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Petersone L, Wang CJ, Edner NM, Fabri A, Nikou SA, Hinze C, Ross EM, Ntavli E, Elfaki Y, Heuts F, Ovcinnikovs V, Rueda Gonzalez A, Houghton LP, Li HM, Zhang Y, Toellner KM, Walker LSK. IL-21 shapes germinal center polarization via light zone B cell selection and cyclin D3 upregulation. J Exp Med 2023; 220:e20221653. [PMID: 37466652 PMCID: PMC10355162 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20221653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 05/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Germinal center (GC) dysregulation has been widely reported in the context of autoimmunity. Here, we show that interleukin 21 (IL-21), the archetypal follicular helper T cell (Tfh) cytokine, shapes the scale and polarization of spontaneous chronic autoimmune as well as transient immunization-induced GC. We find that IL-21 receptor deficiency results in smaller GC that are profoundly skewed toward a light zone GC B cell phenotype and that IL-21 plays a key role in selection of light zone GC B cells for entry to the dark zone. Light zone skewing has been previously reported in mice lacking the cell cycle regulator cyclin D3. We demonstrate that IL-21 triggers cyclin D3 upregulation in GC B cells, thereby tuning dark zone inertial cell cycling. Lastly, we identify Foxo1 regulation as a link between IL-21 signaling and GC dark zone formation. These findings reveal new biological roles for IL-21 within GC and have implications for autoimmune settings where IL-21 is overproduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Petersone
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London , London, UK
| | - Chun Jing Wang
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London , London, UK
| | - Natalie M Edner
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London , London, UK
| | - Astrid Fabri
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London , London, UK
| | - Spyridoula-Angeliki Nikou
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London , London, UK
| | - Claudia Hinze
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London , London, UK
| | - Ellen M Ross
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London , London, UK
| | - Elisavet Ntavli
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London , London, UK
| | - Yassin Elfaki
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London , London, UK
| | - Frank Heuts
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London , London, UK
| | - Vitalijs Ovcinnikovs
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London , London, UK
| | - Andrea Rueda Gonzalez
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London , London, UK
| | - Luke P Houghton
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London , London, UK
| | - Hannah M Li
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London , London, UK
| | - Yang Zhang
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham , Birmingham, UK
| | - Kai-Michael Toellner
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham , Birmingham, UK
| | - Lucy S K Walker
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London , London, UK
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2
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Moser-Katz T, Gavile CM, Barwick BG, Lee KP, Boise LH. PDZ Proteins SCRIB and DLG1 Regulate Myeloma Cell Surface CD86 Expression, Growth, and Survival. Mol Cancer Res 2022; 20:1122-1136. [PMID: 35380688 PMCID: PMC9262820 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-21-0681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Despite advances in the treatment of multiple myeloma in the past decades, the disease remains incurable, and understanding signals and molecules that can control myeloma growth and survival are important for the development of novel therapeutic strategies. One such molecule, CD86, regulates multiple myeloma cell survival via its interaction with CD28 and signaling through its cytoplasmic tail. Although the CD86 cytoplasmic tail has been shown to be involved in drug resistance and can induce molecular changes in multiple myeloma cells, its function has been largely unexplored. Here, we show that CD86 cytoplasmic tail has a role in trafficking CD86 to the cell surface. This is due in part to a PDZ-binding motif at its C-terminus which is important for proper trafficking from the Golgi apparatus. BioID analysis revealed 10 PDZ domain-containing proteins proximal to CD86 cytoplasmic tail in myeloma cells. Among them, we found the planar cell polarity proteins, SCRIB and DLG1, are important for proper CD86 surface expression and the growth and survival of myeloma cells. These findings indicate a mechanism by which myeloma cells confer cellular survival and drug resistance and indicate a possible motif to target for therapeutic gain. IMPLICATIONS These findings demonstrate the importance of proper trafficking of CD86 to the cell surface in myeloma cell survival and may provide a new therapeutic target in this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler Moser-Katz
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
| | - Catherine M. Gavile
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
| | - Benjamin G. Barwick
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
| | - Kelvin P. Lee
- Melvin and Bren Simon Comprehensive Cancer Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Lawrence H. Boise
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
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3
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GPR174 signals via G αs to control a CD86-containing gene expression program in B cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2201794119. [PMID: 35639700 PMCID: PMC9191659 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2201794119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
GPR174 is abundantly expressed in B and T lymphocytes and has a role in restraining T cell responses, but the function of GPR174 in B cells is less clear. Here we report that upon in vitro culture B cells undergo a spontaneous GPR174-dependent activation process that is associated with marked changes in gene expression, including up-regulation of Cd86, Nr4a1, Ccr7, and phosphodiesterases. B cells lacking Gαs show a block in induction of the GPR174-dependent program. Spontaneous up-regulation of CD86 in cultured B cells is dependent on protein kinase A. Both GPR174- and Gαs-deficient B cells show enhanced survival in culture. In vivo, GPR174 contributes to NUR77 expression in follicular B cells and is needed for establishing a marginal zone compartment of normal size. Treatment of mice with lysophosphatidylserine (lysoPS), a GPR174 ligand, is sufficient to promote CD86 up-regulation by follicular B cells. These findings demonstrate that GPR174 can signal via Gαs to modulate B cell gene expression and show this can occur in vivo in response to lysoPS. Additionally, the findings illuminate a pathway that might be targeted to improve systems for the in vitro study of B cell responses.
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4
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Wan S, Ni L, Zhao X, Liu X, Xu W, Jin W, Wang X, Dong C. Costimulation molecules differentially regulate the ERK-Zfp831 axis to shape T follicular helper cell differentiation. Immunity 2021; 54:2740-2755.e6. [PMID: 34644536 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2021.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
T follicular helper (Tfh) cells play essential roles in regulating humoral immunity, especially germinal center reactions. However, how CD4+ T cells integrate the antigenic and costimulatory signals in Tfh cell development is still poorly understood. Here, we found that phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) + ionomycin (P+I) stimulation, together with interleukin-6 (IL-6), potently induce Tfh cell-like transcriptomic programs in vitro. The ERK kinase pathway was attenuated under P+I stimulation; ERK2 inhibition enhanced Tfh cell development in vitro and in vivo. We observed that inducible T cell costimulator (ICOS), but not CD28, lacked the ability to activate ERK, which was important in sustaining Tfh cell development. The transcription factor Zfp831, whose expression was repressed by ERK, promoted Tfh cell differentiation by directly upregulating the expression of the transcription factors Bcl6 and Tcf7. We have hence identified an ERK-Zfp831 axis, regulated by costimulation signaling, in critical regulation of Tfh cell development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyuan Wan
- Institute of Immunology and School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Lu Ni
- Institute of Immunology and School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaohong Zhao
- Institute of Immunology and School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Xindong Liu
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Wei Xu
- Institute of Immunology and School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Jin
- Institute of Immunology and School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaohu Wang
- Institute of Immunology and School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Chen Dong
- Institute of Immunology and School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China; Shanghai Immune Therapy Institute, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine-affiliated Renji Hospital, Shanghai, China.
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The Role of T Follicular Helper Cells and Interleukin-21 in the Pathogenesis of Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Gastroenterol Res Pract 2021; 2021:9621738. [PMID: 34471409 PMCID: PMC8405314 DOI: 10.1155/2021/9621738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 07/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
T follicular helper (Tfh) cells represent a novel subset of CD4+ T cells which can provide critical help for germinal center (GC) formation and antibody production. The Tfh cells are characterized by the expression of CXC chemokine receptor 5 (CXCR5), programmed death 1 (PD-1), inducible costimulatory molecule (ICOS), B cell lymphoma 6 (BCL-6), and the secretion of interleukin-21 (IL-21). Given the important role of Tfh cells in B cell activation and high-affinity antibody production, Tfh cells are involved in the pathogenesis of many human diseases. Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a group of chronic inflammatory diseases characterized by symptoms such as diarrhea, abdominal pain, and weight loss. Ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD) are the most studied types of IBD. Dysregulated mucosal immune response plays an important role in the pathogenesis of IBD. In recent years, many studies have identified the critical role of Tfh cells and IL-21 in the pathogenic process IBD. In this paper, we will discuss the role of Tfh cells and IL-21 in IBD pathogenesis.
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Cytarabine and EIP co-administration synergistically reduces viability of acute lymphoblastic leukemia cells with high ERG expression. Leuk Res 2021; 109:106649. [PMID: 34271301 DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2021.106649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The E26 transformation sequence-related gene ERG encodes a transcription factor involved in normal hematopoiesis, and its expression is abnormal in leukemia. Especially in a type of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) that is refractory and easy to relapse, the expression of ERG protein is abnormally increased. Chemotherapy can alleviate the condition of ALL, but the location and survival mechanism of the remaining ALL cells after chemotherapy are still not fully understood. It is becoming increasingly clear that the interaction between leukemia cells and their microenvironment plays an important role in the acquisition of drug resistance mutations and disease recurrence. We selected an acute lymphocytic leukemia cell line with high ERG expression, and studied the synergistic effect of chemotherapeutics and small molecule peptides through cell proliferation, apoptosis, and cell cycle experiments; At the same time, we inoculated acute lymphocytic leukemia cells with high ERG expression into mice with severe immunodeficiency to simulate human ALL and investigated (i) the effects of co-administration on the nesting and invasion of leukemia cells and (ii) the effects of the small molecule peptide drug EIP, which targets ERG, on the sensitivity of ALL chemotherapy and the underlying mechanisms.Ara-c and EIP synergistically reduces viability of ALL cells with high ERG expression may be achieved by promoting their apoptosis and inhibiting their nesting.
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7
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Arroyo EN, Pepper M. B cells are sufficient to prime the dominant CD4+ Tfh response to Plasmodium infection. J Exp Med 2020; 217:jem.20190849. [PMID: 31748243 PMCID: PMC7041722 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20190849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Revised: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Arroyo and Pepper demonstrate that interactions with B cells, not dendritic cells, are required for the priming of the CD4+ T cell response during Plasmodium infection. This results in a Tfh-biased response as reported by others in both mice and humans. CD4+ T follicular helper (Tfh) cells dominate the acute response to a blood-stage Plasmodium infection and provide signals to direct B cell differentiation and protective antibody expression. We studied antigen-specific CD4+ Tfh cells responding to Plasmodium infection in order to understand the generation and maintenance of the Tfh response. We discovered that a dominant, phenotypically stable, CXCR5+ Tfh population emerges within the first 4 d of infection and results in a CXCR5+ CCR7+ Tfh/central memory T cell response that persists well after parasite clearance. We also found that CD4+ T cell priming by B cells was both necessary and sufficient to generate this Tfh-dominant response, whereas priming by conventional dendritic cells was dispensable. This study provides important insights into the development of CD4+ Tfh cells during Plasmodium infection and highlights the heterogeneity of antigen-presenting cells involved in CD4+ T cell priming.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Nicole Arroyo
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA
| | - Marion Pepper
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA
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Leddon SA, Fettis MM, Abramo K, Kelly R, Oleksyn D, Miller J. The CD28 Transmembrane Domain Contains an Essential Dimerization Motif. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1519. [PMID: 32765524 PMCID: PMC7378745 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
CD28 plays a critical role in regulating immune responses both by enhancing effector T cell activation and differentiation and controlling the development and function of regulatory T cells. CD28 is expressed at the cell surface as a disulfide linked homodimer that is thought to bind ligand monovalently. How ligand binding triggers CD28 to induce intracellular signaling as well as the proximal signaling pathways that are induced are not well-understood. In addition, recent data suggest inside-out signaling initiated by the T cell antigen receptor can enhance CD28 ligand binding, possibly by inducing a rearrangement of the CD28 dimer interface to allow for bivalent binding. To understand how possible conformational changes during ligand-induced receptor triggering and inside-out signaling are mediated, we examined the CD28 transmembrane domain. We identified an evolutionarily conserved YxxxxT motif that is shared with CTLA-4 and resembles the transmembrane dimerization motif within CD3ζ. We show that the CD28 transmembrane domain can drive protein dimerization in a bacterial expression system at levels equivalent to the well-known glycophorin A transmembrane dimerization motif. In addition, ectopic expression of the CD28 transmembrane domain into monomeric human CD25 can drive dimerization in murine T cells as detected by an increase in FRET by flow cytometry. Mutation of the polar YxxxxT motif to hydrophobic leucine residues (Y145L/T150L) attenuated CD28 transmembrane mediated dimerization in both the bacterial and mammalian assays. Introduction of the Y145L/T150L mutation of the CD28 transmembrane dimerization motif into the endogenous CD28 locus by CRISPR resulted in a dramatic loss in CD28 cell surface expression. These data suggest that under physiological conditions the YxxxxT dimerization motif within the CD28 transmembrane domain plays a critical role in the assembly and/or expression of stable CD28 dimers at the cell surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott A Leddon
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Margaret M Fettis
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Kristin Abramo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Ryan Kelly
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - David Oleksyn
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Jim Miller
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States
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Qi H, Tian D, Li M, Zhang C, Jin H, Liu L, Zhao X, Ma L, Zhao W, Ge Q, Duan T, Zhang D. Foxo3 Promotes the Differentiation and Function of Follicular Helper T Cells. Cell Rep 2020; 31:107621. [DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.107621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Revised: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
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10
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Wang N, Yigit B, van der Poel CE, Cuenca M, Carroll MC, Herzog RW, Engel P, Terhorst C. The Checkpoint Regulator SLAMF3 Preferentially Prevents Expansion of Auto-Reactive B Cells Generated by Graft-vs.-Host Disease. Front Immunol 2019; 10:831. [PMID: 31057553 PMCID: PMC6482334 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Absence of the mouse cell surface receptor SLAMF3 in SLAMF3-/- mice suggested that this receptor negatively regulates B cell homeostasis by modulating activation thresholds of B cell subsets. Here, we examine whether anti-SLAMF3 affects both B and T cell subsets during immune responses to haptenated ovalbumin [NP-OVA] and in the setting of chronic graft vs. host disease (cGVHD) induced by transferring B6.C-H2bm12/KhEg (bm12) CD4+ T cells into B6 WT mice. We find that administering αSLAMF3 to NP-OVA immunized B6 mice primarily impairs antibody responses and Germinal center B cell [GC B] numbers, whilst CXCR5+, PD-1+, and ICOS+ T follicular helper (TFH) cells are not significantly affected. By contrast, administering αSLAMF3 markedly enhanced autoantibody production upon induction of cGVHD by the transfer of bm12 CD4+ T cells into B6 recipients. Surprisingly, αSLAMF3 accelerated both the differentiation of GC B and donor-derived TFH cells initiated by cGVHD. The latter appeared to be induced by decreased numbers of donor-derived Treg and T follicular regulatory (TFR) cells. Collectively, these data show that control of anti-SLAMF3-induced signaling is requisite to prevent autoantibody responses during cGVHD, but reduces responses to foreign antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ninghai Wang
- Division of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Burcu Yigit
- Division of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Cees E van der Poel
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Marta Cuenca
- Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Michael C Carroll
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Roland W Herzog
- Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Pablo Engel
- Immunology Unit, Department of Cell Biology, Immunology and Neurosciences, Medical School, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cox Terhorst
- Division of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States
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11
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Cui YZ, Qu SY, Chang LL, Zhao JR, Mu L, Sun B, Li HL, Zhang TS, Wang GY, Kong QF. Enhancement of T Follicular Helper Cell-Mediated Humoral Immunity Reponses During Development of Experimental Autoimmune Myasthenia Gravis. Neurosci Bull 2019; 35:507-518. [PMID: 30796753 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-019-00344-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Myasthenia gravis (MG) is a prototypical antibody-mediated neurological autoimmune disease with the involvement of humoral immune responses in its pathogenesis. T follicular helper (Tfh) cells have been implicated in many autoimmune diseases. However, whether and how Tfh cells are involved in MG remain unclear. Here, we established and studied a widely-used and approved animal model of human MG, the rat model with acetylcholine receptor alpha (AChRα) subunit (R-AChR97-116)-induced experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis (EAMG). This model presented mild body-weight loss 10 days after the first immunization (representing the early stage of disease) and more obvious clinical manifestations and body-weight loss 7 days after the second immunization (representing the late stage of disease). AChR-specific pre-Tfh cells and mature Tfh cells were detected in these two stages, respectively. In co-cultures of Tfh cells and B cells, the number of IgG2b-secreting B cells and the level of anti-AChR antibodies in the supernatant were higher in the cultures containing EAMG-derived Tfh cells. In immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence assays, a substantial number of CD4+/Bcl-6+ T cells and a greater number of larger germinal centers were observed in lymph node tissues resected from EAMG rats. Based on these results, we hypothesize that an AChR-specific Tfh cell-mediated humoral immune response contributes to the development of EAMG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Zhe Cui
- Department of Neurobiology, Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Si-Ying Qu
- Department of Neurobiology, Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Lu-Lu Chang
- Department of Neurobiology, Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Jia-Rui Zhao
- Department of Neurobiology, Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Lili Mu
- Department of Neurobiology, Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Bo Sun
- Department of Neurobiology, Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Hu-Lun Li
- Department of Neurobiology, Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Tong-Shuai Zhang
- Department of Neurobiology, Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Guang-You Wang
- Department of Neurobiology, Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China.
| | - Qing-Fei Kong
- Department of Neurobiology, Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China.
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12
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Bier J, Rao G, Payne K, Brigden H, French E, Pelham SJ, Lau A, Lenthall H, Edwards ESJ, Smart JM, Cole TS, Choo S, Joshi AY, Abraham RS, O'Sullivan M, Boztug K, Meyts I, Gray PE, Berglund LJ, Hsu P, Wong M, Holland SM, Notarangelo LD, Uzel G, Ma CS, Brink R, Tangye SG, Deenick EK. Activating mutations in PIK3CD disrupt the differentiation and function of human and murine CD4 + T cells. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2019; 144:236-253. [PMID: 30738173 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2019.01.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Revised: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gain-of-function (GOF) mutations in PIK3CD cause a primary immunodeficiency characterized by recurrent respiratory tract infections, susceptibility to herpesvirus infections, and impaired antibody responses. Previous work revealed defects in CD8+ T and B cells that contribute to this clinical phenotype, but less is understood about the role of CD4+ T cells in disease pathogenesis. OBJECTIVE We sought to dissect the effects of increased phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) signaling on CD4+ T-cell function. METHODS We performed detailed ex vivo, in vivo, and in vitro phenotypic and functional analyses of patients' CD4+ T cells and a novel murine disease model caused by overactive PI3K signaling. RESULTS PI3K overactivation caused substantial increases in numbers of memory and follicular helper T (TFH) cells and dramatic changes in cytokine production in both patients and mice. Furthermore, PIK3CD GOF human TFH cells had dysregulated phenotype and function characterized by increased programmed cell death protein 1, CXCR3, and IFN-γ expression, the phenotype of a TFH cell subset with impaired B-helper function. This was confirmed in vivo in which Pik3cd GOF CD4+ T cells also acquired an aberrant TFH phenotype and provided poor help to support germinal center reactions and humoral immune responses by antigen-specific wild-type B cells. The increase in numbers of both memory and TFH cells was largely CD4+ T-cell extrinsic, whereas changes in cytokine production and TFH cell function were cell intrinsic. CONCLUSION Our studies reveal that CD4+ T cells with overactive PI3K have aberrant activation and differentiation, thereby providing mechanistic insight into dysfunctional antibody responses in patients with PIK3CD GOF mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Bier
- Immunology Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Australia; St Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Geetha Rao
- Immunology Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Australia
| | - Kathryn Payne
- Immunology Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Australia
| | - Henry Brigden
- Immunology Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Australia; University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - Elise French
- Immunology Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Australia; University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - Simon J Pelham
- Immunology Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Australia; St Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Anthony Lau
- Immunology Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Australia; St Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Helen Lenthall
- Immunology Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Australia
| | - Emily S J Edwards
- Immunology Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Australia; St Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Joanne M Smart
- Department of Allergy and Immunology, Royal Children's Hospital Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Theresa S Cole
- Department of Allergy and Immunology, Royal Children's Hospital Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Sharon Choo
- Department of Allergy and Immunology, Royal Children's Hospital Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Avni Y Joshi
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Mayo Clinic Children's Center, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn
| | - Roshini S Abraham
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Mayo Clinic Children's Center, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Michael O'Sullivan
- Department of Immunology and Allergy, Princess Margaret Hospital, Subiaco, Australia
| | - Kaan Boztug
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Rare and Undiagnosed Diseases, Vienna, Austria; CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria; St Anna Children's Hospital and Children's Cancer Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Isabelle Meyts
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Childhood Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, University Hospitals Leuven and KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Paul E Gray
- School of Women's and Children's Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia; Clinical Immunogenomics Research Consortia Australia, Sydney, Australia
| | - Lucinda J Berglund
- Clinical Immunogenomics Research Consortia Australia, Sydney, Australia; Immunopathology Department, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, Australia; Faculty of Medicine, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Peter Hsu
- Clinical Immunogenomics Research Consortia Australia, Sydney, Australia; Faculty of Medicine, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, Australia
| | - Melanie Wong
- Clinical Immunogenomics Research Consortia Australia, Sydney, Australia; Faculty of Medicine, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, Australia
| | - Steven M Holland
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md
| | - Luigi D Notarangelo
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md
| | - Gulbu Uzel
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md
| | - Cindy S Ma
- Immunology Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Australia; St Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia; Clinical Immunogenomics Research Consortia Australia, Sydney, Australia
| | - Robert Brink
- Immunology Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Australia; St Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia; Clinical Immunogenomics Research Consortia Australia, Sydney, Australia
| | - Stuart G Tangye
- Immunology Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Australia; St Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia; Clinical Immunogenomics Research Consortia Australia, Sydney, Australia.
| | - Elissa K Deenick
- Immunology Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Australia; St Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia; Clinical Immunogenomics Research Consortia Australia, Sydney, Australia.
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13
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Pedros C, Altman A, Kong KF. Role of TRAFs in Signaling Pathways Controlling T Follicular Helper Cell Differentiation and T Cell-Dependent Antibody Responses. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2412. [PMID: 30405612 PMCID: PMC6204373 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Follicular helper T (TFH) cells represent a highly specialized CD4+ T cell subpopulation that supports the generation of germinal centers (GC) and provides B cells with critical signals promoting antibody class switching, generation of high affinity antibodies, and memory formation. TFH cells are characterized by the expression of the chemokine receptor CXCR5, the transcription factor Bcl-6, costimulatory molecules ICOS, and PD-1, and the production of cytokine IL-21. The acquisition of a TFH phenotype is a complex and multistep process that involves signals received through engagement of the TCR along with a multitude of costimulatory molecules and cytokines receptors. Members of the Tumor necrosis factor Receptor Associated Factors (TRAF) represent one of the major classes of signaling mediators involved in the differentiation and functions of TFH cells. TRAF molecules are the canonical adaptor molecules that physically interact with members of the Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor Superfamily (TNFRSF) and actively modulate their downstream signaling cascades through their adaptor function and/or E3 ubiquitin ligase activity. OX-40, GITR, and 4-1BB are the TRAF-dependent TNFRSF members that have been implicated in the differentiation and functions of TFH cells. On the other hand, emerging data demonstrate that TRAF proteins also participate in signaling from the TCR and CD28, which deliver critical signals leading to the differentiation of TFH cells. More intriguingly, we recently showed that the cytoplasmic tail of ICOS contains a conserved TANK-binding kinase 1 (TBK1)-binding motif that is shared with TBK1-binding TRAF proteins. The presence of this TRAF-mimicking signaling module downstream of ICOS is required to mediate the maturation step during TFH differentiation. In addition, JAK-STAT pathways emanating from IL-2, IL-6, IL-21, and IL-27 cytokine receptors affect TFH development, and crosstalk between TRAF-mediated pathways and the JAK-STAT pathways can contribute to generate integrated signals required to drive and sustain TFH differentiation. In this review, we will introduce the molecular interactions and the major signaling pathways controlling the differentiation of TFH cells. In each case, we will highlight the contributions of TRAF proteins to these signaling pathways. Finally, we will discuss the role of individual TRAF proteins in the regulation of T cell-dependent humoral responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Pedros
- Division of Cell Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Amnon Altman
- Division of Cell Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Kok-Fai Kong
- Division of Cell Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA, United States
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14
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Wing JB, Tekgüç M, Sakaguchi S. Control of Germinal Center Responses by T-Follicular Regulatory Cells. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1910. [PMID: 30197643 PMCID: PMC6117393 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T-cells (Treg cells), expressing the transcription factor Foxp3, have an essential role in the control of immune homeostasis. In order to control diverse types of immune responses Treg cells must themselves show functional heterogeneity to control different types of immune responses. Recent advances have made it clear that Treg cells are able to mirror the homing capabilities of known T-helper subtypes such as Th1, Th2, Th17, and T-follicular helper cells (Tfh), allowing them to travel to the sites of inflammation and deliver suppression in situ. One of the more recent discoveries in this category is the description of T-follicular regulatory (Tfr) cells, a specialized subset of Treg cells that control Tfh and resulting antibody responses. In this review we will discuss recent advances in our understanding of Tfr biology and the role of both Tfr and activated extra-follicular Tregs (eTreg) in the control of humoral immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- James B Wing
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Murat Tekgüç
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Shimon Sakaguchi
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Japan.,Department of Experimental Pathology, Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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15
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Qin L, Waseem TC, Sahoo A, Bieerkehazhi S, Zhou H, Galkina EV, Nurieva R. Insights Into the Molecular Mechanisms of T Follicular Helper-Mediated Immunity and Pathology. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1884. [PMID: 30158933 PMCID: PMC6104131 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
T follicular helper (Tfh) cells play key role in providing help to B cells during germinal center (GC) reactions. Generation of protective antibodies against various infections is an important aspect of Tfh-mediated immune responses and the dysregulation of Tfh cell responses has been implicated in various autoimmune disorders, inflammation, and malignancy. Thus, their differentiation and maintenance must be closely regulated to ensure appropriate help to B cells. The generation and function of Tfh cells is regulated by multiple checkpoints including their early priming stage in T zones and throughout the effector stage of differentiation in GCs. Signaling pathways activated downstream of cytokine and costimulatory receptors as well as consequent activation of subset-specific transcriptional factors are essential steps for Tfh cell generation. Thus, understanding the mechanisms underlying Tfh cell-mediated immunity and pathology will bring into spotlight potential targets for novel therapies. In this review, we discuss the recent findings related to the molecular mechanisms of Tfh cell differentiation and their role in normal immune responses and antibody-mediated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Qin
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States.,School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Tayab C Waseem
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Cell Biology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA, United States
| | - Anupama Sahoo
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Shayahati Bieerkehazhi
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Hong Zhou
- School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Elena V Galkina
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Cell Biology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA, United States
| | - Roza Nurieva
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
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16
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Hao Y, Wang Y, Liu X, Yang X, Wang P, Tian Q, Bai Q, Chen X, Li Z, Wu J, Xie Z, Zhou X, Zhou Y, Yin Z, Wu Y, Ye L. The Kinase Complex mTOR Complex 2 Promotes the Follicular Migration and Functional Maturation of Differentiated Follicular Helper CD4 + T Cells During Viral Infection. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1127. [PMID: 29875775 PMCID: PMC5974104 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Follicular helper CD4+ T (TFH) cells are critical for optimal B-cell-mediated humoral immunity by initiating, fueling, and sustaining germinal center reactions. The differentiation of TFH cells relies on multiple intrinsic and extrinsic factors; however, the details by which these factors are integrated to coordinate TFH differentiation are largely unknown. In this study, using a mouse model of acute lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) viral infection, we demonstrate that mTOR complex 2 (mTORC2) kinase integrates TCR signaling and ICOS-mediated co-stimulation to promote late differentiation and functional maturation of virus-specific TFH cells. Specifically, mTORC2 functions to maintain TFH lineage specifications, including phenotypes, migratory characteristics, and functional properties. Thus, our results highlight the importance of mTORC2 in guarding TFH phenotypic and functional maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaxing Hao
- Institute of Immunology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yifei Wang
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Biomedical Translational Research Institute, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Antibody Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaobing Liu
- Institute of Immunology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xia Yang
- Institute of Immunology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Pengcheng Wang
- Institute of Immunology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qin Tian
- Institute of Immunology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qiang Bai
- Institute of Immunology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiangyu Chen
- Institute of Immunology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhirong Li
- Institute of Immunology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jialin Wu
- Institute of Immunology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhunyi Xie
- Institute of Immunology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xinyuan Zhou
- Institute of Immunology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yuyang Zhou
- Institute of Immunology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhinan Yin
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Biomedical Translational Research Institute, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Antibody Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuzhang Wu
- Institute of Immunology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Lilin Ye
- Institute of Immunology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
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17
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Moore TC, Messer RJ, Hasenkrug KJ. Regulatory T cells suppress virus-specific antibody responses to Friend retrovirus infection. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0195402. [PMID: 29614127 PMCID: PMC5882174 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0195402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent vaccine studies with experimental antigens have shown that regulatory T cells (Tregs) constrain the magnitude of B cell responses. This homeostatic Treg-mediated suppression is thought to reduce the potential of germinal center (GC) responses to generate autoreactive antibodies. However, essentially opposite results were observed in live influenza infections where Tregs promoted B cell and antibody responses. Thus, it remains unclear whether Tregs dampen or enhance B cell responses, especially during live viral infections. Here, we use mice infected with Friend retrovirus (FV), which induces a robust expansion of Tregs. Depletion of Tregs led to elevated activation, proliferation, and class switching of B cells. In addition, Treg depletion enhanced the production of virus-specific and virus-neutralizing antibodies and reduced FV viremia. Thus, in contrast to influenza infection, Tregs either directly or indirectly suppress B cells during mouse retroviral infection indicating that the ultimate effect of Tregs on B cell responses is specific to the particular infectious agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler C. Moore
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, NIAID, NIH, Hamilton, MT, United States of America
| | - Ronald J. Messer
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, NIAID, NIH, Hamilton, MT, United States of America
| | - Kim J. Hasenkrug
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, NIAID, NIH, Hamilton, MT, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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18
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Abstract
Although prognosis for patients with multiple myeloma has improved over the past decade, research toward discovery of new therapeutic avenues is important and could lead to a cure for this plasma cell malignancy. Here we show that blocking the CD28-CD86 pathway via silencing of either CD28 or CD86 leads to myeloma cell death. Inhibiting this pathway leads to downregulation of integrins and IRF4, a known myeloma survival factor. Our data also indicate that CD86, the canonical ligand in this pathway, has prosurvival activity that is dependent on its cytosolic domain. These findings indicate that targeting of this pathway is a promising therapeutic avenue for myeloma, because it leads to modulation of different processes important in cell viability.
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19
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Watanabe M, Fujihara C, Radtke AJ, Chiang YJ, Bhatia S, Germain RN, Hodes RJ. Co-stimulatory function in primary germinal center responses: CD40 and B7 are required on distinct antigen-presenting cells. J Exp Med 2017; 214:2795-2810. [PMID: 28768709 PMCID: PMC5584122 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20161955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Revised: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 06/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Watanabe et al. report that, contrary to the prevailing paradigm, there are unique cellular requirements for B7 and CD40 expression in primary GC responses. B7 is required on DCs but not on B cells, whereas CD40 is required on B cells but not on DCs for generation of Tfh cells, GC B cells, and high-affinity class-switched antibody production. T cell–dependent germinal center (GC) responses require coordinated interactions of T cells with two antigen-presenting cell (APC) populations, B cells and dendritic cells (DCs), in the presence of B7- and CD40-dependent co-stimulatory pathways. Contrary to the prevailing paradigm, we found unique cellular requirements for B7 and CD40 expression in primary GC responses to vaccine immunization with protein antigen and adjuvant: B7 was required on DCs but was not required on B cells, whereas CD40 was required on B cells but not on DCs in the generation of antigen-specific follicular helper T cells, antigen-specific GC B cells, and high-affinity class-switched antibody production. There was, in fact, no requirement for coexpression of B7 and CD40 on the same cell in these responses. Our findings support a substantially revised model for co-stimulatory function in the primary GC response, with crucial and distinct contributions of B7- and CD40-dependent pathways expressed by different APC populations and with important implications for understanding how to optimize vaccine responses or limit autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masashi Watanabe
- Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Chiharu Fujihara
- Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Andrea J Radtke
- Laboratory of Systems Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Y Jeffrey Chiang
- Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Sumeena Bhatia
- Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Ronald N Germain
- Laboratory of Systems Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Richard J Hodes
- Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
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20
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The strength of BCR signaling shapes terminal development of follicular helper T cells in mice. Eur J Immunol 2017; 47:1295-1304. [DOI: 10.1002/eji.201746952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Revised: 04/14/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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21
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de Graav GN, Hesselink DA, Dieterich M, Kraaijeveld R, Verschoor W, Roelen DL, Litjens NHR, Chong AS, Weimar W, Baan CC. Belatacept Does Not Inhibit Follicular T Cell-Dependent B-Cell Differentiation in Kidney Transplantation. Front Immunol 2017; 8:641. [PMID: 28620390 PMCID: PMC5450507 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Humoral alloreactivity has been recognized as a common cause of kidney transplant dysfunction. B-cell activation, differentiation, and antibody production are dependent on IL-21+CXCR5+follicular T-helper (Tfh) cells. Here, we studied whether belatacept, an inhibitor of the costimulatory CD28-CD80/86-pathway, interrupts the crosstalk between Tfh- and B-cells more efficiently than the calcineurin inhibitor tacrolimus. The suppressive effects of belatacept and tacrolimus on donor antigen-driven Tfh-B-cell interaction were functionally studied in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from 40 kidney transplant patients randomized to a belatacept- or tacrolimus-based immunosuppressive regimen. No significant differences in uncultured cells or donor antigen-stimulated cells were found between belatacept- and tacrolimus-treated patients in the CXCR5+Tfh cell generation and activation (upregulation of PD-1). Belatacept and tacrolimus in vitro minimally inhibited Tfh-cell generation (by ~6-7%) and partially prevented Tfh-cell activation (by ~30-50%). The proportion of IL-21+-activated Tfh-cells was partially decreased by in vitro addition of belatacept or tacrolimus (by ~60%). Baseline expressions and proportions of activated CD86+ B-cells, plasmablasts, and transitional B-cells after donor antigen stimulation did not differ between belatacept- and tacrolimus-treated patients. Donor antigen-driven CD86 upregulation on memory B-cells was not fully prevented by adding belatacept in vitro (~35%), even in supratherapeutic doses. In contrast to tacrolimus, belatacept failed to inhibit donor antigen-driven plasmablast formation (~50% inhibition vs. no inhibition, respectively, p < 0.0001). In summary, donor antigen-driven Tfh-B-cell crosstalk is similar in cells obtained from belatacept- and tacrolimus-treated patients. Belatacept is, however, less potent in vitro than tacrolimus in inhibiting Tfh-cell-dependent plasmablast formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gretchen N de Graav
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section Transplantation and Nephrology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Dennis A Hesselink
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section Transplantation and Nephrology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Marjolein Dieterich
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section Transplantation and Nephrology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Rens Kraaijeveld
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section Transplantation and Nephrology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Wenda Verschoor
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section Transplantation and Nephrology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Dave L Roelen
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Nicolle H R Litjens
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section Transplantation and Nephrology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Anita S Chong
- Department of Surgery, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Willem Weimar
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section Transplantation and Nephrology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Carla C Baan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section Transplantation and Nephrology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
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22
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Tahiliani V, Hutchinson TE, Abboud G, Croft M, Salek-Ardakani S. OX40 Cooperates with ICOS To Amplify Follicular Th Cell Development and Germinal Center Reactions during Infection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 198:218-228. [PMID: 27895177 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1601356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Cognate interactions between T follicular helper (Tfh) cells and B cells are essential for promoting protective Ab responses. Whereas costimulatory receptors such as ICOS are accepted as being important for the induction of Tfh cell fate decision, other molecules may play key roles in amplifying or maintaining the Tfh phenotype. In this study, with vaccinia virus infection in mice, we show that OX40 was expressed on Tfh cells that accumulated at the T/B borders in the white pulp of the spleen and that OX40-dependent signals directly shaped the magnitude and quality of the their response to viral Ags. OX40 deficiency in Tfh cells profoundly impaired the acquisition of germinal center (GC) B cell phenotype, plasma cell generation, and virus-specific Ab responses. Most significantly, we found that sustained interactions between OX40 and its ligand, OX40L, beyond the time of initial encounter with dendritic cells were required for the persistence of high numbers of Tfh and GC B cells. Interestingly, OX40 was coexpressed with ICOS on Tfh cells in and around the GC, and ICOS-ICOSL interactions were similarly crucial at late times for maintenance of the Tfh and GC B cells. Thus, OX40 and ICOS act in a cooperative, nonredundant manner to maximize and prolong the Tfh response that is generated after acute virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikas Tahiliani
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610; and
| | - Tarun E Hutchinson
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610; and
| | - Georges Abboud
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610; and
| | - Michael Croft
- Division of Immune Regulation, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Shahram Salek-Ardakani
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610; and
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23
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Jogdand GM, Mohanty S, Devadas S. Regulators of Tfh Cell Differentiation. Front Immunol 2016; 7:520. [PMID: 27933060 PMCID: PMC5120123 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The follicular helper T (Tfh) cells help is critical for activation of B cells, antibody class switching, and germinal center (GC) formation. The Tfh cells are characterized by the expression of CXC chemokine receptor 5 (CXCR5), ICOS, programed death 1 (PD-1), B cell lymphoma 6 (BCL-6), and IL-21. They are involved in clearing infections and are adversely linked with autoimmune diseases and also have a role in viral replication as well as clearance. On the one hand, Tfh cells are generated from naive CD4+ T cells with sequential steps involving cytokine signaling (IL-21, IL-6, IL-12, activin A), migration, and positioning in the GC by CXCR5, surface receptors (ICOS/ICOSL, signaling lymphocyte activation molecule-associated protein/signaling lymphocyte activation molecule) as well as transcription factor (BCL-6, c-Maf, and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3) signaling and repressor miR155. On the other hand, Tfh generation is negatively regulated at specific steps of Tfh generation by specific cytokine (IL-2, IL-7), surface receptor (PD-1, CTLA-4), transcription factors B lymphocyte maturation protein 1, signal transducer and activator of transcription 5, T-bet, KLF-2 signaling, and repressor miR 146a. Interestingly, miR-17-92 and FOXO1 act as a positive as well as a negative regulator of Tfh differentiation depending on the time of expression and disease specificity. Tfh cells are also generated from the conversion of other effector T cells as exemplified by Th1 cells converting into Tfh during viral infection. The mechanistic details of effector T cells conversion into Tfh are yet to be clear. To manipulate Tfh cells for therapeutic implication and or for effective vaccination strategies, it is important to know positive and negative regulators of Tfh generation. Hence, in this review, we have highlighted and interlinked molecular signaling from cytokines, surface receptors, transcription factors, ubiquitin ligase, and microRNA as positive and negative regulators for Tfh differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gajendra M Jogdand
- T Cell and Immune Response, Infectious Disease Biology, Institute of Life Sciences , Bhubaneswar , India
| | - Suchitra Mohanty
- Tumor Virology Lab, Infectious Disease Biology, Institute of Life Sciences , Bhubaneswar , India
| | - Satish Devadas
- T Cell and Immune Response, Infectious Disease Biology, Institute of Life Sciences , Bhubaneswar , India
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24
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Abboud G, Desai P, Dastmalchi F, Stanfield J, Tahiliani V, Hutchinson TE, Salek-Ardakani S. Tissue-specific programming of memory CD8 T cell subsets impacts protection against lethal respiratory virus infection. J Exp Med 2016; 213:2897-2911. [PMID: 27879287 PMCID: PMC5154936 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20160167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Revised: 06/09/2016] [Accepted: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Abboud et al. reveal the striking and unexpected spatial organization of central- versus effector-like memory cells within the infected lung tissue and how cooperation between these two subsets contributes to host defense. How tissue-specific anatomical distribution and phenotypic specialization are linked to protective efficacy of memory T cells against reinfection is unclear. Here, we show that lung environmental cues program recently recruited central-like memory cells with migratory potentials for their tissue-specific functions during lethal respiratory virus infection. After entering the lung, some central-like cells retain their original CD27hiCXCR3hi phenotype, enabling them to localize near the infected bronchiolar epithelium and airway lumen to function as the first line of defense against pathogen encounter. Others, in response to local cytokine triggers, undergo a secondary program of differentiation that leads to the loss of CXCR3, migration arrest, and clustering within peribronchoarterial areas and in interalveolar septa. Here, the immune system adapts its response to prevent systemic viral dissemination and mortality. These results reveal the striking and unexpected spatial organization of central- versus effector-like memory cells within the lung and how cooperation between these two subsets contributes to host defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georges Abboud
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611
| | - Pritesh Desai
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611
| | - Farhad Dastmalchi
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611
| | - Jessica Stanfield
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611
| | - Vikas Tahiliani
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611
| | - Tarun E Hutchinson
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611
| | - Shahram Salek-Ardakani
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611
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Wali S, Sahoo A, Puri S, Alekseev A, Nurieva R. Insights into the development and regulation of T follicular helper cells. Cytokine 2016; 87:9-19. [PMID: 27339151 PMCID: PMC5108526 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2016.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
T follicular helper (Tfh) cells are specialized subset of T helper (Th) cells necessary for germinal center reaction, affinity maturation and the differentiation of germinal center B cells to antibody-producing plasma B cells and memory B cells. The differentiation of Tfh cells is a multistage, multifactorial process involving a variety of cytokines, surface molecules and transcription factors. While Tfh cells are critical components of protective immune responses against pathogens, regulation of these cells is crucial to prevent autoimmunity and airway inflammation. Recently, it has been noted that Tfh cells could be potentially implicated either in cancer progression or prevention. Thus, the elucidation of the mechanisms that regulate Tfh cell differentiation, function and fate should highlight potential targets for novel therapeutic approaches. In this review, we summarize the latest advances in our understanding of the regulation of Tfh cell differentiation and their role in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shradha Wali
- Department of Immunology, M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at Houston, TX, USA
| | - Anupama Sahoo
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Sushant Puri
- Department of Immunology, M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Andrei Alekseev
- Department of Immunology, M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Roza Nurieva
- Department of Immunology, M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at Houston, TX, USA.
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26
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Follicular Helper T Cells in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: Why Should They Be Considered as Interesting Therapeutic Targets? J Immunol Res 2016; 2016:5767106. [PMID: 27635407 PMCID: PMC5011227 DOI: 10.1155/2016/5767106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Revised: 07/06/2016] [Accepted: 07/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic autoimmune disease characterized by B cell hyperactivity leading to the production of autoantibodies, some of which having a deleterious effect. Reducing autoantibody production thus represents a way of controlling lupus pathogenesis, and a better understanding of the molecular and cellular factors involved in the differentiation of B cells into plasma cells could allow identifying new therapeutic targets. Follicular helper T cells (TFH) represent a distinct subset of CD4+ T cells specialized in providing help to B cells. They are required for the formation of germinal centers and the generation of long-lived serological memory and, as such, are suspected to play a central role in SLE. Recent advances in the field of TFH biology have allowed the identification of important molecular factors involved in TFH differentiation, regulation, and function. Interestingly, some of these TFH-related molecules have been described to be dysregulated in lupus patients. In the present review, we give an overview of the aberrant expression and/or function of such key players in lupus, and we highlight their potential as therapeutic targets.
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Bannard O, McGowan SJ, Ersching J, Ishido S, Victora GD, Shin JS, Cyster JG. Ubiquitin-mediated fluctuations in MHC class II facilitate efficient germinal center B cell responses. J Exp Med 2016; 213:993-1009. [PMID: 27162138 PMCID: PMC4886361 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20151682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2015] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibody affinity maturation occurs in germinal centers (GCs) through iterative rounds of somatic hypermutation and selection. Selection involves B cells competing for T cell help based on the amount of antigen they capture and present on their MHC class II (MHCII) proteins. How GC B cells are able to rapidly and repeatedly transition between mutating their B cell receptor genes and then being selected shortly after is not known. We report that MHCII surface levels and degradation are dynamically regulated in GC B cells. Through ectopic expression of a photoconvertible MHCII-mKikGR chimeric gene, we found that individual GC B cells differed in the rates of MHCII protein turnover. Fluctuations in surface MHCII levels were dependent on ubiquitination and the E3 ligase March1. Increases in March1 expression in centroblasts correlated with decreases in surface MHCII levels, whereas CD83 expression in centrocytes helped to stabilize MHCII at that stage. Defects in MHCII ubiquitination caused GC B cells to accumulate greater amounts of a specific peptide-MHCII (pMHCII), suggesting that MHCII turnover facilitates the replacement of old complexes. We propose that pMHCII complexes are periodically targeted for degradation in centroblasts to favor the presentation of recently acquired antigens, thereby promoting the fidelity and efficiency of selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Bannard
- Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, OX3 9DS Oxford, England, UK Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143 Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Simon J McGowan
- Computational Biology Research Group, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, OX3 9DS Oxford, England, UK
| | - Jonatan Ersching
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02142
| | - Satoshi Ishido
- Laboratory of Integrative Infection Immunity, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Tokyo 194-8543, Japan
| | | | - Jeoung-Sook Shin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Jason G Cyster
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143 Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143
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Affiliation(s)
- Carola G. Vinuesa
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia;
| | - Michelle A. Linterman
- Lymphocyte Signalling and Development Institute Strategic Programme, Babraham Institute, Cambridge CB22 3AT, United Kingdom;
| | - Di Yu
- Laboratory for Molecular Immunomodulation, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Center for Inflammatory Diseases, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia;
| | - Ian C.M. MacLennan
- School of Immunity and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
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29
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Ding C, Chen X, Dascani P, Hu X, Bolli R, Zhang HG, Mcleish KR, Yan J. STAT3 Signaling in B Cells Is Critical for Germinal Center Maintenance and Contributes to the Pathogenesis of Murine Models of Lupus. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 196:4477-86. [PMID: 27183592 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1502043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Ab maturation as well as memory B and plasma cell differentiation occur primarily in the germinal centers (GCs). Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) may develop as a result of enhanced GC activity. Previous studies have shown that the dysregulated STAT3 pathway is linked to lupus pathogenesis. However, the exact role of STAT3 in regulating SLE disease progression has not been fully understood. In this study, we demonstrated that STAT3 signaling in B cells is essential for GC formation and maintenance as well as Ab response. Increased cell apoptosis and downregulated Bcl-xL and Mcl-1 antiapoptotic gene expression were found in STAT3-deficient GC B cells. The follicular helper T cell response positively correlated with GC B cells and was significantly decreased in immunized B cell STAT3-deficient mice. STAT3 deficiency also led to the defect of plasma cell differentiation. Furthermore, STAT3 deficiency in autoreactive B cells resulted in decreased autoantibody production. Results obtained from B cell STAT3-deficient B6.MRL/lpr mice suggest that STAT3 signaling significantly contributes to SLE pathogenesis by regulation of GC reactivity, autoantibody production, and kidney pathology. Our findings provide new insights into the role of STAT3 signaling in the maintenance of GC formation and GC B cell differentiation and identify STAT3 as a novel target for treatment of SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanlin Ding
- Department of Medicine, James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202;
| | - Xingguo Chen
- Department of Rheumatology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210006, People's Republic of China
| | - Paul Dascani
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202
| | - Xiaoling Hu
- Department of Medicine, James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202
| | - Roberto Bolli
- Department of Medicine, Institute of Molecular Cardiology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292; and
| | - Huang-Ge Zhang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202
| | - Kenneth R Mcleish
- Section of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202
| | - Jun Yan
- Department of Medicine, James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202;
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30
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Activation of the adenosine A2A receptor exacerbates experimental autoimmune neuritis in Lewis rats in association with enhanced humoral immunity. J Neuroimmunol 2016; 293:129-136. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2016.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2015] [Revised: 01/06/2016] [Accepted: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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31
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Plasma cell alloantigen ENPP1 is expressed by a subset of human B cells with potential regulatory functions. Immunol Cell Biol 2016; 94:719-28. [PMID: 27029896 DOI: 10.1038/icb.2016.31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2015] [Revised: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Plasma cell alloantigen 1 (PC1), also known as ENPP1 (ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase 1), is an enzyme involved primarily in hydrolysis of adenosine triphosphate at the cell surface. Although the expression pattern of PC1 is relatively broad, its expression in B cells is found at significant levels only in terminally differentiated germinal center B cells, plasma cells and a subset of B-1a cells in mice. Here we describe studies designed to determine whether expression of PC1 might define novel populations of human B cells with similarities to mouse B cells. We found that PC1 is expressed in small populations of human B lineage cells in peripheral blood, cord blood, tonsils, bone marrow and pediatric peritoneal fluid, with the highest levels in plasma cells. The characteristics of human PC1(+) B cells differ from mouse peritoneal B-1a subsets and from features of the human CD20(+)CD27(+)CD43(+)CD70(-) B-cell subset proposed to be human B-1 cells. Expression of PC1 was greatly increased in B cells stimulated with the combination of CD40 ligand, interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-21. In addition, PC1(+) B cells activated CD4(+) T regulatory cells. ENPP1 thus defines a subset of human B cells that differs significantly from mouse peritoneal B-1a and proposed human B-1 cells.
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32
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Ryg-Cornejo V, Ioannidis L, Ly A, Chiu C, Tellier J, Hill D, Preston S, Pellegrini M, Yu D, Nutt S, Kallies A, Hansen D. Severe Malaria Infections Impair Germinal Center Responses by Inhibiting T Follicular Helper Cell Differentiation. Cell Rep 2016; 14:68-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2015.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2015] [Revised: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 11/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
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Walker LSK, von Herrath M. CD4 T cell differentiation in type 1 diabetes. Clin Exp Immunol 2015; 183:16-29. [PMID: 26102289 DOI: 10.1111/cei.12672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Susceptibility to type 1 diabetes is associated strongly with human leucocyte antigen (HLA) genes, implicating T cells in disease pathogenesis. In humans, CD8 T cells predominantly infiltrate the islets, yet their activation and propagation probably requires CD4 T cell help. CD4 T cells can select from several differentiation fates following activation, and this choice has profound consequences for their subsequent cytokine production and migratory potential. In turn, these features dictate which other immune cell types T cells interact with and influence, thereby determining downstream effector functions. Obtaining an accurate picture of the type of CD4 T cell differentiation associated with a particular immune-mediated disease therefore constitutes an important clue when planning intervention strategies. Early models of T cell differentiation focused on the dichotomy between T helper type 1 (Th1) and Th2 responses, with type 1 diabetes (T1D) being viewed mainly as a Th1-mediated pathology. However, several additional fate choices have emerged in recent years, including Th17 cells and follicular helper T cells. Here we revisit the issue of T cell differentiation in autoimmune diabetes, highlighting new evidence from both mouse models and patient samples. We assess the strengths and the weaknesses of the Th1 paradigm, review the data on interleukin (IL)-17 production in type 1 diabetes and discuss emerging evidence for the roles of IL-21 and follicular helper T cells in this disease setting. A better understanding of the phenotype of CD4 T cells in T1D will undoubtedly inform biomarker development, improve patient stratification and potentially reveal new targets for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- L S K Walker
- Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London Division of Infection and Immunity, Royal Free Campus, London, UK
| | - M von Herrath
- Type 1 Diabetes Center, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA and Novo Nordisk Diabetes Research and Development Center, Seattle, WA, USA
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34
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The importance of co‐stimulation in the orchestration of T helper cell differentiation. Immunol Cell Biol 2015; 93:780-8. [DOI: 10.1038/icb.2015.45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Revised: 03/01/2015] [Accepted: 03/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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35
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Effect of TACI signaling on humoral immunity and autoimmune diseases. J Immunol Res 2015; 2015:247426. [PMID: 25866827 PMCID: PMC4381970 DOI: 10.1155/2015/247426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2015] [Accepted: 03/04/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Transmembrane activator and calcium-modulating cyclophilin ligand interactor (TACI) is one of the receptors of B cell activating factor of the tumor necrosis factor family (BAFF) and a proliferation-inducing ligand (APRIL). TACI is a regulator in the immune responses. TACI inhibits B cell expansion and promotes the differentiation and survival of plasma cells. The mechanisms underlying these effects probably involve changed expressions of some crucial molecules, such as B lymphocyte induced maturation protein-1 (Blimp-1) and inducible T-cell costimulator ligand (ICOSL) in B cells and/or plasma cells. However, abnormal TACI signaling may relate to autoimmune disorders. Common variable immune deficiency (CVID) patients with heterozygous mutations in TACI alleles increase susceptibility to autoimmune diseases. Taci−/− mice and BAFF transgenic mice both develop signs of human SLE. These findings that indicate inappropriate levels of TACI signaling may disrupt immune system balance, thereby promoting the development of autoimmune diseases. In this review, we summarize the basic characteristics of the TACI ligands BAFF and APRIL, and detail the research findings on the role of TACI in humoral immunity. We also discuss the possible mechanisms underlying the susceptibility of CVID patients with TACI mutations to autoimmune diseases and the role of TACI in the pathogenesis of SLE.
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36
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The regulation of T follicular helper responses during infection. Curr Opin Immunol 2015; 34:68-74. [PMID: 25726751 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2015.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2015] [Revised: 02/11/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Following infection, naïve CD4 T cells can differentiate into various functionally distinct effector and memory subsets, including T follicular helper (TFH) cells that orchestrate germinal center (GC) reactions necessary for high-affinity, pathogen-specific antibody responses. The origins and function of this cell type have been extensively examined in response to subunit immunization with model antigens. More recently, we are beginning to also appreciate the extent to which microbial infections shape the generation, function and maintenance of TFH cells. Here, we review recent advances and highlight additional knowledge gaps in our understanding of how microbial infections influence priming, differentiation, localization and activity of TFH cells following acute and chronic infections.
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37
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Abstract
Antibodies are powerful defense tools against pathogens but may cause autoimmune diseases when erroneously directed toward self-antigens. Thus, antibody producing cells are carefully selected, refined, and expanded in a highly regulated microenvironment (germinal center) in the peripheral lymphoid organs. A subset of T cells termed T follicular helper cells (Tfh) play a central role in instructing B cells to form a repertoire of antibody producing cells that provide life-long supply of high affinity, pathogen-specific antibodies. Therefore, understanding how Tfh cells arise and how they facilitate B cell selection and differentiation during germinal center reaction is critical to improve vaccines and better treat autoimmune diseases. In this review, I will summarise recent findings on molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying Tfh generation and function with an emphasis on T cell costimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woong-Kyung Suh
- Clinical Research Institute of Montreal (IRCM), University of Montreal, and McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H2W 1R7,
Canada
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38
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CTLA-4 controls follicular helper T-cell differentiation by regulating the strength of CD28 engagement. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 112:524-9. [PMID: 25548162 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1414576112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen-4 (CTLA-4) is an essential regulator of T-cell responses, and its absence precipitates lethal T-cell hyperactivity. However, whether CTLA-4 acts simply to veto the activation of certain clones or plays a more nuanced role in shaping the quality of T-cell responses is not clear. Here we report that T cells in CTLA-4-deficient mice show spontaneous T-follicular helper (T(FH)) differentiation in vivo, and this is accompanied by the appearance of large germinal centers (GCs). Remarkably, short-term blockade with anti-CTLA-4 antibody in wild-type mice is sufficient to elicit T(FH) generation and GC development. The latter occurs in a CD28-dependent manner, consistent with the known role of CTLA-4 in regulating the CD28 pathway. CTLA-4 can act by down-regulating CD80 and CD86 on antigen presenting cells (APCs), thereby altering the level of CD28 engagement. To mimic reduced CD28 ligation, we used mice heterozygous for CD28, revealing that the magnitude of CD28 engagement is tightly linked to the propensity for T(FH) differentiation. In contrast, other parameters of T-cell activation, including CD62L down-regulation and Ki67 expression, were relatively insensitive to altered CD28 level. Altered T(FH) generation as a result of graded reduction in CD28 was associated with decreased numbers of GC B cells and a reduction in overall GC size. These data support a model in which CTLA-4 control of immunity goes beyond vetoing T-cell priming and encompasses the regulation of T(FH) differentiation by graded control of CD28 engagement.
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Ramon S, Baker SF, Sahler JM, Kim N, Feldsott EA, Serhan CN, Martínez-Sobrido L, Topham DJ, Phipps RP. The specialized proresolving mediator 17-HDHA enhances the antibody-mediated immune response against influenza virus: a new class of adjuvant? JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2014; 193:6031-40. [PMID: 25392529 PMCID: PMC4258475 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1302795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Influenza viruses remain a critical global health concern. More efficacious vaccines are needed to protect against influenza virus, yet few adjuvants are approved for routine use. Specialized proresolving mediators (SPMs) are powerful endogenous bioactive regulators of inflammation, with great clinical translational properties. In this study, we investigated the ability of the SPM 17-HDHA to enhance the adaptive immune response using an OVA immunization model and a preclinical influenza vaccination mouse model. Our findings revealed that mice immunized with OVA plus 17-HDHA or with H1N1-derived HA protein plus 17-HDHA increased Ag-specific Ab titers. 17-HDHA increased the number of Ab-secreting cells in vitro and the number of HA-specific Ab-secreting cells present in the bone marrow. Importantly, the 17-HDHA-mediated increased Ab production was more protective against live pH1N1 influenza infection in mice. To our knowledge, this is the first report on the biological effects of ω-3-derived SPMs on the humoral immune response. These findings illustrate a previously unknown biological link between proresolution signals and the adaptive immune system. Furthermore, this work has important implications for the understanding of B cell biology, as well as the development of new potential vaccine adjuvants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sesquile Ramon
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642; Center for Experimental Therapeutics and Reperfusion Injury, Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115; and
| | - Steven F Baker
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642
| | - Julie M Sahler
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642
| | - Nina Kim
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642
| | - Eric A Feldsott
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642
| | - Charles N Serhan
- Center for Experimental Therapeutics and Reperfusion Injury, Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115; and
| | - Luis Martínez-Sobrido
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642
| | - David J Topham
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642
| | - Richard P Phipps
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642; Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642;
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40
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Regulatory T Cells Control Antigen-Specific Expansion of Tfh Cell Number and Humoral Immune Responses via the Coreceptor CTLA-4. Immunity 2014; 41:1013-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2014.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 266] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Accepted: 10/31/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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41
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Linterman MA, Denton AE, Divekar DP, Zvetkova I, Kane L, Ferreira C, Veldhoen M, Clare S, Dougan G, Espéli M, Smith KGC. CD28 expression is required after T cell priming for helper T cell responses and protective immunity to infection. eLife 2014; 3. [PMID: 25347065 PMCID: PMC4241536 DOI: 10.7554/elife.03180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2014] [Accepted: 10/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The co-stimulatory molecule CD28 is essential for activation of helper T cells. Despite this critical role, it is not known whether CD28 has functions in maintaining T cell responses following activation. To determine the role for CD28 after T cell priming, we generated a strain of mice where CD28 is removed from CD4+ T cells after priming. We show that continued CD28 expression is important for effector CD4+ T cells following infection; maintained CD28 is required for the expansion of T helper type 1 cells, and for the differentiation and maintenance of T follicular helper cells during viral infection. Persistent CD28 is also required for clearance of the bacterium Citrobacter rodentium from the gastrointestinal tract. Together, this study demonstrates that CD28 persistence is required for helper T cell polarization in response to infection, describing a novel function for CD28 that is distinct from its role in T cell priming. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.03180.001 Invasion by a bacterium or virus typically activates a mammalian host's immune system to eliminate the pathogen. The cells of the so-called ‘innate immune system’ are the body's first line of defense against infection, and these cells patrol the organs and tissues in an effort to locate and eliminate pathogens quickly. The innate immune response is rapid and non-specific, but often cannot completely clear an infection. When necessary, innate immune cells will escalate the immune response by activating the second branch of the immune system, called the ‘adaptive immune system’. This specifically targets and eradicates an invading pathogen. T cells are essential components of the adaptive immune system, and these cells can be readily distinguished from other types of cell by proteins called T cell receptors (or TCRs) found on their surface. There are also different types of T cell, each with a specific function. T helper cells, for example, help other adaptive immune cells to mature and activate, which involves these immune cells proliferating and developing into more specialized cells. For a T cell to activate, two events must occur at the same time. First, the TCR must recognize and bind to a fragment of the pathogen that is presented to it by an innate immune cell. And second, ‘co-stimulatory molecules’ present on the surfaces of both the T cell and the same innate immune cell must interact. Using these two signals to activate a T cell helps to ensure the adaptive immune response is not ‘unleashed‘ unnecessarily. Co-stimulatory molecules have become popular targets for therapies aimed at treating autoimmune disorders—where the immune system attacks and destroys the body's own tissues. One of the most well studied co-stimulatory molecules expressed by T cells is called CD28; however, it remained unknown whether CD28 is involved in any processes after T cell activation. Now, Linterman et al. reveal that the CD28 co-stimulatory molecule plays a number of roles in addition to T cell activation. For example, a newly developed mouse model showed that CD28 must remain on the surface of T helper cells after they have been activated for these cells to effectively specialize. Linterman et al. also discovered that CD28 helps different T helper cell subtypes to develop. Linterman et al. demonstrate that CD28 is critical throughout a host's response to infection, and suggest that if CD28 is lost on activated T cells (which happens during aging, HIV infection and autoimmune diseases) the responses of T helper cells become limited. Furthermore, these findings reveal that treatments that target the CD28 co-stimulatory molecule will also affect on-going immune responses. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.03180.002
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle A Linterman
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Alice E Denton
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Devina P Divekar
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Ilona Zvetkova
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Leanne Kane
- Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Cristina Ferreira
- Babraham Research Campus, Babraham Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Marc Veldhoen
- Babraham Research Campus, Babraham Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Clare
- Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Gordon Dougan
- Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Marion Espéli
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Kenneth G C Smith
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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Chen MY, Chen YP, Wu MS, Yu GY, Lin WJ, Tan TH, Su YW. PP4 is essential for germinal center formation and class switch recombination in mice. PLoS One 2014; 9:e107505. [PMID: 25215539 PMCID: PMC4162579 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0107505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2014] [Accepted: 08/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
PP4 is a serine/threonine phosphatase required for immunoglobulin (Ig) VDJ recombination and pro-B/pre-B cell development in mice. To elucidate the role of PP4 in mature B cells, we ablated the catalytic subunit of murine PP4 invivo utilizing the CD23 promoter and cre-loxP recombination and generated CD23crePP4F/F mice. The development of follicular and marginal zone B cells was unaffected in these mutants, but the proliferation of mature PP4-deficient B cells stimulated by invitro treatment with either anti-IgM antibody (Ab) or LPS was partially impaired. Interestingly, the induction of CD80 and CD86 expression on these stimulated B cells was normal. Basal levels of serum Igs of all isotypes were strongly reduced in CD23crePP4F/F mice, and their B cells showed a reduced efficiency of class switch recombination (CSR) invitro upon stimulation by LPS or LPS plus IL-4. When CD23crePP4F/F mice were challenged with either the T cell-dependent antigen TNP-KLH or the T cell-independent antigen TNP-Ficoll, or by H1N1 virus infection, the mutant animals failed to form germinal centers (GCs) in the spleen and the draining mediastinal lymph nodes, and did not efficiently mount antigen-specific humoral responses. In the resting state, PP4-deficient B cells exhibited pre-existing DNA fragmentation. Upon stimulation by DNA-damaging drug etoposide invitro, mutant B cells showed increased cleavage of caspase 3. In addition, the mutant B cells displayed impaired CD40-mediated MAPK activation, abnormal IgM-mediated NF-κB activation, and reduced S phase entry upon IgM/CD40-stimulation. Taken together, our results establish a novel role for PP4 in CSR, and reveal crucial functions for PP4 in the maintenance of genomic stability, GC formation, and B cell-mediated immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Yu Chen
- Immunology Research Center, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Miaoli County, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Ping Chen
- Immunology Research Center, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Miaoli County, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Sian Wu
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Miaoli County, Taiwan
| | - Guanni-Yi Yu
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Miaoli County, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Jye Lin
- Immunology Research Center, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Miaoli County, Taiwan
| | - Tse-Hua Tan
- Immunology Research Center, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Miaoli County, Taiwan
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Yu-Wen Su
- Immunology Research Center, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Miaoli County, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
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43
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Abraham PM, Quan SH, Dukala D, Soliven B. CD19 as a therapeutic target in a spontaneous autoimmune polyneuropathy. Clin Exp Immunol 2014; 175:181-91. [PMID: 24116957 DOI: 10.1111/cei.12215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Spontaneous autoimmune polyneuropathy (SAP) in B7-2 knock-out non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice is mediated by myelin protein zero (P0)-reactive T helper type 1 (Th1) cells. In this study, we investigated the role of B cells in SAP, focusing on CD19 as a potential therapeutic target. We found that P0-specific plasmablasts and B cells were increased in spleens of SAP mice compared to wild-type NOD mice. Depletion of B cells and plasmablasts with anti-CD19 monoclonal antibody (mAb) led to attenuation of disease severity when administered at 5 months of age. This was accompanied by decreased serum immunoglobulin (Ig)G and IgM levels, depletion of P0-specific plasmablasts and B cells, down-regulation/internalization of surface CD19 and increased frequency of CD4(+) regulatory T cells in spleens. We conclude that B cells are crucial to the pathogenesis of SAP, and that CD19 is a promising B cell target for the development of disease-modifying agents in autoimmune neuropathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- P M Abraham
- Department of Neurology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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Attridge K, Kenefeck R, Wardzinski L, Qureshi OS, Wang CJ, Manzotti C, Okkenhaug K, Walker LSK. IL-21 promotes CD4 T cell responses by phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-dependent upregulation of CD86 on B cells. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2014; 192:2195-201. [PMID: 24470500 PMCID: PMC3932810 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1302082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2013] [Accepted: 12/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The cytokine IL-21 is a potent immune modulator with diverse mechanisms of action on multiple cell types. IL-21 is in clinical use to promote tumor rejection and is an emerging target for neutralization in the setting of autoimmunity. Despite its clinical potential, the biological actions of IL-21 are not yet fully understood and the full range of effects of this pleiotropic cytokine are still being uncovered. In this study, we identify a novel role for IL-21 as an inducer of the costimulatory ligand CD86 on B lymphocytes. CD86 provides critical signals through T cell-expressed CD28 that promote T cell activation in response to Ag engagement. Expression levels of CD86 are tightly regulated in vivo, being actively decreased by regulatory T cells and increased in response to pathogen-derived signals. In this study, we demonstrate that IL-21 can trigger potent and sustained CD86 upregulation through a STAT3 and PI3K-dependent mechanism. We show that elevated CD86 expression has functional consequences for the magnitude of CD4 T cell responses both in vitro and in vivo. These data pinpoint CD86 upregulation as an additional mechanism by which IL-21 can elicit immunomodulatory effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kesley Attridge
- Medical Research Council Centre for Immune Regulation, University of Birmingham Medical School, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Rupert Kenefeck
- Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London Medical School, London NW3 2PF, United Kingdom; and
| | - Lukasz Wardzinski
- Medical Research Council Centre for Immune Regulation, University of Birmingham Medical School, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
- Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London Medical School, London NW3 2PF, United Kingdom; and
| | - Omar S. Qureshi
- Medical Research Council Centre for Immune Regulation, University of Birmingham Medical School, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Chun Jing Wang
- Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London Medical School, London NW3 2PF, United Kingdom; and
| | - Claire Manzotti
- Medical Research Council Centre for Immune Regulation, University of Birmingham Medical School, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Klaus Okkenhaug
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Signalling and Development, Babraham Institute, Cambridge CB22 3AT, United Kingdom
| | - Lucy S. K. Walker
- Medical Research Council Centre for Immune Regulation, University of Birmingham Medical School, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
- Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London Medical School, London NW3 2PF, United Kingdom; and
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45
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Qi H, Liu D, Ma W, Wang Y, Yan H. Bcl-6 controlled TFH polarization and memory: the known unknowns. Curr Opin Immunol 2014; 28:34-41. [PMID: 24583637 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2014.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2014] [Revised: 01/25/2014] [Accepted: 01/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Upon antigenic activation in vivo, naïve CD4 T cells can differentiate into one of several helper (Th) subsets under the control of lineage-specifying transcription factors to tailor immune responses against different types of pathogens. Follicular T-helper (TFH) cells are a recently defined subset that is controlled by Bcl-6 and specializes in promoting B cell-mediated humoral immunity. TFH cells exhibit unique spatiotemporal and functional features, but it is not settled as to how Bcl-6 promotes the TFH development, how TFH cells relate to other Th subsets, and how TFH cells relate to memory. Here we review recent advances and crucial gaps in our understanding of Bcl-6-controlled TFH development and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai Qi
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Laboratory of Dynamic Immunobiology, School of Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China.
| | - Dan Liu
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Laboratory of Dynamic Immunobiology, School of Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
| | - Weiwei Ma
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Laboratory of Dynamic Immunobiology, School of Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
| | - Yifeng Wang
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Laboratory of Dynamic Immunobiology, School of Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
| | - Hu Yan
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Laboratory of Dynamic Immunobiology, School of Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
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46
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Sanchez-Lockhart M, Rojas AV, Fettis MM, Bauserman R, Higa TR, Miao H, Waugh RE, Miller J. T cell receptor signaling can directly enhance the avidity of CD28 ligand binding. PLoS One 2014; 9:e89263. [PMID: 24586641 PMCID: PMC3933428 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0089263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2013] [Accepted: 01/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
T cell activation takes place in the context of a spatial and kinetic reorganization of cell surface proteins and signaling molecules at the contact site with an antigen presenting cell, termed the immunological synapse. Coordination of the activation, recruitment, and signaling from T cell receptor (TCR) in conjunction with adhesion and costimulatory receptors regulates both the initiation and duration of signaling that is required for T cell activation. The costimulatory receptor, CD28, is an essential signaling molecule that determines the quality and quantity of T cell immune responses. Although the functional consequences of CD28 engagement are well described, the molecular mechanisms that regulate CD28 function are largely unknown. Using a micropipet adhesion frequency assay, we show that TCR signaling enhances the direct binding between CD28 and its ligand, CD80. Although CD28 is expressed as a homodimer, soluble recombinant CD28 can only bind ligand monovalently. Our data suggest that the increase in CD28-CD28 binding is mediated through a change in CD28 valency. Molecular dynamic simulations and in vitro mutagenesis indicate that mutations at the base of the CD28 homodimer interface, distal to the ligand-binding site, can induce a change in the orientation of the dimer that allows for bivalent ligand binding. When expressed in T cells, this mutation allows for high avidity CD28–CD80 interactions without TCR signaling. Molecular dynamic simulations also suggest that wild type CD28 can stably adopt a bivalent conformation. These results support a model whereby inside-out signaling from the TCR can enhance CD28 ligand interactions by inducing a change in the CD28 dimer interface to allow for bivalent ligand binding and ultimately the transduction of CD28 costimulatory signals that are required for T cell activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariano Sanchez-Lockhart
- David H Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Ana V. Rojas
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Margaret M. Fettis
- David H Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Richard Bauserman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Trissha R. Higa
- David H Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Hongyu Miao
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Richard E. Waugh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Jim Miller
- David H Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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47
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Afshar-Sterle S, Zotos D, Bernard NJ, Scherger AK, Rödling L, Alsop AE, Walker J, Masson F, Belz GT, Corcoran LM, O'Reilly LA, Strasser A, Smyth MJ, Johnstone R, Tarlinton DM, Nutt SL, Kallies A. Fas ligand-mediated immune surveillance by T cells is essential for the control of spontaneous B cell lymphomas. Nat Med 2014; 20:283-90. [PMID: 24487434 DOI: 10.1038/nm.3442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2013] [Accepted: 12/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Loss of function of the tumor suppressor gene PRDM1 (also known as BLIMP1) or deregulated expression of the oncogene BCL6 occurs in a large proportion of diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL) cases. However, targeted mutation of either gene in mice leads to only slow and infrequent development of malignant lymphoma, and despite frequent mutation of BCL6 in activated B cells of healthy individuals, lymphoma development is rare. Here we show that T cells prevent the development of overt lymphoma in mice caused by Blimp1 deficiency or overexpression of Bcl6 in the B cell lineage. Impairment of T cell control results in rapid development of DLBCL-like disease, which can be eradicated by polyclonal CD8(+) T cells in a T cell receptor-, CD28- and Fas ligand-dependent manner. Thus, malignant transformation of mature B cells requires mutations that impair intrinsic differentiation processes and permit escape from T cell-mediated tumor surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoukat Afshar-Sterle
- 1] Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia. [2] Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia. [3]
| | - Dimitra Zotos
- 1] Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia. [2] Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia. [3]
| | - Nicholas J Bernard
- 1] Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia. [2] Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia. [3]
| | - Anna K Scherger
- 1] Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia. [2] Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Lisa Rödling
- 1] Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia. [2] Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Amber E Alsop
- 1] Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia. [2] Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jennifer Walker
- 1] Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia. [2] Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Frederick Masson
- 1] Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia. [2] Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Gabrielle T Belz
- 1] Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia. [2] Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Lynn M Corcoran
- 1] Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia. [2] Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Lorraine A O'Reilly
- 1] Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia. [2] Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Andreas Strasser
- 1] Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia. [2] Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Mark J Smyth
- 1] Immunology in Cancer and Infection Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland, Australia. [2] School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Ricky Johnstone
- 1] Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. [2] Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - David M Tarlinton
- 1] Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia. [2] Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Stephen L Nutt
- 1] Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia. [2] Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Axel Kallies
- 1] Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia. [2] Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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48
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Abstract
T(reg) cells are essential for the maintenance of immune homeostasis and prevention of autoimmunity. In humoral immune responses, loss of T(reg) cell function causes increased levels of serum autoantibodies, hyper-IgE, spontaneous generation of germinal centres, and enhanced numbers of specialised T follicular helper cells (T(fh) cells) controlled by the lineage-defining transcription factor BCL-6 (B-cell lymphoma 6). Recent studies have demonstrated that a subset of T(reg) cells [T follicular regulatory (T(freg)) cells] are able to co-opt the follicular T-cell program by gaining expression of BCL-6 and travelling to the follicle where they have an important role in the control of expansion of T(fh) cells and the germinal centre reaction. However, the mechanisms by which they exert this control are still under investigation. In this review, we discuss the effects of T(reg) cells on humoral immunity and the mechanisms by which they exert their regulatory function.
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Affiliation(s)
- James B Wing
- Department of Experimental Immunology, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Osaka, Japan
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49
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Tellier J, Nutt SL. The unique features of follicular T cell subsets. Cell Mol Life Sci 2013; 70:4771-84. [PMID: 23852544 PMCID: PMC11113495 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-013-1420-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2013] [Revised: 06/25/2013] [Accepted: 06/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The germinal center (GC) reaction is critical for humoral immunity, but also contributes adversely to a variety of autoimmune diseases. While the major protective function of GCs is mediated by plasma cells and memory B cells, follicular helper T (TFH) cells represent a specialized T cell subset that provides essential help to the antigen-specific B cells in the form of membrane-bound ligands and secreted factors such as IL-21. Recent studies have revealed that TFH cells are capable of considerable functional diversity as well as possessing the ability to form memory cells. The molecular basis of this plasticity and heterogeneity is only now emerging. It has also become apparent that several other populations of follicular T cells exist, including natural killer T cells and regulatory T cells. In this review we will discuss the function of follicular T cells and interaction of these populations within the GC response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Tellier
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, Melbourne, VIC, 3052, Australia,
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50
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Qi H, Chen X, Chu C, Lu P, Xu H, Yan J. Follicular T‐helper cells: controlled localization and cellular interactions. Immunol Cell Biol 2013; 92:28-33. [DOI: 10.1038/icb.2013.59] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2013] [Revised: 09/01/2013] [Accepted: 09/04/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hai Qi
- Tsinghua‐Peking Center for Life Sciences, Laboratory of Dynamic Immunobiology, School of Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Xin Chen
- Tsinghua‐Peking Center for Life Sciences, Laboratory of Dynamic Immunobiology, School of Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Coco Chu
- Tsinghua‐Peking Center for Life Sciences, Laboratory of Dynamic Immunobiology, School of Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Peiwen Lu
- Tsinghua‐Peking Center for Life Sciences, Laboratory of Dynamic Immunobiology, School of Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Heping Xu
- Tsinghua‐Peking Center for Life Sciences, Laboratory of Dynamic Immunobiology, School of Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Jiacong Yan
- Tsinghua‐Peking Center for Life Sciences, Laboratory of Dynamic Immunobiology, School of Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua UniversityBeijingChina
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