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Gairola S, Sinha A, Kaundal RK. Linking NLRP3 inflammasome and pulmonary fibrosis: mechanistic insights and promising therapeutic avenues. Inflammopharmacology 2024; 32:287-305. [PMID: 37991660 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-023-01389-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
Pulmonary fibrosis is a devastating disorder distinguished by redundant inflammation and matrix accumulation in the lung interstitium. The early inflammatory cascade coupled with recurring tissue injury orchestrates a set of events marked by perturbed matrix hemostasis, deposition of matrix proteins, and remodeling in lung tissue. Numerous investigations have corroborated a direct correlation between the NLR family pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3) activation and the development of pulmonary fibrosis. Dysregulated activation of NLRP3 within the pulmonary microenvironment exacerbates inflammation and may incite fibrogenic responses. Nevertheless, the precise mechanisms through which the NLRP3 inflammasome elicits pro-fibrogenic responses remain inadequately defined. Contemporary findings suggest that the pro-fibrotic consequences stemming from NLRP3 signaling primarily hinge on the action of interleukin-1β (IL-1β). IL-1β instigates IL-1 receptor signaling, potentiating the activity of transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β). This signaling cascade, in turn, exerts influence over various transcription factors, including SNAIL, TWIST, and zinc finger E-box-binding homeobox 1 (ZEB 1/2), which collectively foster myofibroblast activation and consequent lung fibrosis. Here, we have connected the dots to illustrate how the NLRP3 inflammasome orchestrates a multitude of signaling events, including the activation of transcription factors that facilitate myofibroblast activation and subsequent lung remodeling. In addition, we have highlighted the prominent role played by various cells in the formation of myofibroblasts, the primary culprit in lung fibrosis. We also provided a concise overview of various compounds that hold the potential to impede NLRP3 inflammasome signaling, thus offering a promising avenue for the treatment of pulmonary fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shobhit Gairola
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Raebareli (NIPER-R), Transit Campus, Bijnor-Sisendi Road, Sarojini Nagar, Near CRPF Base Camp, Lucknow, UP, 226002, India
| | - Antarip Sinha
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Raebareli (NIPER-R), Transit Campus, Bijnor-Sisendi Road, Sarojini Nagar, Near CRPF Base Camp, Lucknow, UP, 226002, India
| | - Ravinder K Kaundal
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Raebareli (NIPER-R), Transit Campus, Bijnor-Sisendi Road, Sarojini Nagar, Near CRPF Base Camp, Lucknow, UP, 226002, India.
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Krantz M, Eklund D, Särndahl E, Hedbrant A. A detailed molecular network map and model of the NLRP3 inflammasome. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1233680. [PMID: 38077364 PMCID: PMC10699087 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1233680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The NLRP3 inflammasome is a key regulator of inflammation that responds to a broad range of stimuli. The exact mechanism of activation has not been determined, but there is a consensus on cellular potassium efflux as a major common denominator. Once NLRP3 is activated, it forms high-order complexes together with NEK7 that trigger aggregation of ASC into specks. Typically, there is only one speck per cell, consistent with the proposal that specks form - or end up at - the centrosome. ASC polymerisation in turn triggers caspase-1 activation, leading to maturation and release of IL-1β and pyroptosis, i.e., highly inflammatory cell death. Several gain-of-function mutations in the NLRP3 inflammasome have been suggested to induce spontaneous activation of NLRP3 and hence contribute to development and disease severity in numerous autoinflammatory and autoimmune diseases. Consequently, the NLRP3 inflammasome is of significant clinical interest, and recent attention has drastically improved our insight in the range of involved triggers and mechanisms of signal transduction. However, despite recent progress in knowledge, a clear and comprehensive overview of how these mechanisms interplay to shape the system level function is missing from the literature. Here, we provide such an overview as a resource to researchers working in or entering the field, as well as a computational model that allows for evaluating and explaining the function of the NLRP3 inflammasome system from the current molecular knowledge. We present a detailed reconstruction of the molecular network surrounding the NLRP3 inflammasome, which account for each specific reaction and the known regulatory constraints on each event as well as the mechanisms of drug action and impact of genetics when known. Furthermore, an executable model from this network reconstruction is generated with the aim to be used to explain NLRP3 activation from priming and activation to the maturation and release of IL-1β and IL-18. Finally, we test this detailed mechanistic model against data on the effect of different modes of inhibition of NLRP3 assembly. While the exact mechanisms of NLRP3 activation remains elusive, the literature indicates that the different stimuli converge on a single activation mechanism that is additionally controlled by distinct (positive or negative) priming and licensing events through covalent modifications of the NLRP3 molecule. Taken together, we present a compilation of the literature knowledge on the molecular mechanisms on NLRP3 activation, a detailed mechanistic model of NLRP3 activation, and explore the convergence of diverse NLRP3 activation stimuli into a single input mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Krantz
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
- Inflammatory Response and Infection Susceptibility Centre (iRiSC), Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Daniel Eklund
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
- Inflammatory Response and Infection Susceptibility Centre (iRiSC), Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Eva Särndahl
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
- Inflammatory Response and Infection Susceptibility Centre (iRiSC), Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Alexander Hedbrant
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
- Inflammatory Response and Infection Susceptibility Centre (iRiSC), Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
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Ravi D, Ntinopoulou E, Guetta N, Weier M, Vogel V, Spellerberg B, Sendi P, Gremlich S, Roger T, Giannoni E. Dysregulated monocyte-derived macrophage response to Group B Streptococcus in newborns. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1268804. [PMID: 38035076 PMCID: PMC10682703 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1268804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Streptococcus agalactiae (Group B Streptococcus, GBS) is a leading pathogen of neonatal sepsis. The host-pathogen interactions underlying the progression to life-threatening infection in newborns are incompletely understood. Macrophages are first line in host defenses against GBS, contributing to the initiation, amplification, and termination of immune responses. The goal of this study was to compare the response of newborn and adult monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs) to GBS. Methods Monocytes from umbilical cord blood of healthy term newborns and from peripheral blood of healthy adult subjects were cultured with M-CSF to induce MDMs. M-CSF-MDMs, GM-CSF- and IFNγ-activated MDMs were exposed to GBS COH1, a reference strain for neonatal sepsis. Results GBS induced a greater release of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, IL-12p70 and IL-23 in newborn compared to adult MDMs, while IL-18, IL-21, IL-22, TNF, RANTES/CCL5, MCP-1/CCL2 and IL-8/CXCL8 were released at similar levels. MDM responses to GBS were strongly influenced by conditions of activation and were distinct from those to synthetic bacterial lipopeptides and lipopolysaccharides. Under similar conditions of opsonization, newborn MDMs phagocytosed and killed GBS as efficiently as adult MDMs. Discussion Altogether, the production of excessive levels of Th1- (IL-12p70), Th17-related (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-23) and anti-inflammatory (IL-10) cytokines is consistent with a dysregulated response to GBS in newborns. The high responsiveness of newborn MDMs may play a role in the progression of GBS infection in newborns, possibly contributing to the development of life-threatening organ dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denho Ravi
- Clinic of Neonatology, Department Mother-Woman-Child, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Infectious Diseases Service, Department of Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Erato Ntinopoulou
- Clinic of Neonatology, Department Mother-Woman-Child, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Infectious Diseases Service, Department of Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nessim Guetta
- Clinic of Neonatology, Department Mother-Woman-Child, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Infectious Diseases Service, Department of Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Manuela Weier
- Clinic of Neonatology, Department Mother-Woman-Child, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Infectious Diseases Service, Department of Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Verena Vogel
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Barbara Spellerberg
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Parham Sendi
- Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Sandrine Gremlich
- Clinic of Neonatology, Department Mother-Woman-Child, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Infectious Diseases Service, Department of Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Thierry Roger
- Infectious Diseases Service, Department of Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Eric Giannoni
- Clinic of Neonatology, Department Mother-Woman-Child, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Infectious Diseases Service, Department of Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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Lentini G, Famà A, De Gaetano GV, Coppolino F, Mahjoub AK, Ryan L, Lien E, Espevik T, Beninati C, Teti G. Caspase-8 inhibition improves the outcome of bacterial infections in mice by promoting neutrophil activation. Cell Rep Med 2023:101098. [PMID: 37390829 PMCID: PMC10394171 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2023.101098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2023] [Revised: 05/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/02/2023]
Abstract
During differentiation, neutrophils undergo a spontaneous pro-inflammatory program that is hypothesized here to be under caspase-8 control. In mice, intraperitoneal administration of the caspase-8 inhibitor z-IETD-fmk is sufficient to unleash the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and neutrophil influx in the absence of cell death. These effects are due to selective inhibition of caspase-8 and require tonic interferon-β (IFN-β) production and RIPK3 but not MLKL, the essential downstream executioner of necroptotic cell death. In vitro, stimulation with z-IETD-fmk is sufficient to induce significant cytokine production in murine neutrophils but not in macrophages. Therapeutic administration of z-IETD-fmk improves clinical outcome in models of lethal bacterial peritonitis and pneumonia by augmenting cytokine release, neutrophil influx, and bacterial clearance. Moreover, the inhibitor protects mice against high-dose endotoxin shock. Collectively, our data unveil a RIPK3- and IFN-β-dependent pathway that is constitutively activated in neutrophils and can be harnessed therapeutically using caspase-8 inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Germana Lentini
- Department of Human Pathology, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Agata Famà
- Department of Human Pathology, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | | | - Francesco Coppolino
- Department of Chemical, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | | | - Liv Ryan
- Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Egil Lien
- Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway; Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Program in Innate Immunity, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Terje Espevik
- Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Concetta Beninati
- Department of Human Pathology, University of Messina, Messina, Italy; Scylla Biotech Srl, Messina, Italy
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Janžič L, Repas J, Pavlin M, Zemljić-Jokhadar Š, Ihan A, Kopitar AN. Macrophage polarization during Streptococcus agalactiae infection is isolate specific. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1186087. [PMID: 37213504 PMCID: PMC10192866 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1186087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Streptococcus agalactiae (Group B Streptococcus, GBS), a Gram-positive commensal in healthy adults, remains a major cause of neonatal infections, usually manifesting as sepsis, meningitis, or pneumonia. Intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis has greatly reduced the incidence of early-onset disease. However, given the lack of effective measures to prevent the risk of late-onset disease and invasive infections in immunocompromised individuals, more studies investigating the GBS-associated pathogenesis and the interplay between bacteria and host immune system are needed. Methods Here, we examined the impact of 12 previously genotyped GBS isolates belonging to different serotypes and sequence types on the immune response of THP-1 macrophages. Results Flow cytometry analysis showed isolate-specific differences in phagocytic uptake, ranging from 10% for isolates of serotype Ib, which possess the virulence factor protein β, to over 70% for isolates of serotype III. Different isolates also induced differential expression of co-stimulatory molecules and scavenger receptors with colonizing isolates inducing higher expression levels of CD80 and CD86 compared to invasive isolates. In addition, real-time measurements of metabolism revealed that macrophages enhanced both glycolysis and mitochondrial respiration after GBS infection, with isolates of serotype III being the most potent activators of glycolysis and glycolytic ATP production. Macrophages also showed differential resistance to GBS-mediated cell cytotoxicity as measured by LDH release and real-time microscopy. The differences were evident both between serotypes and between isolates obtained from different specimens (colonizing or invasive isolates) demonstrating the higher cytotoxicity of vaginal compared with blood isolates. Conclusions Thus, the data suggest that GBS isolates differ in their potential to become invasive or remain colonizing. In addition, colonizing isolates appear to be more cytotoxic, whereas invasive isolates appear to exploit macrophages to their advantage, avoiding the immune recognition and antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larisa Janžič
- Department of Cell Immunology, Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Jernej Repas
- Institute of Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Mojca Pavlin
- Institute of Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Group for Nano and Biotechnological Applications, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Špela Zemljić-Jokhadar
- Institute of Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Alojz Ihan
- Department of Cell Immunology, Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Andreja Nataša Kopitar
- Department of Cell Immunology, Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- *Correspondence: Andreja Nataša Kopitar,
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Li L, Li Y, Yang J, Xie X, Chen H. The immune responses to different Uropathogens call individual interventions for bladder infection. Front Immunol 2022; 13:953354. [PMID: 36081496 PMCID: PMC9445553 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.953354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Urinary tract infection (UTI) caused by uropathogens is the most common infectious disease and significantly affects all aspects of the quality of life of the patients. However, uropathogens are increasingly becoming antibiotic-resistant, which threatens the only effective treatment option available-antibiotic, resulting in higher medical costs, prolonged hospital stays, and increased mortality. Currently, people are turning their attention to the immune responses, hoping to find effective immunotherapeutic interventions which can be alternatives to the overuse of antibiotic drugs. Bladder infections are caused by the main nine uropathogens and the bladder executes different immune responses depending on the type of uropathogens. It is essential to understand the immune responses to diverse uropathogens in bladder infection for guiding the design and development of immunotherapeutic interventions. This review firstly sorts out and comparatively analyzes the immune responses to the main nine uropathogens in bladder infection, and summarizes their similarities and differences. Based on these immune responses, we innovatively propose that different microbial bladder infections should adopt corresponding immunomodulatory interventions, and the same immunomodulatory intervention can also be applied to diverse microbial infections if they share the same effective therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linlong Li
- The School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Yangyang Li
- The School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Jiali Yang
- The School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Xiang Xie
- The School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
- Public Center of Experimental Technology, Model Animal and Human Disease Research of Luzhou Key Laboratory, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Xiang Xie, ; Huan Chen,
| | - Huan Chen
- The School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
- Nucleic Acid Medicine of Luzhou Key Laboratory, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Xiang Xie, ; Huan Chen,
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Kurian NK, Modi D. Mechanisms of group B Streptococcus-mediated preterm birth: lessons learnt from animal models. REPRODUCTION AND FERTILITY 2022; 3:R109-R120. [PMID: 35794927 PMCID: PMC9254271 DOI: 10.1530/raf-21-0105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Group B Streptococcus (GBS) is an opportunistic pathogenic bacterium which upon colonization in the female reproductive tract can cause preterm births, fetal injury, and demise. Several determinants for GBS pathogenesis have been explored so far through the studies using animal models ranging from mice to non-human primates. The results from these experimental data have identified outer membrane vesicles, β-hemolysin, hyaluronidase, and Cas9 of GBS as major virulence factors leading to preterm births. Most of these factors drive inflammation through activation of NLRP3 and elevated production of IL1-β. However, the absence of one of the factors from the pathogen reduces but does not completely abolish the pathogenesis of GBS suggesting the involvement of more than one factor in causing preterm birth. This makes further exploration of other virulence factors of GBS pathogenesis important in gaining an insight into the mechanistic basis of GBS-mediated preterm births. Lay summary Group B Streptococcus (GBS) is a pathogenic bacteria whose infection in the reproductive tract during pregnancy can cause premature delivery. This bacterial infection is one of the major causes of death of mother and baby during pregnancy, and the bacteria is prevalent in all parts of the world. This makes the research on GBS so important and many of the mechanisms behind GBS infection during pregnancy still remain unexplored. In this review, we have outlined how various animal models contributed in finding the mechanism of GBS pathogenesis. The review also focuses on compiling various virulence factors which makes GBS pathogenic in the vulnerable. Understanding the mechanisms of infection by GBS will be crucial in developing drugs and vaccines to protect against the harmful effects of the bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noble K Kurian
- Department of Microbiology, Atmiya University, Rajkot, Gujarat, India
| | - Deepak Modi
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Laboratory, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health and Child Health (NIRRCH), Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), Mumbai, India
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Martynova E, Rizvanov A, Urbanowicz RA, Khaiboullina S. Inflammasome Contribution to the Activation of Th1, Th2, and Th17 Immune Responses. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:851835. [PMID: 35369454 PMCID: PMC8969514 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.851835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammasomes are cytosolic polyprotein complexes formed in response to various external and internal stimuli, including viral and bacterial antigens. The main product of the inflammasome is active caspase 1 which proteolytically cleaves, releasing functional interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) and interleukin-18 (IL-18). These cytokines play a central role in shaping immune response to pathogens. In this review, we will focus on the mechanisms of inflammasome activation, as well as their role in development of Th1, Th2, and Th17 lymphocytes. The contribution of cytokines IL-1β, IL-18, and IL-33, products of activated inflammasomes, are summarized. Additionally, the role of cytokines released from tissue cells in promoting differentiation of lymphocyte populations is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Richard A. Urbanowicz
- Department of Infection Biology and Microbiomes, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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Lentini G, De Gaetano GV, Famà A, Galbo R, Coppolino F, Mancuso G, Teti G, Beninati C. Neutrophils discriminate live from dead bacteria by integrating signals initiated by Fprs and TLRs. EMBO J 2022; 41:e109386. [PMID: 35112724 PMCID: PMC8886525 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2021109386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms whereby neutrophils respond differentially to live and dead organisms are unknown. We show here that neutrophils produce 5- to 30-fold higher levels of the Cxcl2 chemokine in response to live bacteria, compared with killed bacteria or isolated bacterial components, despite producing similar levels of Cxcl1 or pro-inflammatory cytokines. Secretion of high levels of Cxcl2, which potently activates neutrophils by an autocrine mechanism, requires three signals. The first two signals are provided by two different sets of signal peptides released by live bacteria, which selectively activate formylated peptide receptor 1 (Fpr1) and Fpr2, respectively. Signal 3 originates from Toll-like receptor activation by microbial components present in both live and killed bacteria. Mechanistically, these signaling pathways converge at the level of the p38 MAP kinase, leading to activation of the AP-1 transcription factor and to Cxcl2 induction. Collectively, our data demonstrate that the simultaneous presence of agonists for Fpr1, Fpr2, and Toll-like receptors represents a unique signature associated with viable bacteria, which is sensed by neutrophils and induces Cxcl2-dependent autocrine cell activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Germana Lentini
- Department of Human PathologyUniversity of MessinaMessinaItaly
| | | | - Agata Famà
- Department of Human PathologyUniversity of MessinaMessinaItaly
| | - Roberta Galbo
- Department of Chemical, Biological and Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of MessinaMessinaItaly
| | - Francesco Coppolino
- Department of BiomedicalDental, Morphological and Functional Imaging SciencesUniversity of MessinaMessinaItaly
| | | | | | - Concetta Beninati
- Department of Human PathologyUniversity of MessinaMessinaItaly,Scylla Biotech SrlMessinaItaly
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Yan S, Xie N, Aleem MT, Ji X, Zhang C, Cao X, Zhang Y. Overexpression of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 contributes to the amelioration of Streptococcus uberis-induced inflammatory injury in mammary epithelial cells. Vet Microbiol 2022; 268:109398. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2022.109398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Sherwood ER, Burelbach KR, McBride MA, Stothers CL, Owen AM, Hernandez A, Patil NK, Williams DL, Bohannon JK. Innate Immune Memory and the Host Response to Infection. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2022; 208:785-792. [PMID: 35115374 PMCID: PMC8982914 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2101058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Unlike the adaptive immune system, the innate immune system has classically been characterized as being devoid of memory functions. However, recent research shows that innate myeloid and lymphoid cells have the ability to retain memory of prior pathogen exposure and become primed to elicit a robust, broad-spectrum response to subsequent infection. This phenomenon has been termed innate immune memory or trained immunity. Innate immune memory is induced via activation of pattern recognition receptors and the actions of cytokines on hematopoietic progenitors and stem cells in bone marrow and innate leukocytes in the periphery. The trained phenotype is induced and sustained via epigenetic modifications that reprogram transcriptional patterns and metabolism. These modifications augment antimicrobial functions, such as leukocyte expansion, chemotaxis, phagocytosis, and microbial killing, to facilitate an augmented host response to infection. Alternatively, innate immune memory may contribute to the pathogenesis of chronic diseases, such as atherosclerosis and Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward R Sherwood
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN;
- Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
- Department of Surgery, East Tennessee State University, Quillen College of Medicine, Johnson City, TN; and
- Center for Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, East Tennessee State University, Quillen College of Medicine, Johnson City, TN
| | | | - Margaret A McBride
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Cody L Stothers
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Allison M Owen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Antonio Hernandez
- Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Naeem K Patil
- Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - David L Williams
- Department of Surgery, East Tennessee State University, Quillen College of Medicine, Johnson City, TN; and
- Center for Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, East Tennessee State University, Quillen College of Medicine, Johnson City, TN
| | - Julia K Bohannon
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
- Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
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Pelletier AN, Sekaly RP, Tomalka JA. Translating known drivers of COVID-19 disease severity to design better SARS-CoV-2 vaccines. Curr Opin Virol 2022; 52:89-101. [PMID: 34902803 PMCID: PMC8664555 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2021.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has highlighted how an emergent disease can spread globally and how vaccines are once again the most important public health policy to combat infectious disease. Despite promising initial protection, the rise of new viral variants calls into question how effective current SARS-CoV-2 vaccines will be moving forward. Improving on vaccine platforms represents an opportunity to stay ahead of SARS-CoV-2 and keep the human population protected. Many researchers focus on modifying delivery platforms or altering the antigen(s) presented to improve the efficacy of the vaccines. Identifying mechanisms of natural immunity that result in the control of infection and prevent poor clinical outcomes provides an alternative approach to the development of efficacious vaccines. Early and current evidence shows that SARS-CoV-2 infection is marked by potent lung inflammation and relatively diminished antiviral signaling which leads to impaired immune recognition and viral clearance, essentially making SARS-CoV-2 'too hot to handle'.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rafick P Sekaly
- Pathology Advanced Translational Research Unit, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA,Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jeffrey A Tomalka
- Pathology Advanced Translational Research Unit, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA,Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
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13
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Ayash TA, Vancolen SY, Segura M, Allard MJ, Sebire G. Protective Effects of Interleukin-1 Blockade on Group B Streptococcus-Induced Chorioamnionitis and Subsequent Neurobehavioral Impairments of the Offspring. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:833121. [PMID: 35846278 PMCID: PMC9283950 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.833121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Group B Streptococcus (GBS) is one of the most common bacteria isolated in human chorioamnionitis. Placental infection due to GBS is a major risk factor for fetal organ injuries, preterm birth, perinatal morbidity and mortality, and life-long multiorgan morbidities. Preclinical and clinical studies have shown that GBS-induced infection drives polymorphonuclear (PMN) cell infiltration within the placenta, the hallmark of human chorioamnionitis. In preclinical and clinical studies, the upregulation of interleukin(IL)-1β in the placenta and maternal/fetal blood was associated with a high risk of neurodevelopmental impairments in the progeny. We hypothesized that targeted IL-1 blockade administered to the dam alleviates GBS-induced chorioamnionitis and the downstream fetal inflammatory response syndrome (FIRS). IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra) improved the gestational weight gain of GBS-infected dams and did not worsen the infectious manifestations. IL-1Ra reduced the IL-1β titer in the maternal sera of GBS-infected dams. IL-1Ra decreased the levels of IL-1β, IL-6, chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 1 (CXCL1), and polymorphonuclear (PMN) infiltration in GBS-infected placenta. IL-1Ra treatment reduced the IL-1β titer in the fetal sera of GBS-exposed fetuses. IL-1 blockade also alleviated GBS-induced FIRS and subsequent neurobehavioral impairments of the offspring without worsening the outcome of GBS infection. Altogether, these results showed that IL-1 plays a key role in the physiopathology of live GBS-induced chorioamnionitis and consequent neurobehavioral impairments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mariela Segura
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montreal, St-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
| | | | - Guillaume Sebire
- Department of Pediatrics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- *Correspondence: Guillaume Sebire,
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14
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Ling E, Ling G, Golan YBB. Further Observations on the Occurrence of Protracted Febrile Myalgia of Familial Mediterranean Fever. J Clin Rheumatol 2021; 27:S348-S350. [PMID: 33065631 DOI: 10.1097/rhu.0000000000001604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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15
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Tian X, Xue Y, Xie G, Zhou Y, Xiao H, Ding F, Zhang M. (-)-Epicatechin ameliorates cigarette smoke-induced lung inflammation via inhibiting ROS/NLRP3 inflammasome pathway in rats with COPD. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2021; 429:115674. [PMID: 34403689 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2021.115674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) with increased morbidity and mortality is a worldwide healthcare challenge closely associated with cigarette smoking (CS). Currently, there is no effective therapeutic strategy to control inflammation in COPD patients. The present study tested the protective effects of (-)-Epicatechin (EC), a type of flavonoid, on CS-induced COPD and the underlying mechanism. Also, EC repressed the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and improved human bronchial epithelial cell viability after cigarette smoke extract (CSE) treatment. Further studies demonstrated that EC promotes ubiquitin-mediated Keap1 degradation by upregulating tripartite motif-containing protein 25 (TRIM25) expression and enhances the nuclear localization of Nrf2 protein. Also, EC dramatically inhibits the activation of NLRP3 inflammasome and reduces the CSE-induced pyroptosis, as indicated by decreasing lactate dehydrogenase release and the number of caspase-1-positive cells. Importantly, Nrf2 knockdown reversed the protective effect of EC on human bronchial epithelial cells, at least partially. Consistent with the results in vitro, EC inhibits the activation of NLRP3 inflammasome and relieves the CS-induced lung inflammation, as evident from decreased interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-18 secretion in a COPD rat model. In conclusion, this study revealed the protective effect of EC on experimental COPD rats and elucidated the mechanism of EC promoting Nrf2 activity, which might provide a novel therapeutic strategy for COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Tian
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine,100 Haining Road, Shanghai 200080, PR China
| | - Yishu Xue
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine,100 Haining Road, Shanghai 200080, PR China
| | - Guogang Xie
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine,100 Haining Road, Shanghai 200080, PR China
| | - Yan Zhou
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine,100 Haining Road, Shanghai 200080, PR China
| | - Hui Xiao
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine,100 Haining Road, Shanghai 200080, PR China
| | - Fengming Ding
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine,100 Haining Road, Shanghai 200080, PR China
| | - Min Zhang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine,100 Haining Road, Shanghai 200080, PR China..
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16
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Brokaw A, Furuta A, Dacanay M, Rajagopal L, Adams Waldorf KM. Bacterial and Host Determinants of Group B Streptococcal Vaginal Colonization and Ascending Infection in Pregnancy. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:720789. [PMID: 34540718 PMCID: PMC8446444 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.720789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Group B streptococcus (GBS) is a gram-positive bacteria that asymptomatically colonizes the vaginal tract. However, during pregnancy maternal GBS colonization greatly predisposes the mother and baby to a wide range of adverse outcomes, including preterm birth (PTB), stillbirth, and neonatal infection. Although many mechanisms involved in GBS pathogenesis are partially elucidated, there is currently no approved GBS vaccine. The development of a safe and effective vaccine that can be administered during or prior to pregnancy remains a principal objective in the field, because current antibiotic-based therapeutic strategies do not eliminate all cases of invasive GBS infections. Herein, we review our understanding of GBS disease pathogenesis at the maternal-fetal interface with a focus on the bacterial virulence factors and host defenses that modulate the outcome of infection. We follow GBS along its path from an asymptomatic colonizer of the vagina to an invasive pathogen at the maternal-fetal interface, noting factors critical for vaginal colonization, ascending infection, and vertical transmission to the fetus. Finally, at each stage of infection we emphasize important host-pathogen interactions, which, if targeted therapeutically, may help to reduce the global burden of GBS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa Brokaw
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, United States.,Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Anna Furuta
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, United States.,Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Matthew Dacanay
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Lakshmi Rajagopal
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, United States.,Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Kristina M Adams Waldorf
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States.,Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Washington and Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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17
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Wu X, Xiong F, Fang H, Zhang J, Chang M. Crosstalks between NOD1 and Histone H2A Contribute to Host Defense against Streptococcus agalactiae Infection in Zebrafish. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:antibiotics10070861. [PMID: 34356784 PMCID: PMC8300774 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10070861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Correlation studies about NOD1 and histones have not been reported. In the present study, we report the functional correlation between NOD1 and the histone H2A variant in response to Streptococcus agalactiae infection. In zebrafish, NOD1 deficiency significantly promoted S. agalactiae proliferation and decreased larval survival. Transcriptome analysis revealed that the significantly enriched pathways in NOD1−/− adult zebrafish were mainly involved in immune and metabolism. Among 719 immunity-associated DEGs at 48 hpi, 74 DEGs regulated by NOD1 deficiency were histone variants. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis identified that H2A, H2B, and H3 had significant associations with NOD1 deficiency. Above all, S. agalactiae infection could induce the expression of intracellular histone H2A, as well as NOD1 colocalized with histone H2A, both in the cytoplasm and cell nucleus in the case of S. agalactiae infection. The overexpression of H2A variants such as zfH2A-6 protected against S. agalactiae infection and could improve cell survival in NOD1-deficient cells. Furthermore, NOD1 could interact with zfH2A-6 and cooperate with zfH2A-6 to inhibit the proliferation of S. agalactiae. NOD1 also showed a synergetic effect in inducing the expression of many antibacterial genes, especially antibacterial pattern recognition receptors PGRP2, PGRP5, and PGRP6. Collectively, these results firstly highlight the roles of NOD1 deficiency in the regulation of immune-related and metabolic pathways, and the correlation between zebrafish NOD1 and histone H2A variant in the defense against S. agalactiae infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoman Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Disease Control, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; (X.W.); (F.X.); (H.F.); (J.Z.)
| | - Fan Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Disease Control, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; (X.W.); (F.X.); (H.F.); (J.Z.)
| | - Hong Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Disease Control, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; (X.W.); (F.X.); (H.F.); (J.Z.)
| | - Jie Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Disease Control, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; (X.W.); (F.X.); (H.F.); (J.Z.)
| | - Mingxian Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Disease Control, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; (X.W.); (F.X.); (H.F.); (J.Z.)
- Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Correspondence:
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18
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Hatscher L, Amon L, Heger L, Dudziak D. Inflammasomes in dendritic cells: Friend or foe? Immunol Lett 2021; 234:16-32. [PMID: 33848562 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2021.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Inflammasomes are cytosolic multiprotein complexes that crucially contribute to host defense against pathogens but are also involved in the pathogenesis of autoinflammatory diseases. Inflammasome formation leads to activation of effector caspases (caspase-1, 4, 5, or 11), the proteolytic maturation of IL-1β and IL-18 as well as cleavage of the pore-forming protein Gasdermin D. Dendritic cells are major regulators of immune responses as they bridge innate and adaptive immunity. We here summarize the current knowledge on inflammasome expression and formation in murine bone marrow-, human monocyte-derived as well as murine and human primary dendritic cells. Further, we discuss both, the beneficial and detrimental, involvement of inflammasome activation in dendritic cells in cancer, infections, and autoimmune diseases. As inflammasome activation is typically accompanied by Gasdermin d-mediated pyroptosis, which is an inflammatory form of programmed cell death, inflammasome formation in dendritic cells seems ill-advised. Therefore, we propose that hyperactivation, which is inflammasome activation without the induction of pyroptosis, may be a general model of inflammasome activation in dendritic cells to enhance Th1, Th17 as well as cytotoxic T cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Hatscher
- Laboratory of Dendritic Cell Biology, Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91052, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Lukas Amon
- Laboratory of Dendritic Cell Biology, Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91052, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Lukas Heger
- Laboratory of Dendritic Cell Biology, Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91052, Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Diana Dudziak
- Laboratory of Dendritic Cell Biology, Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91052, Erlangen, Germany; Medical Immunology Campus Erlangen, Germany; Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie (DZI), Germany; Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-European Metropolitan Area of Nuremberg (CCC ER-EMN), Germany.
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19
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Chambers CA, Lacey CA, Brown DC, Skyberg JA. Nitric oxide inhibits interleukin-1-mediated protection against Escherichia coli K1-induced sepsis and meningitis in a neonatal murine model. Immunol Cell Biol 2021; 99:596-610. [PMID: 33550610 DOI: 10.1111/imcb.12445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Neonatal meningitis-associated Escherichia coli (NMEC) is a leading cause of sepsis and meningitis in newborn infants. Neonates are known to have impaired inflammasome activation and interleukin (IL)-1 production. However, it is unknown what role this plays in the context of NMEC infection. Here we investigated the role of IL-1 signaling in the pathogenesis of NMEC infection. We found both IL-1β and IL-1α were secreted from macrophages and microglial cells in response to NMEC in a Toll-like receptor 4- and NLR family pyrin domain containing 3 (NPLR3)-dependent manner. Intracerebral infection of adult mice indicated a protective role of IL-1 signaling during NMEC infection. However, IL-1 receptor blockade in wild-type neonatal mice did not significantly alter bacterial loads in the blood or brain, and we, therefore, investigated whether protection conferred by IL-1 was age dependent. Neonates are known to have increased nitric oxide (NO) levels compared with adults, and we found NO inhibited the secretion of IL-1 by macrophages in response to NMEC. In contrast to our results in wild-type neonates, blockade of IL-1 receptor in neonates lacking inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) led to significantly increased bacterial loads in the blood and brain. These data indicate IL-1 signaling is protective during NMEC infection in neonates only when iNOS is absent. Collectively, our findings suggest that increased NO production by neonates inhibits IL-1 production, and that this suppresses the protective role of IL-1 signaling in response to NMEC infection. This may indicate a general mechanism for increased susceptibility of neonates to infection and could lead to new therapeutic strategies in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine A Chambers
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Carolyn A Lacey
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.,Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Dana C Brown
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Jerod A Skyberg
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
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20
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Root-Bernstein R. Innate Receptor Activation Patterns Involving TLR and NLR Synergisms in COVID-19, ALI/ARDS and Sepsis Cytokine Storms: A Review and Model Making Novel Predictions and Therapeutic Suggestions. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22042108. [PMID: 33672738 PMCID: PMC7924650 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22042108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe COVID-19 is characterized by a “cytokine storm”, the mechanism of which is not yet understood. I propose that cytokine storms result from synergistic interactions among Toll-like receptors (TLR) and nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptors (NLR) due to combined infections of SARS-CoV-2 with other microbes, mainly bacterial and fungal. This proposition is based on eight linked types of evidence and their logical connections. (1) Severe cases of COVID-19 differ from healthy controls and mild COVID-19 patients in exhibiting increased TLR4, TLR7, TLR9 and NLRP3 activity. (2) SARS-CoV-2 and related coronaviruses activate TLR3, TLR7, RIG1 and NLRP3. (3) SARS-CoV-2 cannot, therefore, account for the innate receptor activation pattern (IRAP) found in severe COVID-19 patients. (4) Severe COVID-19 also differs from its mild form in being characterized by bacterial and fungal infections. (5) Respiratory bacterial and fungal infections activate TLR2, TLR4, TLR9 and NLRP3. (6) A combination of SARS-CoV-2 with bacterial/fungal coinfections accounts for the IRAP found in severe COVID-19 and why it differs from mild cases. (7) Notably, TLR7 (viral) and TLR4 (bacterial/fungal) synergize, TLR9 and TLR4 (both bacterial/fungal) synergize and TLR2 and TLR4 (both bacterial/fungal) synergize with NLRP3 (viral and bacterial). (8) Thus, a SARS-CoV-2-bacterium/fungus coinfection produces synergistic innate activation, resulting in the hyperinflammation characteristic of a cytokine storm. Unique clinical, experimental and therapeutic predictions (such as why melatonin is effective in treating COVID-19) are discussed, and broader implications are outlined for understanding why other syndromes such as acute lung injury, acute respiratory distress syndrome and sepsis display varied cytokine storm symptoms.
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21
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Tezcan G, Garanina EE, Alsaadi M, Gilazieva ZE, Martinova EV, Markelova MI, Arkhipova SS, Hamza S, McIntyre A, Rizvanov AA, Khaiboullina SF. Therapeutic Potential of Pharmacological Targeting NLRP3 Inflammasome Complex in Cancer. Front Immunol 2021; 11:607881. [PMID: 33613529 PMCID: PMC7887322 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.607881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Dysregulation of NLRP3 inflammasome complex formation can promote chronic inflammation by increased release of IL-1β. However, the effect of NLRP3 complex formation on tumor progression remains controversial. Therefore, we sought to determine the effect of NLRP3 modulation on the growth of the different types of cancer cells, derived from lung, breast, and prostate cancers as well as neuroblastoma and glioblastoma in-vitro. Method The effect of Caspase 1 inhibitor (VX765) and combination of LPS/Nigericin on NLRP3 inflammasome activity was analyzed in A549 (lung cancer), MCF-7 (breast cancer), PC3 (prostate cancer), SH-SY5Y (neuroblastoma), and U138MG (glioblastoma) cells. Human fibroblasts were used as control cells. The effect of VX765 and LPS/Nigericin on NLRP3 expression was analyzed using western blot, while IL-1β and IL-18 secretion was detected by ELISA. Tumor cell viability and progression were determined using Annexin V, cell proliferation assay, LDH assay, sphere formation assay, transmission electron microscopy, and a multiplex cytokine assay. Also, angiogenesis was investigated by a tube formation assay. VEGF and MMPs secretion were detected by ELISA and a multiplex assay, respectively. Statistical analysis was done using one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s analyses and Kruskal–Wallis one-way analysis of variance. Results LPS/Nigericin increased NRLP3 protein expression as well as IL-1β and IL-18 secretion in PC3 and U138MG cells compared to A549, MCF7, SH-SY5Y cells, and fibroblasts. In contrast, MIF expression was commonly found upregulated in A549, PC3, SH-SY5Y, and U138MG cells and fibroblasts after Nigericin treatment. Nigericin and a combination of LPS/Nigericin decreased the cell viability and proliferation. Also, LPS/Nigericin significantly increased tumorsphere size in PC3 and U138MG cells. In contrast, the sphere size was reduced in MCF7 and SH-SY5Y cells treated with LPS/Nigericin, while no effect was detected in A549 cells. VX765 increased secretion of CCL24 in A549, MCF7, PC3, and fibroblasts as well as CCL11 and CCL26 in SH-SY5Y cells. Also, VX765 significantly increased the production of VEGF and MMPs and stimulated angiogenesis in all tumor cell lines. Discussion Our data suggest that NLRP3 activation using Nigericin could be a novel therapeutic approach to control the growth of tumors producing a low level of IL-1β and IL-18.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gulcin Tezcan
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia.,Department of Fundamental Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Bursa Uludag University, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Ekaterina E Garanina
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia
| | - Mohammad Alsaadi
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia
| | - Zarema E Gilazieva
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia
| | - Ekaterina V Martinova
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia
| | - Maria I Markelova
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia
| | - Svetlana S Arkhipova
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia
| | - Shaimaa Hamza
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia
| | - Alan McIntyre
- Centre for Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Albert A Rizvanov
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia
| | - Svetlana F Khaiboullina
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, United States
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22
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Jing W, Lo Pilato J, Kay C, Man SM. Activation mechanisms of inflammasomes by bacterial toxins. Cell Microbiol 2021; 23:e13309. [PMID: 33426791 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.13309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Inflammasomes are cytosolic innate immune complexes, which assemble in mammalian cells in response to microbial components and endogenous danger signals. A major family of inflammasome activators is bacterial toxins. Inflammasome sensor proteins, such as the nucleotide-binding oligomerisation domain-like receptor (NLR) family members NLRP1b and NLRP3, and the tripartite motif family member Pyrin+ efflux triggered by pore-forming toxins or by other toxin-induced homeostasis-altering events such as lysosomal rupture. Pyrin senses perturbation of host cell functions induced by certain enzymatic toxins resulting in impairment of RhoA GTPase activity. Assembly of the inflammasome complex activates the cysteine protease caspase-1, leading to the proteolytic cleavage of the proinflammatory cytokines IL-1β and IL-18, and the pore-forming protein gasdermin D causing pyroptosis. In this review, we discuss the latest progress in our understanding on the activation mechanisms of inflammasome complexes by bacterial toxins and effector proteins and explore avenues for future research into the relationships between inflammasomes and bacterial toxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weidong Jing
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Jordan Lo Pilato
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Callum Kay
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Si Ming Man
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
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23
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Song L, Li X, Xiao Y, Huang Y, Jiang Y, Meng G, Ren Z. Contribution of Nlrp3 Inflammasome Activation Mediated by Suilysin to Streptococcal Toxic Shock-like Syndrome. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1788. [PMID: 32922370 PMCID: PMC7456889 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the molecular mechanism of inflammasome activation in response to Streptococcus suis serotype 2 (SS2) infection and its contribution to the development of streptococcal toxic shock-like syndrome (STSS). Methods: To verify the role of suilysin (SLY) in STSS, we infected bone-marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) in vitro and C57BL/6J mice intraperitoneally (IP) with the SS2 wild-type (WT) strain or isogenic sly mutant (∆SLY) to measure the interleukin (IL)-1β release and survival rate. To determine the role of inflammasome activation and pyroptosis in STSS, we infected BMDMs from WT and various deficient mice, including Nlrp3-deficient (Nlrp3−/−), Nlrc4-deficient (Nlrc4−/−), Asc-deficient (Asc−/−), Aim2-deficient (Aim2−/−), Caspase-1/11-deficient (Caspase-1/11−/−), and Gsdmd-deficient (Gsdmd−/−) ex vivo, and IP injected WT, Nlrp3−/−, Caspase-1/11−/−, and Gsdmd−/− mice with SS2, to compare the IL-1β releases and survival rate in vivo. Results: The SS2-induced IL-1β production in mouse macrophages is mediated by SLY ex vivo. The survival rate of WT mice infected with SS2 was significantly lower than that of mice infected with the ∆SLY strain in vivo. Furthermore, SS2-triggered IL-1β releases, and the cytotoxicity in the BMDMs required the activation of the NOD-Like Receptors Family Pyrin Domain Containing 3 (Nlrp3), Caspase-1/11, and gasdermin D (Gsdmd) inflammasomes, but not the Nlrc4 and Aim2 inflammasomes ex vivo. The IL-1β production and survival rate of WT mice infected with SS2 were significantly lower than those of the Nlrp3−/−, Caspase-1/11−/−, and Gsdmd−/− mice in vivo. Finally, the inhibitor of the Nlrp3 inflammasome could reduce the IL-1β release and cytotoxicity of SS2-infected macrophages ex vivo and protect SS2-infected mice from death in vivo. Conclusion: Nlrp3 inflammasome activation triggered by SLY in macrophages played an important role in the pathogenesis of STSS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqiong Song
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.,Research Units of Discovery of Unknown Bacteria and Function (2018 RU010), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xianping Li
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.,Research Units of Discovery of Unknown Bacteria and Function (2018 RU010), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yuchun Xiao
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.,Research Units of Discovery of Unknown Bacteria and Function (2018 RU010), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yuanming Huang
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.,Research Units of Discovery of Unknown Bacteria and Function (2018 RU010), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yongqiang Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Guangxun Meng
- The Center for Microbes, Development and Health, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhihong Ren
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.,Research Units of Discovery of Unknown Bacteria and Function (2018 RU010), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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24
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Steer PJ, Russell AB, Kochhar S, Cox P, Plumb J, Gopal Rao G. Group B streptococcal disease in the mother and newborn-A review. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2020; 252:526-533. [PMID: 32586597 PMCID: PMC7295463 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejogrb.2020.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Group B Streptococcus, a common commensal in the gut of humans and in the lower genital tract in women, remains an important cause of neonatal mortality and morbidity. The incidence of early onset disease has fallen markedly in countries that test women for carriage at 35-37 weeks of pregnancy and then offer intrapartum prophylaxis with penicillin during labour. Countries that do not test, but instead employ a risk factor approach, have not seen a similar fall. There are concerns about the effect on the neonatal microbiome of widespread use of antibiotic prophylaxis during labour, but so far the effects seem minor and temporary. Vaccination against GBS would be acceptable to most women and GBS vaccines are in the early stages of development. Tweetable abstract: Group B Strep is a key cause of infection, death and disability in young babies. Antibiotics given in labour remain the mainstay of prevention, until a vaccine is available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip J Steer
- Imperial College London, Academic Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London SW10 9NH, United Kingdom.
| | | | - Sonali Kochhar
- Global Healthcare Consulting, India; Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, United States
| | - Philippa Cox
- Homerton University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jane Plumb
- Group B Strep Support, Haywards Heath, RH16 1UA, United Kingdom
| | - Gopal Gopal Rao
- London North West University Healthcare NHS Trust, Harrow, United Kingdom
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25
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Lacey CA, Miao EA. Programmed Cell Death in the Evolutionary Race against Bacterial Virulence Factors. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2020; 12:cshperspect.a036459. [PMID: 31501197 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a036459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Innate immune sensors can recognize when host cells are irrevocably compromised by pathogens, and in response can trigger programmed cell death (pyroptosis, apoptosis, and necroptosis). Innate sensors can directly bind microbial ligands; for example, NAIP/NLRC4 detects flagellin/rod/needle, whereas caspase-11 detects lipopolysaccharide. Other sensors are guards that monitor normal function of cellular proteins; for instance, pyrin monitors Rho GTPases, whereas caspase-8 and receptor-interacting protein kinase (RIPK)3 guards RIPK1 transcriptional signaling. Some proteins that need to be guarded can be duplicated as decoy domains, as seen in the integrated decoy domains within NLRP1 that watch for microbial attack. Here, we discuss the evolutionary battle between pathogens and host innate immune sensors/guards, illustrated by the Red Queen hypothesis. We discuss in depth four pathogens, and how they either fail in this evolutionary race (Chromobacterium violaceum, Burkholderia thailandensis), or how the evolutionary race generates increasingly complex virulence factors and host innate immune signaling pathways (Yersinia species, and enteropathogenic Escherichia coli [EPEC]).
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn A Lacey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease, and Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
| | - Edward A Miao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease, and Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
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26
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Lentini G, Famà A, Biondo C, Mohammadi N, Galbo R, Mancuso G, Iannello D, Zummo S, Giardina M, De Gaetano GV, Teti G, Beninati C, Midiri A. Neutrophils Enhance Their Own Influx to Sites of Bacterial Infection via Endosomal TLR-Dependent Cxcl2 Production. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 204:660-670. [PMID: 31852751 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1901039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The influx of neutrophils to infection sites is a fundamental step in host defenses against the frequent human pathogen group B Streptococcus (GBS) and other extracellular bacteria. Using a mouse model of GBS-induced peritonitis, we show in this study that the chemokines Cxcl1 and Cxcl2 play distinctive roles in enhancing the recruitment and the antibacterial activities of neutrophils in a manner that is linked to differences in the cellular sources of these mediators. Cell depletion experiments demonstrated that neutrophils make a significant contribution to the in vivo production of Cxcl2 but not Cxcl1. In vitro, neutrophils responded weakly to LPS but released high levels of Cxcl2 after stimulation with GBS or other bacteria. Neutrophil-derived Cxcl2 acted in an autocrinous manner to increase its own production and to enhance antibacterial activities, including the release of oxygen radicals. In both neutrophils and macrophages, the production of Cxcl1/2 largely required the presence of functional UNC93B1, a chaperone protein involved in signaling by endosomal TLRs. Moreover, the phenotype of UNC93B1-defective phagocytes could be recapitulated by the simultaneous absence of TLR7, 9, and 13 but not by the absence of individual TLRs. Collectively, our data show that neutrophils recognize Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria by means of multiple phagosomal TLRs, resulting in de novo synthesis of Cxcl2, amplification of neutrophil recruitment, and potentiation of their antibacterial activities. These data may be useful to devise alternative therapeutic strategies aimed at enhancing the recruitment and the functional activities of polymorphonuclear leukocytes during infections caused by antibiotic-resistant bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Germana Lentini
- Department of Human Pathology, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy
| | - Agata Famà
- Charybdis Vaccines Srl, 98125 Messina, Italy
| | - Carmelo Biondo
- Department of Human Pathology, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy
| | - Nastaran Mohammadi
- Department of Human Pathology, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy
| | - Roberta Galbo
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical Sciences and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy; and
| | - Giuseppe Mancuso
- Department of Human Pathology, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy
| | - Daniela Iannello
- Department of Human Pathology, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy
| | - Sebastiana Zummo
- Department of Human Pathology, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy
| | - Miriam Giardina
- Department of Human Pathology, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy
| | | | | | - Concetta Beninati
- Department of Human Pathology, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy.,Scylla Biotech SRL, 98125 Messina, Italy
| | - Angelina Midiri
- Department of Human Pathology, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy
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27
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Tsai CM, Riestra AM, Ali SR, Fong JJ, Liu JZ, Hughes G, Varki A, Nizet V. Siglec-14 Enhances NLRP3-Inflammasome Activation in Macrophages. J Innate Immun 2019; 12:333-343. [PMID: 31805552 PMCID: PMC7383293 DOI: 10.1159/000504323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathogenic microorganisms are sensed by the inflammasome, resulting in the release of the pro-immune and proinflammatory cytokine interleukin-1β (IL-1β). In humans, the paired <underline>s</underline>ialic acid-binding Ig-like lectin receptors Siglec-5 (inhibitory) and Siglec-14 (activating) have been shown to have reciprocal roles in regulating macrophage immune responses, but their interaction with IL-1β signaling and the inflammasome has not been characterized. Here we show that in response to known inflammasome activators (ATP, nigericin) or the sialic acid-expressing human bacterial pathogen group B Streptococcus (GBS), the presence of Siglec-14 enhances, whereas Siglec-5 reduces, inflammasome activation and macrophage IL-1β release. Human THP-1 macrophages stably transfected with Siglec-14 exhibited increased caspase-1 activation, IL-1β release and pyroptosis after GBS infection, in a manner blocked by a specific inhibitor of nucleotide-binding domain leucine-rich repeat protein 3 (NLRP3), a protein involved in inflammasome assembly. Another leading pathogen, Streptococcus pneumoniae, lacks sialic acid but rather prominently expresses a sialidase, which cleaves sialic acid from macrophages, eliminating cis- interactions with the lectin receptor, thus attenuating Siglec-14 induced IL-1β secretion. Vimentin, a cytoskeletal protein released during macrophage inflammatory activation is known to induce the inflammasome. We found that vimentin has increased interaction with Siglec-14 compared to Siglec-5, and this interaction heightened IL-1β production by Siglec-14-expressing cells. Siglec-14 is absent from some humans because of a SIGLEC5/14 fusion polymorphism, and we found increased IL-1β expression in primary macrophages from SIGLEC14+/+ individuals compared to those with the SIGLEC14-/+ and SIGLEC14-/- genotypes. Collectively, our results identify a new immunoregulatory role of Siglec-14 as a positive regulator of NLRP3 inflammasome activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Ming Tsai
- Glycobiology Research and Training Center, UC San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA.,Collaborative to Halt Antibiotic-Resistant Microbes, Department of Pediatrics, UC San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Angelica M Riestra
- Collaborative to Halt Antibiotic-Resistant Microbes, Department of Pediatrics, UC San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Syed Raza Ali
- Glycobiology Research and Training Center, UC San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA.,Collaborative to Halt Antibiotic-Resistant Microbes, Department of Pediatrics, UC San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Jerry J Fong
- Glycobiology Research and Training Center, UC San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, UC San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Janet Z Liu
- Glycobiology Research and Training Center, UC San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA.,Collaborative to Halt Antibiotic-Resistant Microbes, Department of Pediatrics, UC San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Gillian Hughes
- Collaborative to Halt Antibiotic-Resistant Microbes, Department of Pediatrics, UC San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Ajit Varki
- Glycobiology Research and Training Center, UC San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA.,Collaborative to Halt Antibiotic-Resistant Microbes, Department of Pediatrics, UC San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, UC San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Victor Nizet
- Glycobiology Research and Training Center, UC San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA, .,Collaborative to Halt Antibiotic-Resistant Microbes, Department of Pediatrics, UC San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA, .,Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, UC San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA, .,Department of Medicine, UC San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA, .,Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, UC San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA,
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28
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Clark SE, Schmidt RL, McDermott DS, Lenz LL. A Batf3/Nlrp3/IL-18 Axis Promotes Natural Killer Cell IL-10 Production during Listeria monocytogenes Infection. Cell Rep 2019; 23:2582-2594. [PMID: 29847790 PMCID: PMC6170157 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.04.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Revised: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The bacterial pathogen Listeria monocytogenes (Lm) capitalizes on natural killer (NK) cell production of regulatory interleukin (IL)-10 to establish severe systemic infections. Here, we identify regulators of this IL-10 secretion. We show that IL-18 signals to NK cells license their ability to produce IL-10. IL-18 acts independent of IL-12 and STAT4, which co-stimulate IFNγ secretion. Dendritic cell (DC) expression of Nlrp3 is required for IL-18 release in response to the Lm p60 virulence protein. Therefore, mice lacking Nlrp3, Il18, or Il18R fail to accumulate serum IL-10 and are highly resistant to systemic Lm infection. We further show that cells expressing or dependent on Batf3 are required for IL-18-inducing IL-10 production observed in infected mice. These findings explain how Il18 and Batf3 promote susceptibility to bacterial infection and demonstrate the ability of Lm to exploit NLRP3 for the promotion of regulatory NK cell activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E Clark
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Rebecca L Schmidt
- Department of Biomedical Research, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO 80206, USA
| | - Daniel S McDermott
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Laurel L Lenz
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; Department of Biomedical Research, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO 80206, USA.
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29
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Zhou Z, Li H, Tian S, Yi W, Zhou Y, Yang H, Li X, Wu B, Li X, Wu J, Wang Z, Hu S, Fang R. Critical roles of NLRP3 inflammasome in IL-1β secretion induced by Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis in vitro. Mol Immunol 2019; 116:11-17. [PMID: 31563023 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2019.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2019] [Revised: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 09/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis is a prominent human and animal pathogen causing chronic inflammatory diseases. Interleukin-1β (IL-1β) is involved in the response to such pathogenic infections. However, the mechanism by which IL-1β is secreted during C. pseudotuberculosis infection remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate the mechanism underlying IL-1β secretion by macrophages infected with C. pseudotuberculosis. Herein, we firstly revealed that nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor family, pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3), apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a CARD (ASC) and caspase-1 (Casp1) play critical roles in IL-1β secretion rather than IL-1β precursor (pro-IL-1β) expression in C. pseudotuberculosis-infected macrophages. Toll like receptor 4 (TLR4) is partially involved in IL-1β secretion, while absent in melanoma 2 (AIM2) is not involved in IL-1β secretion by C. pseudotuberculosis-infected macrophages. In addition, nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases (p38 MAPK) inhibitors almost attenuated IL-1β secretion, implying that NF-κB and p38MAPK pathway are involved in IL-1β secretion in C. pseudotuberculosis-infected macrophages. Furthermore, C. pseudotuberculosis were significantly more numerous in Nlrp3-/-, Asc-/-, and Casp-1-/- macrophages than in WT macrophages at 24 h after infection (P < 0.05), indicating that NLRP3 inflammasome components limit C. pseudotuberculosis replication in macrophages. Together, these data provide novel insights into the mechanisms underlying IL-1β secretion in C. pseudotuberculosis-infected macrophages and further the current understanding of the host pro-inflammatory immune response against this pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuoyong Zhou
- College of Animal Science, Rongchang Campus of Southwest University, No. 160 Xueyuan Road, Rongchang District, Chongqing, 402460, China; Veterinary Science Engineering Research Center of Chongqing, No. 160 Xueyuan Road, Rongchang District, Chongqing, 402460, China.
| | - Hexian Li
- College of Animal Science, Rongchang Campus of Southwest University, No. 160 Xueyuan Road, Rongchang District, Chongqing, 402460, China.
| | - Shangquan Tian
- College of Animal Science, Rongchang Campus of Southwest University, No. 160 Xueyuan Road, Rongchang District, Chongqing, 402460, China.
| | - Wenyi Yi
- College of Animal Science, Rongchang Campus of Southwest University, No. 160 Xueyuan Road, Rongchang District, Chongqing, 402460, China.
| | - Yang Zhou
- College of Animal Science, Rongchang Campus of Southwest University, No. 160 Xueyuan Road, Rongchang District, Chongqing, 402460, China; Veterinary Science Engineering Research Center of Chongqing, No. 160 Xueyuan Road, Rongchang District, Chongqing, 402460, China.
| | - Haoyue Yang
- College of Animal Science, Rongchang Campus of Southwest University, No. 160 Xueyuan Road, Rongchang District, Chongqing, 402460, China.
| | - Xiao Li
- College of Animal Science, Rongchang Campus of Southwest University, No. 160 Xueyuan Road, Rongchang District, Chongqing, 402460, China.
| | - Bi Wu
- College of Animal Science, Rongchang Campus of Southwest University, No. 160 Xueyuan Road, Rongchang District, Chongqing, 402460, China.
| | - Xiaoxia Li
- College of Animal Science, Rongchang Campus of Southwest University, No. 160 Xueyuan Road, Rongchang District, Chongqing, 402460, China.
| | - Junjun Wu
- College of Animal Science, Rongchang Campus of Southwest University, No. 160 Xueyuan Road, Rongchang District, Chongqing, 402460, China.
| | - Zhiying Wang
- College of Animal Science, Rongchang Campus of Southwest University, No. 160 Xueyuan Road, Rongchang District, Chongqing, 402460, China; Veterinary Science Engineering Research Center of Chongqing, No. 160 Xueyuan Road, Rongchang District, Chongqing, 402460, China.
| | - Shijun Hu
- College of Animal Science, Rongchang Campus of Southwest University, No. 160 Xueyuan Road, Rongchang District, Chongqing, 402460, China; Veterinary Science Engineering Research Center of Chongqing, No. 160 Xueyuan Road, Rongchang District, Chongqing, 402460, China.
| | - Rendong Fang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, No. 2 Tiansheng Road, Beibei District, Chongqing, 400715, China.
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30
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Li LH, Lin JS, Chiu HW, Lin WY, Ju TC, Chen FH, Chernikov OV, Liu ML, Chang JC, Hsu CH, Chen A, Ka SM, Gao HW, Hua KF. Mechanistic Insight Into the Activation of the NLRP3 Inflammasome by Neisseria gonorrhoeae in Macrophages. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1815. [PMID: 31417575 PMCID: PMC6685137 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Gonorrhea is a type III legal communicable disease caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae (NG), one of the most common sexually transmitted bacteria worldwide. NG infection can cause urethritis or systemic inflammation and may lead to infertility or other complications. The NACHT, LRR, and PYD domains-containing protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome is a protein complex composed of NLRP3, apoptosis-associated speck-like protein and caspase-1 and is an important part of the cellular machinery controlling the release of interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-18 and the pathogenesis of numerous infectious diseases. It has been reported that NG infection activates the NLRP3 inflammasome; however, the underlying mechanism remain unclear. In this report, the signaling pathways involved in the regulation of NG-mediated NLRP3 inflammasome activation in macrophages were studied. The results indicated that viable NG, but not heat-killed or freeze/thaw-killed NG, activated the NLRP3 inflammasome in macrophages through toll-like receptor 2, but not toll-like receptor 4. NG infection provided the priming signal to the NLRP3 inflammasome that induced the expression of NLRP3 and IL-1β precursor through the nuclear factor kappa B and mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways. In addition, NG infection provided the activation signal to the NLRP3 inflammasome that activated caspase-1 through P2X7 receptor-dependent potassium efflux, lysosomal acidification, mitochondrial dysfunction, and reactive oxygen species production pathways. Furthermore, we demonstrated that NLRP3 knockout increased phagocytosis of bacteria by macrophages and increases the bactericidal activity of macrophages against NG. These findings provide potential molecular targets for the development of anti-inflammatory drugs that could ameliorate NG-mediated inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan-Hui Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Linsen Chinese Medicine and Kunming Branch, Taipei City Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Pathology, National Defense Medical Center, Tri-Service General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jia-Sing Lin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Linsen Chinese Medicine and Kunming Branch, Taipei City Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Pathology, National Defense Medical Center, Tri-Service General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsiao-Wen Chiu
- National Defense Medical Center, Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Yu Lin
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Tri-Service General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tz-Chuen Ju
- Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, Tunghai University, Taichung City, Taiwan
| | - Fang-Hsin Chen
- Department of Medical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan City, Taiwan
| | - Oleg V Chernikov
- G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry (PIBOC), Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (FEB RAS), Vladivostok, Russia
| | - May-Lan Liu
- Department of Nutritional Science, Toko University, Chiayi City, Taiwan
| | - Jen-Che Chang
- Department of Pathology, National Defense Medical Center, Tri-Service General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Hua Hsu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Linsen Chinese Medicine and Kunming Branch, Taipei City Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,School of Medicine, Institute of Traditional Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ann Chen
- Department of Pathology, National Defense Medical Center, Tri-Service General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shuk-Man Ka
- National Defense Medical Center, Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Graduate Institute of Aerospace and Undersea Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hong-Wei Gao
- Department of Pathology, National Defense Medical Center, Tri-Service General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Feng Hua
- Department of Pathology, National Defense Medical Center, Tri-Service General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Biotechnology and Animal Science, National Ilan University, Yilan City, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung City, Taiwan
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31
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Gendrin C, Merillat S, Vornhagen J, Coleman M, Armistead B, Ngo L, Aggarwal A, Quach P, Berrigan J, Rajagopal L. Diminished Capsule Exacerbates Virulence, Blood-Brain Barrier Penetration, Intracellular Persistence, and Antibiotic Evasion of Hyperhemolytic Group B Streptococci. J Infect Dis 2019; 217:1128-1138. [PMID: 29301010 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jix684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 12/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Group B streptococci (GBS) are encapsulated, β-hemolytic bacteria that are a common cause of infections in human newborns and certain adults. Two factors important for GBS virulence are the sialic acid capsular polysaccharide that promotes immune evasion and the hemolytic pigment that induces host cell cytotoxcity. These virulence factors are often oppositely regulated by the CovR/CovS two-component system. Clinical GBS strains exhibiting hyperhemolysis and low capsule due to pathoadaptive covR/S mutations have been isolated from patients. Given the importance of capsule to GBS virulence, we predicted that a decrease or loss of capsule would attenuate the virulence of covR/S mutants. Surprisingly, hyperhemolytic GBS with low or no capsule exhibit increased virulence, intracellular persistence, and blood-brain barrier penetration, which was independent of a Trojan horse mechanism of barrier penetration. Additionally, intracellular persistence enabled both hemolytic and hyperhemolytic GBS to evade antibiotics routinely used to treat these infections. The finding that diminished capsule expression promotes GBS virulence, intracellular persistence, and antibiotic evasion has important implications for sustained antibiotic therapy and efficacy of capsule-based vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Gendrin
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington.,Center for Global Infections Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute
| | - Sean Merillat
- Center for Global Infections Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute
| | - Jay Vornhagen
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington.,Center for Global Infections Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute.,Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Michelle Coleman
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington.,Center for Global Infections Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute
| | - Blair Armistead
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington.,Center for Global Infections Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute.,Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Lisa Ngo
- Center for Global Infections Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute
| | - Anjali Aggarwal
- Center for Global Infections Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute
| | - Phoenicia Quach
- Center for Global Infections Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute
| | - Jacob Berrigan
- Center for Global Infections Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute
| | - Lakshmi Rajagopal
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington.,Center for Global Infections Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute.,Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle
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Lavagna A, Auger JP, Dumesnil A, Roy D, Girardin SE, Gisch N, Segura M, Gottschalk M. Interleukin-1 signaling induced by Streptococcus suis serotype 2 is strain-dependent and contributes to bacterial clearance and inflammation during systemic disease in a mouse model of infection. Vet Res 2019; 50:52. [PMID: 31262357 PMCID: PMC6604435 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-019-0670-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus suis serotype 2 is an important porcine pathogen and zoonotic agent causing sudden death, septic shock and meningitis, with exacerbated inflammation being a hallmark of the infection. A rapid, effective and balanced innate immune response against S. suis is critical to control bacterial growth without causing excessive inflammation. Even though interleukin (IL)-1 is one of the most potent and earliest pro-inflammatory mediators produced, its role in the S. suis pathogenesis has not been studied. We demonstrated that a classical virulent European sequence type (ST) 1 strain and the highly virulent ST7 strain induce important levels of IL-1 in systemic organs. Moreover, bone marrow-derived dendritic cells and macrophages contribute to its production, with the ST7 strain inducing higher levels. To better understand the underlying mechanisms involved, different cellular pathways were studied. Independently of the strain, IL-1β production required MyD88 and involved recognition via TLR2 and possibly TLR7 and TLR9. This suggests that the recognized bacterial components are similar and conserved between strains. However, very high levels of the pore-forming toxin suilysin, produced only by the ST7 strain, are required for efficient maturation of pro-IL-1β via activation of different inflammasomes resulting from pore formation and ion efflux. Using IL-1R−/− mice, we demonstrated that IL-1 signaling plays a beneficial role during S. suis systemic infection by modulating the inflammation required to control and clear bacterial burden, thus promoting host survival. Beyond a certain threshold, however, S. suis-induced inflammation cannot be counterbalanced by this signaling, making it difficult to discriminate its role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agustina Lavagna
- Research Group on Infectious Diseases in Production Animals (GREMIP) and Swine and Poultry Infectious Diseases Research Center (CRIPA), Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
| | - Jean-Philippe Auger
- Research Group on Infectious Diseases in Production Animals (GREMIP) and Swine and Poultry Infectious Diseases Research Center (CRIPA), Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
| | - Audrey Dumesnil
- Research Group on Infectious Diseases in Production Animals (GREMIP) and Swine and Poultry Infectious Diseases Research Center (CRIPA), Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
| | - David Roy
- Research Group on Infectious Diseases in Production Animals (GREMIP) and Swine and Poultry Infectious Diseases Research Center (CRIPA), Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
| | - Stephen E Girardin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Nicolas Gisch
- Division of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Priority Area Infections, Research Center Borstel, Leibniz Lung Center, Borstel, Germany
| | - Mariela Segura
- Research Group on Infectious Diseases in Production Animals (GREMIP) and Swine and Poultry Infectious Diseases Research Center (CRIPA), Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
| | - Marcelo Gottschalk
- Research Group on Infectious Diseases in Production Animals (GREMIP) and Swine and Poultry Infectious Diseases Research Center (CRIPA), Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada.
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Sex-specific maternofetal innate immune responses triggered by group B Streptococci. Sci Rep 2019; 9:8587. [PMID: 31197179 PMCID: PMC6565749 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-45029-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Group B Streptococcus (GBS) is one of the most common bacteria isolated in human chorioamnionitis, which is a major risk factor for premature birth and brain injuries. Males are at greater risk than females for developing lifelong neurobehavioural disorders, although the origins of this sex bias remain poorly understood. We previously showed that end-gestational inflammation triggered by GBS led to early neurodevelopmental impairments mainly in the male rat progeny. Identifying key inflammatory players involved in maternofetal immune activation by specific pathogens is critical to develop appropriate novel therapeutic interventions. We aimed to map out the GBS-induced profile of innate immune biomarkers in the maternal-placental-fetal axis, and to compare this immune profile between male and female tissues. We describe here that the GBS-induced immune signalling involved significantly higher levels of interleukin (IL)-1β, cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant-1 (CINC-1/CXCL1) and polymorphonuclear cells (PMNs) infiltration in male compared to female maternofetal tissues. Although male - but not female - fetuses presented increased levels of IL-1β, fetuses from both sexes in-utero exposed to GBS had increased levels of TNF-α in their circulation. Levels of IL-1β detected in fetal sera correlated positively with the levels found in maternal circulation. Here, we report for the first time that the maternofetal innate immune signalling induced by GBS presents a sexually dichotomous profile, with more prominent inflammation in males than females. These sex-specific placental and fetal pro-inflammatory responses are in keeping with the higher susceptibility of the male population for preterm birth, brain injuries and neurodevelopmental disorders such as cerebral palsy and autism spectrum disorders.
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Tezcan G, Martynova EV, Gilazieva ZE, McIntyre A, Rizvanov AA, Khaiboullina SF. MicroRNA Post-transcriptional Regulation of the NLRP3 Inflammasome in Immunopathologies. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:451. [PMID: 31118894 PMCID: PMC6504709 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation has a crucial role in protection against various pathogens. The inflammasome is an intracellular multiprotein signaling complex that is linked to pathogen sensing and initiation of the inflammatory response in physiological and pathological conditions. The most characterized inflammasome is the NLRP3 inflammasome, which is a known sensor of cell stress and is tightly regulated in resting cells. However, altered regulation of the NLRP3 inflammasome is found in several pathological conditions, including autoimmune disease and cancer. NLRP3 expression was shown to be post-transcriptionally regulated and multiple miRNA have been implicated in post-transcriptional regulation of the inflammasome. Therefore, in recent years, miRNA based post-transcriptional control of NLRP3 has become a focus of much research, especially as a potential therapeutic approach. In this review, we provide a summary of the recent investigations on the role of miRNA in the post-transcriptional control of the NLRP3 inflammasome, a key regulator of pro-inflammatory IL-1β and IL-18 cytokine production. Current approaches to targeting the inflammasome product were shown to be an effective treatment for diseases linked to NLRP3 overexpression. Although utilizing NLRP3 targeting miRNAs was shown to be a successful therapeutic approach in several animal models, their therapeutic application in patients remains to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gulcin Tezcan
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia
| | | | - Zarema E. Gilazieva
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia
| | - Alan McIntyre
- Centre for Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Albert A. Rizvanov
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia
| | - Svetlana F. Khaiboullina
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, NV, United States
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Sutton JA, Rogers LM, Dixon B, Kirk L, Doster R, Algood HM, Gaddy JA, Flaherty R, Manning SD, Aronoff DM. Protein kinase D mediates inflammatory responses of human placental macrophages to Group B Streptococcus. Am J Reprod Immunol 2019; 81:e13075. [PMID: 30582878 PMCID: PMC6459189 DOI: 10.1111/aji.13075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Revised: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
PROBLEM During pregnancy, Group B Streptococcus (GBS) can infect fetal membranes to cause chorioamnionitis, resulting in adverse pregnancy outcomes. Macrophages are the primary resident phagocyte in extraplacental membranes. Protein kinase D (PKD) was recently implicated in mediating pro-inflammatory macrophage responses to GBS outside of the reproductive system. This work aimed to characterize the human placental macrophage inflammatory response to GBS and address the extent to which PKD mediates such effects. METHOD Primary human placental macrophages were infected with GBS in the presence or absence of a specific, small molecule PKD inhibitor, CRT 0066101. Macrophage phenotypes were characterized by evaluating gene expression, cytokine release, assembly of the NLRP3 inflammasome, and NFκB activation. RESULTS GBS evoked a strong inflammatory phenotype characterized by the release of inflammatory cytokines (TNFα, IL-1β, IL-6 (P ≤ 0.05), NLRP3 inflammasome assembly (P ≤ 0.0005), and NFκB activation (P ≤ 0.05). Pharmacological inhibition of PKD suppressed these responses, newly implicating a role for PKD in mediating immune responses of primary human placental macrophages to GBS. CONCLUSION PKD plays a critical role in mediating placental macrophage inflammatory activation in response to GBS infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica A. Sutton
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Meharry Medical College School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, 37208, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Lisa M. Rogers
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Beverly Dixon
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Leslie Kirk
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Ryan Doster
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Holly M. Algood
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Tennessee Valley Healthcare Systems, Nashville, Tennessee, U.S.A
| | - Jennifer A. Gaddy
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Tennessee Valley Healthcare Systems, Nashville, Tennessee, U.S.A
| | - Rebecca Flaherty
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Shannon D. Manning
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - David M. Aronoff
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Meharry Medical College School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, 37208, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
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Gordon S. Legacy of the influenza pandemic 1918: Introduction. Biomed J 2019; 42:5-7. [PMID: 30987705 PMCID: PMC6468111 DOI: 10.1016/j.bj.2019.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Siamon Gordon
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Exeter College Emeritus Fellow in Pathology, and Emeritus GlaxoWellcome Professor of Cellular Pathology, University of Oxford, UK.
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Zhou KQ, Green CR, Bennet L, Gunn AJ, Davidson JO. The Role of Connexin and Pannexin Channels in Perinatal Brain Injury and Inflammation. Front Physiol 2019; 10:141. [PMID: 30873043 PMCID: PMC6400979 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Perinatal brain injury remains a major cause of death and life-long disability. Perinatal brain injury is typically associated with hypoxia-ischemia and/or infection/inflammation. Both hypoxia-ischemia and infection trigger an inflammatory response in the brain. The inflammatory response can contribute to brain cell loss and chronic neuroinflammation leading to neurological impairments. It is now well-established that brain injury evolves over time, and shows a striking spread from injured to previously uninjured regions of the brain. There is increasing evidence that this spread is related to opening of connexin hemichannels and pannexin channels, both of which are large conductance membrane channels found in almost all cell types in the brain. Blocking connexin hemichannels within the first 3 h after hypoxia-ischemia has been shown to improve outcomes in term equivalent fetal sheep but it is important to also understand the downstream pathways linking membrane channel opening with the development of injury in order to identify new therapeutic targets. Open membrane channels release adenosine triphosphate (ATP), and other neuroactive molecules, into the extracellular space. ATP has an important physiological role, but has also been reported to act as a damage-associated molecular pattern (DAMP) signal mediated through specific purinergic receptors and so act as a primary signal 1 in the innate immune system inflammasome pathway. More crucially, extracellular ATP is a key inflammasome signal 2 activator, with purinergic receptor binding triggering the assembly of the multi-protein inflammasome complex. The inflammasome pathway and complex formation contribute to activation of inflammatory caspases, and the release of inflammatory cytokines, including interleukin (IL)-1β, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, IL-18, and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). We propose that the NOD-like receptor protein-3 (NLRP3) inflammasome, which has been linked to inflammatory responses in models of ischemic stroke and various inflammatory diseases, may be one mechanism by which connexin hemichannel opening especially mediates perinatal brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly Q Zhou
- Department of Physiology, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Colin R Green
- Department of Ophthalmology, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Laura Bennet
- Department of Physiology, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Alistair J Gunn
- Department of Physiology, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Joanne O Davidson
- Department of Physiology, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,Department of Ophthalmology, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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A multicomponent toxin from Bacillus cereus incites inflammation and shapes host outcome via the NLRP3 inflammasome. Nat Microbiol 2018; 4:362-374. [PMID: 30531979 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-018-0318-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Host recognition of microbial components is essential in mediating an effective immune response. Cytosolic bacteria must secure entry into the host cytoplasm to facilitate replication and, in doing so, liberate microbial ligands that activate cytosolic innate immune sensors and the inflammasome. Here, we identified a multicomponent enterotoxin, haemolysin BL (HBL), that engages activation of the inflammasome. This toxin is highly conserved among the human pathogen Bacillus cereus. The three subunits of HBL bind to the cell membrane in a linear order, forming a lytic pore and inducing activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome, secretion of interleukin-1β and interleukin-18, and pyroptosis. Mechanistically, the HBL-induced pore results in the efflux of potassium and triggers the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome. Furthermore, HBL-producing B. cereus induces rapid inflammasome-mediated mortality. Pharmacological inhibition of the NLRP3 inflammasome using MCC950 prevents B. cereus-induced lethality. Overall, our results reveal that cytosolic sensing of a toxin is central to the innate immune recognition of infection. Therapeutic modulation of this pathway enhances host protection against deadly bacterial infections.
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Fong JJ, Tsai CM, Saha S, Nizet V, Varki A, Bui JD. Siglec-7 engagement by GBS β-protein suppresses pyroptotic cell death of natural killer cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:10410-10415. [PMID: 30254166 PMCID: PMC6187154 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1804108115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are innate immune lymphocytes that recognize and destroy abnormal host cells, such as tumor cells or those infected by viral pathogens. To safely accomplish these functions, NK cells display activating receptors that detect stress molecules or viral ligands displayed at the cell surface, balanced by inhibitory receptors that bind to self-molecules. To date, such activating and inhibitory receptors on NK cells are not known to recognize bacterial determinants. Moreover, NK cell responses to direct interactions with extracellular bacteria are poorly explored. In this study, we observed the human neonatal pathogen group B Streptococcus (GBS) can directly engage human NK cells. The interaction was mediated through the B6N segment of streptococcal β-protein, binding to the inhibitory receptor Siglec-7 via its amino-terminal V-set domain. Unlike classical Siglec binding, the interaction is also independent of its sialic acid recognition property. In contrast to WT GBS, mutants lacking β-protein induced efficient pyroptosis of NK cells through the NLRP3 inflammasome, with production and secretion of the proinflammatory cytokine IL-1β and dissemination of the cytotoxic molecule granzyme B. We postulate that GBS evolved β-protein engagement of inhibitory human Siglec-7 to suppress the pyroptotic response of NK cells and thereby block recruitment of a broader innate immune response, i.e., by "silencing the sentinel."
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerry J Fong
- Glycobiology Research and Training Center, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Chih-Ming Tsai
- Glycobiology Research and Training Center, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Sudeshna Saha
- Glycobiology Research and Training Center, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Victor Nizet
- Glycobiology Research and Training Center, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Ajit Varki
- Glycobiology Research and Training Center, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093;
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Jack D Bui
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
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Li R, Lin J, Hou X, Han S, Weng H, Xu T, Li N, Chai T, Wei L. Characterization and Roles of Cherry Valley Duck NLRP3 in Innate Immunity During Avian Pathogenic Escherichia coli Infection. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2300. [PMID: 30349536 PMCID: PMC6186827 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor (NLR) pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) is a pattern recognition receptor that is involved in host innate immunity and located in the cytoplasm. In the present study, the full-length cDNA of Cherry Valley duck NLRP3 (duNLRP3) (2,805 bp encode 935 amino acids) was firstly cloned from the spleen of healthy Cherry Valley ducks, and the phylogenetic tree indicated that the duNLRP3 has the closest relationship with Anas platyrhynchos in the bird branch. According to quantitative real-time PCR analysis, the duNLRP3 mRNA has a broad expression spectrum in healthy Cherry Valley duck tissues, and the highest expression is in the pancreas. There was significant up-regulation of duNLRP3 mRNA expression in the liver and down-regulation in the spleen after infection with avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) O1K1, especially at 3 days after the infection. Ducks hatched from NLRP3-lentiviral vector-injected eggs had significantly higher duNLRP3 mRNA expression in the liver, spleen, brain, and cecum, which are tissues usually with lower background expression. The mRNA expression levels of inflammatory cytokines IL-1β, IL-18, and TNF-α significantly increased after the APEC infection in those tissues. The bacterial content in the liver and spleen decreased significantly compared with the NC-lentiviral vector-injected ducks. In addition, in the duck embryo fibroblasts, both of the overexpression and knockdown of duNLRP3 can trigger the innate immune response during the E. coli infection. Specifically, overexpression induced antibacterial activation, and knockdown reduced the antibacterial activity of the host cells. The IL-1β, IL-18, and TNF-α mRNA expressions showed up-regulation or down-regulation. The results demonstrate that duNLRP3 has a certain antibacterial activity during E. coli infection. These findings also contribute to better understanding the importance of duNLRP3 in regulating the inflammatory response and the innate immune system of ducks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Li
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Sino-German Cooperative Research Centre for Zoonosis of Animal Origin of Shandong Province, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
- Collaborative Innovation Centre for the Origin and Control of Emerging Infectious Diseases of Taishan Medical College, Tai'an, China
| | - Jing Lin
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Sino-German Cooperative Research Centre for Zoonosis of Animal Origin of Shandong Province, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
- Collaborative Innovation Centre for the Origin and Control of Emerging Infectious Diseases of Taishan Medical College, Tai'an, China
| | - Xiaolan Hou
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Sino-German Cooperative Research Centre for Zoonosis of Animal Origin of Shandong Province, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
- Collaborative Innovation Centre for the Origin and Control of Emerging Infectious Diseases of Taishan Medical College, Tai'an, China
| | - Shaojie Han
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Sino-German Cooperative Research Centre for Zoonosis of Animal Origin of Shandong Province, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
- Collaborative Innovation Centre for the Origin and Control of Emerging Infectious Diseases of Taishan Medical College, Tai'an, China
| | - Hongyu Weng
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Sino-German Cooperative Research Centre for Zoonosis of Animal Origin of Shandong Province, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
- Collaborative Innovation Centre for the Origin and Control of Emerging Infectious Diseases of Taishan Medical College, Tai'an, China
| | - Ting Xu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Sino-German Cooperative Research Centre for Zoonosis of Animal Origin of Shandong Province, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
- Collaborative Innovation Centre for the Origin and Control of Emerging Infectious Diseases of Taishan Medical College, Tai'an, China
| | - Ning Li
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Sino-German Cooperative Research Centre for Zoonosis of Animal Origin of Shandong Province, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
- Collaborative Innovation Centre for the Origin and Control of Emerging Infectious Diseases of Taishan Medical College, Tai'an, China
| | - Tongjie Chai
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Sino-German Cooperative Research Centre for Zoonosis of Animal Origin of Shandong Province, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
- Collaborative Innovation Centre for the Origin and Control of Emerging Infectious Diseases of Taishan Medical College, Tai'an, China
| | - Liangmeng Wei
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Sino-German Cooperative Research Centre for Zoonosis of Animal Origin of Shandong Province, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
- Collaborative Innovation Centre for the Origin and Control of Emerging Infectious Diseases of Taishan Medical College, Tai'an, China
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Thioredoxin-Interacting Protein (TXNIP) in Cerebrovascular and Neurodegenerative Diseases: Regulation and Implication. Mol Neurobiol 2018; 55:7900-7920. [PMID: 29488135 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-018-0917-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Neurological diseases, including acute attacks (e.g., ischemic stroke) and chronic neurodegenerative diseases (e.g., Alzheimer's disease), have always been one of the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. These debilitating diseases represent an enormous disease burden, not only in terms of health suffering but also in economic costs. Although the clinical presentations differ for these diseases, a growing body of evidence suggests that oxidative stress and inflammatory responses in brain tissue significantly contribute to their pathology. However, therapies attempting to prevent oxidative damage or inhibiting inflammation have shown little success. Identification and targeting endogenous "upstream" mediators that normalize such processes will lead to improve therapeutic strategy of these diseases. Thioredoxin-interacting protein (TXNIP) is an endogenous inhibitor of the thioredoxin (TRX) system, a major cellular thiol-reducing and antioxidant system. TXNIP regulating redox/glucose-induced stress and inflammation, now is known to get upregulated in stroke and other brain diseases, and represents a promising therapeutic target. In particular, there is growing evidence that glucose strongly induces TXNIP in multiple cell types, suggesting possible physiological roles of TXNIP in glucose metabolism. Recently, a significant body of literature has supported an essential role of TXNIP in the activation of the NOD-like receptor protein (NLRP3)-inflammasome, a well-established multi-molecular protein complex and a pivotal mediator of sterile inflammation. Accordingly, TXNIP has been postulated to reside centrally in detecting cellular damage and mediating inflammatory responses to tissue injury. The majority of recent studies have shown that pharmacological inhibition or genetic deletion of TXNIP is neuroprotective and able to reduce detrimental aspects of pathology following cerebrovascular and neurodegenerative diseases. Conspicuously, the mainstream of the emerging evidences is highlighting TXNIP link to damaging signals in endothelial cells. Thereby, here, we keep the trend to present the accumulative data on CNS diseases dealing with vascular integrity. This review aims to summarize evidence supporting the significant contribution of regulatory mechanisms of TXNIP with the development of brain diseases, explore pharmacological strategies of targeting TXNIP, and outline obstacles to be considered for efficient clinical translation.
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Awad F, Assrawi E, Louvrier C, Jumeau C, Georgin-Lavialle S, Grateau G, Amselem S, Giurgea I, Karabina SA. Inflammasome biology, molecular pathology and therapeutic implications. Pharmacol Ther 2018; 187:133-149. [PMID: 29466702 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2018.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Inflammasomes are intracellular multiprotein signaling complexes, mainly present in myeloid cells. They commonly assemble around a cytoplasmic receptor of the nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat containing receptor (NLR) family, although other cytoplasmic receptors like pyrin have been shown to form inflammasomes. The nucleation of the multiprotein scaffolding platform occurs upon detection of a microbial, a danger or a homeostasis pattern by the receptor that will, most commonly, associate with the adaptor protein ASC (apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a CARD) through homotypic domain interactions resulting in recruitment of procaspase-1. This will lead to the autoproteolytic activation of caspase-1, which regulates the secretion of proinflammatory IL1β and IL18 cytokines and pyroptosis, a caspase-1-mediated form of cell death. Pyroptosis occurs through cleavage of Gasdermin D, a membrane pore forming protein. Recently, non-canonical inflammasomes have been described, which directly sense intracellular pathogens through caspase-4 and -5 in humans, leading to pyroptosis. Inflammasomes are important in host defense; however, a deregulated activity is associated with a number of inflammatory, immune and metabolic disorders. Furthermore, mutations in inflammasome receptor coding genes are causal for an increasing number of rare autoinflammatory diseases. Biotherapies targeting the products of inflammasome activation as well as molecules that directly or indirectly inhibit inflammasome nucleation and activation are promising therapeutic areas. This review discusses recent advances in inflammasome biology, the molecular pathology of several inflammasomes, and current therapeutic approaches in autoinflammatory diseases and in selected common multifactorial inflammasome-mediated disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fawaz Awad
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, UMR_S 933, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Département de Génétique médicale, Hôpital Trousseau, Paris, F-75012, France
| | - Eman Assrawi
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, UMR_S 933, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Département de Génétique médicale, Hôpital Trousseau, Paris, F-75012, France
| | - Camille Louvrier
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, UMR_S 933, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Département de Génétique médicale, Hôpital Trousseau, Paris, F-75012, France
| | - Claire Jumeau
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, UMR_S 933, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Département de Génétique médicale, Hôpital Trousseau, Paris, F-75012, France
| | - Sophie Georgin-Lavialle
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, UMR_S 933, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Tenon, Service de Médecine interne, Paris, F-75012, France
| | - Gilles Grateau
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, UMR_S 933, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Tenon, Service de Médecine interne, Paris, F-75012, France
| | - Serge Amselem
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, UMR_S 933, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Département de Génétique médicale, Hôpital Trousseau, Paris, F-75012, France.
| | - Irina Giurgea
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, UMR_S 933, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Département de Génétique médicale, Hôpital Trousseau, Paris, F-75012, France.
| | - Sonia-Athina Karabina
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, UMR_S 933, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Département de Génétique médicale, Hôpital Trousseau, Paris, F-75012, France.
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Inouye BM, Hughes FM, Sexton SJ, Purves JT. The Emerging Role of Inflammasomes as Central Mediators in Inflammatory Bladder Pathology. Curr Urol 2017; 11:57-72. [PMID: 29593464 DOI: 10.1159/000447196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 07/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Irritative voiding symptoms (e.g. increased frequency and urgency) occur in many common pathologic conditions such as urinary tract infections and bladder outlet obstruction, and these conditions are well-established to have underlying inflammation that directly triggers these symptoms. However, it remains unclear as to how such diverse stimuli individually generate a common inflammatory process. Jürg Tschopp provided substantial insight into this conundrum when, working with extracts from THP-1 cells, he reported the existence of the inflammasome. He described it as a structure that senses multiple diverse signals from intracellular/extracellular sources and pathogens and triggers inflammation by the maturation and release of the pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin-1β and interleukin-18. Recently, many of these sensors were found in the bladder and the nucleotide-binding domain, leucine-rich-containing family, pyrin domain-containing-3, has been shown to be a central mediator of inflammation in several urological diseases. In this review, we introduce the nucleotide-binding domain, leucine-rich-containing family, pyrin domaincontaining-3 inflammasome, highlight its emerging role in several common urologic conditions, and speculate on the potential involvement of other inflammasomes in bladder pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian M Inouye
- Department of Surgery, Division of Urology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Francis M Hughes
- Department of Surgery, Division of Urology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Stephanie J Sexton
- Department of Surgery, Division of Urology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - J Todd Purves
- Department of Surgery, Division of Urology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
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Kolter J, Henneke P. Codevelopment of Microbiota and Innate Immunity and the Risk for Group B Streptococcal Disease. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1497. [PMID: 29209311 PMCID: PMC5701622 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathogenesis of neonatal late-onset sepsis (LOD), which manifests between the third day and the third month of life, remains poorly understood. Group B Streptococcus (GBS) is the most important cause of LOD in infants without underlying diseases or prematurity and the third most frequent cause of meningitis in the Western world. On the other hand, GBS is a common intestinal colonizer in infants. Accordingly, despite its adaption to the human lower gastrointestinal tract, GBS has retained its potential virulence and its transition from a commensal to a dangerous pathogen is unpredictable in the individual. Several cellular innate immune mechanisms, in particular Toll-like receptors, the inflammasome and the cGAS pathway, are engaged by GBS effectors like nucleic acids. These are likely to impact on the GBS-specific host resistance. Given the long evolution of streptococci as a normal constituent of the human microbiota, the emergence of GBS as the dominant neonatal sepsis cause just about 50 years ago is remarkable. It appears that intensive usage of tetracycline starting in the 1940s has been a selection advantage for the currently dominant GBS clones with superior adhesive and invasive properties. The historical replacement of Group A by Group B streptococci as a leading neonatal pathogen and the higher frequency of other β-hemolytic streptococci in areas with low GBS prevalence suggests the existence of a confined streptococcal niche, where locally competing streptococcal species are subject to environmental and immunological selection pressure. Thus, it seems pivotal to resolve neonatal innate immunity at mucous surfaces and its impact on microbiome composition and quality, i.e., genetic heterogeneity and metabolism, at the microanatomical level. Then, designer pro- and prebiotics, such as attenuated strains of GBS, and oligonucleotide priming of mucosal immunity may unfold their potential and facilitate adaptation of potentially hazardous streptococci as part of a beneficial local microbiome, which is stabilized by mucocutaneous innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Kolter
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Philipp Henneke
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Center for Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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Intrinsic Maturational Neonatal Immune Deficiencies and Susceptibility to Group B Streptococcus Infection. Clin Microbiol Rev 2017; 30:973-989. [PMID: 28814408 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00019-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Although a normal member of the gastrointestinal and vaginal microbiota, group B Streptococcus (GBS) can also occasionally be the cause of highly invasive neonatal disease and is an emerging pathogen in both elderly and immunocompromised adults. Neonatal GBS infections are typically transmitted from mother to baby either in utero or during passage through the birth canal and can lead to pneumonia, sepsis, and meningitis within the first few months of life. Compared to the adult immune system, the neonatal immune system has a number of deficiencies, making neonates more susceptible to infection. Recognition of GBS by the host immune system triggers an inflammatory response to clear the pathogen. However, GBS has developed several mechanisms to evade the host immune response. A comprehensive understanding of this interplay between GBS and the host immune system will aid in the development of new preventative measures and therapeutics.
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Ehrnström B, Beckwith KS, Yurchenko M, Moen SH, Kojen JF, Lentini G, Teti G, Damås JK, Espevik T, Stenvik J. Toll-Like Receptor 8 Is a Major Sensor of Group B Streptococcus But Not Escherichia coli in Human Primary Monocytes and Macrophages. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1243. [PMID: 29042860 PMCID: PMC5632357 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
TLR8 is the major endosomal sensor of degraded RNA in human monocytes and macrophages. It has been implicated in the sensing of viruses and more recently also bacteria. We previously identified a TLR8-IFN regulatory factor 5 (IRF5) signaling pathway that mediates IFNβ and interleukin-12 (IL-12) induction by Staphylococcus aureus and is antagonized by TLR2. The relative importance of TLR8 for the sensing of various bacterial species is however still unclear. We here compared the role of TLR8 and IRF5 for the sensing of Group B Streptococcus (GBS), S. aureus, and Escherichia coli in human primary monocytes and monocyte-derived macrophages (MDM). GBS induced stronger IFNβ and TNF production as well as IRF5 nuclear translocation compared to S. aureus grown to the stationary phase, while S. aureus in exponential growth appeared similarly potent to GBS. Cytokine induction in primary human monocytes by GBS was not dependent on hemolysins, and induction of IFNβ and IL-12 as well as IRF5 activation were reduced with TLR2 ligand costimulation. Heat inactivation of GBS reduced IRF5 and NF-kB translocation, while only the viable E. coli activated IRF5. The attenuated stimulation correlated with loss of bacterial RNA integrity. The E. coli-induced IRF5 translocation was not inhibited by TLR2 costimulation, suggesting that IRF5 was activated via a TLR8-independent mechanism. Gene silencing of MDM using siRNA revealed that GBS-induced IFNβ, IL-12-p35, and TNF production was dependent on TLR8 and IRF5. In contrast, cytokine induction by E. coli was TLR8 independent but still partly dependent on IRF5. We conclude that TLR8-IRF5 signaling is more important for the sensing of GBS than for stationary grown S. aureus in human primary monocytes and MDM, likely due to reduced resistance of GBS to phagosomal degradation and to a lower production of TLR2 activating lipoproteins. TLR8 does not sense viable E. coli, while IRF5 still contributes to E. coli-induced cytokine production, possibly via a cytosolic nucleic acid sensing mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birgitta Ehrnström
- Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Clinic of Medicine, St. Olavs Hospital HF, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Kai Sandvold Beckwith
- Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Mariia Yurchenko
- Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Siv Helen Moen
- Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - June Frengen Kojen
- Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Germana Lentini
- Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.,Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Teti
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Jan Kristian Damås
- Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Clinic of Medicine, St. Olavs Hospital HF, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Terje Espevik
- Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Jørgen Stenvik
- Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Clinic of Medicine, St. Olavs Hospital HF, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
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47
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Vornhagen J, Adams Waldorf KM, Rajagopal L. Perinatal Group B Streptococcal Infections: Virulence Factors, Immunity, and Prevention Strategies. Trends Microbiol 2017. [PMID: 28633864 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2017.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Group B streptococcus (GBS) or Streptococcus agalactiae is a β-hemolytic, Gram-positive bacterium that is a leading cause of neonatal infections. GBS commonly colonizes the lower gastrointestinal and genital tracts and, during pregnancy, neonates are at risk of infection. Although intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis during labor and delivery has decreased the incidence of early-onset neonatal infection, these measures do not prevent ascending infection that can occur earlier in pregnancy leading to preterm births, stillbirths, or late-onset neonatal infections. Prevention of GBS infection in pregnancy is complex and is likely influenced by multiple factors, including pathogenicity, host factors, vaginal microbiome, false-negative screening, and/or changes in antibiotic resistance. A deeper understanding of the mechanisms of GBS infections during pregnancy will facilitate the development of novel therapeutics and vaccines. Here, we summarize and discuss important advancements in our understanding of GBS vaginal colonization, ascending infection, and preterm birth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay Vornhagen
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Kristina M Adams Waldorf
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg University, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Lakshmi Rajagopal
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
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48
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Sullivan MJ, Leclercq SY, Ipe DS, Carey AJ, Smith JP, Voller N, Cripps AW, Ulett GC. Effect of the Streptococcus agalactiae Virulence Regulator CovR on the Pathogenesis of Urinary Tract Infection. J Infect Dis 2017; 215:475-483. [PMID: 28011914 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiw589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 12/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Streptococcus agalactiae can cause urinary tract infection (UTI). The role of the S. agalactiae global virulence regulator, CovR, in UTI pathogenesis is unknown. Methods We used murine and human bladder uroepithelial cell models of UTI and S. agalactiae mutants in covR and related factors, including β-hemolysin/cytolysin (β-h/c), surface-anchored adhesin HvgA, and capsule to study the role of CovR in UTI. Results We found that covR-deficient serotype III S. agalactiae 874391 was significantly attenuated for colonization in mice and adhesion to uroepithelial cells. Mice infected with covR-deficient S. agalactiae produced less proinflammatory cytokines than those infected with wild-type 874391. Acute cytotoxicity in uroepithelial cells triggered by covR-deficient but not wild-type 874391 was associated with significant caspase 3 activation. Mechanistically, covR mutation significantly altered the expression of several genes in S. agalactiae 874391 that encode key virulence factors, including β-h/c and HvgA, but not capsule. Subsequent mutational analyses revealed that HvgA and capsule, but not the β-h/c, exerted significant effects on colonization of the murine urinary tract in vivo. Conclusions S. agalactiae CovR promotes bladder infection and inflammation, as well as adhesion to and viability of uroepithelial cells. The pathogenesis of S. agalactiae UTI is complex, multifactorial, and influenced by virulence effects of CovR, HvgA, and capsule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Sullivan
- School of Medical Science, and Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia
| | - Sophie Y Leclercq
- School of Medical Science, and Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia.,Research and Development Center, Ezequiel Dias Foundation (FUNED), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Deepak S Ipe
- School of Medical Science, and Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia
| | - Alison J Carey
- School of Medical Science, and Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia
| | - Joshua P Smith
- School of Medical Science, and Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia
| | - Nathan Voller
- School of Medical Science, and Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia.,School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, United Kingdom
| | - Allan W Cripps
- School of Medical Science, and Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia
| | - Glen C Ulett
- School of Medical Science, and Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia
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49
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Man SM, Karki R, Kanneganti TD. Molecular mechanisms and functions of pyroptosis, inflammatory caspases and inflammasomes in infectious diseases. Immunol Rev 2017; 277:61-75. [PMID: 28462526 PMCID: PMC5416822 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1068] [Impact Index Per Article: 152.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cell death is a fundamental biological phenomenon that is essential for the survival and development of an organism. Emerging evidence also indicates that cell death contributes to immune defense against infectious diseases. Pyroptosis is a form of inflammatory programmed cell death pathway activated by human and mouse caspase-1, human caspase-4 and caspase-5, or mouse caspase-11. These inflammatory caspases are used by the host to control bacterial, viral, fungal, or protozoan pathogens. Pyroptosis requires cleavage and activation of the pore-forming effector protein gasdermin D by inflammatory caspases. Physical rupture of the cell causes release of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and IL-18, alarmins and endogenous danger-associated molecular patterns, signifying the inflammatory potential of pyroptosis. Here, we describe the central role of inflammatory caspases and pyroptosis in mediating immunity to infection and clearance of pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si Ming Man
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Rajendra Karki
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
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50
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Cevallos VM, Díaz V, Sirois CM. Particulate matter air pollution from the city of Quito, Ecuador, activates inflammatory signaling pathways in vitro. Innate Immun 2017; 23:392-400. [PMID: 28409539 DOI: 10.1177/1753425917699864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Automobile traffic, industrial processes and natural phenomena cause notable air pollution, including gaseous and particulate contaminants, in urban centers. Exposure to particulate matter (PM) air pollution affects human health, and has been linked to respiratory, cardiovascular and neurological diseases. The mechanisms underlying inflammation in these diverse diseases, and to what extent health effects are different for PM obtained from different sources or locations, are still unclear. This study investigated the in vitro toxicity of ambient course (PM10) and fine (PM2.5) particulate matter collected at seven sites in the urban and periurban zones of Quito, Ecuador. Material from all sites was capable of activating TLR2 and TLR4 signaling pathways, with differences in the activation related to particle size. Additionally, airborne particulate matter from Quito is an effective activator of the NLRP3 inflammasome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria M Cevallos
- 1 Center for Translational Research, Universidad de Las Américas, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Valeria Díaz
- 2 Secretariat of the Environment, Municipality of the Quito Metropolitan District, Quito, Ecuador.,3 School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Universidad de Las Américas, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Cherilyn M Sirois
- 1 Center for Translational Research, Universidad de Las Américas, Quito, Ecuador.,3 School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Universidad de Las Américas, Quito, Ecuador.,4 Center for Biomedical Research, Eugenio Espejo College of Health Sciences, Universidad Tecnológica Equinoccial, Quito, Ecuador
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