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Bai L, Xu J, Zeng L, Zhang L, Zhou F. A review of HSV pathogenesis, vaccine development, and advanced applications. MOLECULAR BIOMEDICINE 2024; 5:35. [PMID: 39207577 PMCID: PMC11362470 DOI: 10.1186/s43556-024-00199-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2024] [Accepted: 08/02/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus (HSV), an epidemic human pathogen threatening global public health, gains notoriety for its complex pathogenesis that encompasses lytic infection of mucosal cells, latent infection within neurons, and periodic reactivation. This intricate interplay, coupled with HSV's sophisticated immune evasion strategies, gives rise to various diseases, including genital lesions, neonatal encephalitis, and cancer. Despite more than 70 years of relentless research, an effective preventive or therapeutic vaccine against HSV has yet to emerge, primarily due to the limited understanding of virus-host interactions, which in turn impedes the identification of effective vaccine targets. However, HSV's unique pathological features, including its substantial genetic load capacity, high replicability, transmissibility, and neurotropism, render it a promising candidate for various applications, spanning oncolytic virotherapy, gene and immune therapies, and even as an imaging tracer in neuroscience. In this review, we comprehensively update recent breakthroughs in HSV pathogenesis and immune evasion, critically summarize the progress made in vaccine candidate development, and discuss the multifaceted applications of HSV as a biological tool. Importantly, we highlight both success and challenges, emphasizing the critical need for intensified research into HSV, with the aim of providing deeper insights that can not only advance HSV treatment strategies but also broaden its application horizons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Bai
- International Biomed-X Research Center, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Center for Oncology Medicine, the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of School of Medicine, and International School of Medicine, International Institutes of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Yiwu, 322000, China
| | - Jiuzhi Xu
- Center for Oncology Medicine, the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of School of Medicine, and International School of Medicine, International Institutes of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Yiwu, 322000, China
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment for Lung Cancer, Yiwu, 322000, China
| | - Linghui Zeng
- School of Medicine, Zhejiang University City College, Hangzhou, 310015, China.
| | - Long Zhang
- International Biomed-X Research Center, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
- MOE Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis & Protection and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
- Cancer Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Fangfang Zhou
- School of Medicine, Zhejiang University City College, Hangzhou, 310015, China.
- Institutes of Biology and Medical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China.
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Wang Y, Tang Y, Liu TH, Shao L, Li C, Wang Y, Tan P. Integrative Multi-omics Analysis to Characterize Herpes Virus Infection Increases the Risk of Alzheimer's Disease. Mol Neurobiol 2024; 61:5337-5352. [PMID: 38191694 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03903-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
Evidence suggests that herpes virus infection is associated with an increased risk of Alzheimer's disease (AD), and innate and adaptive immunity plays an important role in the association. Although there have been many studies, the mechanism of the association is still unclear. This study aims to reveal the underlying molecular and immune regulatory network through multi-omics data and provide support for the study of the mechanism of infection and AD in the future. Here, we found that the herpes virus infection significantly increased the risk of AD. Genes associated with the occurrence and development of AD and genetically regulated by herpes virus infection are mainly enrichment in immune-related pathways. The 22 key regulatory genes identified by machine learning are mainly immune genes. They are also significantly related to the infiltration changes of 3 immune cell in AD. Furthermore, many of these genes have previously been reported to be linked, or potentially linked, to the pathological mechanisms of both herpes virus infection and AD. In conclusion, this study contributes to the study of the mechanisms related to herpes virus infection and AD, and indicates that the regulation of innate and adaptive immunity may be an effective strategy for preventing and treating herpes virus infection and AD. Additionally, the identified key regulatory genes, whether previously studied or newly discovered, may serve as valuable targets for prevention and treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongheng Wang
- Department of Bioinformatics, School of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Reproductive and Development, Department of Reproductive Biology, School of Public Health, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yaqin Tang
- Department of Bioinformatics, School of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Tai-Hang Liu
- Department of Bioinformatics, School of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Reproductive and Development, Department of Reproductive Biology, School of Public Health, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Lizhen Shao
- Department of Bioinformatics, School of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Chunying Li
- Chongqing Vocational College of Resources and Environmental Protection, Chongqing, China.
| | - Yingxiong Wang
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Reproductive and Development, Department of Reproductive Biology, School of Public Health, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
| | - Pengcheng Tan
- Department of Bioinformatics, School of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
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3
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Wood-Trageser MA, Lesniak D, Gambella A, Golnoski K, Feng S, Bucuvalas J, Sanchez-Fueyo A, Demetris AJ. Next-generation pathology detection of T cell-antigen-presenting cell immune synapses in human liver allografts. Hepatology 2023; 77:355-366. [PMID: 35819312 PMCID: PMC9834436 DOI: 10.1002/hep.32666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS In otherwise near-normal appearing biopsies by routine light microscopy, next-generation pathology (NGP) detected close pairings (immune pairs; iPAIRs) between lymphocytes and antigen-presenting cells (APCs) that predicted immunosuppression weaning failure in pediatric liver transplant (LTx) recipients (Immunosuppression Withdrawal for Stable Pediatric Liver Transplant Recipients [iWITH], NCT01638559). We hypothesized that NGP-detected iPAIRs enrich for true immune synapses, as determined by nuclear shape metrics, intercellular distances, and supramolecular activation complex (SMAC) formation. APPROACH AND RESULTS Intralobular iPAIRs (CD45 high lymphocyte-major histocompatibility complex II + APC pairs; n = 1167, training set) were identified at low resolution from multiplex immunohistochemistry-stained liver biopsy slides from several multicenter LTx immunosuppression titration clinical trials (iWITH; NCT02474199 (Donor Alloantigen Reactive Tregs (darTregs) for Calcineurin Inhibitor (CNI) Reduction (ARTEMIS); Prospective Longitudinal Study of iWITH Screen Failures Secondary to Histopathology). After excluding complex multicellular aggregates, high-resolution imaging was used to examine immune synapse formation ( n = 998). By enriching for close intranuclear lymphocyte-APC distance (mean: 0.713 μm) and lymphocyte nuclear flattening (mean ferret diameter: 2.1), SMAC formation was detected in 29% of iPAIR-engaged versus 9.5% of unpaired lymphocytes. Integration of these morphometrics enhanced NGP detection of immune synapses (ai-iSYN). Using iWITH preweaning biopsies from eligible patients ( n = 53; 18 tolerant, 35 nontolerant; testing set), ai-iSYN accurately predicted (87.3% accuracy vs. 81.4% for iPAIRs; 100% sensitivity, 75% specificity) immunosuppression weaning failure. This confirmed the presence and importance of intralobular immune synapse formation in liver allografts. Stratification of biopsy mRNA expression data by immune synapse quantity yielded the top 20 genes involved in T cell activation and immune synapse formation and stability. CONCLUSIONS NGP-detected immune synapses (subpathological rejection) in LTx patients prior to immunosuppression reduction suggests that NGP-detected (allo)immune activity usefulness for titration of immunosuppressive therapy in various settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle A Wood-Trageser
- Division of Liver and Transplant Pathology , University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania , USA
| | - Drew Lesniak
- Division of Liver and Transplant Pathology , University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania , USA
| | - Alessandro Gambella
- Division of Liver and Transplant Pathology , University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania , USA
- Pathology Unit, Department of Medical Sciences , University of Turin , Torino , Italy
| | - Kayla Golnoski
- Division of Liver and Transplant Pathology , University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania , USA
| | - Sandy Feng
- Division of Transplantation, Department of Surgery , University of California San Francisco , San Francisco , California , USA
| | - John Bucuvalas
- Mount Sinai Kravis Children's Hospital and Recanati/Miller Transplantation Institute , Mount Sinai Health System , New York , New York , USA
| | | | - A Jake Demetris
- Division of Liver and Transplant Pathology , University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania , USA
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Hatton AA, Guerra FE. Scratching the Surface Takes a Toll: Immune Recognition of Viral Proteins by Surface Toll-like Receptors. Viruses 2022; 15:52. [PMID: 36680092 PMCID: PMC9863796 DOI: 10.3390/v15010052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Early innate viral recognition by the host is critical for the rapid response and subsequent clearance of an infection. Innate immune cells patrol sites of infection to detect and respond to invading microorganisms including viruses. Surface Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a group of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) that can be activated by viruses even before the host cell becomes infected. However, the early activation of surface TLRs by viruses can lead to viral clearance by the host or promote pathogenesis. Thus, a plethora of research has attempted to identify specific viral ligands that bind to surface TLRs and mediate progression of viral infection. Herein, we will discuss the past two decades of research that have identified specific viral proteins recognized by cell surface-associated TLRs, how these viral proteins and host surface TLR interactions affect the host inflammatory response and outcome of infection, and address why controversy remains regarding host surface TLR recognition of viral proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis A. Hatton
- Department of Microbiology & Cell Biology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59718, USA
| | - Fermin E. Guerra
- Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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Wang Y, Jin J, Li Y, Zhou Q, Yao R, Wu Z, Hu H, Fang Z, Dong S, Cai Q, Hu S, Liu B. NK cell tumor therapy modulated by UV-inactivated oncolytic herpes simplex virus type 2 and checkpoint inhibitors. Transl Res 2022; 240:64-86. [PMID: 34757194 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2021.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2021] [Revised: 10/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Oncolytic virotherapy is a new and safe therapeutic strategy for cancer treatment. In our previous study, a new type of oncolytic herpes simplex virus type 2 (oHSV2) was constructed. Following the completion of a preclinical study, oHSV2 has now entered into clinical trials for the treatment of melanoma and other solid tumors (NCT03866525). Oncolytic viruses (OVs) are generally able to directly destroy tumor cells and stimulate the immune system to fight tumors. Natural killer (NK) cells are important components of the innate immune system and critical players against tumor cells. But the detailed interactions between oncolytic viruses and NK cells and these interaction effects on the antitumor immune response remain to be elucidated. In particular, the functions of activating surface receptors and checkpoint inhibitors on oHSV2-treated NK cells and tumor cells are still unknown. In this study, we found that UV-oHSV2 potently activates human peripheral blood mononuclear cells, leading to increased antitumor activity in vitro and in vivo. Further investigation indicated that UV-oHSV2-stimulated NK cells release IFN-γ via Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2)/NF-κB signaling pathway and exert antitumor activity via TLR2. We found for the first time that the expression of a pair of checkpoint molecules, NKG2A (on NK cells) and HLA-E (on tumor cells), is upregulated by UV-oHSV2 stimulation. Anti-NKG2A and anti-HLA-E treatment could further enhance the antitumor effects of UV-oHSV2-stimulated NK92 cells in vitro and in vivo. As our oHSV2 clinical trial is ongoing, we expect that the combination therapy of oncolytic virus oHSV2 and anti-NKG2A/anti-HLA-E antibodies may have synergistic antitumor effects in our future clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Wang
- National "111" Centre for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), Hubei Provincial Cooperative Innovation Centre of Industrial Fermentation, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China
| | - Jing Jin
- National "111" Centre for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), Hubei Provincial Cooperative Innovation Centre of Industrial Fermentation, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China
| | - Yuying Li
- National "111" Centre for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), Hubei Provincial Cooperative Innovation Centre of Industrial Fermentation, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China
| | - Qin Zhou
- National "111" Centre for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), Hubei Provincial Cooperative Innovation Centre of Industrial Fermentation, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China
| | - Ruoyi Yao
- National "111" Centre for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), Hubei Provincial Cooperative Innovation Centre of Industrial Fermentation, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China
| | - Zhen Wu
- National "111" Centre for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), Hubei Provincial Cooperative Innovation Centre of Industrial Fermentation, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China
| | - Han Hu
- National "111" Centre for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), Hubei Provincial Cooperative Innovation Centre of Industrial Fermentation, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China
| | - Zhizheng Fang
- Wuhan Binhui Biopharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Wuhan, 430000, China
| | - Shuang Dong
- Department of Medical Oncology, Hubei Cancer Hospital, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Qian Cai
- Department of Medical Oncology, Hubei Cancer Hospital, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Sheng Hu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Hubei Cancer Hospital, Wuhan, 430079, China; Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430068, China
| | - Binlei Liu
- National "111" Centre for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), Hubei Provincial Cooperative Innovation Centre of Industrial Fermentation, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China.
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6
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Ang X, Xu Z, Zhou Q, Zhang Z, Ma L, Zhang X, Zhou F, Chen W. PARGP1, a specific enhancer RNA associated with biochemical recurrence of prostate cancer. ALL LIFE 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/26895293.2021.1969292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojie Ang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - ZeKun Xu
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qi Zhou
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhiyu Zhang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lu Ma
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xi Zhang
- Department of Urology, Kunshan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Kunshan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Feng Zhou
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Weiguo Chen
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, People’s Republic of China
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Kust SA, Streltsova MA, Panteleev AV, Karpina NL, Lyadova IV, Sapozhnikov AM, Kovalenko EI. HLA-DR-Positive NK Cells Expand in Response to Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Antigens and Mediate Mycobacteria-Induced T Cell Activation. Front Immunol 2021; 12:662128. [PMID: 34012446 PMCID: PMC8128146 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.662128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
NK cells play an important role in the control of tuberculosis infection: they are not only able to kill the infected cells, but also control the activity of macrophages and development of the adaptive immune response. Still, there is little information on the role of specific NK cell subsets in this network. In this study, we focused on the mycobacteria-driven responses of the NK cells expressing HLA-DR – a type of MHC class II. We have revealed that this subset is increased in the peripheral blood of patients with primary diagnosed tuberculosis, and expands in response to in vitro stimulation with ultrasonically destroyed Mycobacterium tuberculosis cells (sonicate). The expanded HLA-DR+ NK cells had less differentiated phenotype, higher proliferative activity and increased expression of NKp30 and NKp46 receptors. HLA-DR+CD56dim NK cells showed higher IFNγ production and degranulation level than the respective HLA-DR− NK cells in response to both 24 h and 7 day stimulation with sonicate, while HLA-DR+CD56bright NK cells mostly demonstarted similar high responsiveness to the same stimulating conditions as their HLA-DR−CD56bright counterparts. After preliminary incubation with destroyed mycobacteria, cytokine-activated HLA-DR-expressing NK cells were able to mediate mycobacteria-induced and HLA-DR-dependent cytokine production in autologous CD4+ T cells. Thus, functionally active HLA-DR+ cells seem to be one of the NK cell subsets providing an important link to the adaptive immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofya A Kust
- Laboratory of Cell Interactions, Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of Russian Academy of Science, Moscow, Russia
| | - Maria A Streltsova
- Laboratory of Cell Interactions, Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of Russian Academy of Science, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander V Panteleev
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, Central Tuberculosis Research Institute, Moscow, Russia
| | - Natalya L Karpina
- Diagnostic Outpatient Department, Central Tuberculosis Research Institute, Moscow, Russia
| | - Irina V Lyadova
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, Central Tuberculosis Research Institute, Moscow, Russia.,Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Basis of Histogenesis, Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander M Sapozhnikov
- Laboratory of Cell Interactions, Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of Russian Academy of Science, Moscow, Russia
| | - Elena I Kovalenko
- Laboratory of Cell Interactions, Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of Russian Academy of Science, Moscow, Russia
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8
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Zhang B, Wang X, Cheng P. Remodeling of Tumor Immune Microenvironment by Oncolytic Viruses. Front Oncol 2021; 10:561372. [PMID: 33680911 PMCID: PMC7934618 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.561372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic viruses (OVs) are potential antitumor agents with unique therapeutic mechanisms. They possess the ability of direct oncolysis and the induction of antitumor immunity. OV can be genetically engineered to potentiate antitumor efficacy by remodeling the tumor immune microenvironment. The present mini review mainly describes the effect of OVs on remodeling of the tumor immune microenvironment and explores the mechanism of regulation of the host immune system and the promotion of the immune cells to destroy carcinoma cells by OVs. Furthermore, this article focuses on the utilization of OVs as vectors for the delivery of immunomodulatory cytokines or antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xilei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ping Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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9
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Bansode YD, Chattopadhyay D, Saha B. Transcriptomic Analysis of Interferon Response in Toll-Like Receptor 2 Ligand-Treated and Herpes Simplex Virus 1-Infected Neurons and Astrocytes. Viral Immunol 2020; 34:256-266. [PMID: 33351727 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2020.0238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus (HSV)-1 infection causes cold sores and keratitis. Upon infection, it forms lesions at the epithelium and enters neurons where it establishes a latent infection. Host innate immune receptor Toll-like receptor (TLR)2 recognizes HSV by sensing its glycoproteins and induces an innate immune response. Upon activation, TLR2 forms a dimer with TLR1, TLR2, or TLR6 and signals inducing cytokines and interferons (IFNs). In this study, we checked the effect of differential activation of TLR2 by using different TLR2 dimer-specific ligands on the anti-HSV-1 innate immune response. We found that TLR2/2 ligand-induced IFN-β in neurons, while IFN-α in astrocytes and these IFNs subsequently induce the expression of IFN stimulatory genes like viperin, Ch25H, OAS2, latent RNase (RNase L), protein kinase R (PKR), and interferon-induced proteins with tetratricopeptide repeats (IFIT) 1. These are the genes with antiviral functions such as blocking viral attachment, protein synthesis, and egress.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Debprasad Chattopadhyay
- ICMR-National Institute of Traditional Medicine, Belagavi, India.,ICMR-Virus Unit, Kolkata, India
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10
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Kim DO, Byun JE, Kim WS, Kim MJ, Choi JH, Kim H, Choi E, Kim TD, Yoon SR, Noh JY, Park YJ, Lee J, Cho HJ, Lee HG, Min SH, Choi I, Jung H. TXNIP Regulates Natural Killer Cell-Mediated Innate Immunity by Inhibiting IFN-γ Production during Bacterial Infection. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21249499. [PMID: 33327533 PMCID: PMC7765025 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21249499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The function of natural killer (NK) cell-derived interferon-γ (IFN-γ) expands to remove pathogens by increasing the ability of innate immune cells. Here, we identified the critical role of thioredoxin-interacting protein (TXNIP) in the production of IFN-γ in NK cells during bacterial infection. TXNIP inhibited the production of IFN-γ and the activation of transforming growth factor β-activated kinase 1 (TAK1) activity in primary mouse and human NK cells. TXNIP directly interacted with TAK1 and inhibited TAK1 activity by interfering with the complex formation between TAK1 and TAK1 binding protein 1 (TAB1). Txnip−/− (KO) NK cells enhanced the activation of macrophages by inducing IFN-γ production during Pam3CSK4 stimulation or Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) infection and contributed to expedite the bacterial clearance. Our findings suggest that NK cell-derived IFN-γ is critical for host defense and that TXNIP plays an important role as an inhibitor of NK cell-mediated macrophage activation by inhibiting the production of IFN-γ during bacterial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Oh Kim
- Department of Innovative Toxicology Research, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34114, Korea;
| | - Jae-Eun Byun
- Immunotherapy Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Korea; (J.-E.B.); (W.S.K.); (J.H.C.); (H.K.); (E.C.); (T.-D.K.); (S.R.Y.); (J.-Y.N.); (H.J.C.); (H.G.L.)
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Won Sam Kim
- Immunotherapy Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Korea; (J.-E.B.); (W.S.K.); (J.H.C.); (H.K.); (E.C.); (T.-D.K.); (S.R.Y.); (J.-Y.N.); (H.J.C.); (H.G.L.)
| | - Mi Jeong Kim
- Research Center for Bioconvergence Analysis, Korea Basic Science Institute, Cheongju 28119, Korea;
| | - Jung Ha Choi
- Immunotherapy Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Korea; (J.-E.B.); (W.S.K.); (J.H.C.); (H.K.); (E.C.); (T.-D.K.); (S.R.Y.); (J.-Y.N.); (H.J.C.); (H.G.L.)
| | - Hanna Kim
- Immunotherapy Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Korea; (J.-E.B.); (W.S.K.); (J.H.C.); (H.K.); (E.C.); (T.-D.K.); (S.R.Y.); (J.-Y.N.); (H.J.C.); (H.G.L.)
| | - Eunji Choi
- Immunotherapy Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Korea; (J.-E.B.); (W.S.K.); (J.H.C.); (H.K.); (E.C.); (T.-D.K.); (S.R.Y.); (J.-Y.N.); (H.J.C.); (H.G.L.)
| | - Tae-Don Kim
- Immunotherapy Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Korea; (J.-E.B.); (W.S.K.); (J.H.C.); (H.K.); (E.C.); (T.-D.K.); (S.R.Y.); (J.-Y.N.); (H.J.C.); (H.G.L.)
- Department of Functional Genomics, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34113, Korea
| | - Suk Ran Yoon
- Immunotherapy Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Korea; (J.-E.B.); (W.S.K.); (J.H.C.); (H.K.); (E.C.); (T.-D.K.); (S.R.Y.); (J.-Y.N.); (H.J.C.); (H.G.L.)
- Department of Functional Genomics, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34113, Korea
| | - Ji-Yoon Noh
- Immunotherapy Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Korea; (J.-E.B.); (W.S.K.); (J.H.C.); (H.K.); (E.C.); (T.-D.K.); (S.R.Y.); (J.-Y.N.); (H.J.C.); (H.G.L.)
| | - Young-Jun Park
- Environmental Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Korea; (Y.-J.P.); (J.L.)
| | - Jungwoon Lee
- Environmental Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Korea; (Y.-J.P.); (J.L.)
| | - Hee Jun Cho
- Immunotherapy Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Korea; (J.-E.B.); (W.S.K.); (J.H.C.); (H.K.); (E.C.); (T.-D.K.); (S.R.Y.); (J.-Y.N.); (H.J.C.); (H.G.L.)
| | - Hee Gu Lee
- Immunotherapy Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Korea; (J.-E.B.); (W.S.K.); (J.H.C.); (H.K.); (E.C.); (T.-D.K.); (S.R.Y.); (J.-Y.N.); (H.J.C.); (H.G.L.)
- Department of Biomolecular Science, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34113, Korea
| | - Sang-Hyun Min
- New Drug Development Center, Daegu-Gyeongbuk Medical Innovation Foundation (DGMIF), 80 Chumbokro Dong-gu, Daegu 41061, Korea;
| | - Inpyo Choi
- Immunotherapy Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Korea; (J.-E.B.); (W.S.K.); (J.H.C.); (H.K.); (E.C.); (T.-D.K.); (S.R.Y.); (J.-Y.N.); (H.J.C.); (H.G.L.)
- Department of Functional Genomics, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34113, Korea
- Correspondence: (I.C.); (H.J.)
| | - Haiyoung Jung
- Immunotherapy Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Korea; (J.-E.B.); (W.S.K.); (J.H.C.); (H.K.); (E.C.); (T.-D.K.); (S.R.Y.); (J.-Y.N.); (H.J.C.); (H.G.L.)
- Department of Functional Genomics, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34113, Korea
- Correspondence: (I.C.); (H.J.)
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11
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UV Light-inactivated HSV-1 Stimulates Natural Killer Cell-induced Killing of Prostate Cancer Cells. J Immunother 2020; 42:162-174. [PMID: 30933043 DOI: 10.1097/cji.0000000000000261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Herein we demonstrate that ultraviolet light-inactivated Herpes Simplex Virus-1 (UV-HSV-1) stimulates peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) to lyse both androgen-sensitive and androgen-independent prostate cancer (PrCA) cell lines, but not the benign prostatic hyperplastic epithelial cell line, BPH-1, and is 1000-10,000-fold more potent at stimulating this killing than ultraviolet light-inactivated Vesicular Stomatitis Virus, adenovirus, reovirus or cytomegalovirus. Among PBMCs, natural killer (NK) cells appear to be a major cell type involved in this killing and UV-HSV-1 appears to directly and potently stimulate NK cell expression of CD69, degranulation, cytokine production, and migration to IL-8 in PC3 conditioned medium. We also found that UV-HSV-1 stimulates glycolysis in PBMCs and NK cells, and that 2-deoxyglucose and the protein kinase C inhibitor, Go6976, and the NFκB inhibitor, Bay 11-7082, all abrogate UV-HSV-1 activated killing of PC3 cells by PBMCs and NK cells. Using neutralizing anti-Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) we found that UV-HSV-1, like HSV-1, activates NK cells via TLR2. Taken together, these results are consistent with Toll-like receptor 2 ligands on UV-HSV-1 stimulating TLR2 on NK cells to activate protein kinase C, leading to enhanced glycolysis and NFκB activation, both of which play a critical role in this anti-PrCA innate immune response. Importantly, UV-HSV-1 synergizes with IL-15 to increase the cytolytic activity of PBMCs against PC3 cells and there was considerable donor-to-donor variation in killing ability. These results support the preclinical development of UV-HSV-1 as an adjuvant, in combination with IL-15, for cell infusions of healthy, preselected NK cells to treat PrCA.
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12
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Erokhina SA, Streltsova MA, Kanevskiy LM, Grechikhina MV, Sapozhnikov AM, Kovalenko EI. HLA-DR-expressing NK cells: Effective killers suspected for antigen presentation. J Leukoc Biol 2020; 109:327-337. [PMID: 32421903 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.3ru0420-668rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Revised: 04/12/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
HLA-DR-expressing cells comprise an intriguing group of NK cells, which combine phenotypic characteristics of both NK cells and dendritic cells. These cells can be found in humans and mice; they are present in blood and tissues in healthy conditions and can expand in a spectrum of pathologies. HLA-DR+ NK cells are functionally active: they produce proinflammatory cytokines, degranulate, and easily proliferate in response to stimuli. Additionally, HLA-DR+ NK cells seem able to take in and then present certain antigens to CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, inducing their activation and proliferation, which puts them closer to professional antigen-presenting cells. It appears that these NK cells should be considerable players of the innate immune system, both due to their functional activity and regulation of the innate and adaptive immune responses. In this review, for the first time, we provide a detailed description and analysis of the available data characterizing phenotypic, developmental, and functional features of the HLA-DR+ NK cells in a healthy condition and a disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofya A Erokhina
- Laboratory of Cell Interactions, Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Moscow, Russia
| | - Maria A Streltsova
- Laboratory of Cell Interactions, Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Moscow, Russia
| | - Leonid M Kanevskiy
- Laboratory of Cell Interactions, Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Moscow, Russia
| | - Maria V Grechikhina
- Laboratory of Cell Interactions, Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander M Sapozhnikov
- Laboratory of Cell Interactions, Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Moscow, Russia
| | - Elena I Kovalenko
- Laboratory of Cell Interactions, Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Moscow, Russia
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13
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Lee AG, Scott JM, Fabbrizi MR, Jiang X, Sojka DK, Miller MJ, Baldridge MT, Yokoyama WM, Shin H. T cell response kinetics determines neuroinfection outcomes during murine HSV infection. JCI Insight 2020; 5:134258. [PMID: 32161194 PMCID: PMC7141405 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.134258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus-2 (HSV-2) and HSV-1 both can cause genital herpes, a chronic infection that establishes a latent reservoir in the nervous system. Clinically, the recurrence frequency of HSV-1 genital herpes is considerably less than HSV-2 genital herpes, which correlates with reduced neuronal infection. The factors dictating the disparate outcomes of HSV-1 and HSV-2 genital herpes are unclear. In this study, we show that vaginal infection of mice with HSV-1 leads to the rapid appearance of mature DCs in the draining lymph node, which is dependent on an early burst of NK cell-mediated IFN-γ production in the vagina that occurs after HSV-1 infection but not HSV-2 infection. Rapid DC maturation after HSV-1 infection, but not HSV-2 infection, correlates with the accelerated generation of a neuroprotective T cell response and early accumulation of IFN-γ-producing T cells at the site of infection. Depletion of T cells or loss of IFN-γ receptor (IFN-γR) expression in sensory neurons both lead to a marked loss of neuroprotection only during HSV-1, recapitulating a prominent feature of HSV-2 infection. Our experiments reveal key differences in host control of neuronal HSV-1 and HSV-2 infection after genital exposure of mice, and they define parameters of a successful immune response against genital herpes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Dorothy K. Sojka
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | | | | | - Wayne M. Yokoyama
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
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14
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Sandgren KJ, Truong NR, Smith JB, Bertram K, Cunningham AL. Vaccines for Herpes Simplex: Recent Progress Driven by Viral and Adjuvant Immunology. Methods Mol Biol 2020; 2060:31-56. [PMID: 31617171 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9814-2_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Herpes simplex viruses (HSV) types 1 and 2 are ubiquitous. They both cause genital herpes, occasionally severe disease in the immunocompromised, and facilitate much HIV acquisition globally. Despite more than 60 years of research, there is no licensed prophylactic HSV vaccine and some doubt as to whether this can be achieved. Nevertheless, a previous HSV vaccine candidate did have partial success in preventing genital herpes and HSV acquisition and another immunotherapeutic candidate reduced viral shedding and recurrent lesions, inspiring further research. However, the entry pathway of HSV into the anogenital mucosa and the subsequent cascade of immune responses need further elucidation so that these responses could be mimicked or improved by a vaccine, to prevent viral entry and colonization of the neuronal ganglia. For an effective novel vaccine against genital herpes the choice of antigen and adjuvant may be critical. The incorporation of adjuvants of the vaccine candidates in the past, may account for their partial efficacy. It is likely that they can be improved by understanding the mechanisms of immune responses elicited by different adjuvants and comparing these to natural immune responses. Here we review the history of vaccines for HSV, those in development and compare them to successful vaccines for chicken pox or herpes zoster. We also review what is known of the natural immune control of herpes lesions, via interacting innate immunity and CD4 and CD8 T cells and the lessons they provide for development of new, more effective vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerrie J Sandgren
- Centre for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, NSW, Australia.,Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Naomi R Truong
- Centre for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, NSW, Australia.,Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Jacinta B Smith
- Centre for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, NSW, Australia.,Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Kirstie Bertram
- Centre for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, NSW, Australia.,Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Anthony L Cunningham
- Centre for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, NSW, Australia. .,Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, Australia.
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15
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Amin I, Younas S, Afzal S, Shahid M, Idrees M. Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 and Host Antiviral Immune Responses: An Update. Viral Immunol 2019; 32:424-429. [PMID: 31599707 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2019.0097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) infection activates a rapid stimulation of host innate immune responses and a delicate interplay between virus and host immune elements regulates the whole events. Although host immune elements play well in limiting the HSV-1 infection by interfering viral replication, they are still unable to remove the virus completely, because HSV-1 proteins are efficient enough to bypass the host antiviral immune responses and virus succeed to reactivate again from latency at opportune time. Type 1 interferon signaling pathway is the central point of innate immunity along with some of the activated neutrophils, monocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells, and some natural killer cells play role, while the CD8+ T cells are crucial in adaptive immunity. In this review, the current knowledge of host and HSV-1 interaction has been described that how the host antiviral immune responses occur and what are the mechanisms of viral evasion adapted by virus to counteract with both arms of immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iram Amin
- Division of Molecular Virology and Infectious Diseases, Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology (CEMB), University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Saima Younas
- Molecular Diagnostic Lab, Centre for Applied Molecular Biology (CAMB), University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Samia Afzal
- Division of Molecular Virology and Infectious Diseases, Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology (CEMB), University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Shahid
- Division of Molecular Virology and Infectious Diseases, Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology (CEMB), University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Idrees
- Division of Molecular Virology and Infectious Diseases, Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology (CEMB), University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
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16
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Della Chiesa M, De Maria A, Muccio L, Bozzano F, Sivori S, Moretta L. Human NK Cells and Herpesviruses: Mechanisms of Recognition, Response and Adaptation. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:2297. [PMID: 31636622 PMCID: PMC6788305 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
NK cells contribute to early defenses against viruses through their inborn abilities that include sensing of PAMPs and inflammatory signals such as cytokines or chemokines, recognition, and killing of infected cells through activating surface receptors engagement. Moreover, they support adaptive responses via Ab-dependent mechanisms, triggered by CD16, and DC editing. Their fundamental role in anti-viral responses has been unveiled in patients with NK cell deficiencies suffering from severe Herpesvirus infections. Notably, these infections, often occurring as primary infections early in life, can be efficiently cleared by NK, T, and B cells in healthy hosts. Herpesviruses however, generate a complicated balance with the host immune system through their latency cycle moving between immune control and viral reactivation. This lifelong challenge has contributed to the development of numerous evasion mechanisms by Herpesviruses, many of which devoted to elude NK cell surveillance from viral reactivations rather than primary infections. This delicate equilibrium can be altered in proportions of healthy individuals promoting virus reactivation and, more often, in immunocompromised subjects. However, the constant stimulus provided by virus-host interplay has also favored NK-cell adaptation to Herpesviruses. During anti-HCMV responses, NK cells can reshape their receptor repertoire and function, through epigenetic remodeling, and acquire adaptive traits such as longevity and clonal expansion abilities. The major mechanisms of recognition and effector responses employed by NK cells against Herpesviruses, related to their genomic organization will be addressed, including those allowing NK cells to generate memory-like responses. In addition, the mechanisms underlying virus reactivation or control will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariella Della Chiesa
- Department of Experimental Medicine (DIMES), School of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.,Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Research, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Andrea De Maria
- Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Research, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.,Department of Health Sciences (DISSAL), School of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.,Clinica Malattie Infettive, Ospedale Policlinico San Martino IRCCS, Genoa, Italy
| | - Letizia Muccio
- Department of Experimental Medicine (DIMES), School of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Federica Bozzano
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology, Department of Immunology, IRCCS Ospedale Bambino Gesù, Rome, Italy
| | - Simona Sivori
- Department of Experimental Medicine (DIMES), School of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.,Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Research, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Moretta
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology, Department of Immunology, IRCCS Ospedale Bambino Gesù, Rome, Italy
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17
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Tognarelli EI, Palomino TF, Corrales N, Bueno SM, Kalergis AM, González PA. Herpes Simplex Virus Evasion of Early Host Antiviral Responses. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2019; 9:127. [PMID: 31114761 PMCID: PMC6503643 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2019.00127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex viruses type 1 (HSV-1) and type 2 (HSV-2) have co-evolved with humans for thousands of years and are present at a high prevalence in the population worldwide. HSV infections are responsible for several illnesses including skin and mucosal lesions, blindness and even life-threatening encephalitis in both, immunocompetent and immunocompromised individuals of all ages. Therefore, diseases caused by HSVs represent significant public health burdens. Similar to other herpesviruses, HSV-1 and HSV-2 produce lifelong infections in the host by establishing latency in neurons and sporadically reactivating from these cells, eliciting recurrences that are accompanied by viral shedding in both, symptomatic and asymptomatic individuals. The ability of HSVs to persist and recur in otherwise healthy individuals is likely given by the numerous virulence factors that these viruses have evolved to evade host antiviral responses. Here, we review and discuss molecular mechanisms used by HSVs to evade early innate antiviral responses, which are the first lines of defense against these viruses. A comprehensive understanding of how HSVs evade host early antiviral responses could contribute to the development of novel therapies and vaccines to counteract these viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo I Tognarelli
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Tomás F Palomino
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Nicolás Corrales
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Susan M Bueno
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alexis M Kalergis
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Departamento de Endocrinología, Facultad de Medicina, Escuela de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Pablo A González
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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18
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Costa-García M, Ataya M, Moraru M, Vilches C, López-Botet M, Muntasell A. Human Cytomegalovirus Antigen Presentation by HLA-DR+ NKG2C+ Adaptive NK Cells Specifically Activates Polyfunctional Effector Memory CD4+ T Lymphocytes. Front Immunol 2019; 10:687. [PMID: 31001281 PMCID: PMC6456717 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells play a dual role in the defense against viral pathogens by directly lysing infected cells as well as by regulating anti-viral T cell immunity. Infection by human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) promotes a persistent expansion of NKG2C+ adaptive NK cells which have been shown to display enhanced antibody-dependent responses against infected targets and associated to viral control in transplanted patients. Based on gene expression data showing increased transcription of CIITA and several genes related to the MHC class II pathway in adaptive NK cells, we explored their putative capacity for antigen presentation to CD4+ T cells. Phenotypic analysis confirmed a preferential steady-state expression of HLA-DR by circulating NKG2C+ adaptive NK cells in healthy individuals. Expression of HLA-DR in NKG2C+ adaptive NK cells was variable and unrelated to the expression of activation (i.e., CD69 and CD25) or differentiation (i.e., FcRγ chain, CD57) markers, remaining stable over time at the individual level. Incubation of purified NK cells with HCMV complexed with serum specific antibodies induced an up-regulation of surface HLA-DR concomitant to CD16 loss whereas no changes in CD80/CD86 co-stimulatory ligands were detected. In addition, surface CX3CR1 decreased upon antigen-loading while HLA-DR+ NK cells maintained a CCR7-, CXCR3low homing profile. Remarkably, HCMV-loaded purified NK cells activated autologous CD4+ T cells in an HLA-DR dependent manner. The fraction of T lymphocytes activated by antigen-loaded NK cells was smaller than that stimulated by monocyte-derived dendritic cells, corresponding to CD28-negative effector-memory CD4+ T cells with cytotoxic potential. Antigen presentation by NK cells activated a polyfunctional CD4+ T cell response characterized by degranulation (CD107a) and the secretion of Th1 cytokines (IFNγ and TNFα). Overall, our data discloses the capacity of NKG2C+ adaptive NK cells to process and present HCMV antigens to memory CD4+ cytotoxic T cells, directly regulating their response to the viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Costa-García
- Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, University Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Michelle Ataya
- Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Manuela Moraru
- Immunogenetics and HLA Laboratory, Instituto Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro, Majadahonda, Spain
| | - Carlos Vilches
- Immunogenetics and HLA Laboratory, Instituto Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro, Majadahonda, Spain
| | - Miguel López-Botet
- Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, University Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain.,Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Aura Muntasell
- Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain
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19
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Truong NR, Smith JB, Sandgren KJ, Cunningham AL. Mechanisms of Immune Control of Mucosal HSV Infection: A Guide to Rational Vaccine Design. Front Immunol 2019; 10:373. [PMID: 30894859 PMCID: PMC6414784 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) is a highly prevalent sexually transmitted infection that aside from causing cold sores and genital lesions, causes complications in the immunocompromised and has facilitated a large proportion of HIV acquisition globally. Despite decades of research, there is no prophylactic HSV vaccine ready for use in humans, leaving many questioning whether a prophylactic vaccine is an achievable goal. A previous HSV vaccine trial did have partial success in decreasing acquisition of HSV2–promising evidence that vaccines can prevent acquisition. However, there is still an incomplete understanding of the immune response pathways elicited by HSV after initial mucosal infection and how best to replicate these responses with a vaccine, such that acquisition and colonization of the dorsal root ganglia could be prevented. Another factor to consider in the rational design of an HSV vaccine is adjuvant choice. Understanding the immune responses elicited by different adjuvants and whether lasting humoral and cell-mediated responses are induced is important, especially when studies of past trial vaccines found that a sufficiently protective cell-mediated response was lacking. In this review, we discuss what is known of the immune control involved in initial herpes lesions and reactivation, including the importance of CD4 and CD8 T cells, and the interplay between innate and adaptive immunity in response to primary infection, specifically focusing on the viral relay involved. Additionally, a summary of previous and current vaccine trials, including the components used, immune responses elicited and the feasibility of prophylactic vaccines looking forward, will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi R Truong
- Centre for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Jacinta B Smith
- Centre for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Kerrie J Sandgren
- Centre for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Anthony L Cunningham
- Centre for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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20
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De Pelsmaeker S, Devriendt B, De Regge N, Favoreel HW. Porcine NK Cells Stimulate Proliferation of Pseudorabies Virus-Experienced CD8 + and CD4 +CD8 + T Cells. Front Immunol 2019; 9:3188. [PMID: 30705681 PMCID: PMC6344446 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.03188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 12/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells belong to the innate immune system and play a central role in the defense against viral infections and cancer development, but also contribute to shaping adaptive immune responses. NK cells are particularly important in the first line defense against herpesviruses, including alphaherpesviruses. In addition to their ability to kill target cells and produce interferon-γ, porcine and human NK cell subsets have been reported to display features associated with professional antigen presenting cells (APC), although it is currently unclear whether NK cells may internalize debris of virus-infected cells and whether this APC-like activity of NK cells may stimulate proliferation of antiviral T cells. Here, using the porcine alphaherpesvirus pseudorabies virus (PRV), we show that vaccination of pigs with a live attenuated PRV vaccine strain triggers expression of MHC class II on porcine NK cells, that porcine NK cells can internalize debris from PRV-infected target cells, and that NK cells can stimulate proliferation of CD8+ and CD4+CD8+ PRV-experienced T cells. These results highlight the potential of targeting these NK cell features in future vaccination strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffi De Pelsmaeker
- Laboratory of Immunology, Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Bert Devriendt
- Laboratory of Immunology, Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Nick De Regge
- Department of Enzootic, Vector-Borne and Bee Diseases, Sciensano, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Herman W Favoreel
- Laboratory of Immunology, Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
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21
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Pulsawat P, Soongrung T, Satitsuksanoa P, Le Mignon M, Khemili S, Gilis D, Nony E, Kennedy MW, Jacquet A. The house dust mite allergen Der p 5 binds lipid ligands and stimulates airway epithelial cells through a TLR2-dependent pathway. Clin Exp Allergy 2018; 49:378-390. [PMID: 30230051 DOI: 10.1111/cea.13278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Revised: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/29/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Protein crystallographic studies suggest that the house dust mite (HDM) allergen Der p 5 potentially interacts with hydrophobic ligands. Der p 5, in association with its ligand(s), might therefore trigger innate immune signalling pathways in the airway epithelium and influence the initiation of the HDM-allergic response. OBJECTIVE We investigated the lipid binding propensities of recombinant (r)Der p 5 and characterized the signalling pathways triggered by the allergen in airway epithelial cells. METHODS rDer p 5 was produced in Pichia pastoris and characterized by mass spectrometry, multi-angle light scattering and circular dichroism. Its interactions with hydrophobic ligands were investigated in fluorescence-based lipid binding assays and in-silico docking simulations. Innate immune signalling pathways triggered by rDer p 5 were investigated in airway epithelial cell activation assays in vitro. RESULTS Biophysical analysis showed that rDer p 5 was monomeric and adopted a similar α-helix-rich fold at both physiological and acidic pH. Spectrofluorimetry experiments showed that rDer p 5 is able to selectively bind lipid ligands, but only under mild acidic pH conditions. Computer-based docking simulations identified potential binding sites for these ligands. This allergen, with putatively associated lipid(s), triggered the production of IL-8 in respiratory epithelial cells through a TLR2-, NF-kB- and MAPK-dependent signalling pathway. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Despite the fact that Der p 5 represents a HDM allergen of intermediate prevalence, our findings regarding its lipid binding and activation of TLR2 indicate that it could participate in the initiation of the HDM-allergic state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pinya Pulsawat
- Faculty of Medicine, Chula Vaccine Research Center, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Tewarit Soongrung
- Faculty of Medicine, Chula Vaccine Research Center, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | | | - Souad Khemili
- BIO-Bioinfo Department, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium.,Laboratoire Valorisation et Conservation des Ressources Biologiques (VALCOR), Faculté des Sciences, Université M'Hamed Bougara de Boumerdes, Boumerdès, Algeria
| | - Dimitri Gilis
- BIO-Bioinfo Department, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - Malcolm W Kennedy
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, School of Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Alain Jacquet
- Faculty of Medicine, Chula Vaccine Research Center, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
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22
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Uyangaa E, Choi JY, Patil AM, Hossain FMA, Park SO, Kim B, Kim K, Eo SK. Dual TLR2/9 Recognition of Herpes Simplex Virus Infection Is Required for Recruitment and Activation of Monocytes and NK Cells and Restriction of Viral Dissemination to the Central Nervous System. Front Immunol 2018; 9:905. [PMID: 29760708 PMCID: PMC5936768 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The importance of TLR2 and TLR9 in the recognition of infection with herpes simplex virus (HSV) and HSV-caused diseases has been described, but some discrepancies remain concerning the benefits of these responses. Moreover, the impact of TLR2/9 on innate and adaptive immune responses within relevant mucosal tissues has not been elucidated using natural mucosal infection model of HSV. Here, we demonstrate that dual TLR2/9 recognition is essential to provide resistance against mucosal infection with HSV via an intravaginal route. Dual TLR2/9 ablation resulted in the highly enhanced mortality with exacerbated symptoms of encephalitis compared with TLR2 or TLR9 deficiency alone, coinciding with highly increased viral load in central nervous system tissues. TLR2 appeared to play a minor role in providing resistance against mucosal infection with HSV, since TLR2-ablated mice showed higher survival rate compared with TLR9-ablated mice. Also, the high mortality in dual TLR2/9-ablated mice was closely associated with the reduction in early monocyte and NK cell infiltration in the vaginal tract (VT), which was likely to correlate with low expression of cytokines and CCR2 ligands (CCL2 and CCL7). More interestingly, our data revealed that dual TLR2/9 recognition of HSV infection plays an important role in the functional maturation of TNF-α and iNOS-producing dendritic cells (Tip-DCs) from monocytes as well as NK cell activation in VT. TLR2/9-dependent maturation of Tip-DCs from monocytes appeared to specifically present cognate Ag, which effectively provided functional effector CD4+ and CD8+ T cells specific for HSV Ag in VT and its draining lymph nodes. TLR2/9 expressed in monocytes was likely to directly facilitate Tip-DC-like features after HSV infection. Also, dual TLR2/9 recognition of HSV infection directly activated NK cells without the aid of dendritic cells through activation of p38 MAPK pathway. Taken together, these results indicate that dual TLR2/9 recognition plays a critical role in providing resistance against mucosal infection with HSV, which may involve a direct regulation of Tip-DCs and NK cells in VT. Therefore, our data provide a more detailed understanding of TLR2/9 role in conferring antiviral immunity within relevant mucosal tissues after mucosal infection with HSV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erdenebileg Uyangaa
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Bio-Safety Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, Iksan, South Korea
| | - Jin Young Choi
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Bio-Safety Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, Iksan, South Korea
| | - Ajit Mahadev Patil
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Bio-Safety Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, Iksan, South Korea
| | - Ferdaus Mohd Altaf Hossain
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Bio-Safety Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, Iksan, South Korea.,Faculty of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet, Bangladesh
| | - Sung Ok Park
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Bio-Safety Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, Iksan, South Korea
| | - Bumseok Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Bio-Safety Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, Iksan, South Korea
| | - Koanhoi Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan, South Korea
| | - Seong Kug Eo
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Bio-Safety Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, Iksan, South Korea
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23
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Dai HS, Caligiuri MA. Molecular Basis for the Recognition of Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 Infection by Human Natural Killer Cells. Front Immunol 2018; 9:183. [PMID: 29483911 PMCID: PMC5816072 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary infection with Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV1) is subclinical or only mildly symptomatic in normal individuals, yet the reason for the body's effective immune defense against this pathogen in the absence of antigen-specific immunity has not been well understood. It is clear that human natural killer (NK) cells recognize and kill HSV1-infected cells, and those individuals who either lack or have functionally impaired NK cells can suffer severe, recurrent, and sometimes fatal HSV1 infection. In this article, we review what is known about the recognition of HSV1 by NK cells, and describe a novel mechanism of innate immune surveillance against certain viral pathogens by NK cells called Fc-bridged cell-mediated cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Sheng Dai
- The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, The James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute, Columbus, OH, United States.,Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Michael A Caligiuri
- The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, The James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute, Columbus, OH, United States.,Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
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24
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Rider PJF, Musarrat F, Nabil R, Naidu S, Kousoulas KG. First Impressions-the Potential of Altering Initial Host-Virus Interactions for Rational Design of Herpesvirus Vaccine Vectors. CURRENT CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY REPORTS 2018; 5:55-65. [PMID: 30560044 DOI: 10.1007/s40588-018-0082-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Purpose The earliest host-virus interactions occur during virus attachment and entry into cells. These initial steps in the virus lifecycle influence the outcome of infection beyond delivery of the viral genome into the cell. Herpesviruses alter host signaling pathways and processes during attachment and entry to facilitate virus infection and modulate innate immune responses. We suggest in this review that understanding these early signaling events may inform the rational design of therapeutic and prevention strategies for herpesvirus infection, as well as the engineering of viral vectors for immunotherapy purposes. Recent Findings Recent reports demonstrate that modulation of Herpes Simplex Virus Type-1 (HSV-1) entry results in unexpected enhancement of antiviral immune responses. Summary A variety of evidence suggests that herpesviruses promote specific cellular signaling responses that facilitate viral replication after binding to cell surfaces, as well as during virus entry. Of particular interest is the ability of the virus to alter innate immune responses through these cellular signaling events. Uncovering the underlying immune evasion strategies may lead to the design of live-attenuated vaccines that can generate robust and protective anti-viral immune responses against herpesviruses. These adjuvant properties may be extended to a variety of heterologous antigens expressed by herpesviral vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul J F Rider
- Division of Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine and Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge LA
| | - Farhana Musarrat
- Division of Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine and Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge LA
| | - Rafiq Nabil
- Division of Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine and Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge LA
| | - Shan Naidu
- Division of Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine and Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge LA
| | - Konstantin G Kousoulas
- Division of Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine and Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge LA
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25
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Abstract
A group of impressive immunotherapies for cancer treatment, including immune checkpoint-blocking antibodies, gene therapy and immune cell adoptive cellular immunotherapy, have been established, providing new weapons to fight cancer. Natural killer (NK) cells are a component of the first line of defense against tumors and virus infections. Studies have shown dysfunctional NK cells in patients with cancer. Thus, restoring NK cell antitumor functionality could be a promising therapeutic strategy. NK cells that are activated and expanded ex vivo can supplement malfunctional NK cells in tumor patients. Therapeutic antibodies, chimeric antigen receptor (CAR), or bispecific proteins can all retarget NK cells precisely to tumor cells. Therapeutic antibody blockade of the immune checkpoints of NK cells has been suggested to overcome the immunosuppressive signals delivered to NK cells. Oncolytic virotherapy provokes antitumor activity of NK cells by triggering antiviral immune responses. Herein, we review the current immunotherapeutic approaches employed to restore NK cell antitumor functionality for the treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangxi Li
- Institute of Immunology and the CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
| | - Rui Sun
- Institute of Immunology and the CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
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26
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Zhang J, Liu H, Wei B. Immune response of T cells during herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) infection. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 2017; 18:277-288. [PMID: 28378566 PMCID: PMC5394093 DOI: 10.1631/jzus.b1600460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Accepted: 01/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1), a neurotropic member of the alphaherpes virus family, is among the most prevalent and successful human pathogens. HSV-1 can cause serious diseases at every stage of life including fatal disseminated disease in newborns, cold sores, eye disease, and fatal encephalitis in adults. HSV-1 infection can trigger rapid immune responses, and efficient inhibition and clearance of HSV-1 infection rely on both the innate and adaptive immune responses of the host. Multiple strategies have been used to restrict host innate immune responses by HSV-1 to facilitate its infection in host cells. The adaptive immunity of the host plays an important role in inhibiting HSV-1 infections. The activation and regulation of T cells are the important aspects of the adaptive immunity. They play a crucial role in host-mediated immunity and are important for clearing HSV-1. In this review, we examine the findings on T cell immune responses during HSV-1 infection, which hold promise in the design of new vaccine candidates for HSV-1.
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27
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Chitosan as an Immunomodulating Adjuvant on T-Cells and Antigen-Presenting Cells in Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 Infection. Mediators Inflamm 2016; 2016:4374375. [PMID: 28096567 PMCID: PMC5209624 DOI: 10.1155/2016/4374375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Herpes disease caused by herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) is an intractable condition. It is a major concern in public health. Our purpose of this study was to verify the function of chitosan as an adjuvant for immune regulation specifically under herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) infection. Ahead of HSV infection, chitosan, heat inactivated green fluorescent protein expressing HSV (G-HSV), and a combination of chitosan and G-HSV were used to pretreat ICR mice followed by HSV-1 infection. Using flow cytometric analysis, the frequencies of T-cells, monocytes, dendritic cells (DCs), and natural killer (NK) cells were analyzed by surface expression of CD4+, CD8+, CD14+, CD11c+, NK1.1+, and DX5+ cells. In HSV infected mice, chitosan treatment significantly increased the frequencies of CD4+ T-cells (33.6 ± 5.78%) compared to those in the control group (24.02 ± 12.47%, p = 0.05). The frequencies of DC and NK cells were also significantly different between chitosan treated mice and control mice. In addition, anti-HSV IgG antibody was downregulated in chitosan treated mice. These results suggest that chitosan is a potential modulator or immune stimulator as an adjuvant in HSV-1 infected mice.
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28
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Lam VC, Lanier LL. NK cells in host responses to viral infections. Curr Opin Immunol 2016; 44:43-51. [PMID: 27984782 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2016.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 11/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are cytotoxic innate lymphocytes that play an important role in viral clearance. NK cell responses to viral infections were originally believed to be non-specific and lacked immune memory recall responses. It is now appreciated that NK cell responses to viral infections can be specific and in some cases memory recall responses are established. Increasing evidence also illuminates the complexity of NK cell interactions with both innate and adaptive immune cells. Here, we summarize the evidence for NK cell-specific memory responses to viral infections and the intricate reciprocal interactions between NK cells and other immune cells that dictate their activation and effector functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viola C Lam
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, San Francisco, CA 94143, United States; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, United States
| | - Lewis L Lanier
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, United States; Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, San Francisco, CA 94129, United States.
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29
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Royer DJ, Conrady CD, Carr DJJ. Herpesvirus-Associated Lymphadenitis Distorts Fibroblastic Reticular Cell Microarchitecture and Attenuates CD8 T Cell Responses to Neurotropic Infection in Mice Lacking the STING-IFNα/β Defense Pathways. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 197:2338-52. [PMID: 27511736 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1600574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Type I IFN (IFN-α/β)-driven immune responses to acute viral infection are critical to counter replication and prevent dissemination. However, the mechanisms underlying host resistance to HSV type 1 (HSV-1) are incompletely understood. In this study, we show that mice with deficiencies in IFN-α/β signaling or stimulator of IFN genes (STING) exhibit exacerbated neurovirulence and atypical lymphotropic dissemination of HSV-1 following ocular infection. Synergy between IFN-α/β signaling and efficacy of early adaptive immune responses to HSV-1 were dissected using bone marrow chimeras and adoptive cell transfer approaches to profile clonal expansion, effector function, and recruitment of HSV-specific CD8(+) T cells. Lymphotropic viral dissemination was commensurate with abrogated CD8(+) T cell responses and pathological alterations of fibroblastic reticular cell networks in the draining lymph nodes. Our results show that resistance to HSV-1 in the trigeminal ganglia during acute infection is conferred in part by STING and IFN-α/β signaling in both bone marrow-derived and -resident cells, which coalesce to support a robust HSV-1-specific CD8(+) T cell response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek J Royer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104; and Department of Ophthalmology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104
| | - Christopher D Conrady
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104; and
| | - Daniel J J Carr
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104; and Department of Ophthalmology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104
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30
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Understanding natural herpes simplex virus immunity to inform next-generation vaccine design. Clin Transl Immunology 2016; 5:e94. [PMID: 27525067 PMCID: PMC4973325 DOI: 10.1038/cti.2016.44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Revised: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 06/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Incremental advances in our knowledge of how natural immune control of herpes simplex virus (HSV) develops have yielded insight as to why previous vaccine attempts have only been partially successful, however, our understanding of these pathways, particularly in humans, is still incomplete. Further elucidation of the innate immune events that are responsible for stimulating these effector responses is required to accurately inform vaccine design. An enhanced understanding of the mechanism of action of novel adjuvants will also facilitate the rational choice of adjuvant to optimise such responses. Here we review the reasons for the hitherto partial HSV vaccine success and align these with our current knowledge of how natural HSV immunity develops. In particular, we focus on the innate immune response and the role of dendritic cells in inducing protective T-cell responses and how these pathways might be recapitulated in a vaccine setting.
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31
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Loyon R, Picard E, Mauvais O, Queiroz L, Mougey V, Pallandre JR, Galaine J, Mercier-Letondal P, Kellerman G, Chaput N, Wijdenes J, Adotévi O, Ferrand C, Romero P, Godet Y, Borg C. IL-21-Induced MHC Class II+ NK Cells Promote the Expansion of Human Uncommitted CD4+ Central Memory T Cells in a Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor-Dependent Manner. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 197:85-96. [PMID: 27233967 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1501147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2015] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
NK cells are critical for innate immunity-mediated protection. The main roles of NK cells rely on their cytotoxic functions or depend on the tuning of Th1 adaptive immunity by IFN-γ. However, the precise influence of inflammatory cytokines on NK cell and CD4 T lymphocyte interactions was never investigated. In this study, we provide evidence that IL-21, a cytokine produced during chronic inflammation or infectious diseases, promotes the differentiation of a specific subset of NK cells coexpressing CD86 and HLA-DR and lacking NKp44. More importantly, IL-21-propagated HLA-DR(+) NK cells produce macrophage migration inhibitory factor and provide costimulatory signaling during naive CD4(+) T cell priming inducing the differentiation of uncommitted central memory T cells. Central memory T cells expanded in the presence of HLA-DR(+) NK cells are CXCR3(+)CCR6(-)CCR4(-)CXCR5(-) and produce IL-2, as well as low levels of TNF-α. Costimulation of CD4(+) T cells by HLA-DR(+) NK cells prevents the acquisition of effector memory phenotype induced by IL-2. Moreover, we identified this population of NK HLA-DR(+) macrophage migration inhibitory factor(+) cells in inflammatory human appendix. Collectively, these results demonstrate a novel function for IL-21 in tuning NK and CD4(+) T cell interactions promoting a specific expansion of central memory lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romain Loyon
- INSERM Unit 1098, University of Franche-Comté, 25000 Besançon, France
| | - Emilie Picard
- INSERM Unit 1098, University of Franche-Comté, 25000 Besançon, France
| | - Olivier Mauvais
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital of Besançon, 25000 Besançon, France
| | - Lise Queiroz
- INSERM Unit 1098, University of Franche-Comté, 25000 Besançon, France; Clinical Investigation Center for Biotherapies, 25000 Besançon, France
| | - Virginie Mougey
- INSERM Unit 1098, University of Franche-Comté, 25000 Besançon, France; Etablissement Français du Sang, 25000 Besançon, France
| | - Jean-René Pallandre
- INSERM Unit 1098, University of Franche-Comté, 25000 Besançon, France; INSERM Unit 1007, University of Paris Descartes, 75270 Paris, France
| | - Jeanne Galaine
- INSERM Unit 1098, University of Franche-Comté, 25000 Besançon, France
| | - Patricia Mercier-Letondal
- INSERM Unit 1098, University of Franche-Comté, 25000 Besançon, France; Etablissement Français du Sang, 25000 Besançon, France
| | | | - Nathalie Chaput
- INSERM Unit 1015, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, 94805 Villejuif, France
| | - John Wijdenes
- INSERM Unit 1098, University of Franche-Comté, 25000 Besançon, France
| | - Olivier Adotévi
- INSERM Unit 1098, University of Franche-Comté, 25000 Besançon, France; Clinical Investigation Center for Biotherapies, 25000 Besançon, France; Department of Medical Oncology, University Hospital of Besançon, 25000 Besançon, France; and
| | - Christophe Ferrand
- INSERM Unit 1098, University of Franche-Comté, 25000 Besançon, France; Etablissement Français du Sang, 25000 Besançon, France
| | - Pedro Romero
- Ludwig Center for Cancer Research of the University of Lausanne, Lausanne 1066, Switzerland
| | - Yann Godet
- INSERM Unit 1098, University of Franche-Comté, 25000 Besançon, France
| | - Christophe Borg
- INSERM Unit 1098, University of Franche-Comté, 25000 Besançon, France; Clinical Investigation Center for Biotherapies, 25000 Besançon, France; Etablissement Français du Sang, 25000 Besançon, France; Department of Medical Oncology, University Hospital of Besançon, 25000 Besançon, France; and
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32
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Samudio I, Rezvani K, Shaim H, Hofs E, Ngom M, Bu L, Liu G, Lee JTC, Imren S, Lam V, Poon GFT, Ghaedi M, Takei F, Humphries K, Jia W, Krystal G. UV-inactivated HSV-1 potently activates NK cell killing of leukemic cells. Blood 2016; 127:2575-86. [PMID: 26941401 PMCID: PMC4892253 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2015-04-639088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2015] [Accepted: 02/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Herein we demonstrate that oncolytic herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV-1) potently activates human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) to lyse leukemic cell lines and primary acute myeloid leukemia samples, but not healthy allogeneic lymphocytes. Intriguingly, we found that UV light-inactivated HSV-1 (UV-HSV-1) is equally effective in promoting PBMC cytolysis of leukemic cells and is 1000- to 10 000-fold more potent at stimulating innate antileukemic responses than UV-inactivated cytomegalovirus, vesicular stomatitis virus, reovirus, or adenovirus. Mechanistically, UV-HSV-1 stimulates PBMC cytolysis of leukemic cells, partly via Toll-like receptor-2/protein kinase C/nuclear factor-κB signaling, and potently stimulates expression of CD69, degranulation, migration, and cytokine production in natural killer (NK) cells, suggesting that surface components of UV-HSV-1 directly activate NK cells. Importantly, UV-HSV-1 synergizes with interleukin-15 (IL-15) and IL-2 in inducing activation and cytolytic activity of NK cells. Additionally, UV-HSV-1 stimulates glycolysis and fatty acid oxidation-dependent oxygen consumption in NK cells, but only glycolysis is required for their enhanced antileukemic activity. Last, we demonstrate that T cell-depleted human PBMCs exposed to UV-HSV-1 provide a survival benefit in a murine xenograft model of human acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Taken together, our results support the preclinical development of UV-HSV-1 as an adjuvant, alone or in combination with IL-15, for allogeneic donor mononuclear cell infusions to treat AML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ismael Samudio
- Programa de Investigacion e Innovacion en Leucemia Aguda y Cronica, Bogotá, Colombia; Terry Fox Laboratory, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Katayoun Rezvani
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; and
| | - Hila Shaim
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; and
| | - Elyse Hofs
- Terry Fox Laboratory, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Mor Ngom
- Terry Fox Laboratory, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Luke Bu
- Brain Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Guoyu Liu
- Brain Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Jason T C Lee
- Terry Fox Laboratory, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Suzan Imren
- Terry Fox Laboratory, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Vivian Lam
- Terry Fox Laboratory, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Grace F T Poon
- Terry Fox Laboratory, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Maryam Ghaedi
- Terry Fox Laboratory, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Fumio Takei
- Terry Fox Laboratory, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Keith Humphries
- Terry Fox Laboratory, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, Canada
| | - William Jia
- Brain Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Gerald Krystal
- Terry Fox Laboratory, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, Canada
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33
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Uyangaa E, Kim JH, Patil AM, Choi JY, Kim SB, Eo SK. Distinct Upstream Role of Type I IFN Signaling in Hematopoietic Stem Cell-Derived and Epithelial Resident Cells for Concerted Recruitment of Ly-6Chi Monocytes and NK Cells via CCL2-CCL3 Cascade. PLoS Pathog 2015; 11:e1005256. [PMID: 26618488 PMCID: PMC4664252 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2015] [Accepted: 10/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Type I interferon (IFN-I)-dependent orchestrated mobilization of innate cells in inflamed tissues is believed to play a critical role in controlling replication and CNS-invasion of herpes simplex virus (HSV). However, the crucial regulators and cell populations that are affected by IFN-I to establish the early environment of innate cells in HSV-infected mucosal tissues are largely unknown. Here, we found that IFN-I signaling promoted the differentiation of CCL2-producing Ly-6Chi monocytes and IFN-γ/granzyme B-producing NK cells, whereas deficiency of IFN-I signaling induced Ly-6Clo monocytes producing CXCL1 and CXCL2. More interestingly, recruitment of Ly-6Chi monocytes preceded that of NK cells with the levels peaked at 24 h post-infection in IFN-I–dependent manner, which was kinetically associated with the CCL2-CCL3 cascade response. Early Ly-6Chi monocyte recruitment was governed by CCL2 produced from hematopoietic stem cell (HSC)-derived leukocytes, whereas NK cell recruitment predominantly depended on CC chemokines produced by resident epithelial cells. Also, IFN-I signaling in HSC-derived leukocytes appeared to suppress Ly-6Ghi neutrophil recruitment to ameliorate immunopathology. Finally, tissue resident CD11bhiF4/80hi macrophages and CD11chiEpCAM+ dendritic cells appeared to produce initial CCL2 for migration-based self-amplification of early infiltrated Ly-6Chi monocytes upon stimulation by IFN-I produced from infected epithelial cells. Ultimately, these results decipher a detailed IFN-I–dependent pathway that establishes orchestrated mobilization of Ly-6Chi monocytes and NK cells through CCL2-CCL3 cascade response of HSC-derived leukocytes and epithelium-resident cells. Therefore, this cascade response of resident–to-hematopoietic–to-resident cells that drives cytokine–to-chemokine–to-cytokine production to recruit orchestrated innate cells is critical for attenuation of HSV replication in inflamed tissues. Herpes simplex virus type 1 and 2 (HSV-1 and HSV-2) are the most common cause of genital ulceration in humans worldwide with lifelong latent infection after peripheral replication in mucosal tissues. Furthermore, acquisition of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is increased in HSV-infected individuals, underscoring the contribution of this virus in facilitating increased susceptibility to other microbial pathogens. Therefore, it is imperative to characterize the host defense to HSV infection and identify key components that regulate virus resistance, in order to devise therapeutic strategy. Although type I interferon (IFN-I)-dependent orchestrated mobilization of innate cells in inflamed tissues is considered a key player to control replication and CNS-invasion of HSV, the regulators and cell population that are affected by IFN-I to establish the orchestrated environment of innate cells in HSV-infected tissues are largely unknown. In the present study, we demonstrate that IFN-I signal governs the sequential recruitment of Ly-6Chi monocytes and then NK cells into mucosal tissues, depending on CCL2-CCL3 cascade mediated by HSC-derived leukocytes and epithelial resident cells, respectively. Also, tissue resident CD11bhiF4/80hi macrophages and CD11chiEpCAM+ dendritic cells were involved in producing the initial CCL2 for migration-based self-amplification of rapidly infiltrated Ly-6Chi monocytes through stimulation by IFN-I produced from infected epithelial cells. This study deciphers detailed IFN-I-dependent pathway that establishes orchestrated mobilization of Ly-6Chi monocytes and NK cells through CCL2-CCL3 cascade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erdenebileg Uyangaa
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Bio-Safety Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, Iksan, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Hyoung Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Bio-Safety Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, Iksan, Republic of Korea
| | - Ajit Mahadev Patil
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Bio-Safety Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, Iksan, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Young Choi
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Bio-Safety Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, Iksan, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Bum Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Bio-Safety Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, Iksan, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Kug Eo
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Bio-Safety Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, Iksan, Republic of Korea
- Department of Bioactive Material Sciences, Graduate School, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail:
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Sakakibara Y, Wada T, Muraoka M, Matsuda Y, Toma T, Yachie A. Basophil activation by mosquito extracts in patients with hypersensitivity to mosquito bites. Cancer Sci 2015; 106:965-71. [PMID: 25990049 PMCID: PMC4556384 DOI: 10.1111/cas.12696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2015] [Revised: 05/10/2015] [Accepted: 05/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypersensitivity to mosquito bites (HMB) is a cutaneous disorder belonging to the group of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-associated T/natural killer (NK)-cell lymphoproliferative diseases, and is primarily mediated by EBV-infected NK cells. It is characterized by intense local skin reactions accompanied by general symptoms after mosquito bites, and infiltration of EBV-infected NK cells into the bite sites. However, the mechanisms underlying these reactions have not been fully examined. We recently described the activation of circulating basophils by mosquito extracts in vitro in a patient with HMB. To further investigate this finding, we studied four additional patients with HMB. All patients showed typical clinical features of HMB after mosquito bites and they had NK lymphocytosis and high peripheral blood EBV DNA loads. We found evidence of EBV infection in NK cells through in situ hybridization that detected EBV-encoded small RNA-1, and flow cytometry showed HLA-DR expression on almost all NK cells. Basophil activation tests with the extracts of epidemic mosquitoes Culex pipiens pallens and Aedes albopictus showed positive responses to one or both extracts in all samples from patients with HMB, suggesting the presence of mosquito antigen-specific IgE and its binding to basophils. In particular, the extract of Aedes albopictus was able to activate basophils in all available patient samples. These results indicate that basophils and/or mast cells activated by mosquito bites may be involved in initiation and development of severe skin reactions to mosquito bites in HMB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhisa Sakakibara
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Taizo Wada
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Masahiro Muraoka
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Yusuke Matsuda
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Tomoko Toma
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Akihiro Yachie
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
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Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are naturally circulating innate lymphoid cells that protect against tumor initiation and metastasis and contribute to immunopathology during inflammation. The signals that prime NK cells are not completely understood, and, although the importance of IFN type I is well recognized, the role of type III IFN is comparatively very poorly studied. IL-28R-deficient mice were resistant to LPS and cecal ligation puncture-induced septic shock, and hallmark cytokines in these disease models were dysregulated in the absence of IL-28R. IL-28R-deficient mice were more sensitive to experimental tumor metastasis and carcinogen-induced tumor formation than WT mice, and additional blockade of interferon alpha/beta receptor 1 (IFNAR1), but not IFN-γ, further enhanced metastasis and tumor development. IL-28R-deficient mice were also more susceptible to growth of the NK cell-sensitive lymphoma, RMAs. Specific loss of IL-28R in NK cells transferred into lymphocyte-deficient mice resulted in reduced LPS-induced IFN-γ levels and enhanced tumor metastasis. Therefore, by using IL-28R-deficient mice, which are unable to signal type III IFN-λ, we demonstrate for the first time, to our knowledge, the ability of IFN-λ to directly regulate NK cell effector functions in vivo, alone and in the context of IFN-αβ.
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Relay of herpes simplex virus between Langerhans cells and dermal dendritic cells in human skin. PLoS Pathog 2015; 11:e1004812. [PMID: 25875649 PMCID: PMC4395118 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2014] [Accepted: 03/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanism by which immunity to Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) is initiated is not completely defined. HSV initially infects mucosal epidermis prior to entering nerve endings. In mice, epidermal Langerhans cells (LCs) are the first dendritic cells (DCs) to encounter HSV, but it is CD103+ dermal DCs that carry viral antigen to lymph nodes for antigen presentation, suggesting DC cross-talk in skin. In this study, we compared topically HSV-1 infected human foreskin explants with biopsies of initial human genital herpes lesions to show LCs are initially infected then emigrate into the dermis. Here, LCs bearing markers of maturation and apoptosis formed large cell clusters with BDCA3+ dermal DCs (thought to be equivalent to murine CD103+ dermal DCs) and DC-SIGN+ DCs/macrophages. HSV-expressing LC fragments were observed inside the dermal DCs/macrophages and the BDCA3+ dermal DCs had up-regulated a damaged cell uptake receptor CLEC9A. No other infected epidermal cells interacted with dermal DCs. Correspondingly, LCs isolated from human skin and infected with HSV-1 in vitro also underwent apoptosis and were taken up by similarly isolated BDCA3+ dermal DCs and DC-SIGN+ cells. Thus, we conclude a viral antigen relay takes place where HSV infected LCs undergo apoptosis and are taken up by dermal DCs for subsequent antigen presentation. This provides a rationale for targeting these cells with mucosal or perhaps intradermal HSV immunization. Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) is a highly prevalent virus that causes cold sores and genital herpes but also increases the chance of contracting HIV by several folds. In fact, most new cases of HIV in Africa occur in people infected with HSV. Thus, a protective HSV vaccine would have a large impact on public health. Currently, the process by which immunity to HSV is generated is incompletely understood. Paradoxically, the first immune cells to become infected, Langerhans cells in the epidermis, are not the cells that initiate the immune response, while the dermal dendritic cells thought to be responsible for initiating the immune response are not likely to be infected. Here, we have shown, in human skin models and genital herpes lesion biopsies, an interaction between these dendritic cells that could relay HSV to the lymph node. HSV is taken up by the epidermal Langerhans cells that then migrate into the dermis, die and are taken up by another subset of dermal dendritic cells—the homologs of those in mice which stimulate HSV-specific T cells in the lymph node. Thus, a mucosal or intradermal vaccine targeting these two dendritic cells may be required.
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Evasion of early antiviral responses by herpes simplex viruses. Mediators Inflamm 2015; 2015:593757. [PMID: 25918478 PMCID: PMC4396904 DOI: 10.1155/2015/593757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Accepted: 03/10/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Besides overcoming physical constraints, such as extreme temperatures, reduced humidity, elevated pressure, and natural predators, human pathogens further need to overcome an arsenal of antimicrobial components evolved by the host to limit infection, replication and optimally, reinfection. Herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV-1) and herpes simplex virus-2 (HSV-2) infect humans at a high frequency and persist within the host for life by establishing latency in neurons. To gain access to these cells, herpes simplex viruses (HSVs) must replicate and block immediate host antiviral responses elicited by epithelial cells and innate immune components early after infection. During these processes, infected and noninfected neighboring cells, as well as tissue-resident and patrolling immune cells, will sense viral components and cell-associated danger signals and secrete soluble mediators. While type-I interferons aim at limiting virus spread, cytokines and chemokines will modulate resident and incoming immune cells. In this paper, we discuss recent findings relative to the early steps taking place during HSV infection and replication. Further, we discuss how HSVs evade detection by host cells and the molecular mechanisms evolved by these viruses to circumvent early antiviral mechanisms, ultimately leading to neuron infection and the establishment of latency.
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Uyangaa E, Patil AM, Eo SK. Prophylactic and therapeutic modulation of innate and adaptive immunity against mucosal infection of herpes simplex virus. Immune Netw 2014; 14:187-200. [PMID: 25177251 PMCID: PMC4148489 DOI: 10.4110/in.2014.14.4.187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Revised: 07/28/2014] [Accepted: 08/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2 (HSV-1 and HSV-2) are the most common cause of genital ulceration in humans worldwide. Typically, HSV-1 and 2 infections via mucosal route result in a lifelong latent infection after peripheral replication in mucosal tissues, thereby providing potential transmission to neighbor hosts in response to reactivation. To break the transmission cycle, immunoprophylactics and therapeutic strategies must be focused on prevention of infection or reduction of infectivity at mucosal sites. Currently, our understanding of the immune responses against mucosal infection of HSV remains intricate and involves a balance between innate signaling pathways and the adaptive immune responses. Numerous studies have demonstrated that HSV mucosal infection induces type I interferons (IFN) via recognition of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and activates multiple immune cell populations, including NK cells, conventional dendritic cells (DCs), and plasmacytoid DCs. This innate immune response is required not only for the early control of viral replication at mucosal sites, but also for establishing adaptive immune responses against HSV antigens. Although the contribution of humoral immune response is controversial, CD4(+) Th1 T cells producing IFN-γ are believed to play an important role in eradicating virus from the hosts. In addition, the recent experimental successes of immunoprophylactic and therapeutic compounds that enhance resistance and/or reduce viral burden at mucosal sites have accumulated. This review focuses on attempts to modulate innate and adaptive immunity against HSV mucosal infection for the development of prophylactic and therapeutic strategies. Notably, cells involved in innate immune regulations appear to shape adaptive immune responses. Thus, we summarized the current evidence of various immune mediators in response to mucosal HSV infection, focusing on the importance of innate immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erdenebileg Uyangaa
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Bio-Safety Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 561-756, Korea
| | - Ajit Mahadev Patil
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Bio-Safety Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 561-756, Korea
| | - Seong Kug Eo
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Bio-Safety Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 561-756, Korea
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Dar AA, Patil RS, Chiplunkar SV. Insights into the Relationship between Toll Like Receptors and Gamma Delta T Cell Responses. Front Immunol 2014; 5:366. [PMID: 25132835 PMCID: PMC4116803 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2014] [Accepted: 07/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment is an important aspect of cancer biology that contributes to tumor initiation, tumor progression and responses to therapy. The composition and characteristics of the tumor microenvironment vary widely and are important in determining the anti-tumor immune response. Successful immunization requires activation of both innate and adaptive immunity. Generally, immune system is compromised in patients with cancer due to immune suppression, loss of tumor antigen expression and dysfunction of antigen presenting cells (APC). Thus, therapeutic immunization leading to cancer regression remains a significant challenge. Certain cells of the immune system, including dendritic cells (DCs) and gamma delta (γδ) T cells are capable of driving potent anti-tumor responses. The property of MHC-unrestricted cytotoxicity, high potential of cytokine release, tissue tropism and early activation in infections and malignant disease makes γδ T cells as an emerging candidate for immunotherapy. Various strategies are being developed to enhance anti-tumor immune responses of γδ T cells and DCs one of them is the use of novel adjuvants like toll like receptors (TLR) agonists, which enhance γδ T cell function directly or through DC activation, which has ability to prime γδ T cells. TLR agonists are being used clinically either alone or in combination with tumor antigens and has shown initial success in both enhancing immune responses and eliciting anti-tumor activity. TLR activated γδ T cells and DCs nurture each other's activation. This provides a potent base for first line of defense and manipulation of the adaptive response against pathogens and cancer. The available data provides a strong rationale for initiating combinatorial therapy for the treatment of diseases and this review will summarize the application of adjuvants (TLRs) for boosting immune response of γδ T cells to treat cancer and infectious diseases and their use in combinatorial therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asif Amin Dar
- Chiplunkar Laboratory, Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer (ACTREC), Tata Memorial Centre , Navi Mumbai , India
| | - Rushikesh Sudam Patil
- Chiplunkar Laboratory, Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer (ACTREC), Tata Memorial Centre , Navi Mumbai , India
| | - Shubhada Vivek Chiplunkar
- Chiplunkar Laboratory, Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer (ACTREC), Tata Memorial Centre , Navi Mumbai , India
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Duriez M, Quillay H, Madec Y, El Costa H, Cannou C, Marlin R, de Truchis C, Rahmati M, Barré-Sinoussi F, Nugeyre MT, Menu E. Human decidual macrophages and NK cells differentially express Toll-like receptors and display distinct cytokine profiles upon TLR stimulation. Front Microbiol 2014; 5:316. [PMID: 25071732 PMCID: PMC4076550 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2014.00316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2014] [Accepted: 06/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Maternofetal pathogen transmission is partially controlled at the level of the maternal uterine mucosa at the fetal implantation site (the decidua basalis), where maternal and fetal cells are in close contact. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) may play an important role in initiating rapid immune responses against pathogens in the decidua basalis, however the tolerant microenvironment should be preserved in order to allow fetal development. Here we investigated the expression and functionality of TLRs expressed by decidual macrophages (dMs) and NK cells (dNKs), the major decidual immune cell populations. We report for the first time that both human dMs and dNK cells express mRNAs encoding TLRs 1-9, albeit with a higher expression level in dMs. TLR2, TLR3, and TLR4 protein expression checked by flow cytometry was positive for both dMs and dNK cells. In vitro treatment of primary dMs and dNK cells with specific TLR2, TLR3, TLR4, TLR7/8, and TLR9 agonists enhanced their secretion of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines, as well as cytokines and chemokines involved in immune cell crosstalk. Only dNK cells released IFN-γ, whereas only dMs released IL-1β, IL-10, and IL-12. TLR9 activation of dMs resulted in a distinct pattern of cytokine expression compared to the other TLRs. The cytokine profiles expressed by dMs and dNK cells upon TLR activation are compatible with maintenance of the fetotolerant immune environment during initiation of immune responses to pathogens at the maternofetal interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Duriez
- Unité de Régulation des Infections Rétrovirales, Institut Pasteur, Département de Virologie Paris, France ; Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses, INSERM U1135, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06 Paris, France
| | - Héloïse Quillay
- Unité de Régulation des Infections Rétrovirales, Institut Pasteur, Département de Virologie Paris, France ; Cellule Pasteur, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité Paris, France
| | - Yoann Madec
- Unité d'Epidémiologie des Maladies Emergentes, Institut Pasteur Paris, France
| | - Hicham El Costa
- Unité de Régulation des Infections Rétrovirales, Institut Pasteur, Département de Virologie Paris, France
| | - Claude Cannou
- Unité de Régulation des Infections Rétrovirales, Institut Pasteur, Département de Virologie Paris, France
| | - Romain Marlin
- UMR-CNRS-5164-CIRID, Université Bordeaux 2 Bordeaux, France
| | - Claire de Truchis
- Gynecology-Obstetrics Service, A. Béclère Hospital, AP-HP Clamart, France
| | - Mona Rahmati
- Gynecology-Obstetrics Service, Pitié Salpêtrière Hospital AP-HP Paris, France
| | - Françoise Barré-Sinoussi
- Unité de Régulation des Infections Rétrovirales, Institut Pasteur, Département de Virologie Paris, France
| | - Marie-Thérèse Nugeyre
- Unité de Régulation des Infections Rétrovirales, Institut Pasteur, Département de Virologie Paris, France
| | - Elisabeth Menu
- Unité de Régulation des Infections Rétrovirales, Institut Pasteur, Département de Virologie Paris, France
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Targeting TLR2 for vaccine development. J Immunol Res 2014; 2014:619410. [PMID: 25057505 PMCID: PMC4098989 DOI: 10.1155/2014/619410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2014] [Revised: 04/16/2014] [Accepted: 06/04/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Novel and more effective immunization strategies against many animal diseases may profit from the current knowledge on the modulation of specific immunity through stimulation of innate immune receptors. Toll-like receptor (TLR)2-targeting formulations, such as synthetic lipopeptides and antigens expressed in fusion with lipoproteins, have been shown to have built-in adjuvant properties and to be effective at inducing cellular and humoral immune mechanisms in different animal species. However, contradictory data has arisen concerning the profile of the immune response elicited. The benefits of targeting TLR2 for vaccine development are thus still debatable and more studies are needed to rationally explore its characteristics. Here, we resume the main features of TLR2 and TLR2-induced immune responses, focusing on what has been reported for veterinary animals.
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Stackaruk ML, Lee AJ, Ashkar AA. Type I interferon regulation of natural killer cell function in primary and secondary infections. Expert Rev Vaccines 2014; 12:875-84. [PMID: 23984959 DOI: 10.1586/14760584.2013.814871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The priming of natural killer (NK) cells by type I interferon (IFN) is necessary for protection against primary and secondary viral infections. However, the pathway by which type I IFN activates NK cells to elicit antiviral responses is controversial. There is evidence to suggest that type I IFN priming of NK cells occurs through both direct and indirect pathways. As with many innate mechanisms, type I IFN and NK cells also orchestrate the adaptive immune response and thus aid in protection against secondary infections. Type I IFN can shape CD4(+) T cell, B cell and humoral memory formation. In addition, long-lived NK cells can perform specific and enhanced memory-like protection in secondary infections. This review outlines the different mechanisms underlying type I IFN regulation of NK cells and how type I IFN and NK cells can be used as a therapeutic target in vaccinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele L Stackaruk
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, MDCL 4015, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, L8S 4K1, ON, Canada
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Han S, Lin YC, Wu T, Salgado AD, Mexhitaj I, Wuest SC, Romm E, Ohayon J, Goldbach-Mansky R, Vanderver A, Marques A, Toro C, Williamson P, Cortese I, Bielekova B. Comprehensive immunophenotyping of cerebrospinal fluid cells in patients with neuroimmunological diseases. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 192:2551-63. [PMID: 24510966 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1302884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
We performed unbiased, comprehensive immunophenotyping of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and blood leukocytes in 221 subjects referred for the diagnostic work-up of neuroimmunological disorders to obtain insight about disease-specific phenotypes of intrathecal immune responses. Quantification of 14 different immune cell subsets, coupled with the assessment of their activation status, revealed physiological differences between intrathecal and systemic immunity, irrespective of final diagnosis. Our data are consistent with a model where the CNS shapes intrathecal immune responses to provide effective protection against persistent viral infections, especially by memory T cells, plasmacytoid dendritic cells, and CD56(bright) NK cells. Our data also argue that CSF immune cells do not simply reflect cells recruited from the periphery. Instead, they represent a mixture of cells that are recruited from the blood, have been activated intrathecally and leave the CNS after performing effector functions. Diagnosis-specific differences provide mechanistic insight into the disease process in the defined subtypes of multiple sclerosis (MS), neonatal onset multisystem inflammatory disease, and Aicardi-Goutières syndrome. This analysis also determined that secondary-progressive MS patients are immunologically closer to relapsing-remitting patients as compared with patients with primary-progressive MS. Because CSF immunophenotyping captures the biology of the intrathecal inflammatory processes, it has the potential to guide optimal selection of immunomodulatory therapies in individual patients and monitor their efficacy. Our study adds to the increasing number of publications that demonstrate poor correlation between systemic and intrathecal inflammatory biomarkers in patients with neuroimmunological diseases and stresses the importance of studying immune responses directly in the intrathecal compartment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sungpil Han
- Neuroimmunological Diseases Unit, Neuroimmunology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Diseases and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
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TLR-mediated activation of NK cells and their role in bacterial/viral immune responses in mammals. Immunol Cell Biol 2013; 92:256-62. [PMID: 24366517 DOI: 10.1038/icb.2013.99] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2013] [Revised: 11/20/2013] [Accepted: 11/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are important in innate immunity, first described as guardians for the detection and clearance of transformed or virus-infected cells. Later, this cell type was revealed to be also able to recognize and respond to bacteria-infected cells. NK cells possess receptors allowing them to sense and respond to viral and bacterial patterns, including Toll-like receptors (TLRs). Initially described in other innate immune cells, particularly monocytes/macrophages, TLRs have more recently been characterized in NK cells. Controversies remain regarding the TLR expression in NK cells and their responsiveness to agonists, specifically the requirement for the presence of accessory cells, such as dendritic cells, or of accessory cytokines (IL-2, IL-12, IL-15 and IL-18) to respond to TLR agonists. Upon TLR activation, NK cells are an important source of IFN-γ and granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor, cytokines necessary to fight infection but that can also contribute to deleterious inflammation if produced in excessive amounts. Here, we review the current knowledge concerning the expression of TLRs in and on NK cells and the responsiveness to their agonists and review the literature on the role of NK cells in the sensing of bacterial or viral patterns and in combatting infection.
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Van Braeckel-Budimir N, Haijema BJ, Leenhouts K. Bacterium-like particles for efficient immune stimulation of existing vaccines and new subunit vaccines in mucosal applications. Front Immunol 2013; 4:282. [PMID: 24062748 PMCID: PMC3775300 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2013] [Accepted: 08/31/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The successful development of a mucosal vaccine depends critically on the use of a safe and effective immunostimulant and/or carrier system. This review describes the effectiveness and mode of action of an immunostimulating particle, derived from bacteria, used in mucosal subunit vaccines. The non-living particles, designated bacterium-like particles are based on the food-grade bacterium Lactococcus lactis. The focus of the overview is on the development of intranasal BLP-based vaccines to prevent diseases caused by influenza and respiratory syncytial virus, and includes a selection of Phase I clinical data for the intranasal FluGEM vaccine.
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Immunological control of herpes simplex virus infections. J Neurovirol 2013; 19:328-45. [PMID: 23943467 PMCID: PMC3758505 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-013-0189-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2013] [Revised: 07/08/2013] [Accepted: 07/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) is capable of causing a latent infection in sensory neurons that lasts for the lifetime of the host. The primary infection is resolved following the induction of the innate immune response that controls replication of the virus until the adaptive immune response can clear the active infection. HSV-1-specific CD8+ T cells survey the ganglionic regions containing latently infected neurons and participate in preventing reactivation of HSV from latency. The long-term residence and migration dynamics of the T cells in the trigeminal ganglia appear to distinguish them from the traditional memory T cell subsets. Recently described tissue resident memory (TRM) T cells establish residence and survive for long periods in peripheral tissue compartments following antigen exposure. This review focuses on the immune system response to HSV-1 infection. Particular emphasis is placed on the evidence pointing to the HSV-1-specific CD8+ T cells in the trigeminal belonging to the TRM class of memory T cells and the role of TRM cells in virus infection, pathogenesis, latency, and disease.
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Elboim M, Grodzovski I, Djian E, Wolf DG, Mandelboim O. HSV-2 specifically down regulates HLA-C expression to render HSV-2-infected DCs susceptible to NK cell killing. PLoS Pathog 2013; 9:e1003226. [PMID: 23555244 PMCID: PMC3610627 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2012] [Accepted: 01/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Both NK cells and CTLs kill virus-infected and tumor cells. However, the ways by which these killer cells recognize the infected or the tumorigenic cells are different, in fact almost opposite. CTLs are activated through the interaction of the TCR with MHC class I proteins. In contrast, NK cells are inhibited by MHC class I molecules. The inhibitory NK receptors recognize mainly MHC class I proteins and in this regard practically all of the HLA-C proteins are recognized by inhibitory NK cell receptors, while only certain HLA-A and HLA-B proteins interact with these receptors. Sophisticated viruses developed mechanisms to avoid the attack of both NK cells and CTLs through, for example, down regulation of HLA-A and HLA-B molecules to avoid CTL recognition, leaving HLA-C proteins on the cell surface to inhibit NK cell response. Here we provide the first example of a virus that through specific down regulation of HLA-C, harness the NK cells for its own benefit. We initially demonstrated that none of the tested HSV-2 derived microRNAs affect NK cell activity. Then we show that surprisingly upon HSV-2 infection, HLA-C proteins are specifically down regulated, rendering the infected cells susceptible to NK cell attack. We identified a motif in the tail of HLA-C that is responsible for the HSV-2-meduiated HLA-C down regulation and we show that the HLA-C down regulation is mediated by the viral protein ICP47. Finally we show that HLA-C proteins are down regulated from the surface of HSV-2 infected dendritic cells (DCs) and that this leads to the killing of DC by NK cells. Thus, we propose that HSV-2 had developed this unique and surprising NK cell-mediated killing strategy of infected DC to prevent the activation of the adaptive immunity. Approximately 20% of all humans are latently and asymptomatically infected with HSV-2. This suggests that the virus developed mechanisms to avoid immune cell detection; many of which are still unknown. Infected cells are killed mainly by two lymphocyte populations; NK cells and CTLs that belong to the innate and the adaptive immunity, respectively. While the killing machinery of these two cell types is similar, almost identical, the ways by which they discriminate between infected and uninfected cells is different. CTLs are activated, primarily by DCs, to become effector cells. They then recognize virus-derived peptides in the groove of MHC class I molecules and eliminate the virally infected cells. In contrast, NK cells recognize infected cells through several NK cell activating receptors, while the recognition of MHC class I proteins by NK cells leads to inhibition of NK cell killing. Viruses, such as HIV, developed mechanisms to interfere with the function of both NK cells and CTLs via targeting of specific MHC class I proteins. Here we show that HSV-2 developed a MHC class I-dependent mechanism in which the virus, through specific targeting of HLA-C by the viral protein ICP47, harness the NK cells for its own benefit, probably to avoid the activation of adaptive immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moran Elboim
- The Lautenberg Center for General and Tumor Immunology, The BioMedical Research Institute Israel-Canada of the Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Inna Grodzovski
- The Lautenberg Center for General and Tumor Immunology, The BioMedical Research Institute Israel-Canada of the Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Esther Djian
- Virology Unit, Hadassah Hospital, The Hebrew University Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Dana G. Wolf
- Virology Unit, Hadassah Hospital, The Hebrew University Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Ofer Mandelboim
- The Lautenberg Center for General and Tumor Immunology, The BioMedical Research Institute Israel-Canada of the Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
- * E-mail:
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Cunningham AL, Harman A, Kim M, Nasr N, Lai J. Immunobiology of dendritic cells and the influence of HIV infection. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2013; 762:1-44. [PMID: 22975870 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-4433-6_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Recent progress in phenotyping of human dendritic cells (DCs) has allowed a closer alignment of the classification and functions of murine and human dendritic cell subsets. Marked differences in the functions of these human DC subsets and their response to HIV infection have become apparent, relevant to HIV pathogenesis and vaccine and microbicide development. Systems biology approaches to studying HIV uptake and infection of dendritic cells has revealed how markedly HIV subverts their functions, especially in relation to the trafficking pathways and viral transfer to T cells. Furthermore the interactions between DCs and other innate immune cells, NK cells, NKT cells and gamma delta T cells are now known to influence DC and T cell function and are also disturbed by HIV infection in vitro and in vivo. Such cellular interactions are potential targets for vaccine adjuvants and immunotherapy.
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