previously associated with nIgM were generated by a population of IgM-secreting B-1 (B-1sec). BM, but not spleen B-1PC, or B-1sec also required the presence of TCRαβ CD4 T cells for their development from fetal precursors. Together, the studies identify important previously unknown characteristics of the nIgM pool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fauna L. Smith
- Center for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
- Integrated Pathobiology Graduate Group, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Hannah P. Savage
- Center for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
- Graduate Group in Immunology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Zheng Luo
- Center for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Christopher M. Tipton
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Lowance Center for Human Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - F. Eun-Hyung Lee
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Lowance Center for Human Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - April C. Apostol
- Division of Hematology and Hematologic Malignancies, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Anna E. Beaudin
- Division of Hematology and Hematologic Malignancies, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Diego A. Lopez
- Division of Hematology and Hematologic Malignancies, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Ingvill Jensen
- Center for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Stefan Keller
- Department Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Nicole Baumgarth
- Center for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
- Integrated Pathobiology Graduate Group, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
- Graduate Group in Immunology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
- Department Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
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6
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Almenara-Fuentes L, Rodriguez-Fernandez S, Rosell-Mases E, Kachler K, You A, Salvado M, Andreev D, Steffen U, Bang H, Bozec A, Schett G, Le Panse R, Verdaguer J, Dalmases M, Rodriguez-Vidal S, Barneda-Zahonero B, Vives-Pi M. A new platform for autoimmune diseases. Inducing tolerance with liposomes encapsulating autoantigens. NANOMEDICINE : NANOTECHNOLOGY, BIOLOGY, AND MEDICINE 2023; 48:102635. [PMID: 36481472 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2022.102635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Autoimmune diseases (AIDs) are caused by the loss of self-tolerance and destruction of tissues by the host's immune system. Several antigen-specific immunotherapies, focused on arresting the autoimmune attack, have been tested in clinical trials with discouraging results. Therefore, there is a need for innovative strategies to restore self-tolerance safely and definitively in AIDs. We previously demonstrated the therapeutic efficacy of phosphatidylserine (PS)-liposomes encapsulating autoantigens in experimental type 1 diabetes and multiple sclerosis. Here, we show that PS-liposomes can be adapted to other autoimmune diseases by simply replacing the encapsulated autoantigen. After administration, they are distributed to target organs, captured by phagocytes and interact with several immune cells, thus exerting a tolerogenic and immunoregulatory effect. Specific PS-liposomes demonstrate great preventive and therapeutic efficacy in rheumatoid arthritis and myasthenia gravis. Thus, this work highlights the therapeutic potential of a platform for several autoimmunity settings, which is specific, safe, and with long-term effects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Silvia Rodriguez-Fernandez
- Ahead Therapeutics SL, Barcelona, Spain; Immunology Section, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Badalona, Spain
| | - Estela Rosell-Mases
- Immunology Unit, Department of Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, IRBLleida, University of Lleida, Lleida, Spain
| | - Katerina Kachler
- Department of Internal Medicine 3 - Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; Deutsches Zentrum für Immuntherapie (DZI), Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Axel You
- Sorbonne University, INSERM, Institute of Myology, Center of Research in Myology, F-75013 Paris, France
| | | | - Darja Andreev
- Department of Internal Medicine 3 - Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; Deutsches Zentrum für Immuntherapie (DZI), Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Ulrike Steffen
- Department of Internal Medicine 3 - Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; Deutsches Zentrum für Immuntherapie (DZI), Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | | | - Aline Bozec
- Department of Internal Medicine 3 - Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; Deutsches Zentrum für Immuntherapie (DZI), Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Georg Schett
- Department of Internal Medicine 3 - Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; Deutsches Zentrum für Immuntherapie (DZI), Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Rozen Le Panse
- Sorbonne University, INSERM, Institute of Myology, Center of Research in Myology, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - Joan Verdaguer
- Immunology Unit, Department of Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, IRBLleida, University of Lleida, Lleida, Spain; CIBER of Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disease (CIBERDEM), ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | | | - Marta Vives-Pi
- Ahead Therapeutics SL, Barcelona, Spain; Immunology Section, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Badalona, Spain.
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Alugupalli AS, Cravens MP, Walker JA, Gulandijany D, Dickinson GS, Debes GF, Schifferli DM, Bäumler AJ, Alugupalli KR, Alugupalli KR. The Lack of Natural IgM Increases Susceptibility and Impairs Anti-Vi Polysaccharide IgG Responses in a Mouse Model of Typhoid. Immunohorizons 2022; 6:807-816. [PMID: 36480484 DOI: 10.4049/immunohorizons.2200088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Circulating IgM present in the body prior to any apparent Ag exposure is referred to as natural IgM. Natural IgM provides protective immunity against a variety of pathogens. Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi (S. Typhi) is the causative agent of typhoid fever in humans. Because mice are not permissive to S. Typhi infection, we employed a murine model of typhoid using S. enterica serovar Typhimurium expressing the Vi polysaccharide (ViPS) of S. Typhi (S. Typhimurium strain RC60) to evaluate the role of natural IgM in pathogenesis. We found that natural mouse IgM binds to S. Typhi and S. Typhimurium. The severity of S. Typhimurium infection in mice is dependent on presence of the natural resistance-associated macrophage protein 1 (Nramp1) allele; therefore, we infected mice deficient in secreted form of IgM (sIgM) on either a Nramp1-resistant (129S) or -susceptible (C57BL/6J) background. We found that the lack of natural IgM results in a significantly increased susceptibility and an exaggerated liver pathology regardless of the route of infection or the Nramp1 allele. Reconstitution of sIgM-/- mice with normal mouse serum or purified polyclonal IgM restored the resistance to that of sIgM+/+ mice. Furthermore, immunization of sIgM-/- mice with heat-killed S. Typhi induced a significantly reduced anti-ViPS IgG and complement-dependent bactericidal activity against S. Typhi in vitro, compared with that of sIgM+/+ mice. These findings indicate that natural IgM is an important factor in reducing the typhoid severity and inducing an optimal anti-ViPS IgG response to vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akhil S Alugupalli
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA.,Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Matthew P Cravens
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Justin A Walker
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Dania Gulandijany
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Gregory S Dickinson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Gudrun F Debes
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Dieter M Schifferli
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Andreas J Bäumler
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA; and
| | - Kishore R Alugupalli
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA.,Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Kishore R Alugupalli
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA.,Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA
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8
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Alic L, Binder CJ, Papac-Milicevic N. The OSE complotype and its clinical potential. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1010893. [PMID: 36248824 PMCID: PMC9561429 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1010893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular death, aging, and tissue damage trigger inflammation that leads to enzymatic and non-enzymatic lipid peroxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids present on cellular membranes and lipoproteins. This results in the generation of highly reactive degradation products, such as malondialdehyde (MDA) and 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE), that covalently modify free amino groups of proteins and lipids in their vicinity. These newly generated neoepitopes represent a unique set of damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) associated with oxidative stress termed oxidation-specific epitopes (OSEs). OSEs are enriched on oxidized lipoproteins, microvesicles, and dying cells, and can trigger sterile inflammation. Therefore, prompt recognition and removal of OSEs is required to maintain the homeostatic balance. This is partially achieved by various humoral components of the innate immune system, such as natural IgM antibodies, pentraxins and complement components that not only bind OSEs but in some cases modulate their pro-inflammatory potential. Natural IgM antibodies are potent complement activators, and 30% of them recognize OSEs such as oxidized phosphocholine (OxPC-), 4-HNE-, and MDA-epitopes. Furthermore, OxPC-epitopes can bind the complement-activating pentraxin C-reactive protein, while MDA-epitopes are bound by C1q, C3a, complement factor H (CFH), and complement factor H-related proteins 1, 3, 5 (FHR-1, FHR-3, FHR-5). In addition, CFH and FHR-3 are recruited to 2-(ω-carboxyethyl)pyrrole (CEP), and full-length CFH also possesses the ability to attenuate 4-HNE-induced oxidative stress. Consequently, alterations in the innate humoral defense against OSEs predispose to the development of diseases associated with oxidative stress, as shown for the prototypical OSE, MDA-epitopes. In this mini-review, we focus on the mechanisms of the accumulation of OSEs, the pathophysiological consequences, and the interactions between different OSEs and complement components. Additionally, we will discuss the clinical potential of genetic variants in OSE-recognizing complement proteins – the OSE complotype - in the risk estimation of diseases associated with oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lejla Alic
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sarajevo, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Christoph J. Binder
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Nikolina Papac-Milicevic
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- *Correspondence: Nikolina Papac-Milicevic,
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9
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Zheng D, Bhuvan T, Payne NL, Heng TSP. Secondary Lymphoid Organs in Mesenchymal Stromal Cell Therapy: More Than Just a Filter. Front Immunol 2022; 13:892443. [PMID: 35784291 PMCID: PMC9243307 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.892443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) have demonstrated therapeutic potential in inflammatory models of human disease. However, clinical translation has fallen short of expectations, with many trials failing to meet primary endpoints. Failure to fully understand their mechanisms of action is a key factor contributing to the lack of successful commercialisation. Indeed, it remains unclear how the long-ranging immunomodulatory effects of MSCs can be attributed to their secretome, when MSCs undergo apoptosis in the lung shortly after intravenous infusion. Their apoptotic fate suggests that efficacy is not based solely on their viable properties, but also on the immune response to dying MSCs. The secondary lymphoid organs (SLOs) orchestrate immune responses and play a key role in immune regulation. In this review, we will discuss how apoptotic cells can modify immune responses and highlight the importance of MSC-immune cell interactions in SLOs for therapeutic outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Zheng
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Tejasvini Bhuvan
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Natalie L. Payne
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Tracy S. P. Heng
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
- ARC Training Centre for Cell and Tissue Engineering Technologies, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
- *Correspondence: Tracy S. P. Heng,
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10
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Tajbakhsh A, Yousefi F, Abedi SM, Rezaee M, Savardashtaki A, Teng Y, Sahebkar A. The cross-talk between soluble "Find me" and "Keep out" signals as an initial step in regulating efferocytosis. J Cell Physiol 2022; 237:3113-3126. [PMID: 35578547 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 04/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The rapid clearance of apoptotic cells (ACs), known as efferocytosis, prompts the inhibition of inflammatory responses and autoimmunity and maintains homeostatic cell turnover by controlling the release of intracellular contents. The fast clearance of ACs requires professional and nonprofessional phagocytic cells that can accurately and promptly recognize ACs and migrate towards them. Cells undergoing apoptosis alarm their presence by releasing special soluble chemotactic factors, such as lactoferrin, that act as "Find me," "Keep out," or "Stay away" signals to recruit phagocytic cells, such as macrophages or prevent granulocyte migration. Efferocytosis effectively serves to prevent damage-associated molecular pattern release and secondary necrosis and inhibit inflammation/autoimmunity at the very first step. Since less attention has been given to the cross-talk and balance of "Find me" and "Keep out" signals released from ACs in efferocytosis, we set out to investigate the current knowledge of the roles of "Find me" and "Keep out" signals in the efferocytosis process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Tajbakhsh
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Yousefi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Genetics, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyedeh M Abedi
- Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mehdi Rezaee
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Amir Savardashtaki
- Infertility Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.,Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Yong Teng
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,School of Medicine, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.,Depatment of Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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11
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Matsuda Y, Watanabe T, Li XK. Approaches for Controlling Antibody-Mediated Allograft Rejection Through Targeting B Cells. Front Immunol 2021; 12:682334. [PMID: 34276669 PMCID: PMC8282180 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.682334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Both acute and chronic antibody-mediated allograft rejection (AMR), which are directly mediated by B cells, remain difficult to treat. Long-lived plasma cells (LLPCs) in bone marrow (BM) play a crucial role in the production of the antibodies that induce AMR. However, LLPCs survive through a T cell-independent mechanism and resist conventional immunosuppressive therapy. Desensitization therapy is therefore performed, although it is accompanied by severe side effects and the pathological condition may be at an irreversible stage when these antibodies, which induce AMR development, are detected in the serum. In other words, AMR control requires the development of a diagnostic method that predicts its onset before LLPC differentiation and enables therapeutic intervention and the establishment of humoral immune monitoring methods providing more detailed information, including individual differences in the susceptibility to immunosuppressive agents and the pathological conditions. In this study, we reviewed recent studies related to the direct or indirect involvement of immunocompetent cells in the differentiation of naïve-B cells into LLPCs, the limitations of conventional methods, and the possible development of novel control methods in the context of AMR. This information will significantly contribute to the development of clinical applications for AMR and improve the prognosis of patients who undergo organ transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiko Matsuda
- Division of Transplantation Immunology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takeshi Watanabe
- Laboratory of Immunology, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Xiao-Kang Li
- Division of Transplantation Immunology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
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12
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Phagocytic clearance of apoptotic, necrotic, necroptotic and pyroptotic cells. Biochem Soc Trans 2021; 49:793-804. [PMID: 33843978 PMCID: PMC8106503 DOI: 10.1042/bst20200696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Although millions of cells in the human body will undergo programmed cell death each day, dying cells are rarely detected under homeostatic settings in vivo. The swift removal of dying cells is due to the rapid recruitment of phagocytes to the site of cell death which then recognise and engulf the dying cell. Apoptotic cell clearance - the engulfment of apoptotic cells by phagocytes - is a well-defined process governed by a series of molecular factors including 'find-me', 'eat-me', 'don't eat-me' and 'good-bye' signals. However, in recent years with the rapid expansion of the cell death field, the removal of other necrotic-like cell types has drawn much attention. Depending on the type of death, dying cells employ different mechanisms to facilitate engulfment and elicit varying functional impacts on the phagocyte, from wound healing responses to inflammatory cytokine secretion. Nevertheless, despite the mechanism of death, the clearance of dying cells is a fundamental process required to prevent the uncontrolled release of pro-inflammatory mediators and inflammatory disease. This mini-review summarises the current understandings of: (i) apoptotic, necrotic, necroptotic and pyroptotic cell clearance; (ii) the functional consequences of dying cell engulfment and; (iii) the outstanding questions in the field.
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13
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Toussirot E, Bonnefoy F, Vauchy C, Perruche S, Saas P. Mini-Review: The Administration of Apoptotic Cells for Treating Rheumatoid Arthritis: Current Knowledge and Clinical Perspectives. Front Immunol 2021; 12:630170. [PMID: 33717160 PMCID: PMC7950318 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.630170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic immune-mediated disease managed by conventional synthetic drugs, such as methotrexate (MTX), and targeted drugs including biological agents. Cell-based therapeutic approaches are currently developed in RA, mainly mesenchymal stroma cell-based approaches. Early-stage apoptotic cells possess direct and indirect anti-inflammatory properties. During the elimination of dying cells (a process called efferocytosis), specific mechanisms operate to control immune responses. There are compelling evidences in experimental models of arthritis indicating that apoptotic cell administration may benefit joint inflammation, and may even have therapeutic effects on arthritis. Additionally, it has been demonstrated that apoptotic cells could be administered with standard treatments of RA, such as MTX or TNF inhibitors (TNFi), given even a synergistic response with TNFi. Interestingly, apoptotic cell infusion has been successfully experienced to prevent acute graft-vs.-host disease after hematopoietic cell transplantation in patients with hematologic malignancies, with a good safety profile. In this mini-review, the apoptotic cell-based therapy development in arthritis is discussed, as well as its transfer in the short-term to an innovative treatment for patients with RA. The use of apoptotic cell-derived factors, including secretome or phosphatidylserine-containing liposomes, in RA are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Toussirot
- INSERM CIC-1431, Centre d'Investigation Clinique Biothérapie, Pôle Recherche, CHU de Besançon, Besançon, France.,Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire INCREASE, CHU de Besançon, Besançon, France.,Rhumatologie, Pôle PACTE (Pathologies Aiguës Chroniques Transplantation Éducation), CHU de Besançon, Besançon, France.,Département Universitaire de Thérapeutique, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Besançon, France.,Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, INSERM, EFS BFC, UMR1098, Interactions Hôte-Greffon-Tumeur/Ingénierie Cellulaire et Génique, LabEx LipSTIC, Besançon, France
| | - Francis Bonnefoy
- Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, INSERM, EFS BFC, UMR1098, Interactions Hôte-Greffon-Tumeur/Ingénierie Cellulaire et Génique, LabEx LipSTIC, Besançon, France.,MED'INN'Pharma, Besançon, France
| | - Charline Vauchy
- INSERM CIC-1431, Centre d'Investigation Clinique Biothérapie, Pôle Recherche, CHU de Besançon, Besançon, France.,Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, INSERM, EFS BFC, UMR1098, Interactions Hôte-Greffon-Tumeur/Ingénierie Cellulaire et Génique, LabEx LipSTIC, Besançon, France
| | - Sylvain Perruche
- Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire INCREASE, CHU de Besançon, Besançon, France.,Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, INSERM, EFS BFC, UMR1098, Interactions Hôte-Greffon-Tumeur/Ingénierie Cellulaire et Génique, LabEx LipSTIC, Besançon, France.,MED'INN'Pharma, Besançon, France
| | - Philippe Saas
- INSERM CIC-1431, Centre d'Investigation Clinique Biothérapie, Pôle Recherche, CHU de Besançon, Besançon, France.,Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire INCREASE, CHU de Besançon, Besançon, France.,Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, INSERM, EFS BFC, UMR1098, Interactions Hôte-Greffon-Tumeur/Ingénierie Cellulaire et Génique, LabEx LipSTIC, Besançon, France
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14
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Pashnina IA, Krivolapova IM, Fedotkina TV, Ryabkova VA, Chereshneva MV, Churilov LP, Chereshnev VA. Antinuclear Autoantibodies in Health: Autoimmunity Is Not a Synonym of Autoimmune Disease. Antibodies (Basel) 2021; 10:9. [PMID: 33668697 PMCID: PMC8006153 DOI: 10.3390/antib10010009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 12/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The incidence of autoimmune diseases is increasing. Antinuclear antibody (ANA) testing is a critical tool for their diagnosis. However, ANA prevalence in healthy persons has increased over the last decades, especially among young people. ANA in health occurs in low concentrations, with a prevalence up to 50% in some populations, which demands a cutoff revision. This review deals with the origin and probable physiological or compensatory function of ANA in health, according to the concept of immunological clearance, theory of autoimmune regulation of cell functions, and the concept of functional autoantibodies. Considering ANA titers ≤1:320 as a serological marker of autoimmune diseases seems inappropriate. The role of anti-DFS70/LEDGFp75 autoantibodies is highlighted as a possible anti-risk biomarker for autoimmune rheumatic disorders. ANA prevalence in health is different in various regions due to several underlying causes discussed in the review, all influencing additive combinations according to the concept of the mosaic of autoimmunity. Not only are titers, but also HEp-2 IFA) staining patterns, such as AC-2, important. Accepting autoantibodies as a kind of bioregulator, not only the upper, but also the lower borders of their normal range should be determined; not only their excess, but also a lack of them or "autoimmunodeficiency" could be the reason for disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina A. Pashnina
- Regional Children’s Clinical Hospital, 620149 Yekaterinburg, Russia;
| | - Irina M. Krivolapova
- Regional Children’s Clinical Hospital, 620149 Yekaterinburg, Russia;
- Institute of Immunology and Physiology of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 620049 Yekaterinburg, Russia; (M.V.C.); (V.A.C.)
| | - Tamara V. Fedotkina
- Laboratory of the Mosaics of Autoimmunity, Saint Petersburg State University, 199034 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (T.V.F.); (V.A.R.); (L.P.C.)
| | - Varvara A. Ryabkova
- Laboratory of the Mosaics of Autoimmunity, Saint Petersburg State University, 199034 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (T.V.F.); (V.A.R.); (L.P.C.)
| | - Margarita V. Chereshneva
- Institute of Immunology and Physiology of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 620049 Yekaterinburg, Russia; (M.V.C.); (V.A.C.)
| | - Leonid P. Churilov
- Laboratory of the Mosaics of Autoimmunity, Saint Petersburg State University, 199034 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (T.V.F.); (V.A.R.); (L.P.C.)
- Saint Petersburg Research Institute of Phthisiopulmonology, 191036 Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Valeriy A. Chereshnev
- Institute of Immunology and Physiology of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 620049 Yekaterinburg, Russia; (M.V.C.); (V.A.C.)
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15
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Husain I, Luo X. Apoptotic Donor Cells in Transplantation. Front Immunol 2021; 12:626840. [PMID: 33717145 PMCID: PMC7947657 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.626840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite significant advances in prevention and treatment of transplant rejection with immunosuppressive medications, we continue to face challenges of long-term graft survival, detrimental medication side effects to both the recipient and transplanted organ together with risks for opportunistic infections. Transplantation tolerance has so far only been achieved through hematopoietic chimerism, which carries with it a serious and life-threatening risk of graft versus host disease, along with variability in persistence of chimerism and uncertainty of sustained tolerance. More recently, numerous in vitro and in vivo studies have explored the therapeutic potential of silent clearance of apoptotic cells which have been well known to aid in maintaining peripheral tolerance to self. Apoptotic cells from a donor not only have the ability of down regulating the immune response, but also are a way of providing donor antigens to recipient antigen-presenting-cells that can then promote donor-specific peripheral tolerance. Herein, we review both laboratory and clinical evidence that support the utility of apoptotic cell-based therapies in prevention and treatment of graft versus host disease and transplant rejection along with induction of donor-specific tolerance in solid organ transplantation. We have highlighted the potential limitations and challenges of this apoptotic donor cell-based therapy together with ongoing advancements and attempts made to overcome them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irma Husain
- Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Xunrong Luo
- Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
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16
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Böröcz K, Simon D, Erdő‐Bonyár S, Kovács KT, Tuba É, Czirják L, Németh P, Berki T. Relationship between natural and infection-induced antibodies in systemic autoimmune diseases (SAD): SLE, SSc and RA. Clin Exp Immunol 2021; 203:32-40. [PMID: 32959462 PMCID: PMC7744489 DOI: 10.1111/cei.13521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection or vaccine-induced T cell-dependent immune response and the subsequent high-affinity neutralizing antibody production have been extensively studied, while the connection between natural autoantibodies (nAAbs) and disease-specific antibodies has not been thoroughly investigated. Our goal was to find the relationship between immunoglobulin (Ig)M and IgG isotype nAAbs and infection or vaccine-induced and disease-related autoantibody levels in systemic autoimmune diseases (SAD). A previously described indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) test was used for detection of IgM/IgG nAAbs against citrate synthase (anti-CS) and F4 fragment (anti-F4) of DNA topoisomerase I in 374 SAD samples, with a special focus on systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) (n = 92), rheumatoid arthritis (n = 73) and systemic sclerosis (n = 157) disease groups. Anti-measles IgG and anti-dsDNA IgG/IgM autoantibodies were measured using commercial and in-house indirect ELISA tests. In all SAD groups the anti-measles IgG-seropositive cases showed significantly higher anti-CS IgG titers (P = 0·011). In anti-dsDNA IgG-positive SLE patients, we detected significantly higher levels of anti-CS and anti-F4 IgG nAAbs (P = 0·001 and < 0·001, respectively). Additionally, we found increased levels of IgM isotypes of anti-CS and anti-F4 nAAbs in anti-dsDNA IgM-positive SLE patients (P = 0·002 and 0·016, respectively). The association between IgG isotypes of pathogen- or autoimmune disease-related antibodies and the IgG nAAbs may underscore the immune response-inducible nature of the diseases investigated. The relationship between protective anti-dsDNA IgM and the IgM isotype of anti-F4 and anti-CS may provide immunoserological evidence for the beneficial roles of nAAbs in SLE patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. Böröcz
- Department of Immunology and BiotechnologyUniversity of Pécs Medical SchoolPécsHungary
| | - D. Simon
- Department of Immunology and BiotechnologyUniversity of Pécs Medical SchoolPécsHungary
| | - S. Erdő‐Bonyár
- Department of Immunology and BiotechnologyUniversity of Pécs Medical SchoolPécsHungary
- Department of Rheumatology and ImmunologyUniversity of PécsMedical SchoolPécsHungary
| | - K. T. Kovács
- Department of Rheumatology and ImmunologyUniversity of PécsMedical SchoolPécsHungary
| | - É. Tuba
- Department of Rheumatology and ImmunologyUniversity of PécsMedical SchoolPécsHungary
| | - L. Czirják
- Department of Rheumatology and ImmunologyUniversity of PécsMedical SchoolPécsHungary
| | - P. Németh
- Department of Immunology and BiotechnologyUniversity of Pécs Medical SchoolPécsHungary
| | - T. Berki
- Department of Immunology and BiotechnologyUniversity of Pécs Medical SchoolPécsHungary
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17
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Matsuda Y, Hiramitsu T, Li XK, Watanabe T. Characteristics of Immunoglobulin M Type Antibodies of Different Origins from the Immunologic and Clinical Viewpoints and Their Application in Controlling Antibody-Mediated Allograft Rejection. Pathogens 2020; 10:pathogens10010004. [PMID: 33374617 PMCID: PMC7822424 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10010004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 12/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibody-mediated allograft rejection (AMR) hinders patient prognosis after organ transplantation. Current studies concerning AMR have mainly focused on the diagnostic value of immunoglobulin G (IgG)-type donor-specific antihuman leukocyte antigen antibodies (DSAs), primarily because of their antigen specificity, whereas the clinical significance of immunoglobulin M (IgM)-type DSAs has not been thoroughly investigated in the context of organ transplantation because of their nonspecificity against antigens. Although consensus regarding the clinical significance and role of IgM antibodies is not clear, as discussed in this review, recent findings strongly suggest that they also have a huge potential in novel diagnostic as well as therapeutic application for the prevention of AMR. Most serum IgM antibodies are known to comprise natural antibodies with low affinity toward antigens, and this is derived from B-1 cells (innate B cells). However, some of the serum IgM-type antibodies reportedly also produced by B-2 cells (conventional B cells). The latter are known to have a high affinity for donor-specific antigens. In this review, we initially discuss how IgM-type antibodies of different origins participate in the pathology of various diseases, directly or through cell surface receptors, complement activation, or cytokine production. Then, we discuss the clinical applicability of B-1 and B-2 cell-derived IgM-type antibodies for controlling AMR with reference to the involvement of IgM antibodies in various pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiko Matsuda
- Division of Transplant Immunology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan;
- Department of Advanced Technology for Transplantation, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Correspondence:
| | - Takahisa Hiramitsu
- Department of Transplant and Endocrine Surgery, Nagoya Daini Red Cross-Hospital, Aichi 466-8650, Japan;
| | - Xiao-kang Li
- Division of Transplant Immunology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan;
| | - Takeshi Watanabe
- Laboratory of Immunology, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan;
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18
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Tajbakhsh A, Farahani N, Gheibihayat SM, Mirkhabbaz AM, Savardashtaki A, Hamblin MR, Mirzaei H. Autoantigen-specific immune tolerance in pathological and physiological cell death: Nanotechnology comes into view. Int Immunopharmacol 2020; 90:107177. [PMID: 33249046 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.107177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Apoptotic cells are tolerogenic and can present self-antigens in the absence of inflammation, to antigen-presenting cells by the process of efferocytosis, resulting in anergy and depletion of immune effector cells. This tolerance is essential to maintain immune homeostasis and prevent systemic autoimmune diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus. Consequently, effective efferocytosis can result in the induction of immune tolerance mediated via triggering modulatory lymphocytes and anti-inflammatory responses. Furthermore, several distinct soluble factors, receptors and pathways have been found to be involved in the efferocytosis, which are able to regulate immune tolerance by lessening antigen presentation, inhibition of T-cell proliferation and induction of regulatory T-cells. Some newly developed nanotechnology-based approaches can induce antigen-specific immunological tolerance without any systemic immunosuppression. These strategies have been explored to reverse autoimmune responses induced against various protein antigens in different diseases. In this review, we describe some nanotechnology-based approaches for the maintenance of self-tolerance using the apoptotic cell clearance process (efferocytosis) that may be able to induce immune tolerance and treat autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Tajbakhsh
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Najmeh Farahani
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Sayed Mohammad Gheibihayat
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | | | - Amir Savardashtaki
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Michael R Hamblin
- Laser Research Centre, Faculty of Health Science, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein, Johannesburg 2028, South Africa.
| | - Hamed Mirzaei
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Institute for Basic Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, I.R., Iran.
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19
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Wu X, Thylur RP, Dayanand KK, Punnath K, Norbury CC, Gowda DC. IL-4 Treatment Mitigates Experimental Cerebral Malaria by Reducing Parasitemia, Dampening Inflammation, and Lessening the Cytotoxicity of T Cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 206:118-131. [PMID: 33239419 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2000779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Cytokine responses to malaria play important roles in both protective immunity development and pathogenesis. Although the roles of cytokines such as TNF-α, IL-12, IFN-γ, and IL-10 in immunity and pathogenesis to the blood stage malaria are largely known, the role of IL-4 remains less understood. IL-4 targets many cell types and induces multiple effects, including cell proliferation, gene expression, protection from apoptosis, and immune regulation. Accordingly, IL-4 has been exploited as a therapeutic for several inflammatory diseases. Malaria caused by Plasmodium falciparum manifests in many organ-specific fatal pathologies, including cerebral malaria (CM), driven by a high parasite load, leading to parasite sequestration in organs and consequent excessive inflammatory responses and endothelial damage. We investigated the therapeutic potential of IL-4 against fatal malaria in Plasmodium berghei ANKA-infected C57BL/6J mice, an experimental CM model. IL-4 treatment significantly reduced parasitemia, CM pathology, and mortality. The therapeutic effect of IL-4 is mediated through multiple mechanisms, including enhanced parasite clearance mediated by upregulation of phagocytic receptors and increased IgM production, and decreased brain inflammatory responses, including reduced chemokine (CXCL10) production, reduced chemokine receptor (CXCR3) and adhesion molecule (LFA-1) expression by T cells, and downregulation of cytotoxic T cell lytic potential. IL-4 treatment markedly reduced the infiltration of CD8+ T cells and brain pathology. STAT6, PI3K-Akt-NF-κB, and Src signaling mediated the cellular and molecular events that contributed to the IL-4-dependent decrease in parasitemia. Overall, our results provide mechanistic insights into how IL-4 treatment mitigates experimental CM and have implications in developing treatment strategies for organ-specific fatal malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianzhu Wu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033; and
| | - Ramesh P Thylur
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033; and
| | - Kiran K Dayanand
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033; and
| | - Kishore Punnath
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033; and
| | - Christopher C Norbury
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033
| | - D Channe Gowda
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033; and
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20
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Natural Antibodies: from First-Line Defense Against Pathogens to Perpetual Immune Homeostasis. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2020; 58:213-228. [PMID: 31161341 DOI: 10.1007/s12016-019-08746-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Natural antibodies (nAbs) are most commonly defined as immunoglobulins present in the absence of pathological conditions or deliberate immunizations. Occurrence of nAbs in germ- and antigen-free mice suggest that their production is driven, at least in part, by self-antigens. Accordingly, nAbs are constituted of natural autoantibodies (nAAbs), and can belong to the IgM, IgG, or IgA subclasses. These nAbs provide immediate protection against infection while the adaptive arm of the immune system mounts a specific and long-term response. Beyond immediate protection from infection, nAbs have been shown to play various functional roles in the immune system, which include clearance of apoptotic debris, suppression of autoimmune and inflammatory responses, regulation of B cell responses, selection of the B cell repertoires, and regulation of B cell development. These various functions of nAbs are afforded by their reactivity, which is broad, cross-reactive, and shown to recognize evolutionarily fixed epitopes shared between foreign and self-antigens. Furthermore, nAbs have unique characteristics that also contribute to their functional roles and set them apart from antigen-specific antibodies. In further support for the role of nAbs in the protection against infections and in the maintenance of immune homeostasis, the therapeutic preparation of polyclonal immunoglobulins, intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG), rich in nAbs is commonly used in the replacement therapy of primary and secondary immunodeficiencies and in the immunotherapy of a large number of autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. Here, we review several topics on nAbs features and functions, and therapeutic applications in human diseases.
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21
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Vijapur SM, Yang Z, Barton DJ, Vaughan L, Awan N, Kumar RG, Oh BM, Berga SL, Wang KK, Wagner AK. Anti-Pituitary and Anti-Hypothalamus Autoantibody Associations with Inflammation and Persistent Hypogonadotropic Hypogonadism in Men with Traumatic Brain Injury. J Neurotrauma 2020; 37:1609-1626. [PMID: 32111134 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2019.6780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) and can lead to persistent hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (PHH) and poor outcomes. We hypothesized that autoimmune and inflammatory mechanisms contribute to PHH pathogenesis. Men with moderate-to-severe TBI (n = 143) were compared with healthy men (n = 39). The TBI group provided blood samples 1-12 months post-injury (n = 1225). TBI and healthy control (n = 39) samples were assayed for testosterone (T) and luteinizing hormone (LH) to adjudicate PHH status. TBI samples 1-6 months post-injury and control samples were assayed for immunoglobulin M (IgM)/immunoglobulin G (IgG) anti-pituitary autoantibodies (APA) and anti-hypothalamus autoantibodies (AHA). Tissue antigen specificity for APA and AHA was confirmed via immunohistochemistry (IHC). IgM and IgG autoantibodies for glial fibrillary acid protein (GFAP) (AGA) were evaluated to gauge APA and AHA production as a generalized autoimmune response to TBI and to evaluate the specificity of APA and AHA to PHH status. An inflammatory marker panel was used to assess relationships to autoantibody profiles and PHH status. Fifty-one men with TBI (36%) had PHH. An age-related decline in T levels by both TBI and PHH status were observed. Injured men had higher APA IgM, APA IgG, AHA IgM, AHA IgG, AGA IgM, and AGA IgG than controls (p < 0.0001 all comparisons). However, only APA IgM (p = 0.03) and AHA IgM (p = 0.03) levels were lower in the PHH than in the non-PHH group in multivariate analysis. There were no differences in IgG levels by PHH status. Multiple inflammatory markers were positively correlated with IgM autoantibody production. PHH was associated with higher soluble tumor-necrosis-factor receptors I/II, (sTNFRI, sTNFRII), regulated on activation, normal T-cell expressed and secreted (RANTES) and soluble interleukin-2-receptor-alpha (sIL-2Rα) levels. Higher IgM APA, and AHA, but not AGA, in the absence of PHH may suggest a beneficial or reparative role for neuroendocrine tissue-specific IgM autoantibody production against PHH development post-TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sushupta M Vijapur
- Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Zhihui Yang
- Brain Rehabilitation Research Center, Malcom Randall VA Medical Center, North Florida / South Georgia Veterans Health System, Gainesville, Florida, USA.,Department of Emergency Medicine, Psychiatry and Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - David J Barton
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Leah Vaughan
- Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Nabil Awan
- Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Raj G Kumar
- Mount Sinai, Icahn School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Byung-Mo Oh
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sarah L Berga
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Kevin K Wang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Psychiatry and Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA.,Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Amy K Wagner
- Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Clinical and Translational Science Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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22
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Blandino R, Baumgarth N. Secreted IgM: New tricks for an old molecule. J Leukoc Biol 2019; 106:1021-1034. [PMID: 31302940 PMCID: PMC6803036 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.3ri0519-161r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Revised: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Secreted IgM (sIgM) is a multifunctional evolutionary conserved antibody that is critical for the maintenance of tissue homeostasis as well as the development of fully protective humoral responses to pathogens. Constitutive secretion of self- and polyreactive natural IgM, produced mainly by B-1 cells, provides a circulating antibody that engages with autoantigens as well as invading pathogens, removing apoptotic and other cell debris and initiating strong immune responses. Pathogen-induced IgM production by B-1 and conventional B-2 cells strengthens this early, passive layer of IgM-mediated immune defense and regulates subsequent IgG production. The varied effects of secreted IgM on immune homeostasis and immune defense are facilitated through its binding to numerous different cell types via different receptors. Recent studies identified a novel function for pentameric IgM, namely as a transporter for the effector protein ″apoptosis-inhibitor of macrophages″ (AIM/CD5L). This review aims to provide a summary of the known functions and effects of sIgM on immune homeostasis and immune defense, and its interaction with its various receptors, and to highlight the many critical immune regulatory functions of this ancient and fascinating immunoglobulin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Blandino
- Biochemistry, Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology Graduate Group, University of California, Davis
- Center for Comparative Medicine and University of California, Davis
| | - Nicole Baumgarth
- Biochemistry, Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology Graduate Group, University of California, Davis
- Center for Comparative Medicine and University of California, Davis
- Dept. Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology, University of California, Davis
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23
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Induction of Accommodation by Anti–complement Component 5 Antibody-based Immunosuppression in ABO-incompatible Heart Transplantation. Transplantation 2019; 103:e248-e255. [DOI: 10.1097/tp.0000000000002808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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24
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Kreuk LSM, Koch MA, Slayden LC, Lind NA, Chu S, Savage HP, Kantor AB, Baumgarth N, Barton GM. B cell receptor and Toll-like receptor signaling coordinate to control distinct B-1 responses to both self and the microbiota. eLife 2019; 8:e47015. [PMID: 31433298 PMCID: PMC6703855 DOI: 10.7554/elife.47015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
B-1a cells play an important role in mediating tissue homeostasis and protecting against infections. They are the main producers of 'natural' IgM, spontaneously secreted serum antibodies predominately reactive to self antigens, like phosphatidylcholine (PtC), or antigens expressed by the intestinal microbiota. The mechanisms that regulate the B-1a immunoglobulin (Ig) repertoire and their antibody secretion remain poorly understood. Here, we use a novel reporter mouse to demonstrate that production of self- and microbiota-reactive antibodies is linked to BCR signaling in B-1a cells. Moreover, we show that Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are critical for shaping the Ig repertoire of B-1a cells as well as regulating their antibody production. Strikingly, we find that both the colonization of a microbiota as well as microbial-sensing TLRs are required for anti-microbiota B-1a responses, whereas nucleic-acid sensing TLRs are required for anti-PtC responses, demonstrating that linked activation of BCR and TLRs controls steady state B-1a responses to both self and microbiota-derived antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lieselotte SM Kreuk
- Department of Molecular and Cell BiologyUniversity of California, BerkeleyBerkeleyUnited States
| | - Meghan A Koch
- Department of Molecular and Cell BiologyUniversity of California, BerkeleyBerkeleyUnited States
| | - Leianna C Slayden
- Department of Molecular and Cell BiologyUniversity of California, BerkeleyBerkeleyUnited States
| | - Nicholas A Lind
- Department of Molecular and Cell BiologyUniversity of California, BerkeleyBerkeleyUnited States
| | - Sophia Chu
- Department of Molecular and Cell BiologyUniversity of California, BerkeleyBerkeleyUnited States
| | - Hannah P Savage
- Center for Comparative MedicineUniversity of California, DavisDavisUnited States
| | - Aaron B Kantor
- Department of GeneticsStanford UniversityStanfordUnited States
| | - Nicole Baumgarth
- Center for Comparative MedicineUniversity of California, DavisDavisUnited States
| | - Gregory M Barton
- Department of Molecular and Cell BiologyUniversity of California, BerkeleyBerkeleyUnited States
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25
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Hilliard KA, Brown CR. Treatment of Borrelia burgdorferi-Infected Mice with Apoptotic Cells Attenuates Lyme Arthritis via PPAR-γ. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 202:1798-1806. [PMID: 30700583 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1801179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Infection of mice with Borrelia burgdorferi causes an inflammatory arthritis that peaks 3-4 wk postinfection and then spontaneously resolves. Although the recruitment of neutrophils is known to drive the development of arthritis, mechanisms of disease resolution remain unclear. Efficient clearance of apoptotic cells (AC) is likely an important component of arthritis resolution. In this article, we show the number of AC increases in the joints of B. burgdorferi-infected mice around day 21 postinfection and peaks around day 28. Injection of AC directly into the ankles of B. burgdorferi-infected mice limited ankle swelling but had no effect on spirochete clearance or arthritis severity scores. In vitro, addition of AC to bone marrow macrophage cultures decreased B. burgdorferi-induced TNF-α and KC and increased IL-10. In addition, phagocytosis of B. burgdorferi and neutrophil migration to LTB4 were inhibited by AC. Exogenous AC caused an increase in peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPAR-γ) expression both in vitro and in vivo during B. burgdorferi infection. The PPAR-γ agonist rosiglitazone elicited similar changes in macrophage cytokine production and neutrophil migration as exogenous AC. Addition of the PPAR-γ antagonist GW 9662 abrogated the effects of AC in vitro. Injection of rosiglitazone directly into the tibiotarsal joints of B. burgdorferi-infected mice decreased ankle swelling and immune cell recruitment, similar to the injection of AC. These results suggest that clearance of AC plays a role in the resolution of inflammation during experimental Lyme arthritis through the activation of PPAR-γ. PPAR-γ agonists, such as rosiglitazone, may therefore be effective treatments for inducing arthritis resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kinsey A Hilliard
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211
| | - Charles R Brown
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211
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26
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Abstract
In contrast to adaptive antibodies, natural antibodies are present in a non-immunised organism from birth, and they do not include anti-Gal antibodies and/or anti-Gal natural antibodies, which are developed as a result of the effect of the α-Gal epitope and physiological flora. Natural antibodies are the first line of the organism’s defence before the formation of the immunity created via the stimulation of elements that determine specific and non-specific immunity. This is especially important in the case of infants. Despite the fact that natural antibodies differ in their function from adaptive antibodies, they are polyreactive and they detect autoantigens and new antigenic determinants. Natural antibodies are formed from the subpopulation of B lymphocytes, mainly B1 lymphocytes and B lymphocytes of the marginal zone. This phenomenon is supported by the fact that when the quantity of these cells in the organism decreases, which happens with age, the level of natural antibodies also decreases and the risk of illnesses of old age becomes higher. During ontogenesis, these antibodies participate in many physiological processes, including the “support” of the immune system and homeostasis, the prevention of inflammation, infections and other pathological states, such as autoimmune and cardiovascular diseases, or the process of carcinogenesis. The best known natural antibody is IgM, but the role of IgGs and IgAs is also considered important. Nowadays, many researchers also mention intravenous immunoglobulins, which are used in the treatment of numerous illnesses, and there are discussions on the possibility of increasing their potential if they were based on natural antibodies.
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27
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Wilson CS, Chhabra P, Marshall AF, Morr CV, Stocks BT, Hoopes EM, Bonami RH, Poffenberger G, Brayman KL, Moore DJ. Healthy Donor Polyclonal IgMs Diminish B-Lymphocyte Autoreactivity, Enhance Regulatory T-Cell Generation, and Reverse Type 1 Diabetes in NOD Mice. Diabetes 2018; 67:2349-2360. [PMID: 30131391 PMCID: PMC6198348 DOI: 10.2337/db18-0456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/12/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Autoimmune diseases such as type 1 diabetes (T1D) arise from unrestrained activation of effector lymphocytes that destroy target tissues. Many efforts have been made to eliminate these effector lymphocytes, but none has produced a long-term cure. An alternative to depletion therapy is to enhance endogenous immune regulation. Among these endogenous alternatives, naturally occurring Igs have been applied for inflammatory disorders but have lacked potency in antigen-specific autoimmunity. We hypothesized that naturally occurring polyclonal IgMs, which represent the majority of circulating, noninduced antibodies but are present only in low levels in therapeutic Ig preparations, possess the most potent capacity to restore immune homeostasis. Treatment of diabetes-prone NOD mice with purified IgM isolated from Swiss Webster (SW) mice (nIgMSW) reversed new-onset diabetes, eliminated autoreactive B lymphocytes, and enhanced regulatory T-cell (Treg) numbers both centrally and peripherally. Conversely, IgM from prediabetic NOD mice could not restore this endogenous regulation, which represents an unrecognized component of T1D pathogenesis. Of note, IgM derived from healthy human donors was similarly able to expand human CD4 Tregs in humanized mice and produced permanent diabetes protection in treated NOD mice. Overall, these studies demonstrate that a potent, endogenous regulatory mechanism, nIgM, is a promising option for reversing autoimmune T1D in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher S Wilson
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Preeti Chhabra
- Department of Surgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA
| | - Andrew F Marshall
- Department of Pediatrics, Ian Burr Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Caleigh V Morr
- Department of Pediatrics, Ian Burr Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Blair T Stocks
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Emilee M Hoopes
- Department of Pediatrics, Ian Burr Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Rachel H Bonami
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Greg Poffenberger
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | | | - Daniel J Moore
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
- Department of Pediatrics, Ian Burr Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
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28
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Hosseini H, Yi L, Kanellakis P, Cao A, Tay C, Peter K, Bobik A, Toh BH, Kyaw T. Anti-TIM-1 Monoclonal Antibody (RMT1-10) Attenuates Atherosclerosis By Expanding IgM-producing B1a Cells. J Am Heart Assoc 2018; 7:JAHA.117.008447. [PMID: 29936416 PMCID: PMC6064881 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.117.008447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Background Peritoneal B1a cells attenuate atherosclerosis by secreting natural polyclonal immunoglobulin M (IgM). Regulatory B cells expressing T‐cell immunoglobulin mucin domain‐1 (TIM‐1) expanded through TIM‐1 ligation by anti‐TIM‐1 monoclonal antibody (RMT1‐10) induces immune tolerance. Methods and Results We examined the capacity of RMT1‐10 to expand peritoneal B1a cells to prevent atherosclerosis development and retard progression of established atherosclerosis. RMT1‐10 treatment selectively doubled peritoneal B1a cells, tripled TIM‐1+ B1a cells and increased TIM‐1+IgM+interleukin (IL)‐10+ by 3‐fold and TIM‐1+IgM+IL‐10− B1a cells by 2.5‐fold. Similar expansion of B1a B cells was observed in spleens. These effects reduced atherosclerotic lesion size, increased plasma IgM and lesion IgM deposits, and decreased oxidatively modified low‐density lipoproteins in lesions. Lesion CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, macrophages and monocyte chemoattractant protein‐1, vascular cell adhesion molecule‐1, expression of proinflammatory cytokines monocyte chemoattractant protein‐1, vascular cell adhesion molecule‐1, IL1β, apoptotic cell numbers and necrotic cores were also reduced. RMT1‐10 treatment failed to expand peritoneal B1a cells and reduce atherosclerosis after splenectomy that reduces B1a cells, indicating that these effects are B1a cell‐dependent. Apolipoprotein E‐KO mice fed a high‐fat diet for 6 weeks before treatment with RMT1‐10 also increased TIM‐1+IgM+IL‐10+ and TIM‐1+IgM+IL‐10− B1a cells and IgM levels and attenuated progression of established atherosclerosis. Conclusions RMT1‐10 treatment attenuates atherosclerosis development and progression by selectively expanding IgM producing atheroprotective B1a cells. Antibody‐based in vivo expansion of B1a cells could be an attractive approach for treating atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamid Hosseini
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia.,Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Department of Medicine, Southern Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Li Yi
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia.,Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Department of Medicine, Southern Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | - Anh Cao
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Christopher Tay
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia.,Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Department of Medicine, Southern Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | - Alex Bobik
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia.,Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Ban-Hock Toh
- Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Department of Medicine, Southern Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Tin Kyaw
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia .,Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Department of Medicine, Southern Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
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29
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Miles K, Simpson J, Brown S, Cowan G, Gray D, Gray M. Immune Tolerance to Apoptotic Self Is Mediated Primarily by Regulatory B1a Cells. Front Immunol 2018; 8:1952. [PMID: 29403471 PMCID: PMC5780629 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The chronic autoimmune inflammatory diseases, systemic lupus erythematosus and Sjogren's syndrome, develop when tolerance to apoptotic cells (ACs) is lost. We have previously reported that this tolerance is maintained by innate-like, IL-10 secreting regulatory B cells. Two questions remained. First, do these regulatory B cells belong predominantly to a single subset of steady-state B cells and second, what is their specificity? We report here that innate-like B cells with markers characteristic for B1a cells (CD43+veCD19hiCD5+veIgMhiIgDlo) constitute 80% of splenic and 96% of peritoneal B cells that respond to ACs by secreting IL-10. AC responsive B1a cells secrete self-reactive natural antibodies (NAbs) and IL-10, which is augmented by toll-like receptor (TLR) 7 or TLR9 stimulation. In so doing, they both accelerate the clearance of dying cells by macrophages and inhibit their potential to mount proinflammatory immune responses. While B1a cells make prolonged contact with ACs, they do not require TIM1 or complement to mediate their regulatory function. In an animal model of neural inflammation (experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis), just 105 activated B1a B cells was sufficient to restrain inflammation. Activated B1a B cells also induced antigen-specific T cells to secrete IL-10. Hence, regulatory B1a cells specifically recognize and augment tolerance to apoptotic self via IL-10 and NAbs; but once activated, can also prevent autoimmune mediated inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Miles
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Joanne Simpson
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Sheila Brown
- School of Biological Sciences, Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, Ashworth Laboratories, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Graeme Cowan
- School of Biological Sciences, Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, Ashworth Laboratories, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - David Gray
- School of Biological Sciences, Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, Ashworth Laboratories, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Mohini Gray
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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30
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Bayersdorf R, Fruscalzo A, Catania F. Linking autoimmunity to the origin of the adaptive immune system. EVOLUTION MEDICINE AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2018; 2018:2-12. [PMID: 29423226 PMCID: PMC5793817 DOI: 10.1093/emph/eoy001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
In jawed vertebrates, the adaptive immune system (AIS) cooperates with the innate immune system (IIS) to protect hosts from infections. Although targeting non-self-components, the AIS also generates self-reactive antibodies which, when inadequately counter-selected, can give rise to autoimmune diseases (ADs). ADs are on the rise in western countries. Why haven’t ADs been eliminated during the evolution of a ∼500 million-year old system? And why have they become more frequent in recent decades? Self-recognition is an attribute of the phylogenetically more ancient IIS and empirical data compellingly show that some self-reactive antibodies, which are classifiable as elements of the IIS rather then the AIS, may protect from (rather than cause) ADs. Here, we propose that the IIS’s self-recognition system originally fathered the AIS and, as a consequence of this relationship, its activity is dampened in hygienic environments. Rather than a mere breakdown or failure of the mechanisms of self-tolerance, ADs might thus arise from architectural constraints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Bayersdorf
- Institute for Genome Stability in Aging and Disease, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany.,Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Arrigo Fruscalzo
- Clinic of Obstetrics and Gynecology, St Franziskus Hospital, 59227 Ahlen, Germany.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Francesco Catania
- Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
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31
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Nguyen TTT, Baumgarth N. Natural IgM and the Development of B Cell-Mediated Autoimmune Diseases. Crit Rev Immunol 2017; 36:163-177. [PMID: 27910766 DOI: 10.1615/critrevimmunol.2016018175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Most serum immunoglobulin M (IgM) is "natural IgM", which is produced apparently spontaneously by a distinct subset of B cells requiring no exogenous antigenic or microbial stimuli. Natural IgM is an evolutionarily conserved molecule and reacts with a variety of epitopes expressed on both self- and non-self antigens. It has long been understood that secreted (s) IgM contributes to the removal of altered self-antigens, such as apoptotic and dying cells. As we outline in this review, it is thought that this sIgM housekeeping function removes potential triggers of autoresponse induction. However, we recently demonstrated an unexpected and distinct role for sIgM in the control of autoreactive B cells: the regulation of bone marrow B cell development. The absence of sIgM blocked pro- to pre- B-cell transition and greatly altered the BCR repertoire of the developing B cells and the peripheral B-cell pools in genetically engineered mice. This finding strongly suggests that IgM is critical for B-cell central tolerance induction. Given that treatment of sIgM-deficient mice with polyclonal IgM corrected these developmental defects, therapeutic application of IgM could be of clinical relevance in the treatment of some B-cell-mediated autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trang T T Nguyen
- Center for Comparative Medicine, Graduate Group in Immunology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Nicole Baumgarth
- Center for Comparative Medicine, Graduate Group in Immunology, and Dept. Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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32
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Kim YB, Yoon YS, Choi YH, Park EM, Kang JL. Interaction of macrophages with apoptotic cells inhibits transdifferentiation and invasion of lung fibroblasts. Oncotarget 2017; 8:112297-112312. [PMID: 29348826 PMCID: PMC5762511 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.22737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The invasion of activated fibroblasts is a key mechanism of tissue fibrosis pathology. The recognition and uptake of apoptotic cells can induce the anti-fibrogenic programming of macrophages. We demonstrate that after interacting with apoptotic cells, macrophages secrete bioactive molecules that antagonize TGF-β1-induced increases in myofibroblast (fibroproliferative) phenotypic markers and reduce the enhanced invasive capacity of TGF-β1- or EGF-treated mouse lung fibroblasts (MLg). Furthermore, numerous treatment strategies prevented the anti-fibrotic effects of conditioned media, including transfection of macrophages with COX-2 or RhoA siRNAs or treatment of MLg cells with receptor antagonists for prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), PGD2, or hepatocyte growth factor (HGF). Additionally, administration of apoptotic cells in vivo inhibited the bleomycin-mediated invasive capacity of primary fibroblasts, as well as adhesion and extracellular matrix protein mRNA expression. These data suggest that the anti-fibrogenic programming of macrophages by apoptotic cells can be used as a novel tool to control the progressive fibrotic reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Bae Kim
- Tissue Injury Defense Research Center, College of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 07985, Korea
| | - Young-So Yoon
- Tissue Injury Defense Research Center, College of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 07985, Korea.,Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 07985, Korea
| | - Youn-Hee Choi
- Tissue Injury Defense Research Center, College of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 07985, Korea.,Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 07985, Korea
| | - Eun-Mi Park
- Tissue Injury Defense Research Center, College of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 07985, Korea.,Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 07985, Korea
| | - Jihee Lee Kang
- Tissue Injury Defense Research Center, College of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 07985, Korea.,Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 07985, Korea
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Saas P, Bonnefoy F, Toussirot E, Perruche S. Harnessing Apoptotic Cell Clearance to Treat Autoimmune Arthritis. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1191. [PMID: 29062314 PMCID: PMC5640883 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 09/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Early-stage apoptotic cells possess immunomodulatory properties. Proper apoptotic cell clearance during homeostasis has been shown to limit subsequent immune responses. Based on these observations, early-stage apoptotic cell infusion has been used to prevent unwanted inflammatory responses in different experimental models of autoimmune diseases or transplantation. Moreover, this approach has been shown to be feasible without any toxicity in patients undergoing allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation to prevent graft-versus-host disease. However, whether early-stage apoptotic cell infusion can be used to treat ongoing inflammatory disorders has not been reported extensively. Recently, we have provided evidence that early-stage apoptotic cell infusion is able to control, at least transiently, ongoing collagen-induced arthritis. This beneficial therapeutic effect is associated with the modulation of antigen-presenting cell functions mainly of macrophages and plasmacytoid dendritic cells, as well as the induction of collagen-specific regulatory CD4+ T cells (Treg). Furthermore, the efficacy of this approach is not altered by the association with two standard treatments of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), methotrexate and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) inhibition. Here, in the light of these observations and recent data of the literature, we discuss the mechanisms of early-stage apoptotic cell infusion and how this therapeutic approach can be transposed to patients with RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Saas
- INSERM, EFS BFC, UMR1098, Interactions Hôte-Greffon-Tumeur/Ingénierie Cellulaire et Génique, Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire INCREASE, LabEx LipSTIC, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Besançon, France.,INSERM CIC-1431, University Hospital of Besançon, Clinical Investigation Center in Biotherapy, Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire INCREASE, LabEx LipSTIC, Besançon, France
| | - Francis Bonnefoy
- INSERM, EFS BFC, UMR1098, Interactions Hôte-Greffon-Tumeur/Ingénierie Cellulaire et Génique, Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire INCREASE, LabEx LipSTIC, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
| | - Eric Toussirot
- INSERM CIC-1431, University Hospital of Besançon, Clinical Investigation Center in Biotherapy, Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire INCREASE, LabEx LipSTIC, Besançon, France.,Department of Rheumatology, University Hospital of Besançon, Besançon, France.,Department of Therapeutics, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, UPRES EA 4266, Pathogenic Agents and Inflammation, Besancon, France
| | - Sylvain Perruche
- INSERM, EFS BFC, UMR1098, Interactions Hôte-Greffon-Tumeur/Ingénierie Cellulaire et Génique, Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire INCREASE, LabEx LipSTIC, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
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Gupta S, Gupta A. Selective IgM Deficiency-An Underestimated Primary Immunodeficiency. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1056. [PMID: 28928736 PMCID: PMC5591887 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Although selective IgM deficiency (SIGMD) was described almost five decades ago, it was largely ignored as a primary immunodeficiency. SIGMD is defined as serum IgM levels below two SD of mean with normal serum IgG and IgA. It appears to be more common than originally realized. SIGMD is observed in both children and adults. Patients with SIGMD may be asymptomatic; however, approximately 80% of patients with SIGMD present with infections with bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protozoa. There is an increased frequency of allergic and autoimmune diseases in SIGMD. A number of B cell subset abnormalities have been reported and impaired specific antibodies to Streptococcus pneumoniae responses are observed in more than 45% of cases. Innate immunity, T cells, T cell subsets, and T cell functions are essentially normal. The pathogenesis of SIGMD remains unclear. Mice selectively deficient in secreted IgM are also unable to control infections from bacterial, viral, and fungal pathogens, and develop autoimmunity. Immunological and clinical similarities and differences between mouse models of deficiency of secreted IgM and humans with SIGMD have been discussed. Patients with SIGMD presenting with recurrent infections and specific antibody deficiency responses appear to improve clinically on immunoglobulin therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudhir Gupta
- Program in Primary Immunodeficiency and Aging, Division of Basic and Clinical Immunology, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Ankmalika Gupta
- Program in Primary Immunodeficiency and Aging, Division of Basic and Clinical Immunology, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
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35
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Savage HP, Yenson VM, Sawhney SS, Mousseau BJ, Lund FE, Baumgarth N. Blimp-1-dependent and -independent natural antibody production by B-1 and B-1-derived plasma cells. J Exp Med 2017; 214:2777-2794. [PMID: 28698287 PMCID: PMC5584113 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20161122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Revised: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 06/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural antibodies contribute to tissue homeostasis and protect against infections. They are secreted constitutively without external antigenic stimulation. The differentiation state and regulatory pathways that enable continuous natural antibody production by B-1 cells, the main cellular source in mice, remain incompletely understood. Here we demonstrate that natural IgM-secreting B-1 cells in the spleen and bone marrow are heterogeneous, consisting of (a) terminally differentiated B-1-derived plasma cells expressing the transcriptional regulator of differentiation, Blimp-1, (b) Blimp-1+, and (c) Blimp-1neg phenotypic B-1 cells. Blimp-1neg IgM-secreting B-1 cells are not simply intermediates of cellular differentiation. Instead, they secrete similar amounts of IgM in wild-type and Blimp-1-deficient (PRDM-1ΔEx1A) mice. Blimp-1neg B-1 cells are also a major source of IgG3. Consequently, deletion of Blimp-1 changes neither serum IgG3 levels nor the amount of IgG3 secreted per cell. Thus, the pool of natural antibody-secreting B-1 cells is heterogeneous and contains a distinct subset of cells that do not use Blimp-1 for initiation or maximal antibody secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah P Savage
- Graduate Group in Immunology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA.,Center for Comparative Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA
| | - Vanessa M Yenson
- Center for Comparative Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA
| | - Sanjam S Sawhney
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA
| | - Betty J Mousseau
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Frances E Lund
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Nicole Baumgarth
- Graduate Group in Immunology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA .,Center for Comparative Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA.,Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA
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36
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Wu X, Dayanand KK, Thylur RP, Norbury CC, Gowda DC. Small molecule-based inhibition of MEK1/2 proteins dampens inflammatory responses to malaria, reduces parasite load, and mitigates pathogenic outcomes. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:13615-13634. [PMID: 28679535 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.770313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Revised: 06/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria infections cause several systemic and severe single- or multi-organ pathologies, killing hundreds of thousands of people annually. Considering the existing widespread resistance of malaria parasites to anti-parasitic drugs and their high propensity to develop drug resistance, alternative strategies are required to manage malaria infections. Because malaria is a host immune response-driven disease, one approach is based on gaining a detailed understanding of the molecular and cellular processes that modulate malaria-induced innate and adaptive immune responses. Here, using a mouse cerebral malaria model and small-molecule inhibitors, we demonstrate that inhibiting MEK1/2, the upstream kinases of ERK1/2 signaling, alters multifactorial components of the innate and adaptive immune responses, controls parasitemia, and blocks pathogenesis. Specifically, MEK1/2 inhibitor treatment up-regulated B1 cell expansion, IgM production, phagocytic receptor expression, and phagocytic activity, enhancing parasite clearance by macrophages and neutrophils. Further, the MEK1/2 inhibitor treatment down-regulated pathogenic pro-inflammatory and helper T cell 1 (Th1) responses and up-regulated beneficial anti-inflammatory cytokine responses and Th2 responses. These inhibitor effects resulted in reduced granzyme B expression by T cells, chemokine and intracellular cell adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) expression in the brain, and chemokine receptor expression by both myeloid and T cells. These bimodal effects of the MEK1/2 inhibitor treatment on immune responses contributed to decreased parasite biomass, organ inflammation, and immune cell recruitment, preventing tissue damage and death. In summary, we have identified several previously unrecognized immune regulatory processes through which a MEK1/2 inhibitor approach controls malaria parasitemia and mitigates pathogenic effects on host organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianzhu Wu
- From the Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and
| | | | - Ramesh P Thylur
- From the Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and
| | - Christopher C Norbury
- Microbiology and Immunology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033
| | - D Channe Gowda
- From the Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and
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Dugovich BS, Peel MJ, Palmer AL, Zielke RA, Sikora AE, Beechler BR, Jolles AE, Epps CW, Dolan BP. Detection of bacterial-reactive natural IgM antibodies in desert bighorn sheep populations. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0180415. [PMID: 28662203 PMCID: PMC5491220 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0180415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2017] [Accepted: 05/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Ecoimmunology is a burgeoning field of ecology which studies immune responses in wildlife by utilizing general immune assays such as the detection of natural antibody. Unlike adaptive antibodies, natural antibodies are important in innate immune responses and often recognized conserved epitopes present in pathogens. Here, we describe a procedure for measuring natural antibodies reactive to bacterial antigens that may be applicable to a variety of organisms. IgM from desert bighorn sheep plasma samples was tested for reactivity to outer membrane proteins from Vibrio coralliilyticus, a marine bacterium to which sheep would have not been exposed. Immunoblotting demonstrated bighorn sheep IgM could bind to a variety of bacterial cell envelope proteins while ELISA analysis allowed for rapid determination of natural antibody levels in hundreds of individual animals. Natural antibody levels were correlated with the ability of plasma to kill laboratory strains of E. coli bacteria. Finally, we demonstrate that natural antibody levels varied in two distinct populations of desert bighorn sheep. These data demonstrate a novel and specific measure of natural antibody function and show that this varies in ecologically relevant ways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian S. Dugovich
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Melanie J. Peel
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Amy L. Palmer
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Ryszard A. Zielke
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Aleksandra E. Sikora
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Brianna R. Beechler
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Anna E. Jolles
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Clinton W. Epps
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, College of Agricultural Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Brian P. Dolan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
Apoptosis is an important component of normal tissue physiology, and the prompt removal of apoptotic cells is equally essential to avoid the undesirable consequences of their accumulation and disintegration. Professional phagocytes are highly specialized for engulfing apoptotic cells. The recent ability to track cells that have undergone apoptosis in situ has revealed a division of labor among the tissue resident phagocytes that sample them. Macrophages are uniquely programmed to process internalized apoptotic cell-derived fatty acids, cholesterol and nucleotides, as a reflection of their dominant role in clearing the bulk of apoptotic cells. Dendritic cells carry apoptotic cells to lymph nodes where they signal the emergence and expansion of highly suppressive regulatory CD4 T cells. A broad suppression of inflammation is executed through distinct phagocyte-specific mechanisms. A clever induction of negative regulatory nodes is notable in dendritic cells serving to simultaneously shut down multiple pathways of inflammation. Several of the genes and pathways modulated in phagocytes in response to apoptotic cells have been linked to chronic inflammatory and autoimmune diseases such as atherosclerosis, inflammatory bowel disease and systemic lupus erythematosus. Our collective understanding of old and new phagocyte functions after apoptotic cell phagocytosis demonstrates the enormity of ways to mediate immune suppression and enforce tissue homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Magarian Blander
- Jill Roberts Institute for Research in Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Joan and Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
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Notley CA, Jordan CK, McGovern JL, Brown MA, Ehrenstein MR. DNA methylation governs the dynamic regulation of inflammation by apoptotic cells during efferocytosis. Sci Rep 2017; 7:42204. [PMID: 28169339 PMCID: PMC5294421 DOI: 10.1038/srep42204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Efficient clearance of apoptotic cells (AC) is pivotal in preventing autoimmunity and is a potent immunosuppressive stimulus. However, activation of cells prior to apoptosis abolishes their immunoregulatory properties. Here we show using the antigen-induced model of arthritis that the degree of DNA methylation within AC confers their immunomodulatory plasticity. DNA isolated from resting and activated AC mimicked their respective immune effects. Demethylation of DNA abrogated the protective effect of AC whereas remethylation of AC DNA reversed the effects of activation and restored the ability to inhibit inflammation. Disease suppression or lack thereof was associated with TGFβ and IL-6 production respectively. Apoptotic CD4+ T cells from patients with rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus were demethylated compared to healthy controls and favoured production of IL-6 when cultured with healthy macrophages, in contrast to the TGFβ produced in response to healthy AC. Our data implicate AC DNA methylation as the molecular switch that imprints their regulatory properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clare A Notley
- Centre for Rheumatology, Division of Medicine, University College London, WC1E 6JF London, UK
| | - Christine K Jordan
- Centre for Rheumatology, Division of Medicine, University College London, WC1E 6JF London, UK
| | - Jenny L McGovern
- Centre for Rheumatology, Division of Medicine, University College London, WC1E 6JF London, UK
| | - Mark A Brown
- Centre for Rheumatology, Division of Medicine, University College London, WC1E 6JF London, UK
| | - Michael R Ehrenstein
- Centre for Rheumatology, Division of Medicine, University College London, WC1E 6JF London, UK
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40
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Abstract
For almost two decades, cell-based therapies have been tested in modern regenerative medicine to either replace or regenerate human cells, tissues, or organs and restore normal function. Secreted paracrine factors are increasingly accepted to exert beneficial biological effects that promote tissue regeneration. These factors are called the cell secretome and include a variety of proteins, lipids, microRNAs, and extracellular vesicles, such as exosomes and microparticles. The stem cell secretome has most commonly been investigated in pre-clinical settings. However, a growing body of evidence indicates that other cell types, such as peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), are capable of releasing significant amounts of biologically active paracrine factors that exert beneficial regenerative effects. The apoptotic PBMC secretome has been successfully used pre-clinically for the treatment of acute myocardial infarction, chronic heart failure, spinal cord injury, stroke, and wound healing. In this review we describe the benefits of choosing PBMCs instead of stem cells in regenerative medicine and characterize the factors released from apoptotic PBMCs. We also discuss pre-clinical studies with apoptotic cell-based therapies and regulatory issues that have to be considered when conducting clinical trials using cell secretome-based products. This should allow the reader to envision PBMC secretome-based therapies as alternatives to all other forms of cell-based therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucian Beer
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Cardiac and Thoracic Diagnosis and Regeneration, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Mildner
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Mariann Gyöngyösi
- Division of Cardiology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Hendrik Jan Ankersmit
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Cardiac and Thoracic Diagnosis and Regeneration, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
- Head FFG Project 852748 "APOSEC", FOLAB Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
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41
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DeFranco AL. Germinal centers and autoimmune disease in humans and mice. Immunol Cell Biol 2016; 94:918-924. [PMID: 27562062 DOI: 10.1038/icb.2016.78] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Antibodies are involved in the pathogenesis of many autoimmune diseases. Although the mechanisms underlying the antibody response to infection or vaccination are reasonably well understood, we still have a poor understanding of the nature of autoimmune antibody responses. The most well studied are the anti-nuclear antibody responses characteristic of systemic lupus erythematosus and studies over the past decade or so have demonstrated a critical role for signaling by TLR7 and/or TLR9 in B cells to promote these responses. These Toll-like receptors (TLRs) can promote T-cell-independent extrafollicular antibody responses with a heavy-chain class switch and a low degree of somatic mutation, but they can also strongly boost the germinal center response that gives rise to high-affinity antibodies and long-lived plasma cells. TLRs have been shown to enhance affinity maturation in germinal center responses to produce high-affinity neutralizing antibodies in several virus infection models of mice. Although more data are needed, it appears that anti-nuclear antibodies in mouse models of lupus and in lupus patients can be generated by either pathway, provided there are genetic susceptibility alleles that compromise B-cell tolerance at one or another stage. Limited data in other autoimmune diseases suggest that the germinal center response may be the predominant pathway leading to autoantibodies in those diseases. A better understanding of the mechanisms of autoantibody production may ultimately be helpful in the development of targeted therapeutics for lupus or other autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony L DeFranco
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
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42
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Bonnefoy F, Daoui A, Valmary-Degano S, Toussirot E, Saas P, Perruche S. Apoptotic cell infusion treats ongoing collagen-induced arthritis, even in the presence of methotrexate, and is synergic with anti-TNF therapy. Arthritis Res Ther 2016; 18:184. [PMID: 27516061 PMCID: PMC4982016 DOI: 10.1186/s13075-016-1084-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2016] [Accepted: 07/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Apoptotic cell-based therapies have been proposed to treat chronic inflammatory diseases. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of intravenous (i.v.) apoptotic cell infusion in ongoing collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) and the interaction of this therapy with other treatments used in rheumatoid arthritis (RA), including methotrexate (MTX) or anti-TNF therapy. Methods The effects of i.v. apoptotic cell infusion were evaluated in a CIA mouse model in DBA/1 mice immunized with bovine type II collagen. The number and functions of antigen-presenting cells (APC), regulatory CD4+ T cells (Treg), and circulating anti-collagen auto-antibodies were analyzed in CIA mice. Results Treatment of arthritic mice with i.v. apoptotic cell infusion significantly reduced the arthritis clinical score. This therapeutic approach modified T cell responses against the collagen auto-antigen with selective induction of collagen-specific Treg. In addition, we observed that APC from apoptotic-cell-treated animals were resistant to toll-like receptor ligand activation and favored ex vivo Treg induction, indicating APC reprogramming. Apoptotic cell injection-induced arthritis modulation was dependent on transforming growth factor (TGF)-β, as neutralizing anti-TGF-β antibody prevented the effects of apoptotic cells. Methotrexate did not interfere, while anti-TNF therapy was synergic with apoptotic-cell-based therapy. Conclusion Overall, our data demonstrate that apoptotic-cell-based therapy is efficient in treating ongoing CIA, compatible with current RA treatments, and needs to be evaluated in humans in the treatment of RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francis Bonnefoy
- INSERM UMR1098, F-25000, Besançon, France.,Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, SFR FED4234, F-25000, Besançon, France.,EFS Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-25000, Besançon, France.,LabEX LipSTIC, ANR-11-LABX-0021, F-25000, Besançon, France.,FHU INCREASE, Besançon University Hospital, F-25000, Besançon, France
| | - Anna Daoui
- INSERM UMR1098, F-25000, Besançon, France.,Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, SFR FED4234, F-25000, Besançon, France.,EFS Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-25000, Besançon, France.,LabEX LipSTIC, ANR-11-LABX-0021, F-25000, Besançon, France.,FHU INCREASE, Besançon University Hospital, F-25000, Besançon, France
| | | | - Eric Toussirot
- LabEX LipSTIC, ANR-11-LABX-0021, F-25000, Besançon, France.,FHU INCREASE, Besançon University Hospital, F-25000, Besançon, France.,INSERM CIC1431, Clinical Investigation Center Biotherapy, Besançon University Hospital, F-25000, Besançon, France.,Rheumatology Department, Besançon University Hospital, F-25000, Besançon, France
| | - Philippe Saas
- INSERM UMR1098, F-25000, Besançon, France.,Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, SFR FED4234, F-25000, Besançon, France.,EFS Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-25000, Besançon, France.,LabEX LipSTIC, ANR-11-LABX-0021, F-25000, Besançon, France.,FHU INCREASE, Besançon University Hospital, F-25000, Besançon, France.,INSERM CIC1431, Clinical Investigation Center Biotherapy, Besançon University Hospital, F-25000, Besançon, France
| | - Sylvain Perruche
- INSERM UMR1098, F-25000, Besançon, France. .,Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, SFR FED4234, F-25000, Besançon, France. .,EFS Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-25000, Besançon, France. .,LabEX LipSTIC, ANR-11-LABX-0021, F-25000, Besançon, France. .,FHU INCREASE, Besançon University Hospital, F-25000, Besançon, France. .,UMR1098 INSERM, Etablissement Français du Sang de BFC, 8 Rue du Dr JFX Girod, F-25000, Besançon, France.
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43
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Busch CJ, Binder CJ. Malondialdehyde epitopes as mediators of sterile inflammation. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2016; 1862:398-406. [PMID: 27355566 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2016.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Revised: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 06/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Enhanced lipid peroxidation occurs during oxidative stress and results in the generation of lipid peroxidation end products such as malondialdehyde (MDA), which can attach to autologous biomolecules, thereby generating neo-self epitopes capable of inducing potentially undesired biological responses. Therefore, the immune system has developed mechanisms to protect from MDA epitopes by binding and neutralizing them through both cellular and soluble effectors. Here, we briefly discuss innate immune responses targeting MDA epitopes and their pro-inflammatory properties, followed by a review of physiological carriers of MDA epitopes that are relevant in homeostasis and disease. Then we discuss in detail the evidence for cellular responses towards MDA epitopes mainly in lung, liver and the circulation as well as signal transduction mechanisms and receptors implicated in the response to MDA epitopes. Last, we hypothesize on the role of MDA epitopes as mediators of inflammation in diseases and speculate on their contribution to disease pathogenesis. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Lipid modification and lipid peroxidation products in innate immunity and inflammation edited by Christoph J. Binder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara J Busch
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Research Center for Molecular Medicine (CeMM) of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christoph J Binder
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Research Center for Molecular Medicine (CeMM) of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria.
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44
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Saas P, Daguindau E, Perruche S. Concise Review: Apoptotic Cell-Based Therapies-Rationale, Preclinical Results and Future Clinical Developments. Stem Cells 2016; 34:1464-73. [PMID: 27018198 DOI: 10.1002/stem.2361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The objectives of this review are to summarize the experimental data obtained using apoptotic cell-based therapies, and then to discuss future clinical developments. Indeed, apoptotic cells exhibit immunomodulatory properties that are reviewed here by focusing on more recent mechanisms. These immunomodulatory mechanisms are in particular linked to the clearance of apoptotic cells (called also efferocytosis) by phagocytes, such as macrophages, and the induction of regulatory T cells. Thus, apoptotic cell-based therapies have been used to prevent or treat experimental inflammatory diseases. Based on these studies, we have identified critical steps to design future clinical trials. This includes: the administration route, the number and schedule of administration, the appropriate apoptotic cell type to be used, as well as the apoptotic signal. We also have analyzed the clinical relevancy of apoptotic-cell-based therapies in experimental models. Additional experimental data are required concerning the treatment of inflammatory diseases (excepted for sepsis) before considering future clinical trials. In contrast, apoptotic cells have been shown to favor engraftment and to reduce acute graft-versus-host disease (GvHD) in different relevant models of transplantation. This has led to the conduct of a phase 1/2a clinical trial to alleviate GvHD. The absence of toxic effects obtained in this trial may support the development of other clinical studies based on this new cell therapy. Stem Cells 2016;34:1464-1473.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Saas
- INSERM, UMR1098, Besançon, F-25000, France.,Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, UMR1098, Besançon, France.,EFS Bourgogne Franche-Comté, UMR1098, Besançon, Besançon, France.,LabEx LipSTIC, ANR-11-LABX-0021, FHU INCREASE, Besançon, France
| | - Etienne Daguindau
- INSERM, UMR1098, Besançon, F-25000, France.,Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, UMR1098, Besançon, France.,EFS Bourgogne Franche-Comté, UMR1098, Besançon, Besançon, France.,LabEx LipSTIC, ANR-11-LABX-0021, FHU INCREASE, Besançon, France.,CHRU Besançon, Hématologie, Besançon, France
| | - Sylvain Perruche
- INSERM, UMR1098, Besançon, F-25000, France.,Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, UMR1098, Besançon, France.,EFS Bourgogne Franche-Comté, UMR1098, Besançon, Besançon, France.,LabEx LipSTIC, ANR-11-LABX-0021, FHU INCREASE, Besançon, France
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Morelli AE, Larregina AT. Concise Review: Mechanisms Behind Apoptotic Cell-Based Therapies Against Transplant Rejection and Graft versus Host Disease. Stem Cells 2016; 34:1142-50. [PMID: 26865545 DOI: 10.1002/stem.2326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2015] [Revised: 01/10/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The main limitations to the success of transplantation are the antigraft response developed by the recipient immune system, and the adverse side effects of chronic immunosuppression. Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) triggered by donor-derived T lymphocytes against the recipient tissues is another serious obstacle in the field of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Several laboratories have tested the possibility of promoting antigen (Ag)-specific tolerance for therapy of graft rejection, GVHD, and autoimmune disorders, by developing methodologies that mimic the mechanisms by which the immune system maintains peripheral tolerance in the steady state. It has been long recognized that the silent clearance of cells undergoing apoptosis exerts potent immune-regulatory effects and provides apoptotic cell-derived Ags to those Ag-presenting cells (APCs) that internalize them, in particular macrophages and dendritic cells. Therefore, in situ-targeting of recipient APCs by systemic administration of leukocytes in early apoptosis and bearing donor Ags represents a relatively simple approach to control the antidonor response against allografts. Here, we review the mechanisms by which apoptotic cells are silently cleared by phagocytes, and how such phenomenon leads to down-regulation of the innate and adaptive immunity. We discuss the evolution of apoptotic cell-based therapies from murine models of organ/tissue transplantation and GVHD, to clinical trials. We make emphasis on potential limitations and areas of concern of apoptotic cell-based therapies, and on how other immune-suppressive therapies used in the clinics or tested experimentally likely also function through the silent clearance of apoptotic cells by the immune system. Stem Cells 2016;34:1142-1150.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian E Morelli
- T.E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, Department of Surgery.,Departments of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15213, USA
| | - Adriana T Larregina
- Departments of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15213, USA.,Departments of Dermatology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15213, USA.,McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15213, USA
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Dema B, Charles N. Autoantibodies in SLE: Specificities, Isotypes and Receptors. Antibodies (Basel) 2016; 5:antib5010002. [PMID: 31557984 PMCID: PMC6698872 DOI: 10.3390/antib5010002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2015] [Revised: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 12/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) is characterized by a wide spectrum of auto-antibodies which recognize several cellular components. The production of these self-reactive antibodies fluctuates during the course of the disease and the involvement of different antibody-secreting cell populations are considered highly relevant for the disease pathogenesis. These cells are developed and stimulated through different ways leading to the secretion of a variety of isotypes, affinities and idiotypes. Each of them has a particular mechanism of action binding to a specific antigen and recognized by distinct receptors. The effector responses triggered lead to a chronic tissue inflammation. DsDNA autoantibodies are the most studied as well as the first in being characterized for its pathogenic role in Lupus nephritis. However, others are of growing interest since they have been associated with other organ-specific damage, such as anti-NMDAR antibodies in neuropsychiatric clinical manifestations or anti-β2GP1 antibodies in vascular symptomatology. In this review, we describe the different auto-antibodies reported to be involved in SLE. How autoantibody isotypes and affinity-binding to their antigen might result in different pathogenic responses is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Dema
- Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation, INSERM UMR1149, CNRS ERL8252, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté de Médecine site Bichat, Laboratoire d'Excellence Inflamex, DHU FIRE, Paris 75018, France.
| | - Nicolas Charles
- Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation, INSERM UMR1149, CNRS ERL8252, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté de Médecine site Bichat, Laboratoire d'Excellence Inflamex, DHU FIRE, Paris 75018, France.
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Pleass RJ, Moore SC, Stevenson L, Hviid L. Immunoglobulin M: Restrainer of Inflammation and Mediator of Immune Evasion by Plasmodium falciparum Malaria. Trends Parasitol 2015; 32:108-119. [PMID: 26597020 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2015.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Revised: 09/16/2015] [Accepted: 09/23/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Immunoglobulin M (IgM) is an ancient antibody class that is found in all vertebrates, with the exception of coelacanths, and is indispensable in both innate and adaptive immunity. The equally ancient human malaria parasite, Plasmodium falciparum, formed an intimate relationship with IgM with which it co-evolved. In this article, we discuss the association between IgM and human malaria parasites, building on several recent publications that implicate IgM as a crucial molecule that determines both host and parasite survival. Consequently, a better understanding of this association may lead to the development of improved intervention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Pleass
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK.
| | - Shona C Moore
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK; Warwick Systems Biology Centre, Senate House, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Liz Stevenson
- Centre for Medical Parasitology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology (ISIM), Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen and Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital (Rigshospitalet), Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lars Hviid
- Centre for Medical Parasitology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology (ISIM), Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen and Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital (Rigshospitalet), Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Gray M, Gray D. Regulatory B cells mediate tolerance to apoptotic self in health: implications for disease. Int Immunol 2015; 27:505-11. [PMID: 26306497 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxv045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2015] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
B cells are able to regulate immune responses through the secretion of IL-10 and other inhibitory cytokines, though no transcription factor that can define 'regulatory B cells' as a separate lineage has yet been found. Instead it is likely that this function arises as a result of the immune context in which B cells find themselves and the stimuli they perceive. However, some B cells found within the B1a and the marginal zone subsets have a greater propensity to produce IL-10 than others. What are the natural stimuli for these cells to induce immune regulation? We discuss the role that the recognition of autoantigens exposed by apoptotic cells plays in stimulating IL-10 production in mouse and human studies. This mechanism involves the recognition and uptake of self-antigens by autoreactive BCRs, for delivery to endocytic compartments, where apoptosis-derived DNA binds to TLR9, driving IL-10 production. These 'natural' regulatory B cells represent a way of maintaining tolerance to self. We discuss how this may operate in inflammatory lesions where there is an excess of apoptotic leukocytes and how this impacts on our understanding of autoimmune disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohini Gray
- Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - David Gray
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Ashworth Laboratories, King's Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JT, UK
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Hosseini H, Li Y, Kanellakis P, Tay C, Cao A, Tipping P, Bobik A, Toh BH, Kyaw T. Phosphatidylserine liposomes mimic apoptotic cells to attenuate atherosclerosis by expanding polyreactive IgM producing B1a lymphocytes. Cardiovasc Res 2015; 106:443-452. [DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvv037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/30/2023] Open
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Yeung MY, Ding Q, Brooks CR, Xiao S, Workman CJ, Vignali DA, Ueno T, Padera RF, Kuchroo VK, Najafian N, Rothstein DM. TIM-1 signaling is required for maintenance and induction of regulatory B cells. Am J Transplant 2015; 15:942-53. [PMID: 25645598 PMCID: PMC4530122 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.13087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2014] [Revised: 10/09/2014] [Accepted: 10/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Apart from their role in humoral immunity, B cells can exhibit IL-10-dependent regulatory activity (Bregs). These regulatory subpopulations have been shown to inhibit inflammation and allograft rejection. However, our understanding of Bregs has been hampered by their rarity, lack of a specific marker, and poor insight into their induction and maintenance. We previously demonstrated that T cell immunoglobulin mucin domain-1 (TIM-1) identifies over 70% of IL-10-producing B cells, irrespective of other markers. We now show that TIM-1 is the primary receptor responsible for Breg induction by apoptotic cells (ACs). However, B cells that express a mutant form of TIM-1 lacking the mucin domain (TIM-1(Δmucin) ) exhibit decreased phosphatidylserine binding and are unable to produce IL-10 in response to ACs or by specific ligation with anti-TIM-1. TIM-1(Δmucin) mice also exhibit accelerated allograft rejection, which appears to be due in part to their defect in both baseline and induced IL-10(+) Bregs, since a single transfer of WT TIM-1(+) B cells can restore long-term graft survival. These data suggest that TIM-1 signaling plays a direct role in Breg maintenance and induction both under physiological conditions (in response to ACs) and in response to therapy through TIM-1 ligation. Moreover, they directly demonstrate that the mucin domain regulates TIM-1 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Y. Yeung
- Transplantation Research Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Qing Ding
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, Departments of Surgery and Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Craig R. Brooks
- Renal Division, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Sheng Xiao
- Center for Neurologic Disease, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Creg J. Workman
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Immunology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Dario A.A. Vignali
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Immunology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Takuya Ueno
- Transplantation Research Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Robert F. Padera
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Vijay K. Kuchroo
- Center for Neurologic Disease, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Nader Najafian
- Transplantation Research Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Nephrology, Cleveland Clinic Florida, Weston, FL, USA
| | - David M. Rothstein
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, Departments of Surgery and Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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