1
|
Taylor RP, Lindorfer MA. Antibody-drug conjugate adverse effects can be understood and addressed based on immune complex clearance mechanisms. Blood 2024; 144:137-144. [PMID: 38643493 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2024024442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Revised: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Numerous antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) are being developed for cancer immunotherapy. Although several of these agents have demonstrated considerable clinical efficacy and have won Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval, in many instances, they have been characterized by adverse side effects (ASEs), which can be quite severe in a fraction of treated patients. The key hypothesis in this perspective is that many of the most serious ASEs associated with the use of ADCs in the treatment of cancer can be most readily explained and understood due to the inappropriate processing of these ADCs via pathways normally followed for immune complex clearance, which include phagocytosis and trogocytosis. We review the key published basic science experiments and clinical observations that support this idea. We propose that it is the interaction of the ADC with Fcγ receptors expressed on off-target cells and tissues that can most readily explain ADC-mediated pathologies, which therefore provides a rationale for the design of protocols to minimize ASEs. We describe measurements that should help identify those patients most likely to experience ASE due to ADC, and we propose readily available treatments as well as therapies under development for other indications that should substantially reduce ASE associated with ADC. Our focus will be on the following FDA-approved ADC for which there are substantial literatures: gemtuzumab ozogamicin and inotuzumab ozogamicin; and trastuzumab emtansine and trastuzumab deruxtecan.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ronald P Taylor
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA
| | - Margaret A Lindorfer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Sánchez Romano J, Simón-Santamaría J, McCourt P, Smedsrød B, Mortensen KE, Sagona AP, Sørensen KK, Larsen AK. Liver sinusoidal cells eliminate blood-borne phage K1F. mSphere 2024; 9:e0070223. [PMID: 38415633 PMCID: PMC10964407 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00702-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Phage treatment has regained attention due to an increase in multiresistant bacteria. For phage therapy to be successful, phages must reach their target bacteria in sufficiently high numbers. Blood-borne phages are believed to be captured by macrophages in the liver and spleen. Since liver sinusoids also consist of specialized scavenger liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs) and Kupffer cells (KCs), this study investigated the contribution of both cell types in the elimination of Escherichia coli phage K1Fg10b::gfp (K1Fgfp) in mice. Circulatory half-life, organ, and hepatocellular distribution of K1Fgfp were determined following intravenous administration. Internalization of K1Fgfp and effects of phage opsonization on uptake were explored using primary mouse and human LSEC and KC cultures. When inoculated with 107 virions, >95% of the total K1Fgfp load was eliminated from the blood within 20 min, and 94% of the total retrieved K1Fgfp was localized to the liver. Higher doses resulted in slower elimination, possibly reflecting temporary saturation of liver scavenging capacity. Phage DNA was detected in both cell types, with a KC:LSEC ratio of 12:1 per population following cell isolation. Opsonization with plasma proteins increased time-dependent cellular uptake in both LSECs and KCs in vitro. Internalized phages were rapidly transported along the endocytic pathway to lysosomal compartments. Reduced viability of intracellular K1Fgfp corroborated inactivation following endocytosis. This study is the first to identify phage distribution in the liver at the hepatocellular level, confirming clearance of K1Fgfp performed mostly by KCs with a significant uptake also in LSECs.IMPORTANCEFaced with the increasing amounts of bacteria with multidrug antimicrobial resistance, phage therapy has regained attention as a possible treatment option. The phage field has recently experienced an emergence in commercial interest as research has identified new and more efficient ways of identifying and matching phages against resistant superbugs. Currently, phages are unapproved drugs in most parts of the world. For phages to reach broad clinical use, they must be shown to be clinically safe and useful. The results presented herein contribute to increased knowledge about the pharmacokinetics of the T7-like phage K1F in the mammalian system. The cell types of the liver that are responsible for rapid phage blood clearance are identified. Our results highlight the need for more research about appropriate dose regimens when phage therapy is delivered intravenously and advise essential knowledge about cell systems that should be investigated further for detailed phage pharmacodynamics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Peter McCourt
- Department of Medical Biology, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Bård Smedsrød
- Department of Medical Biology, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Kim Erlend Mortensen
- Gastrointestinal Surgery Unit, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Antonia P. Sagona
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | | | - Anett Kristin Larsen
- Department of Medical Biology, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Wang J, An H, Ding M, Liu Y, Wang S, Jin Q, Wu Q, Dong H, Guo Q, Tian X, Liu J, Zhang J, Zhu T, Li J, Shao Z, Briles DE, Veening JW, Zheng H, Zhang L, Zhang JR. Liver macrophages and sinusoidal endothelial cells execute vaccine-elicited capture of invasive bacteria. Sci Transl Med 2023; 15:eade0054. [PMID: 38117903 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.ade0054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/22/2023]
Abstract
Vaccination has substantially reduced the morbidity and mortality of bacterial diseases, but mechanisms of vaccine-elicited pathogen clearance remain largely undefined. We report that vaccine-elicited immunity against invasive bacteria mainly operates in the liver. In contrast to the current paradigm that migrating phagocytes execute vaccine-elicited immunity against blood-borne pathogens, we found that invasive bacteria are captured and killed in the liver of vaccinated host via various immune mechanisms that depend on the protective potency of the vaccine. Vaccines with relatively lower degrees of protection only activated liver-resident macrophage Kupffer cells (KCs) by inducing pathogen-binding immunoglobulin M (IgM) or low amounts of IgG. IgG-coated pathogens were directly captured by KCs via multiple IgG receptors FcγRs, whereas IgM-opsonized bacteria were indirectly bound to KCs via complement receptors of immunoglobulin superfamily (CRIg) and complement receptor 3 (CR3) after complement C3 activation at the bacterial surface. Conversely, the more potent vaccines engaged both KCs and liver sinusoidal endothelial cells by inducing higher titers of functional IgG antibodies. Endothelial cells (ECs) captured densely IgG-opsonized pathogens by the low-affinity IgG receptor FcγRIIB in a "zipper-like" manner and achieved bacterial killing predominantly in the extracellular milieu via an undefined mechanism. KC- and endothelial cell-based capture of antibody-opsonized bacteria also occurred in FcγR-humanized mice. These vaccine protection mechanisms in the liver not only provide a comprehensive explanation for vaccine-/antibody-boosted immunity against invasive bacteria but also may serve as in vivo functional readouts of vaccine efficacy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juanjuan Wang
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, Department of Basic Medical Science, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Haoran An
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, Department of Basic Medical Science, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Ming Ding
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, Department of Basic Medical Science, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yanhong Liu
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, Department of Basic Medical Science, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Shaomeng Wang
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, Department of Basic Medical Science, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Qian Jin
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, Department of Basic Medical Science, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Qi Wu
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, Department of Basic Medical Science, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Haodi Dong
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, Department of Basic Medical Science, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Qile Guo
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, Department of Basic Medical Science, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xianbin Tian
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, Department of Basic Medical Science, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | | | | | - Tao Zhu
- Cansino Biologics, Tianjin 300301, China
| | | | - Zhujun Shao
- National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102299, China
| | - David E Briles
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA
| | - Jan-Willem Veening
- Department of Fundamental Microbiology, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
| | | | - Linqi Zhang
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, Department of Basic Medical Science, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jing-Ren Zhang
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, Department of Basic Medical Science, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Hu F, Zhou X, Peng Q, Ma L. Suppressed Histone H3 Lysine 18 Acetylation Is Involved in Arsenic-Induced Liver Fibrosis in Rats by Triggering the Dedifferentiation of Liver Sinusoidal Endothelial Cells. TOXICS 2023; 11:928. [PMID: 37999580 PMCID: PMC10675694 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11110928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
Arsenic pollution is a global environmental concern. Arsenic-induced chronic liver injury and its irreversible outcomes, including liver cirrhosis and liver cancer, threaten the health of residents in arsenic-contaminated areas. Liver fibrosis is a reversible pathological stage in the progression of arsenic-induced chronic liver injury to cirrhosis and liver cancer. The aim of this study is to identify the epigenetic mechanism of arsenic-induced liver fibrosis based on the dedifferentiation of liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs). Rats were treated with 0.0, 2.5, 5.0, or 10.0 mg/kg sodium arsenite for 36 weeks. Marked fibrotic phenotypes were observed in the rat livers, manifested by hepatic stellate cell activation and an increased extracellular matrix, as well as the deposition of collagen fibers. The reduced fenestrations on the cells' surface and the increased expression of the dedifferentiation marker CD31 corroborated the LSECs' dedifferentiation in the liver tissue, which was also found to be significantly associated with fibrotic phenotypes. We further revealed that arsenic exposure could inhibit the enrichment of histone H3 lysine 18 acetylation (H3K18ac) in the promoters of Fcgr2b and Lyve1, two key genes responsible for maintaining the differentiation phenotype of LSECs. This inhibition subsequently suppressed the genes' expression, promoting LSEC dedifferentiation and subsequent liver fibrosis. In conclusion, arsenic can trigger liver fibrosis by inhibiting H3K18ac-dependent maintenance of LSEC differentiation. These findings uncover a novel mechanism of arsenic-induced liver fibrosis based on a new insight into epigenetically dependent LSEC dedifferentiation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fang Hu
- The Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, China; (F.H.); (X.Z.); (Q.P.)
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Endemic and Ethnic Regional Diseases Co-Constructed by the Province and Ministry, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Xingcheng Zhou
- The Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, China; (F.H.); (X.Z.); (Q.P.)
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Endemic and Ethnic Regional Diseases Co-Constructed by the Province and Ministry, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Qianqian Peng
- The Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, China; (F.H.); (X.Z.); (Q.P.)
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Endemic and Ethnic Regional Diseases Co-Constructed by the Province and Ministry, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Lu Ma
- The Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, China; (F.H.); (X.Z.); (Q.P.)
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Endemic and Ethnic Regional Diseases Co-Constructed by the Province and Ministry, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Antwi MB, Dumitriu G, Simón-Santamaria J, Romano JS, Li R, Smedsrød B, Vik A, Eskild W, Sørensen KK. Liver sinusoidal endothelial cells show reduced scavenger function and downregulation of Fc gamma receptor IIb, yet maintain a preserved fenestration in the Glmpgt/gt mouse model of slowly progressing liver fibrosis. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0293526. [PMID: 37910485 PMCID: PMC10619817 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0293526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs) are fenestrated endothelial cells with a unique, high endocytic clearance capacity for blood-borne waste macromolecules and colloids. This LSEC scavenger function has been insufficiently characterized in liver disease. The Glmpgt/gt mouse lacks expression of a subunit of the MFSD1/GLMP lysosomal membrane protein transporter complex, is born normal, but soon develops chronic, mild hepatocyte injury, leading to slowly progressing periportal liver fibrosis, and splenomegaly. This study examined how LSEC scavenger function and morphology are affected in the Glmpgt/gt model. FITC-labelled formaldehyde-treated serum albumin (FITC-FSA), a model ligand for LSEC scavenger receptors was administered intravenously into Glmpgt/gt mice, aged 4 months (peak of liver inflammation), 9-10 month, and age-matched Glmpwt/wt mice. Organs were harvested for light and electron microscopy, quantitative image analysis of ligand uptake, collagen accumulation, LSEC ultrastructure, and endocytosis receptor expression (also examined by qPCR and western blot). In both age groups, the Glmpgt/gt mice showed multifocal liver injury and fibrosis. The uptake of FITC-FSA in LSECs was significantly reduced in Glmpgt/gt compared to wild-type mice. Expression of LSEC receptors stabilin-1 (Stab1), and mannose receptor (Mcr1) was almost similar in liver of Glmpgt/gt mice and age-matched controls. At the same time, immunostaining revealed differences in the stabilin-1 expression pattern in sinusoids and accumulation of stabilin-1-positive macrophages in Glmpgt/gt liver. FcγRIIb (Fcgr2b), which mediates LSEC endocytosis of soluble immune complexes was widely and significantly downregulated in Glmpgt/gt liver. Despite increased collagen in space of Disse, LSECs of Glmpgt/gt mice showed well-preserved fenestrae organized in sieve plates but the frequency of holes >400 nm in diameter was increased, especially in areas with hepatocyte damage. In both genotypes, FITC-FSA also distributed to endothelial cells of spleen and bone marrow sinusoids, suggesting that these locations may function as possible compensatory sites of clearance of blood-borne scavenger receptor ligands in liver fibrosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Milton Boaheng Antwi
- Department of Medical Biology, UiT-The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
- Section of Haematology, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Gianina Dumitriu
- Department of Medical Biology, UiT-The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | | | | | - Ruomei Li
- Department of Medical Biology, UiT-The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Bård Smedsrød
- Department of Medical Biology, UiT-The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Anders Vik
- Section of Haematology, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway
- Department of Clinical Medicine, UiT-The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Winnie Eskild
- Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Bauer-Smith H, Sudol ASL, Beers SA, Crispin M. Serum immunoglobulin and the threshold of Fc receptor-mediated immune activation. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2023; 1867:130448. [PMID: 37652365 PMCID: PMC11032748 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2023.130448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Antibodies can mediate immune recruitment or clearance of immune complexes through the interaction of their Fc domain with cellular Fc receptors. Clustering of antibodies is a key step in generating sufficient avidity for efficacious receptor recognition. However, Fc receptors may be saturated with prevailing, endogenous serum immunoglobulin and this raises the threshold by which cellular receptors can be productively engaged. Here, we review the factors controlling serum IgG levels in both healthy and disease states, and discuss how the presence of endogenous IgG is encoded into the functional activation thresholds for low- and high-affinity Fc receptors. We discuss the circumstances where antibody engineering can help overcome these physiological limitations of therapeutic antibodies. Finally, we discuss how the pharmacological control of Fc receptor saturation by endogenous IgG is emerging as a feasible mechanism for the enhancement of antibody therapeutics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Bauer-Smith
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK; Centre for Cancer Immunology, School of Cancer Sciences, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Abigail S L Sudol
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Stephen A Beers
- Centre for Cancer Immunology, School of Cancer Sciences, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK.
| | - Max Crispin
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Papaioannou S, See JX, Jeong M, De La Torre C, Ast V, Reiners-Koch PS, Sati A, Mogler C, Platten M, Cerwenka A, Stojanovic A. Liver sinusoidal endothelial cells orchestrate NK cell recruitment and activation in acute inflammatory liver injury. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112836. [PMID: 37471222 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs) rapidly clear lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from the bloodstream and establish intimate contact with immune cells. However, their role in regulating liver inflammation remains poorly understood. We show that LSECs modify their chemokine expression profile driven by LPS or interferon-γ (IFN-γ), resulting in the production of the myeloid- or lymphoid-attracting chemokines CCL2 and CXCL10, respectively, which accumulate in the serum of LPS-challenged animals. Natural killer (NK) cell exposure to LSECs in vitro primes NK cells for higher production of IFN-γ in response to interleukin-12 (IL-12) and IL-18. In livers of LPS-injected mice, NK cells are the major producers of this cytokine. In turn, LSECs require exposure to IFN-γ for CXCL10 expression, and endothelial-specific Cxcl10 gene deletion curtails NK cell accumulation in the inflamed livers. Thus, LSECs respond to both LPS and immune-derived signals and fuel a positive feedback loop of immune cell attraction and activation in the inflamed liver tissue.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sophia Papaioannou
- Department of Immunobiochemistry, Mannheim Institute for Innate Immunoscience (MI3), Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; European Center for Angioscience (ECAS), Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Jia-Xiang See
- Department of Immunobiochemistry, Mannheim Institute for Innate Immunoscience (MI3), Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; European Center for Angioscience (ECAS), Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Mingeum Jeong
- Department of Immunobiochemistry, Mannheim Institute for Innate Immunoscience (MI3), Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Carolina De La Torre
- NGS Core Facility, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Volker Ast
- NGS Core Facility, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Institute for Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Mannheim (UMM), Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Philipp-Sebastian Reiners-Koch
- European Center for Angioscience (ECAS), Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Medical Center and Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, and Center of Excellence in Dermatology, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Ankita Sati
- CCU Neuroimmunology and Brain Tumor Immunology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Clinical Cooperation Unit (CCU), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Carolin Mogler
- Institute of Pathology, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Michael Platten
- CCU Neuroimmunology and Brain Tumor Immunology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Clinical Cooperation Unit (CCU), Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Neurology, University Hospital Mannheim (UMM), MCTN, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; DKFZ Hector Cancer Institute at the University Medical Center Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Adelheid Cerwenka
- Department of Immunobiochemistry, Mannheim Institute for Innate Immunoscience (MI3), Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; European Center for Angioscience (ECAS), Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany.
| | - Ana Stojanovic
- Department of Immunobiochemistry, Mannheim Institute for Innate Immunoscience (MI3), Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
McConnell MJ, Kostallari E, Ibrahim SH, Iwakiri Y. The evolving role of liver sinusoidal endothelial cells in liver health and disease. Hepatology 2023; 78:649-669. [PMID: 36626620 PMCID: PMC10315420 DOI: 10.1097/hep.0000000000000207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
LSECs are a unique population of endothelial cells within the liver and are recognized as key regulators of liver homeostasis. LSECs also play a key role in liver disease, as dysregulation of their quiescent phenotype promotes pathological processes within the liver including inflammation, microvascular thrombosis, fibrosis, and portal hypertension. Recent technical advances in single-cell analysis have characterized distinct subpopulations of the LSECs themselves with a high resolution and defined their gene expression profile and phenotype, broadening our understanding of their mechanistic role in liver biology. This article will review 4 broad advances in our understanding of LSEC biology in general: (1) LSEC heterogeneity, (2) LSEC aging and senescence, (3) LSEC role in liver regeneration, and (4) LSEC role in liver inflammation and will then review the role of LSECs in various liver pathologies including fibrosis, DILI, alcohol-associated liver disease, NASH, viral hepatitis, liver transplant rejection, and ischemia reperfusion injury. The review will conclude with a discussion of gaps in knowledge and areas for future research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J. McConnell
- Section of Digestive Disease, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | | | - Samar H. Ibrahim
- Division of Gastroenterology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Yasuko Iwakiri
- Section of Digestive Disease, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Liu G, Luo P. Targeting CD137 (4-1BB) towards improved safety and efficacy for cancer immunotherapy. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1208788. [PMID: 37334375 PMCID: PMC10272836 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1208788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023] Open
Abstract
T cells play a critical role in antitumor immunity, where T cell activation is regulated by both inhibitory and costimulatory receptor signaling that fine-tune T cell activity during different stages of T cell immune responses. Currently, cancer immunotherapy by targeting inhibitory receptors such as CTLA-4 and PD-1/L1, and their combination by antagonist antibodies, has been well established. However, developing agonist antibodies that target costimulatory receptors such as CD28 and CD137/4-1BB has faced considerable challenges, including highly publicized adverse events. Intracellular costimulatory domains of CD28 and/or CD137/4-1BB are essential for the clinical benefits of FDA-approved chimeric antigen receptor T cell (CAR-T) therapies. The major challenge is how to decouple efficacy from toxicity by systemic immune activation. This review focuses on anti-CD137 agonist monoclonal antibodies with different IgG isotypes in clinical development. It discusses CD137 biology in the context of anti-CD137 agonist drug discovery, including the binding epitope selected for anti-CD137 agonist antibody in competition or not with CD137 ligand (CD137L), the IgG isotype of antibodies selected with an impact on crosslinking by Fc gamma receptors, and the conditional activation of anti-CD137 antibodies for safe and potent engagement with CD137 in the tumor microenvironment (TME). We discuss and compare the potential mechanisms/effects of different CD137 targeting strategies and agents under development and how rational combinations could enhance antitumor activities without amplifying the toxicity of these agonist antibodies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guizhong Liu
- Adagene Inc., San Diego, CA, United States
- Adagene (Suzhou) Limited., Suzhou, China
| | - Peter Luo
- Adagene Inc., San Diego, CA, United States
- Adagene (Suzhou) Limited., Suzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Dadas O, Ertay A, Cragg MS. Delivering co-stimulatory tumor necrosis factor receptor agonism for cancer immunotherapy: past, current and future perspectives. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1147467. [PMID: 37180119 PMCID: PMC10167284 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1147467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The tumor necrosis factor superfamily (TNFSF) and their receptors (TNFRSF) are important regulators of the immune system, mediating proliferation, survival, differentiation, and function of immune cells. As a result, their targeting for immunotherapy is attractive, although to date, under-exploited. In this review we discuss the importance of co-stimulatory members of the TNFRSF in optimal immune response generation, the rationale behind targeting these receptors for immunotherapy, the success of targeting them in pre-clinical studies and the challenges in translating this success into the clinic. The efficacy and limitations of the currently available agents are discussed alongside the development of next generation immunostimulatory agents designed to overcome current issues, and capitalize on this receptor class to deliver potent, durable and safe drugs for patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Osman Dadas
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, School of Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Ayse Ertay
- School of Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Mark S. Cragg
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, School of Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
- Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Lin YC, Chen BM, Tran TTM, Chang TC, Al-Qaisi TS, Roffler SR. Accelerated clearance by antibodies against methoxy PEG depends on pegylation architecture. J Control Release 2023; 354:354-367. [PMID: 36641121 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2023.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 01/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Methoxy polyethylene glycol (mPEG) is attached to many proteins, peptides, nucleic acids and nanomedicines to improve their biocompatibility. Antibodies that bind PEG are present in many individuals and can be generated upon administration of pegylated therapeutics. Anti-PEG antibodies that bind to the PEG "backbone" can accelerate drug clearance and detrimentally affect drug activity and safety, but no studies have examined how anti-methoxy PEG (mPEG) antibodies, which selectively bind the terminus of mPEG, affect pegylated drugs. Here, we investigated how defined IgG and IgM monoclonal antibodies specific to the PEG backbone (anti-PEG) or terminal methoxy group (anti-mPEG) affect pegylated liposomes or proteins with a single PEG chain, a single branched PEG chain, or multiple PEG chains. Large immune complexes can be formed between all pegylated compounds and anti-PEG antibodies but only pegylated liposomes formed large immune complexes with anti-mPEG antibodies. Both anti-PEG IgG and IgM antibodies accelerated the clearance of all pegylated compounds but anti-mPEG antibodies did not accelerate clearance of proteins with a single or branched PEG molecule. Pegylated liposomes were primarily taken up by Kupffer cells in the liver, but both anti-PEG and anti-mPEG antibodies directed uptake of a heavily pegylated protein to liver sinusoidal endothelial cells. Our results demonstrate that in contrast to anti-PEG antibodies, immune complex formation and drug clearance induced by anti-mPEG antibodies depends on pegylation architecture; compounds with a single or branched PEG molecule are unaffected by anti-mPEG antibodies but are increasingly affected as the number of PEG chain in a structure increases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Chen Lin
- Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan; Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Bing-Mae Chen
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Trieu Thi My Tran
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Tien-Ching Chang
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Talal Salem Al-Qaisi
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Pharmacological and Diagnostic Research Centre, Faculty of Allied Medical Sciences, Al-Ahliyya Amman University, Amman 19328, Jordan
| | - Steve R Roffler
- Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan; Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Iwata Y, Katada H, Okuda M, Doi Y, Ching TJ, Harada A, Takeiri A, Honda M, Mishima M. Preclinical in vitro evaluation of immune suppression induced by GYM329, Fc-engineered sweeping antibody. J Toxicol Sci 2023; 48:399-409. [PMID: 37394653 DOI: 10.2131/jts.48.399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
Fc-engineering is commonly used to improve the therapeutic potency of antibody (Ab) treatments. Because FcγRIIb is the only inhibitory FcγR that contains an immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibition motif (ITIM), Fc-engineered Abs with enhanced binding affinity to FcγRIIb might provide immune suppression in clinical contexts. GYM329 is an anti-latent myostatin Fc-engineered Ab with increased affinity to FcγRIIb which is expected to improve muscle strength in patients with muscular disorders. Cross-linking of FcγRIIb by immune complex (IC) results in phosphorylation of ITIM to inhibit immune activation and apoptosis in B cells. We examined whether the IC of Fc-engineered Abs with enhanced binding affinity to FcγRIIb causes phosphorylation of ITIM or B cell apoptosis using GYM329 and its Fc variant Abs in human and cynomolgus-monkey (cyno) immune cells in vitro. IC of GYM329 with enhanced binding affinity to human FcγRIIb (×5) induced neither ITIM phosphorylation nor B cell apoptosis. As for GYM329, FcγRIIb should work as an endocytic receptor of small IC to sweep latent myostatin, so it is preferable that GYM329 induces neither ITIM phosphorylation nor B cell apoptosis to prevent immune suppression. In contrast, IC of myo-HuCy2b, the Ab with enhanced binding affinity to human FcγRIIb (×4), induced ITIM phosphorylation and B cell apoptosis. The result of the present study demonstrated that Fc-engineered Abs with similar binding affinity to FcγRIIb had different effects. Thus, it is important to also investigate FcγR-mediated immune functions other than binding to fully understand the biological effects of Fc-engineered Abs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshika Iwata
- Translational Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd
| | | | | | - Yoshiaki Doi
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd
| | | | - Asako Harada
- Translational Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd
| | - Akira Takeiri
- Translational Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd
| | - Masaki Honda
- Translational Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd
| | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Margetuximab and trastuzumab deruxtecan: New generation of anti-HER2 immunotherapeutic agents for breast cancer. Mol Immunol 2022; 152:45-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2022.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2022] [Revised: 09/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
|
14
|
Li R, Bhandari S, Martinez-Zubiaurre I, Bruun JA, Urbarova I, Smedsrød B, Simón-Santamaría J, Sørensen KK. Changes in the proteome and secretome of rat liver sinusoidal endothelial cells during early primary culture and effects of dexamethasone. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0273843. [PMID: 36054185 PMCID: PMC9439253 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0273843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs) are specialized fenestrated scavenger endothelial cells involved in the elimination of modified plasma proteins and tissue turnover waste macromolecules from blood. LSECs also participate in liver immune responses. A challenge when studying LSEC biology is the rapid loss of the in vivo phenotype in culture. In this study, we have examined biological processes and pathways affected during early-stage primary culture of rat LSECs and checked for cell responses to the pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin (IL)-1β and the anti-inflammatory drug dexamethasone. Methods LSECs from male Sprague Dawley rats were cultured on type I collagen in 5% oxygen atmosphere in DMEM with serum-free supplements for 2 and 24 h. Quantitative proteomics using tandem mass tag technology was used to examine proteins in cells and supernatants. Validation was done with qPCR, ELISA, multiplex immunoassay, and caspase 3/7 assay. Cell ultrastructure was examined by scanning electron microscopy, and scavenger function by quantitative endocytosis assays. Results LSECs cultured for 24 h showed a characteristic pro-inflammatory phenotype both in the presence and absence of IL-1β, with upregulation of cellular responses to cytokines and interferon-γ, cell-cell adhesion, and glycolysis, increased expression of fatty acid binding proteins (FABP4, FABP5), and downregulation of several membrane receptors (STAB1, STAB2, LYVE1, CLEC4G) and proteins in pyruvate metabolism, citric acid cycle, fatty acid elongation, amino acid metabolism, and oxidation-reduction processes. Dexamethasone inhibited apoptosis and improved LSEC viability in culture, repressed inflammatory and immune regulatory pathways and secretion of IL-1β and IL-6, and further upregulated FABP4 and FABP5 compared to time-matched controls. The LSEC porosity and endocytic activity were reduced at 24 h both with and without dexamethasone but the dexamethasone-treated cells showed a less stressed phenotype. Conclusion Rat LSECs become activated towards a pro-inflammatory phenotype during early culture. Dexamethasone represses LSEC activation, inhibits apoptosis, and improves cell viability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruomei Li
- Department of Medical Biology, UiT–The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Sabin Bhandari
- Department of Medical Biology, UiT–The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | | | - Jack-Ansgar Bruun
- Department of Medical Biology, UiT–The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Ilona Urbarova
- Department of Community Medicine, UiT–The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Bård Smedsrød
- Department of Medical Biology, UiT–The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Simpson AP, Roghanian A, Oldham RJ, Chan HTC, Penfold CA, Kim HJ, Inzhelevskaya T, Mockridge CI, Cox KL, Bogdanov YD, James S, Tutt AL, Rycroft D, Morley P, Dahal LN, Teige I, Frendeus B, Beers SA, Cragg MS. FcγRIIB controls antibody-mediated target cell depletion by ITIM-independent mechanisms. Cell Rep 2022; 40:111099. [PMID: 35858562 PMCID: PMC9638011 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Many therapeutic antibodies deplete target cells and elicit immunotherapy by engaging activating Fc gamma receptors (FcγRs) on host effector cells. These antibodies are negatively regulated by the inhibitory FcγRIIB (CD32B). Dogma suggests inhibition is mediated through the FcγRIIB immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibition motif (ITIM), negatively regulating immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif (ITAM)-mediated signaling from activating FcγR. To assess this, we generated experimental models expressing human (h)FcγRIIB on targets or effectors, lacking or retaining ITIM signaling capacity. We demonstrate that signaling through the hFcγRIIB ITIM is dispensable for impairing monoclonal antibody (mAb)-mediated depletion of normal and malignant murine target cells through three therapeutically relevant surface receptors (CD20, CD25, and OX40) affecting immunotherapy. We demonstrate that hFcγRIIB competition with activating FcγRs for antibody Fc, rather than ITIM signaling, is sufficient to impair activating FcγR engagement, inhibiting effector function and immunotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander P Simpson
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, School of Cancer Sciences, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Ali Roghanian
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, School of Cancer Sciences, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK; Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Robert J Oldham
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, School of Cancer Sciences, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - H T Claude Chan
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, School of Cancer Sciences, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Christine A Penfold
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, School of Cancer Sciences, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Hyung J Kim
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, School of Cancer Sciences, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Tatyana Inzhelevskaya
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, School of Cancer Sciences, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - C Ian Mockridge
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, School of Cancer Sciences, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Kerry L Cox
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, School of Cancer Sciences, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Yury D Bogdanov
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, School of Cancer Sciences, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Sonya James
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, School of Cancer Sciences, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Alison L Tutt
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, School of Cancer Sciences, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Daniel Rycroft
- Biopharm Discovery, GSK, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Peter Morley
- Biopharm Discovery, GSK, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Lekh N Dahal
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, School of Cancer Sciences, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Ingrid Teige
- BioInvent International AB, Sölvegatan 41, 22370 Lund, Sweden
| | - Björn Frendeus
- BioInvent International AB, Sölvegatan 41, 22370 Lund, Sweden.
| | - Stephen A Beers
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, School of Cancer Sciences, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK.
| | - Mark S Cragg
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, School of Cancer Sciences, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK; Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Lindorfer MA, Taylor RP. FcγR-Mediated Trogocytosis 2.0: Revisiting History Gives Rise to a Unifying Hypothesis. Antibodies (Basel) 2022; 11:antib11030045. [PMID: 35892705 PMCID: PMC9326535 DOI: 10.3390/antib11030045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
There is increasing interest in the clinical implications and immunology of trogocytosis, a process in which the receptors on acceptor cells remove and internalize cognate ligands from donor cells. We have reported that this phenomenon occurs in cancer immunotherapy, in which cells that express FcγR remove and internalize CD20 and bound mAbs from malignant B cells. This process can be generalized to include other reactions including the immune adherence phenomenon and antibody-induced immunosuppression. We discuss in detail FcγR-mediated trogocytosis and the evidence supporting a proposed predominant role for liver sinusoidal endothelial cells via the action of the inhibitory receptor FcγRIIb2. We describe experiments to test the validity of this hypothesis. The elucidation of the details of FcγR-mediated trogocytosis has the potential to allow for the development of novel therapies that can potentially block or enhance this reaction, depending upon whether the process leads to unfavorable or positive biological effects.
Collapse
|
17
|
Enrichment Methods for Murine Liver Non-Parenchymal Cells Differentially Affect Their Immunophenotype and Responsiveness towards Stimulation. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23126543. [PMID: 35742987 PMCID: PMC9223567 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23126543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocytes comprise the majority of the liver and largely exert metabolic functions, whereas non-parenchymal cells (NPCs)—comprising Kupffer cells, dendritic cells and liver sinusoidal endothelial cells—control the immunological state within this organ. Here, we compared the suitability of two isolation methods for murine liver NPCs. Liver perfusion (LP) with collagenase/DNase I applied via the portal vein leads to efficient liver digestion, whereas the modified liver dissociation (LD) method combines mechanical dissociation of the retrieved organ with enzymatic degradation of the extracellular matrix. In cases of both LP and LD, NPCs were enriched by subsequent gradient density centrifugation. Our results indicate that LP and LD are largely comparable with regards to the yield, purity, and composition of liver NPCs. However, LD-enriched liver NPCs displayed a higher degree of activation after overnight cultivation, and accordingly were less responsive towards stimulation with toll-like receptor ligands that are frequently used as adjuvants, e.g., in nano-vaccines. We conclude that LP is more suitable for obtaining liver NPCs for subsequent in vitro studies, whereas LD as the less laborious method, is more convenient for parallel isolation of larger numbers of samples for ex vivo analysis.
Collapse
|
18
|
Delidakis G, Kim JE, George K, Georgiou G. Improving Antibody Therapeutics by Manipulating the Fc Domain: Immunological and Structural Considerations. Annu Rev Biomed Eng 2022; 24:249-274. [PMID: 35363537 PMCID: PMC9648538 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-bioeng-082721-024500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Interactions between the crystallizable fragment (Fc) domain of antibodies and a plethora of cellular Fc receptors (FcRs) or soluble proteins form a critical link between humoral and innate immunity. In particular, the immunoglobulin G Fc domain is critical for the clearance of target cells by processes that include (a) cytotoxicity, phagocytosis, or complement lysis; (b) modulation of inflammation; (c) antigen presentation; (d) antibody-mediated receptor clustering; and (e) cytokine release. More than 30 Fc-engineered antibodies aimed primarily at tailoring these effects for optimal therapeutic outcomes are in clinical evaluation or have already been approved. Nonetheless, our understanding of how FcR engagement impacts various immune cell phenotypes is still largely incomplete. Recent insights into FcR biology coupled with advances in Fc:FcR structural analysis, Fc engineering, and mouse models that recapitulate human biology are helping to fill in existing knowledge gaps. These advances will provide a blueprint on how to fine-tune the Fc domain to achieve optimal therapeutic efficacy. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering, Volume 24 is June 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- George Delidakis
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA;
| | - Jin Eyun Kim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Katia George
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - George Georgiou
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA; .,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA.,Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Köllner SMS, Seifert L, Zahner G, Tomas NM. Strategies Towards Antigen-Specific Treatments for Membranous Nephropathy. Front Immunol 2022; 13:822508. [PMID: 35185913 PMCID: PMC8850405 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.822508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Membranous nephropathy (MN) is a rare but potentially severe autoimmune disease and a major cause of nephrotic syndrome in adults. Traditional treatments for patients with MN include steroids with alkylating agents such as cyclophosphamide or calcineurin inhibitors such as cyclosporine, which have an undesirable side effect profile. Newer therapies like rituximab, although superior to cyclosporine in maintaining disease remission, do not only affect pathogenic B or plasma cells, but also inhibit the production of protective antibodies and therefore the ability to fend off foreign organisms and to respond to vaccination. These are undesired effects of general B or plasma cell-targeted treatments. The discovery of several autoantigens in patients with MN offers the great opportunity for more specific treatment approaches. Indeed, such treatments were recently developed for other autoimmune diseases and tested in different preclinical models, and some are about to jump to clinical practice. As such treatments have enormous potential to enhance specificity, efficacy and compatibility also for MN, we will discuss two promising strategies in this perspective: The elimination of pathogenic antibodies through endogenous degradation systems and the depletion of pathogenic B cells through chimeric autoantibody receptor T cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M S Köllner
- III. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Larissa Seifert
- III. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Gunther Zahner
- III. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Nicola M Tomas
- III. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Tan HZ, Loh AHL, Kaushik M, Tan SN, Choo JCJ. Immune-complex membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis in liver cirrhosis secondary to Caroli's disease: a multi-hit process? Int Urol Nephrol 2022; 54:3041-3042. [PMID: 35353325 DOI: 10.1007/s11255-022-03189-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zhuan Tan
- Department of Renal Medicine, Singapore General Hospital, Academia Level 3, 20 College Road, Singapore, 169856, Singapore.
| | - Alwin Hwai Liang Loh
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Manish Kaushik
- Department of Renal Medicine, Singapore General Hospital, Academia Level 3, 20 College Road, Singapore, 169856, Singapore
| | - Sye Nee Tan
- Department of Renal Medicine, Singapore General Hospital, Academia Level 3, 20 College Road, Singapore, 169856, Singapore
| | - Jason Chon Jun Choo
- Department of Renal Medicine, Singapore General Hospital, Academia Level 3, 20 College Road, Singapore, 169856, Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
A PBPK model recapitulates early kinetics of anti-PEG antibody-mediated clearance of PEG-liposomes. J Control Release 2022; 343:518-527. [PMID: 35066099 PMCID: PMC9080587 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2022.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
PEGylation is routinely used to extend the systemic circulation of various protein therapeutics and nanomedicines. Nonetheless, mounting evidence is emerging that individuals exposed to select PEGylated therapeutics can develop antibodies specific to PEG, i.e., anti-PEG antibodies (APA). In turn, APA increase both the risk of hypersensitivity to the drug as well as potential loss of efficacy due to accelerated blood clearance of the drug. Despite the broad implications of APA, the timescales and systemic specificity by which APA can alter the pharmacokinetics and biodistribution of PEGylated drugs remain not well understood. Here, we developed a physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model designed to resolve APA's impact on both early- and late-phase pharmacokinetics and biodistribution of intravenously administered PEGylated drugs. Our model accurately recapitulates PK and biodistribution data obtained from PET/CT imaging of radiolabeled PEG-liposomes and PEG-uricase in mice with and without APA, as well as serum levels of PEG-uricase in humans. Our work provides another illustration of the power of high-resolution PBPK models for understanding the pharmacokinetic impacts of anti-drug antibodies and the dynamics with which antibodies can mediate clearance of foreign species.
Collapse
|
22
|
Abstract
Intestinal microbiota, dominated by bacteria, plays an important role in the occurrence and the development of alcohol-associated liver disease (ALD), which is one of the most common liver diseases around the world. With sufficient studies focusing on the gut bacterial community, chronic alcohol consumption is now known as a key factor that alters the composition of gut bacterial community, increases intestinal permeability, causes intestinal dysfunction, induces bacterial translocation, and exacerbates the process of ALD via gut-liver axis. However, gut non-bacterial communities including fungi, viruses, and archaea, which may also participate in the disease, has received little attention relative to the gut bacterial community. This paper will systematically collect the latest literatures reporting non-bacterial communities in mammalian health and disease, and review their mechanisms in promoting the development of ALD including CLEC7A pathway, Candidalysin (a peptide toxin secreted by Candida albicans), metabolites, and other chemical substances secreted or regulated by gut commensal mycobiome, virome, and archaeome, hoping to bring novel insights on our current knowledge of ALD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenkang Gao
- Division of Gastroenterology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yixin Zhu
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Jin Ye
- Division of Gastroenterology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Huikuan Chu
- Division of Gastroenterology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China,CONTACT Huikuan Chu Division of Gastroenterology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430022, China
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
James BH, Papakyriacou P, Gardener MJ, Gliddon L, Weston CJ, Lalor PF. The Contribution of Liver Sinusoidal Endothelial Cells to Clearance of Therapeutic Antibody. Front Physiol 2022; 12:753833. [PMID: 35095549 PMCID: PMC8795706 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.753833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Many chronic inflammatory diseases are treated by administration of “biological” therapies in terms of fully human and humanized monoclonal antibodies or Fc fusion proteins. These tools have widespread efficacy and are favored because they generally exhibit high specificity for target with a low toxicity. However, the design of clinically applicable humanized antibodies is complicated by the need to circumvent normal antibody clearance mechanisms to maintain therapeutic dosing, whilst avoiding development of off target antibody dependent cellular toxicity. Classically, professional phagocytic immune cells are responsible for scavenging and clearance of antibody via interactions with the Fc portion. Immune cells such as macrophages, monocytes, and neutrophils express Fc receptor subsets, such as the FcγR that can then clear immune complexes. Another, the neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) is key to clearance of IgG in vivo and serum half-life of antibody is explicitly linked to function of this receptor. The liver is a site of significant expression of FcRn and indeed several hepatic cell populations including Kupffer cells and liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSEC), play key roles in antibody clearance. This combined with the fact that the liver is a highly perfused organ with a relatively permissive microcirculation means that hepatic binding of antibody has a significant effect on pharmacokinetics of clearance. Liver disease can alter systemic distribution or pharmacokinetics of antibody-based therapies and impact on clinical effectiveness, however, few studies document the changes in key membrane receptors involved in antibody clearance across the spectrum of liver disease. Similarly, the individual contribution of LSEC scavenger receptors to antibody clearance in a healthy or chronically diseased organ is not well characterized. This is an important omission since pharmacokinetic studies of antibody distribution are often based on studies in healthy individuals and thus may not reflect the picture in an aging or chronically diseased population. Therefore, in this review we consider the expression and function of key antibody-binding receptors on LSEC, and the features of therapeutic antibodies which may accentuate clearance by the liver. We then discuss the implications of this for the design and utility of monoclonal antibody-based therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bethany H. James
- Centre for Liver and Gastroenterology Research and National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Pantelitsa Papakyriacou
- Centre for Liver and Gastroenterology Research and National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew J. Gardener
- Antibody Pharmacology, Biopharm Discovery, Glaxo Smith Kline Research and Development, Stevenage, United Kingdom
| | - Louise Gliddon
- Antibody Pharmacology, Biopharm Discovery, Glaxo Smith Kline Research and Development, Stevenage, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher J. Weston
- Centre for Liver and Gastroenterology Research and National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Patricia F. Lalor
- Centre for Liver and Gastroenterology Research and National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Patricia F. Lalor,
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Musolino A, Gradishar WJ, Rugo HS, Nordstrom JL, Rock EP, Arnaldez F, Pegram MD. Role of Fcγ receptors in HER2-targeted breast cancer therapy. J Immunother Cancer 2022; 10:jitc-2021-003171. [PMID: 34992090 PMCID: PMC8739678 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2021-003171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Several therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), including those targeting epidermal growth factor receptor, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2), and CD20, mediate fragment crystallizable gamma receptor (FcγR)–dependent activities as part of their mechanism of action. These activities include induction of antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) and antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis (ADCP), which are innate immune mechanisms of cancer cell elimination. FcγRs are distinguished by their affinity for the Fc fragment, cell distribution, and type of immune response they induce. Activating FcγRIIIa (CD16A) on natural killer cells plays a crucial role in mediating ADCC, and activating FcγRIIa (CD32A) and FcγRIIIa on macrophages are important for mediating ADCP. Polymorphisms in FcγRIIIa and FcγRIIa generate variants that bind to the Fc portion of antibodies with different affinities. This results in differential FcγR-mediated activities associated with differential therapeutic outcomes across multiple clinical settings, from early stage to metastatic disease, in patients with HER2+ breast cancer treated with the anti-HER2 mAb trastuzumab. Trastuzumab has, nonetheless, revolutionized HER2+ breast cancer treatment, and several HER2-directed mAbs have been developed using Fc glyco-engineering or Fc protein-engineering to enhance FcγR-mediated functions. An example of an approved anti-HER2 Fc-engineered chimeric mAb is margetuximab, which targets the same epitope as trastuzumab, but features five amino acid substitutions in the IgG 1 Fc domain that were deliberately introduced to increase binding to activating FcγRIIIa and decrease binding to inhibitory FcγRIIb (CD32B). Margetuximab enhances Fc-dependent ADCC in vitro more potently than the combination of pertuzumab (another approved mAb directed against an alternate HER2 epitope) and trastuzumab. Margetuximab administration also enhances HER2-specific B cell and T cell–mediated responses ex vivo in samples from patients treated with prior lines of HER2 antibody-based therapies. Stemming from these observations, a worthwhile future goal in the treatment of HER2+ breast cancer is to promote combinatorial approaches that better eradicate HER2+ cancer cells via enhanced immunological mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antonino Musolino
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University Hospital of Parma, Medical Oncology and Breast Unit, Parma, Italy
| | - William J Gradishar
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Hope S Rugo
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, Breast Oncology and Clinical Trials Education, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | | | | | | | - Mark D Pegram
- Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Hori Y, Ohmine K, Katada H, Noguchi Y, Sato K, Nambu T, Adeline LR, Wan GS, Haraya K, Ozeki K, Nanami M, Tachibana T, Sampei Z, Kuramochi T, Nezu J, Hattori K, Igawa T. Elimination of plasma soluble antigen in cynomolgus monkeys by combining pH-dependent antigen binding and novel Fc engineering. MAbs 2022; 14:2068213. [PMID: 35482905 PMCID: PMC9067469 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2022.2068213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
A conventional antibody targeting a soluble antigen in circulation typically requires a huge dosage and frequent intravenous administration to neutralize the antigen. This is because antigen degradation is reduced by the formation of antigen–antibody immune complexes, which escape from lysosomal degradation using neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn)-mediated recycling. To address this, we developed an antigen-sweeping antibody that combines pH-dependent antigen binding and Fc engineering to enhance Fc receptor binding. The sweeping antibody actively eliminates the plasma antigens by increasing the cellular uptake of the immune complex and dissociating the antigens in the acidic endosome for degradation. Strong antigen sweeping can reduce the dosage, potentially achieve higher efficacy, and expand the scope of antigen space available for targeting by antibodies. In this study, to further improve the sweeping efficacy, we developed a novel antibody Fc variant by enhancing Fcγ receptor IIb (FcγRIIb) binding and modulating charge characteristics for increased cellular uptake of the immune complex, together with enhancing FcRn binding for efficient salvage of the antigen-free antibodies. Our Fc variant achieved strong antigen sweeping in cynomolgus monkeys with antibody pharmacokinetics comparable to a wild-type human IgG1 antibody. The positive-charge substitutions enhanced uptake of the immune complex by FcγRIIb-expressing cells in vitro, which was completely inhibited by an anti-FcγRIIb antibody. This suggests that the strong in vivo sweeping efficacy improved by the charge engineering is more likely achieved by FcγRIIb-dependent uptake of the immune complex rather than nonspecific uptake. We expect this novel Fc engineering can maximize the antigen sweeping efficacy even in humans and create novel therapeutic antibodies that meet unmet medical needs for patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Hori
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co, Ltd, Gotemba, Japan
| | - Ken Ohmine
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co, Ltd, Gotemba, Japan
| | | | - Yuki Noguchi
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co, Ltd, Gotemba, Japan
| | - Kazuki Sato
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co, Ltd, Gotemba, Japan
| | | | | | | | - Kenta Haraya
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co, Ltd, Gotemba, Japan
| | - Kazuhisa Ozeki
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co, Ltd, Gotemba, Japan
| | - Masahiko Nanami
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co, Ltd, Gotemba, Japan
| | | | - Zenjiro Sampei
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co, Ltd, Gotemba, Japan
| | - Taichi Kuramochi
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co, Ltd, Gotemba, Japan
| | - Junichi Nezu
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co, Ltd, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kunihiro Hattori
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co, Ltd, Kamakura, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Igawa
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co, Ltd, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Wan Y, Li X, Slevin E, Harrison K, Li T, Zhang Y, Klaunig JE, Wu C, Shetty AK, Dong XC, Meng F. Endothelial dysfunction in pathological processes of chronic liver disease during aging. FASEB J 2021; 36:e22125. [PMID: 34958687 PMCID: PMC8782255 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202101426r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Aging is associated with gradual changes in liver structure and physiological/pathological functions in hepatic cells including hepatocytes, cholangiocytes, Kupffer cells, hepatic stellate cells (HSCs), and liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs). LSECs are specialized hepatic endothelial cells that regulate liver homeostasis. These cells actively impact the hepatic microenvironment as they have fenestrations and a thin morphology to allow substance exchange between circulating blood and the liver tissue. As aging occurs, LSECs have a reduction in both the number and size of fenestrations, which is referred to as pseudocapillarization. This along with the aging of the liver leads to increased oxidative stress, decreased availability of nitric oxide, decreased hepatic blood flow, and increased inflammatory cytokines in LSECs. Vascular aging can also lead to hepatic hypoxia, HSC activation, and liver fibrosis. In this review, we described the basic structure of LSECs, and the effect of LSECs on hepatic inflammation and fibrosis during aging process. We briefly summarized the changes of hepatic microcirculation during liver inflammation, the effect of aging on the clearance function of LSECs, the interactions between LSECs and immunity, hepatocytes or other hepatic nonparenchymal cells, and the therapeutic intervention of liver diseases by targeting LSECs and vascular system. Since LSECs play an important role in the development of liver fibrosis and the changes of LSEC phenotype occur in the early stage of liver fibrosis, the study of LSECs in the fibrotic liver is valuable for the detection of early liver fibrosis and the early intervention of fibrotic response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wan
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China, China
| | - Xuedong Li
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China, China
| | - Elise Slevin
- Indiana Center for Liver Research, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Kelly Harrison
- Department of Transplant Surgery, Baylor Scott & White Memorial Hospital, Temple, Texas, USA
| | - Tian Li
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China, China
| | - Yudian Zhang
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China, China
| | - James E Klaunig
- Laboratory of Investigative Toxicology and Pathology, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Indiana School of Public Health, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, USA
| | - Chaodong Wu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Ashok K Shetty
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Texas A&M College of Medicine, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - X Charlie Dong
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Fanyin Meng
- Indiana Center for Liver Research, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA.,Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical Center, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Jin J, Liu Y, Xu X, Wang Z, Niu J. The association between Fc gamma RIIb expression levels and chronic hepatitis B virus infection progression. BMC Infect Dis 2021; 21:1235. [PMID: 34879827 PMCID: PMC8653572 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-021-06918-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fc gamma receptor IIb (FcγRIIb) is an important inhibitory receptor that plays vital roles in regulating various immune response processes and the pathogenesis of many infectious diseases. The purpose of our research was to evaluate FcγRIIb expression in serum and liver biopsy specimens from hepatitis B virus (HBV)-infected patients and to explore the association of FcγRIIb with chronic HBV infection. METHODS Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was adopted to measure the serum FcγRIIb levels in 119 HBV-infected patients and 24 healthy controls. An immunohistochemical method was then employed to identify FcγRIIb expression in biopsy specimens from patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB). The integrated optical density (IOD) value was measured to represent FcγRIIb expression levels. RESULTS Serum FcγRIIb levels were decreased in CHB patients compared to controls (P < 0.001). The FcγRIIb levels in the CHB patient group were remarkably lower than those in the HBV carrier group (P < 0.001). In addition, FcγRIIb levels were negatively associated with AST and ALT (r = -0.3936, P = 0.0063; r = -0.3459, P = 0.0097, respectively). The IOD values of FcγRIIb expression in the moderate and severe CHB groups were significantly lower than those in the control group (P = 0.006 and P < 0.001, respectively). The FcγRIIb level tended to be lower with pathological changes related to hepatitis. Furthermore, correlation analysis revealed that FcγRIIb had negative correlations with AST and ALT (r = -0.688, P = 0.0016; r = -0.686, P = 0.0017, respectively) but a positive association with the platelet count (r = 0.6464, P = 0.0038). CONCLUSIONS FcγRIIb levels are significantly related to chronic HBV infection and the progression of CHB. Changes in FcγRIIb may affect the progression of liver inflammation and fibrosis in CHB patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinglan Jin
- Department of Hepatology, First Bethune Hospital of Jilin University, 71 Xin Min Street, Changchun, Jilin, 130021, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuwei Liu
- Department of Hepatology, First Bethune Hospital of Jilin University, 71 Xin Min Street, Changchun, Jilin, 130021, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaotong Xu
- Department of Hepatology, First Bethune Hospital of Jilin University, 71 Xin Min Street, Changchun, Jilin, 130021, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhongfeng Wang
- Department of Hepatology, First Bethune Hospital of Jilin University, 71 Xin Min Street, Changchun, Jilin, 130021, People's Republic of China
| | - Junqi Niu
- Department of Hepatology, First Bethune Hospital of Jilin University, 71 Xin Min Street, Changchun, Jilin, 130021, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Cabral F, Al-Rahem M, Skaggs J, Thomas TA, Kumar N, Wu Q, Fadda P, Yu L, Robinson JM, Kim J, Pandey E, Sun X, Jarjour WN, Rajaram MV, Harris EN, Ganesan LP. Stabilin receptors clear LPS and control systemic inflammation. iScience 2021; 24:103337. [PMID: 34816100 PMCID: PMC8591421 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.103337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipopolysaccharides (LPSs) cause lethal endotoxemia if not rapidly cleared from blood circulation. Liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSEC) systemically clear LPS by unknown mechanisms. We discovered that LPS clearance through LSEC involves endocytosis and lysosomal inactivation via Stabilin-1 and 2 (Stab1 and Stab2) but does not involve TLR4. Cytokine production was inversely related to clearance/endocytosis of LPS by LSEC. When exposed to LPS, Stabilin double knockout mice (Stab DK) and Stab1 KO, but not Stab2 KO, showed significantly enhanced systemic inflammatory cytokine production and early death compared with WT mice. Stab1 KO is not significantly different from Stab DK in circulatory LPS clearance, LPS uptake and endocytosis by LSEC, and cytokine production. These data indicate that (1) Stab1 receptor primarily facilitates the proactive clearance of LPS and limits TLR4-mediated inflammation and (2) TLR4 and Stab1 are functionally opposing LPS receptors. These findings suggest that endotoxemia can be controlled by optimizing LPS clearance by Stab1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fatima Cabral
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA
| | - Mustafa Al-Rahem
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - John Skaggs
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Thushara A. Thomas
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Naresh Kumar
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Qian Wu
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Paolo Fadda
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics and Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Lianbo Yu
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - John M. Robinson
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Jonghan Kim
- Department of Biomedical & Nutritional Sciences, University of Massachusetts Lowell, MA 01854, USA
| | - Ekta Pandey
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA
| | - Xinghui Sun
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA
| | - Wael N. Jarjour
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Murugesan V.S. Rajaram
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Edward N. Harris
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA
| | - Latha P. Ganesan
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
There Is Strength in Numbers: Quantitation of Fc Gamma Receptors on Murine Tissue-Resident Macrophages. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222212172. [PMID: 34830050 PMCID: PMC8620503 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222212172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Many of the effector functions of antibodies rely on the binding of antibodies/immune complexes to cellular Fcγ receptors (FcγRs). Since the majority of innate immune effector cells express both activating and inhibitory Fc receptors, the outcome of the binding of immune complexes to cells of a given population is influenced by the relative affinities of the respective IgG subclasses to these receptors, as well as by the numbers of activating and inhibitory FcγRs on the cell surface. A group of immune cells that has come into focus more recently is the various subsets of tissue-resident macrophages. The central functions of FcγRs on tissue macrophages include the clearance of opsonized pathogens, the removal of small immune complexes from the circulation and the depletion of antibody-opsonized cells in the therapy of autoimmunity and cancer. Despite these essential functions of FcγRs on tissue-resident macrophages, an in-depth quantification of FcγRs is lacking. Thus, the aim of our current study was to quantify the various Fcγ receptors on macrophages in murine liver, lung, kidney, brain, skin and spleen. Our study identified a pronounced heterogeneity between FcγR expression patterns of the different tissue macrophages, which may reflect their specialized functions within their unique niches in different organ environments.
Collapse
|
30
|
Talkington AM, Wessler T, Lai SK, Cao Y, Forest MG. Experimental Data and PBPK Modeling Quantify Antibody Interference in PEGylated Drug Carrier Delivery. Bull Math Biol 2021; 83:123. [PMID: 34751832 PMCID: PMC8576315 DOI: 10.1007/s11538-021-00950-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling is a popular drug development tool that integrates physiology, drug physicochemical properties, preclinical data, and clinical information to predict drug systemic disposition. Since PBPK models seek to capture complex physiology, parameter uncertainty and variability is a prevailing challenge: there are often more compartments (e.g., organs, each with drug flux and retention mechanisms, and associated model parameters) than can be simultaneously measured. To improve the fidelity of PBPK modeling, one approach is to search and optimize within the high-dimensional model parameter space, based on experimental time-series measurements of drug distributions. Here, we employ Latin Hypercube Sampling (LHS) on a PBPK model of PEG-liposomes (PL) that tracks biodistribution in an 8-compartment mouse circulatory system, in the presence (APA+) or absence (naïve) of anti-PEG antibodies (APA). Near-continuous experimental measurements of PL concentration during the first hour post-injection from the liver, spleen, kidney, muscle, lung, and blood plasma, based on PET/CT imaging in live mice, are used as truth sets with LHS to infer optimal parameter ranges for the full PBPK model. The data and model quantify that PL retention in the liver is the primary differentiator of biodistribution patterns in naïve versus APA+ mice, and spleen the secondary differentiator. Retention of PEGylated nanomedicines is substantially amplified in APA+ mice, likely due to PL-bound APA engaging specific receptors in the liver and spleen that bind antibody Fc domains. Our work illustrates how applying LHS to PBPK models can further mechanistic understanding of the biodistribution and antibody-mediated clearance of specific drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anne M Talkington
- Program in Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
| | - Timothy Wessler
- Department of Mathematics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Samuel K Lai
- Program in Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- UNC/NCSU Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Yanguang Cao
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - M Gregory Forest
- Program in Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
- Department of Mathematics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
- UNC/NCSU Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
- Department of Applied Physical Sciences, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Bhandari S, Larsen AK, McCourt P, Smedsrød B, Sørensen KK. The Scavenger Function of Liver Sinusoidal Endothelial Cells in Health and Disease. Front Physiol 2021; 12:757469. [PMID: 34707514 PMCID: PMC8542980 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.757469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this review is to give an outline of the blood clearance function of the liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs) in health and disease. Lining the hundreds of millions of hepatic sinusoids in the human liver the LSECs are perfectly located to survey the constituents of the blood. These cells are equipped with high-affinity receptors and an intracellular vesicle transport apparatus, enabling a remarkably efficient machinery for removal of large molecules and nanoparticles from the blood, thus contributing importantly to maintain blood and tissue homeostasis. We describe here central aspects of LSEC signature receptors that enable the cells to recognize and internalize blood-borne waste macromolecules at great speed and high capacity. Notably, this blood clearance system is a silent process, in the sense that it usually neither requires or elicits cell activation or immune responses. Most of our knowledge about LSECs arises from studies in animals, of which mouse and rat make up the great majority, and some species differences relevant for extrapolating from animal models to human are discussed. In the last part of the review, we discuss comparative aspects of the LSEC scavenger functions and specialized scavenger endothelial cells (SECs) in other vascular beds and in different vertebrate classes. In conclusion, the activity of LSECs and other SECs prevent exposure of a great number of waste products to the immune system, and molecules with noxious biological activities are effectively “silenced” by the rapid clearance in LSECs. An undesired consequence of this avid scavenging system is unwanted uptake of nanomedicines and biologics in the cells. As the development of this new generation of therapeutics evolves, there will be a sharp increase in the need to understand the clearance function of LSECs in health and disease. There is still a significant knowledge gap in how the LSEC clearance function is affected in liver disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sabin Bhandari
- Vascular Biology Research Group, Department of Medical Biology, University of Tromsø (UiT) - The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Anett Kristin Larsen
- Vascular Biology Research Group, Department of Medical Biology, University of Tromsø (UiT) - The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Peter McCourt
- Vascular Biology Research Group, Department of Medical Biology, University of Tromsø (UiT) - The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Bård Smedsrød
- Vascular Biology Research Group, Department of Medical Biology, University of Tromsø (UiT) - The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Karen Kristine Sørensen
- Vascular Biology Research Group, Department of Medical Biology, University of Tromsø (UiT) - The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Talkington AM, McSweeney MD, Zhang T, Li Z, Nyborg AC, LaMoreaux B, Livingston EW, Frank JE, Yuan H, Lai SK. High MW polyethylene glycol prolongs circulation of pegloticase in mice with anti-PEG antibodies. J Control Release 2021; 338:804-812. [PMID: 34481925 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2021.08.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Pegloticase is an enzyme used to reduce serum uric acid levels in patients with chronic, treatment-refractory gout. Clinically, about 40% of patients develop high titers of anti-PEG antibodies (APA) after initial treatment, which in turn quickly eliminate subsequent doses of pegloticase from the systemic circulation and render the treatment ineffective. We previously found that pre-infusion with high MW free PEG (40 kDa) can serve as a decoy to saturate circulating APA, preventing binding to a subsequently administered dose of PEG-liposomes and restoring their prolonged circulation in mice, without any detectible toxicity. Here, we investigated the use of 40 kDa free PEG to restore the circulation of radio-labeled pegloticase in mice using longitudinal Positron Emission Tomography (PET) imaging over 4 days. Mice injected with pegloticase developed appreciable APA titers by Day 9, which further increased through Day 14. Compared to naïve mice, mice with pegloticase-induced APA rapidly cleared 89Zr-labeled pegloticase, with ~75% lower pegloticase concentrations in the circulation at four hours after treatment. The 96-h AUC in APA+ mice was less than 30% of the AUC in naïve mice. In contrast, pre-infusion of free PEG into PEG-sensitized mice restored the AUC of pegloticase to ~80% of that seen in naïve mice, resulting in a similar biodistribution to pegloticase in naïve mice over time. These results suggest that pre-infusion of free PEG may be a promising strategy to enable the safe and efficacious use of pegloticase and other PEGylated drugs in patients that have previously failed therapy due to induced APA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anne M Talkington
- Program in Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Morgan D McSweeney
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Tao Zhang
- Department of Radiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Zibo Li
- Department of Radiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Biomedical Research Imaging Center, UNC, Chapel Hill, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Hong Yuan
- Department of Radiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Biomedical Research Imaging Center, UNC, Chapel Hill, USA
| | - Samuel K Lai
- Program in Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; UNC/NCSU Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Wang Y, Liu Y. Gut-liver-axis: Barrier function of liver sinusoidal endothelial cell. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2021; 36:2706-2714. [PMID: 33811372 DOI: 10.1111/jgh.15512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Liver diseases are associated with the leaky gut via the gut-liver-axis. Previous studies have paid much attention to the effect of gut barrier damage. Notably, clinical observations and basic research reveal that the gut barrier damage seldom leads to liver injury independently but aggravates pre-existing liver diseases such as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and drug-induced liver injury. These evidences suggest that there is a hepatic barrier in the gut-liver-axis, protecting the liver against gut-derived pathogenic factors. However, it has never been investigated which type of liver cell plays the role of hepatic barrier. Under physiological conditions, liver sinusoidal endothelial cell (LSEC) can take up and eliminate virus, bacteriophage, microbial products, and metabolic wastes. LSEC also keeps the homeostasis of liver immune environment via tolerance-inducing and anti-inflammatory functions. In contrast, under pathological conditions, the clearance function of LSEC is impaired, and LSEC turns into a pro-inflammatory pattern. Given its anatomical position and physiological functions, LSEC is proposed as the hepatic barrier in the gut-liver-axis. In this review, we aim to further understand the role of LSEC as the hepatic barrier. Future studies are warranted to seek effective treatments to improve LSEC health, which appears to be a promising approach to prevent gut-derived liver injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China.,Clinical Center of Immune-Mediated Digestive Diseases, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yulan Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China.,Clinical Center of Immune-Mediated Digestive Diseases, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Dann E, Henderson NC, Teichmann SA, Morgan MD, Marioni JC. Differential abundance testing on single-cell data using k-nearest neighbor graphs. Nat Biotechnol 2021; 40:245-253. [PMID: 34594043 DOI: 10.1038/s41587-021-01033-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Current computational workflows for comparative analyses of single-cell datasets typically use discrete clusters as input when testing for differential abundance among experimental conditions. However, clusters do not always provide the appropriate resolution and cannot capture continuous trajectories. Here we present Milo, a scalable statistical framework that performs differential abundance testing by assigning cells to partially overlapping neighborhoods on a k-nearest neighbor graph. Using simulations and single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) data, we show that Milo can identify perturbations that are obscured by discretizing cells into clusters, that it maintains false discovery rate control across batch effects and that it outperforms alternative differential abundance testing strategies. Milo identifies the decline of a fate-biased epithelial precursor in the aging mouse thymus and identifies perturbations to multiple lineages in human cirrhotic liver. As Milo is based on a cell-cell similarity structure, it might also be applicable to single-cell data other than scRNA-seq. Milo is provided as an open-source R software package at https://github.com/MarioniLab/miloR .
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emma Dann
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | - Neil C Henderson
- Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Sarah A Teichmann
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK.,Theory of Condensed Matter Group, The Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Michael D Morgan
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory European Bioinformatics Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK. .,Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
| | - John C Marioni
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK. .,European Molecular Biology Laboratory European Bioinformatics Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK. .,Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Kappel C, Seidl C, Medina-Montano C, Schinnerer M, Alberg I, Leps C, Sohl J, Hartmann AK, Fichter M, Kuske M, Schunke J, Kuhn G, Tubbe I, Paßlick D, Hobernik D, Bent R, Haas K, Montermann E, Walzer K, Diken M, Schmidt M, Zentel R, Nuhn L, Schild H, Tenzer S, Mailänder V, Barz M, Bros M, Grabbe S. Density of Conjugated Antibody Determines the Extent of Fc Receptor Dependent Capture of Nanoparticles by Liver Sinusoidal Endothelial Cells. ACS NANO 2021; 15:15191-15209. [PMID: 34431291 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c05713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Despite considerable progress in the design of multifunctionalized nanoparticles (NPs) that selectively target specific cell types, their systemic application often results in unwanted liver accumulation. The exact mechanisms for this general observation are still unclear. Here we asked whether the number of cell-targeting antibodies per NP determines the extent of NP liver accumulation and also addressed the mechanisms by which antibody-coated NPs are retained in the liver. We used polysarcosine-based peptobrushes (PBs), which in an unmodified form remain in the circulation for >24 h due to the absence of a protein corona formation and low unspecific cell binding, and conjugated them with specific average numbers (2, 6, and 12) of antibodies specific for the dendritic cell (DC) surface receptor, DEC205. We assessed the time-dependent biodistribution of PB-antibody conjugates by in vivo imaging and flow cytometry. We observed that PB-antibody conjugates were trapped in the liver and that the extent of liver accumulation strongly increased with the number of attached antibodies. PB-antibody conjugates were selectively captured in the liver via Fc receptors (FcR) on liver sinusoidal endothelial cells, since systemic administration of FcR-blocking agents or the use of F(ab')2 fragments prevented liver accumulation. Cumulatively, our study demonstrates that liver endothelial cells play a yet scarcely acknowledged role in liver entrapment of antibody-coated NPs and that low antibody numbers on NPs and the use of F(ab')2 antibody fragments are both sufficient for cell type-specific targeting of secondary lymphoid organs and necessary to minimize unwanted liver accumulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cinja Kappel
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Langenbeckstraße 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Christine Seidl
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55099 Mainz, Germany
- Leiden Academic Center for Drug Research (LACDR), Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Carolina Medina-Montano
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Langenbeckstraße 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Meike Schinnerer
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - Irina Alberg
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - Christian Leps
- Institute for Immunology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Langenbeckstraße 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Julian Sohl
- Institute for Immunology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Langenbeckstraße 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Ann-Kathrin Hartmann
- Institute for Immunology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Langenbeckstraße 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Michael Fichter
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Langenbeckstraße 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Michael Kuske
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Langenbeckstraße 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Jenny Schunke
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Langenbeckstraße 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Gabor Kuhn
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Langenbeckstraße 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Ingrid Tubbe
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Langenbeckstraße 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - David Paßlick
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Langenbeckstraße 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Dominika Hobernik
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Langenbeckstraße 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Rebekka Bent
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Langenbeckstraße 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Katharina Haas
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Langenbeckstraße 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Evelyn Montermann
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Langenbeckstraße 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Kerstin Walzer
- TRON-Translational Oncology at the University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University GmbH, Freiligrathstraße 12, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Mustafa Diken
- TRON-Translational Oncology at the University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University GmbH, Freiligrathstraße 12, 55131 Mainz, Germany
- Biontech AG, An der Goldgrube 12, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Manfred Schmidt
- Institute for Physical Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, Welder Weg 11, 55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - Rudolf Zentel
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - Lutz Nuhn
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Hansjörg Schild
- Institute for Immunology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Langenbeckstraße 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Stefan Tenzer
- Institute for Immunology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Langenbeckstraße 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Volker Mailänder
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Langenbeckstraße 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Matthias Barz
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Langenbeckstraße 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55099 Mainz, Germany
- Leiden Academic Center for Drug Research (LACDR), Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Matthias Bros
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Langenbeckstraße 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Stephan Grabbe
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Langenbeckstraße 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Elter A, Yanakieva D, Fiebig D, Hallstein K, Becker S, Betz U, Kolmar H. Protease-Activation of Fc-Masked Therapeutic Antibodies to Alleviate Off-Tumor Cytotoxicity. Front Immunol 2021; 12:715719. [PMID: 34413859 PMCID: PMC8369199 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.715719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The interaction of the Fc region of therapeutic antibodies and antibody-drug conjugates with Fcγ receptors (FcγRs) can lead to unpredictable and severe side effects. Over the last decades several strategies have been developed to overcome this drawback, including extensive Fc- and glycoengineering and antibody isotype switching. However, these approaches result in permanently Fc-silenced antibody derivates which partially or completely lack antibody-mediated effector functions. Nevertheless, for a majority of antibody-based drugs, Fc-mediated effector functions, like antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC), antibody-dependent cell-mediated phagocytosis (ADCP) as well as complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC), represent the most substantial modes of action. We argued that a new strategy combining the beneficial properties of Fc-silencing and controlled activation of effector functions can pave the way to potent antibody therapeutics, reducing the FcγRs-mediated off-target toxicity. We present a novel Fc-tamed antibody format, where the FcγR-binding sites of antibodies are blocked by anti-isotypic masking units, hindering the association of FcγR and complement component 1 (c1q) to the Fc domain. The masking units were genetically fused to trastuzumab, including a protease-addressable peptide-liker. Our Fc-tamed antibodies demonstrated completely abolished interaction to soluble high-affinity Fcγ-Receptor I and c1q. In reporter cell-based ADCC assays, our Fc-tamed antibodies exhibited a 2,700 to 7,100-fold reduction in activation, compared to trastuzumab. Upon demasking by a tumor-associated protease, the Fc-activated antibodies demonstrated restored FcγR-binding, c1q-binding and the ability to induce potent ADCC activation. Furthermore, cell killing assays using donor-derived NK cells were performed to validate the functionality of the Fc-tamed antibody variants. To our knowledge, this approach represents the first non-permanently Fc-silenced antibody, which can be re-activated by a tumor-associated protease, eventually extending the field of novel antibody formats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Elter
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technical University of Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Desislava Yanakieva
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technical University of Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany.,Protein Engineering and Antibody Technologies, Merck Healthcare KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - David Fiebig
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technical University of Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Kerstin Hallstein
- Protein Engineering and Antibody Technologies, Merck Healthcare KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Stefan Becker
- Protein Engineering and Antibody Technologies, Merck Healthcare KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Ulrich Betz
- Protein Engineering and Antibody Technologies, Merck Healthcare KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Harald Kolmar
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technical University of Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Hofbauer Cells Spread Listeria monocytogenes among Placental Cells and Undergo Pro-Inflammatory Reprogramming while Retaining Production of Tolerogenic Factors. mBio 2021; 12:e0184921. [PMID: 34399615 PMCID: PMC8406333 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01849-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pregnant women are highly susceptible to infection by the bacterial pathogen Listeria monocytogenes, leading to miscarriage, premature birth, and neonatal infection. L. monocytogenes is thought to breach the placental barrier by infecting trophoblasts at the maternal/fetal interface. However, the fate of L. monocytogenes within chorionic villi and how infection reaches the fetus are unsettled. Hofbauer cells (HBCs) are fetal placental macrophages and the only leukocytes residing in healthy chorionic villi, forming a last immune barrier protecting fetal blood from infection. Little is known about the HBCs’ antimicrobial responses to pathogens. Here, we studied L. monocytogenes interaction with human primary HBCs. Remarkably, despite their M2 anti-inflammatory phenotype at basal state, HBCs phagocytose and kill non-pathogenic bacteria like Listeria innocua and display low susceptibility to infection by L. monocytogenes. However, L. monocytogenes can exploit HBCs to spread to surrounding placental cells. Transcriptomic analyses by RNA sequencing revealed that HBCs undergo pro-inflammatory reprogramming upon L. monocytogenes infection, similarly to macrophages stimulated by the potent M1-polarizing agents lipopolysaccharide (LPS)/interferon gamma (IFN-γ). Infected HBCs also express pro-inflammatory chemokines known to promote placental infiltration by maternal leukocytes. However, HBCs maintain the expression of a collection of tolerogenic genes and secretion of tolerogenic cytokines, consistent with their tissue homeostatic role in prevention of fetal rejection. In conclusion, we propose a previously unrecognized model in which HBCs promote the spreading of L. monocytogenes among placental cells and transition to a pro-inflammatory state likely to favor innate immune responses, while maintaining the expression of tolerogenic factors known to prevent maternal anti-fetal adaptive immunity.
Collapse
|
38
|
Wang T, Yeh MM, Avigan MI, Pelosof L, Feldman GM. Deciphering the Dynamic Complexities of the Liver Microenvironment - Toward a Better Understanding of Immune-Mediated liver Injury Caused by Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors (ILICI). AAPS JOURNAL 2021; 23:99. [PMID: 34401948 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-021-00629-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) represent a promising therapy for many types of cancer. However, only a portion of patients respond to this therapy and some patients develop clinically significant immune-mediated liver injury caused by immune checkpoint inhibitors (ILICI), an immune-related adverse event (irAE) that may require the interruption or termination of treatment and administration of systemic corticosteroids or other immunosuppressive agents. Although the incidence of ILICI is lower with monotherapy, the surge in combining ICIs with chemotherapy, targeted therapy, and combination of different ICIs has led to an increase in the incidence and severity of ILICI - a major challenge for development of effective and safe ICI therapy. In this review, we highlight the importance and contribution of the liver microenvironment to ILICI by focusing on the emerging roles of resident liver cells in modulating immune homeostasis and hepatocyte regeneration, two important decisive factors that dictate the initiation, progression, and recovery from ILICI. Based on the proposed contribution of the liver microenvironment on ICILI, we discuss the clinical characteristics of ILICI in patients with preexisting liver diseases, as well as the challenges of identifying prognostic biomarkers to guide the clinical management of severe ILICI. A better understanding of the liver microenvironment may lead to novel strategies and identification of novel biomarkers for effective management of ILICI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tao Wang
- Office of Biotechnology Products, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Ave, Silver Spring, Maryland, 20993, USA.
| | - Matthew M Yeh
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, 98195, USA
| | - Mark I Avigan
- Office of Surveillance and Epidemiology, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, 20993, USA
| | - Lorraine Pelosof
- Office of New Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, 20993, USA
| | - Gerald M Feldman
- Office of Biotechnology Products, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Ave, Silver Spring, Maryland, 20993, USA
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Charab W, Rosenberger MG, Shivram H, Mirazee JM, Donkor M, Shekhar SR, Gjuka D, Khoo KH, Kim JE, Iyer VR, Georgiou G. IgG Immune Complexes Inhibit Naïve T Cell Proliferation and Suppress Effector Function in Cytotoxic T Cells. Front Immunol 2021; 12:713704. [PMID: 34447380 PMCID: PMC8383740 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.713704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Elevated levels of circulating immune complexes are associated with autoimmunity and with worse prognoses in cancer. Here, we examined the effects of well-defined, soluble immune complexes (ICs) on human peripheral T cells. We demonstrate that IgG-ICs inhibit the proliferation and differentiation of a subset of naïve T cells but stimulate the division of another naïve-like T cell subset. Phenotypic analysis by multi-parameter flow cytometry and RNA-Seq were used to characterize the inhibited and stimulated T cells revealing that the inhibited subset presented immature features resembling those of recent thymic emigrants and non-activated naïve T cells, whereas the stimulated subset exhibited transcriptional features indicative of a more differentiated, early memory progenitor with a naïve-like phenotype. Furthermore, we show that while IgG1-ICs do not profoundly inhibit the proliferation of memory T cells, IgG1-ICs suppress the production of granzyme-β and perforin in cytotoxic memory T cells. Our findings reveal how ICs can link humoral immunity and T cell function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wissam Charab
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States
| | - Matthew G. Rosenberger
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States
| | - Haridha Shivram
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States
| | - Justin M. Mirazee
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States
| | - Moses Donkor
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States
| | - Soumya R. Shekhar
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States
| | - Donjeta Gjuka
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States
| | - Kimberly H. Khoo
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States
| | - Jin Eyun Kim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States
| | - Vishwanath R. Iyer
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States
| | - George Georgiou
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Transcriptomic Profiling of the Liver Sinusoidal Endothelium during Cirrhosis Reveals Stage-Specific Secretory Signature. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13112688. [PMID: 34072510 PMCID: PMC8198220 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13112688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary We define the transcriptome and secretome of primary LSECs during the progression of cirrhosis, revealing specific molecular signatures, novel biomarkers and therapeutic targets for new disease-modifying treatments for patients with advanced chronic liver disease. Abstract The poor prognosis of chronic liver disease (CLD) generates the need to investigate the evolving mechanisms of disease progression, thus disclosing therapeutic targets before development of clinical complications. Considering the central role of liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs) in pre-neoplastic advanced CLD, the present study aimed at investigating the progression of CLD from an endothelial holistic perspective. RNAseq defined the transcriptome of primary LSECs isolated from three pre-clinical models of advanced CLD, during the progression of the disease, and from fresh human cirrhotic tissue. At each stage of the disease, the effects of LSECs secretome on neighboring cells and proteomic analysis of LSECs-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) were also determined. CLD was associated with deep common modifications in the transcriptome of LSECs in the pre-clinical models. Pathway enrichment analysis showed predominance of genes related with pro-oncogenic, cellular communication processes, and EVs biogenesis during CLD progression. Crosstalk experiments revealed endothelial EVs as potent angiocrine effectors. The proteome of LSECs EVs showed stage-specific signatures, including over-expression of tropomyosin-1. Proof-of-principle experiments treating cirrhotic HSCs with recombinant tropomyosin-1 suggested de-activating effects. Our data provide the basis for discovering novel biomarkers and therapeutic targets for new disease-modifying treatments for patients with advanced CLD.
Collapse
|
41
|
A cell based assay for evaluating binding and uptake of an antibody using hepatic nonparenchymal cells. Sci Rep 2021; 11:8383. [PMID: 33863984 PMCID: PMC8052349 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-87912-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Evaluation of the binding and uptake of an antibody in liver non-parenchymal cells (NPC), including liver sinusoidal endothelial cells, is important for revealing its pharmacokinetic (PK) behavior, since NPC has important roles in eliminating an antibody from the blood via the Fc fragment of IgG receptor IIB (FcγRIIB). However, there is currently no in vitro quantitative assay using NPC. This study reports on the development of a cell-based assay for evaluating the binding and uptake of such an antibody using liver NPC of mice and monkeys. In mice, the FcγRIIB-expressing cells were identified in the CD146-positive and CD45-negative fraction by flow cytometry. A titration assay was performed to determine the PK parameters, and the obtained parameter was comparable to that determined by the fitting of the in vivo PK. This approach was also extended to NPC from monkeys. The concentration-dependent binding and uptake was measured to determine the PK parameters using monkey NPC, the FcγRIIB-expressing fraction of which was identified by CD31 and CD45. The findings presented herein demonstrate that the in vitro liver NPC assay using flow cytometry is a useful tool to determine the binding and uptake of biologics and to predict the PK.
Collapse
|
42
|
Angiodiversity and organotypic functions of sinusoidal endothelial cells. Angiogenesis 2021; 24:289-310. [PMID: 33745018 PMCID: PMC7982081 DOI: 10.1007/s10456-021-09780-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
‘Angiodiversity’ refers to the structural and functional heterogeneity of endothelial cells (EC) along the segments of the vascular tree and especially within the microvascular beds of different organs. Organotypically differentiated EC ranging from continuous, barrier-forming endothelium to discontinuous, fenestrated endothelium perform organ-specific functions such as the maintenance of the tightly sealed blood–brain barrier or the clearance of macromolecular waste products from the peripheral blood by liver EC-expressed scavenger receptors. The microvascular bed of the liver, composed of discontinuous, fenestrated liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSEC), is a prime example of organ-specific angiodiversity. Anatomy and development of LSEC have been extensively studied by electron microscopy as well as linage-tracing experiments. Recent advances in cell isolation and bulk transcriptomics or single-cell RNA sequencing techniques allowed the identification of distinct LSEC molecular programs and have led to the identification of LSEC subpopulations. LSEC execute homeostatic functions such as fine tuning the vascular tone, clearing noxious substances from the circulation, and modulating immunoregulatory mechanisms. In recent years, the identification and functional analysis of LSEC-derived angiocrine signals, which control liver homeostasis and disease pathogenesis in an instructive manner, marks a major change of paradigm in the understanding of liver function in health and disease. This review summarizes recent advances in the understanding of liver vascular angiodiversity and the functional consequences resulting thereof.
Collapse
|
43
|
Vukovic N, van Elsas A, Verbeek JS, Zaiss DMW. Isotype selection for antibody-based cancer therapy. Clin Exp Immunol 2021; 203:351-365. [PMID: 33155272 PMCID: PMC7874837 DOI: 10.1111/cei.13545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The clinical application of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) has revolutionized the field of cancer therapy, as it has enabled the successful treatment of previously untreatable types of cancer. Different mechanisms play a role in the anti-tumour effect of mAbs. These include blocking of tumour-specific growth factor receptors or of immune modulatory molecules as well as complement and cell-mediated tumour cell lysis. Thus, for many mAbs, Fc-mediated effector functions critically contribute to the efficacy of treatment. As immunoglobulin (Ig) isotypes differ in their ability to bind to Fc receptors on immune cells as well as in their ability to activate complement, they differ in the immune responses they activate. Therefore, the choice of antibody isotype for therapeutic mAbs is dictated by its intended mechanism of action. Considering that clinical efficacy of many mAbs is currently achieved only in subsets of patients, optimal isotype selection and Fc optimization during antibody development may represent an important step towards improved patient outcome. Here, we discuss the current knowledge of the therapeutic effector functions of different isotypes and Fc-engineering strategies to improve mAbs application.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N. Vukovic
- Institute of Immunology and Infection ResearchSchool of Biological SciencesUniversity of EdinburghAshworth LaboratoriesEdinburghUK
| | | | - J. S. Verbeek
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringToin University of YokohamaYokohamaJapan
| | - D. M. W. Zaiss
- Institute of Immunology and Infection ResearchSchool of Biological SciencesUniversity of EdinburghAshworth LaboratoriesEdinburghUK
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Parikh SV, Malvar A, Shapiro J, Turman JM, Song H, Alberton V, Lococo B, Mejia-Vilet JM, Madhavan S, Zhang J, Yu L, Satoskar AA, Birmingham D, Jarjour WN, Rovin BH, Ganesan LP. A Novel Inflammatory Dendritic Cell That Is Abundant and Contiguous to T Cells in the Kidneys of Patients With Lupus Nephritis. Front Immunol 2021; 12:621039. [PMID: 33659005 PMCID: PMC7919935 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.621039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms that promote local inflammatory injury during lupus nephritis (LN) flare are largely unknown. Understanding the key immune cells that drive intrarenal inflammation will advance our knowledge of disease pathogenesis and inform the development of new therapeutics for LN management. In this study, we analyzed kidney biopsies from patients with proliferative LN and identified a novel inflammatory dendritic cell (infDC) population that is highly expressed in the LN kidney, but minimally present in healthy human kidneys. During an agnostic evaluation of immune transcript expression in the kidneys of patients with proliferative LN, the most abundantly overexpressed transcript from isolated glomeruli was FCER1G, which encodes the Fc receptor gamma chain (FcRγ). To identify the cell types expressing FcRγ that infiltrate the kidney in LN, studies were done on kidney biopsies from patients with active LN using confocal immunofluorescence (IF) microscopy. This showed that FcRγ is abundantly present in the periglomerular (PG) region of the kidney and to a lesser extent in the tubulointerstitium (TI). Further investigation of the surface markers of these cells showed that they were FcRγ+, MHC II+, CD11c+, CD163+, CD5-, DC-SIGN+, CD64+, CD14+, CD16+, SIRPα+, CD206-, CD68-, CD123-, CD3-, and CD11b-, suggesting the cells were infDCs. Quantification of the infDCs showed an average 10-fold higher level of infDCs in the LN kidney compared to the healthy kidneys. Importantly, IF identified CD3+ T cells to be adjacent to these infDCs in the PG space of the LN kidney, whereas both cell types are minimally present in the healthy kidney. Thus, we have identified a previously undescribed DC in lupus kidneys that may interact with intrarenal T cells and play a role in the pathogenesis of kidney injury during LN flare.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samir V. Parikh
- Division of Nephrology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Ana Malvar
- Nephrology Unit, Hospital Fernandez, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - John Shapiro
- Division of Nephrology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - James M. Turman
- Division of Nephrology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Huijuan Song
- Division of Nephrology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Valeria Alberton
- Department of Pathology, Hospital Fernandez, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Bruno Lococo
- Nephrology Unit, Hospital Fernandez, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Juan M. Mejia-Vilet
- Department of Nephrology and Mineral Metabolism, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Medicas y Nutricion Salvador Zubiran, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Sethu Madhavan
- Division of Nephrology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Jianying Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Lianbo Yu
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Anjali A. Satoskar
- Division of Nephrology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Dan Birmingham
- Division of Nephrology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Wael N. Jarjour
- Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Brad H. Rovin
- Division of Nephrology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Latha P. Ganesan
- Division of Nephrology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, United States
- Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, United States
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Turman JM, Cheplowitz AM, Tiwari C, Thomas T, Joshi D, Bhat M, Wu Q, Pong E, Chu SY, Szymkowski DE, Sharma A, Seveau S, Robinson JM, Kwiek JJ, Burton D, Rajaram MVS, Kim J, Hangartner L, Ganesan LP. Accelerated Clearance and Degradation of Cell-Free HIV by Neutralizing Antibodies Occurs via FcγRIIb on Liver Sinusoidal Endothelial Cells by Endocytosis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 206:1284-1296. [PMID: 33568400 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2000772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Neutralizing Abs suppress HIV infection by accelerating viral clearance from blood circulation in addition to neutralization. The elimination mechanism is largely unknown. We determined that human liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSEC) express FcγRIIb as the lone Fcγ receptor, and using humanized FcγRIIb mouse, we found that Ab-opsonized HIV pseudoviruses were cleared considerably faster from circulation than HIV by LSEC FcγRIIb. Compared with humanized FcγRIIb-expressing mice, HIV clearance was significantly slower in FcγRIIb knockout mice. Interestingly, a pentamix of neutralizing Abs cleared HIV faster compared with hyperimmune anti-HIV Ig (HIVIG), although the HIV Ab/Ag ratio was higher in immune complexes made of HIVIG and HIV than pentamix and HIV. The effector mechanism of LSEC FcγRIIb was identified to be endocytosis. Once endocytosed, both Ab-opsonized HIV pseudoviruses and HIV localized to lysosomes. This suggests that clearance of HIV, endocytosis, and lysosomal trafficking within LSEC occur sequentially and that the clearance rate may influence downstream events. Most importantly, we have identified LSEC FcγRIIb-mediated endocytosis to be the Fc effector mechanism to eliminate cell-free HIV by Abs, which could inform development of HIV vaccine and Ab therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James M Turman
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Alana M Cheplowitz
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Charu Tiwari
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Thushara Thomas
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Dhruvi Joshi
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Menakshi Bhat
- Center for Retrovirus Research, Department of Microbiology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Qian Wu
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | | | | | | | - Amit Sharma
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210.,Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Stephanie Seveau
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - John M Robinson
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Jesse J Kwiek
- Center for Retrovirus Research, Department of Microbiology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Dennis Burton
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037; and
| | - Murugesan V S Rajaram
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Jonghan Kim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Lars Hangartner
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037; and
| | - Latha P Ganesan
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210;
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Tissues: the unexplored frontier of antibody mediated immunity. Curr Opin Virol 2021; 47:52-67. [PMID: 33581646 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2021.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 01/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Pathogen-specific immunity evolves in the context of the infected tissue. However, current immune correlates analyses and vaccine efficacy metrics are based on immune functions from peripheral cells. Less is known about tissue-resident mechanisms of immunity. While antibodies represent the primary correlate of immunity following most clinically approved vaccines, how antibodies interact with localized, compartment-specific immune functions to fight infections, remains unclear. Emerging data demonstrate a unique community of immune cells that reside within different tissues. These tissue-specific immunological communities enable antibodies to direct both expected and unexpected local attack strategies to control, disrupt, and eliminate infection in a tissue-specific manner. Defining the full breadth of antibody effector functions, how they selectively contribute to control at the site of infection may provide clues for the design of next-generation vaccines able to direct the control, elimination, and prevention of compartment specific diseases of both infectious and non-infectious etiologies.
Collapse
|
47
|
Muramatsu H, Kuramochi T, Katada H, Ueyama A, Ruike Y, Ohmine K, Shida-Kawazoe M, Miyano-Nishizawa R, Shimizu Y, Okuda M, Hori Y, Hayashi M, Haraya K, Ban N, Nonaka T, Honda M, Kitamura H, Hattori K, Kitazawa T, Igawa T, Kawabe Y, Nezu J. Novel myostatin-specific antibody enhances muscle strength in muscle disease models. Sci Rep 2021; 11:2160. [PMID: 33495503 PMCID: PMC7835227 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-81669-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Myostatin, a member of the transforming growth factor-β superfamily, is an attractive target for muscle disease therapy because of its role as a negative regulator of muscle growth and strength. Here, we describe a novel antibody therapeutic approach that maximizes the potential of myostatin-targeted therapy. We generated an antibody, GYM329, that specifically binds the latent form of myostatin and inhibits its activation. Additionally, via "sweeping antibody technology", GYM329 reduces or "sweeps" myostatin in the muscle and plasma. Compared with conventional anti-myostatin agents, GYM329 and its surrogate antibody exhibit superior muscle strength-improvement effects in three different mouse disease models. We also demonstrate that the superior efficacy of GYM329 is due to its myostatin specificity and sweeping capability. Furthermore, we show that a GYM329 surrogate increases muscle mass in normal cynomolgus monkeys without any obvious toxicity. Our findings indicate the potential of GYM329 to improve muscle strength in patients with muscular disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyasu Muramatsu
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tokyo, 103-8324, Japan
| | - Taichi Kuramochi
- Chugai Pharmabody Research Pte. Ltd., 3 Biopolis Drive, #07-11 to 16, Synapse, Singapore, 138623, Singapore
| | - Hitoshi Katada
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tokyo, 103-8324, Japan
| | - Atsunori Ueyama
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tokyo, 103-8324, Japan
| | - Yoshinao Ruike
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tokyo, 103-8324, Japan
| | - Ken Ohmine
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tokyo, 103-8324, Japan
| | | | | | - Yuichiro Shimizu
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tokyo, 103-8324, Japan
| | - Momoko Okuda
- Chugai Pharmabody Research Pte. Ltd., 3 Biopolis Drive, #07-11 to 16, Synapse, Singapore, 138623, Singapore
| | - Yuji Hori
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tokyo, 103-8324, Japan
| | - Madoka Hayashi
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tokyo, 103-8324, Japan
| | - Kenta Haraya
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tokyo, 103-8324, Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Ban
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tokyo, 103-8324, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Nonaka
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tokyo, 103-8324, Japan
| | - Masaki Honda
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tokyo, 103-8324, Japan
| | - Hidetomo Kitamura
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tokyo, 103-8324, Japan
| | - Kunihiro Hattori
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tokyo, 103-8324, Japan
| | - Takehisa Kitazawa
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tokyo, 103-8324, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Igawa
- Chugai Pharmabody Research Pte. Ltd., 3 Biopolis Drive, #07-11 to 16, Synapse, Singapore, 138623, Singapore
| | - Yoshiki Kawabe
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tokyo, 103-8324, Japan
| | - Junichi Nezu
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tokyo, 103-8324, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Chu SY, Pong E, Bonzon C, Yu N, Jacob CO, Chalmers SA, Putterman C, Szymkowski DE, Stohl W. Inhibition of B cell activation following in vivo co-engagement of B cell antigen receptor and Fcγ receptor IIb in non-autoimmune-prone and SLE-prone mice. J Transl Autoimmun 2021; 4:100075. [PMID: 33409482 PMCID: PMC7773957 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtauto.2020.100075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Engagement of Fcγ receptor IIb (FcγRIIb) suppresses B cell activation and represents a promising target for therapy in autoimmunity. Obexelimab is a non-depleting anti-human CD19 mAb with an Fc region engineered to have high affinity for human FcγRIIb, thereby co-engaging BCR and FcγRIIb. To assess its ability to suppress B cell activation in vivo, we generated non-autoimmune-prone C57BL/6 (B6) and SLE-prone NZM 2328 (NZM) mice in which the human FcγRIIb extracellular domain was knocked into the mouse Fcgr2b locus (B6.hRIIb and NZM.hRIIb mice, respectively, the latter retaining features of SLE). XENP8206, a mAb which bears the same FcγRIIb-enhanced human Fc domain as does obexelimab but which recognizes murine CD19 rather than human CD19, inhibited in vitro BCR-triggered activation of B cells from both B6.hRIIb and NZM.hRIIb mice. Following administration of XENP8206 to B6.hRIIb or NZM.hRIIb mice, B cell numbers in the spleen and lymph nodes remained stable but became hyporesponsive to BCR-triggered activation for at least 14 days. These findings demonstrate proof-of-principle that pharmacologic co-engagement of BCR and human FcγRIIb inhibits B cell activation in non-autoimmune and SLE-prone hosts while preserving B cell numbers. These observations lay a strong foundation for clinical trials in human SLE with agents that co-engage BCR and FcγRIIb. Moreover, B6.hRIIb and NZM.hRIIb should serve as powerful in vivo models in the elucidation of the cellular and molecular underpinnings of the changes induced by BCR/FcγRIIb co-engagement. We generated non-autoimmune B6.hRIIb and SLE-prone NZM.hRIIb knockin mice for the human FcγRIIb extracellular domain. XENP8206 is an anti-murine CD19 mAb engineered to have high affinity for human FcγRIIb. XENP8206 inhibited in vitro BCR-triggered activation of B cells from both B6.hRIIb and NZM.hRIIb mice. XENP8206 inhibited in vivo BCR-triggered activation of B cells while preserving B cell numbers. These observations lay a strong foundation for clinical trials in human SLE with agents that co-engage BCR and FcγRIIb.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Erik Pong
- Xencor, Inc., Monrovia, CA, 91016, USA
| | | | - Ning Yu
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Chaim O Jacob
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Samantha A Chalmers
- Division of Rheumatology and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein School of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
| | - Chaim Putterman
- Division of Rheumatology and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein School of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
| | | | - William Stohl
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Su T, Yang Y, Lai S, Jeong J, Jung Y, McConnell M, Utsumi T, Iwakiri Y. Single-Cell Transcriptomics Reveals Zone-Specific Alterations of Liver Sinusoidal Endothelial Cells in Cirrhosis. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2020; 11:1139-1161. [PMID: 33340713 PMCID: PMC7903131 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2020.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dysfunction of liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs) is permissive for the progression of liver fibrosis and cirrhosis and responsible for its clinical complications. Here, we have mapped the spatial distribution of heterogeneous liver ECs in normal vs cirrhotic mouse livers and identified zone-specific transcriptomic changes of LSECs associated with liver cirrhosis using scRNA-seq technology. APPROACH & RESULTS Cirrhosis was generated in endothelial specific green fluorescent protein (GFP) reporter mice through carbon tetrachloride inhalation for 12 weeks. GFP-positive liver EC populations were isolated from control and cirrhotic mice by FACS. We identified 6 clusters of liver EC populations including 3 clusters of LSECs, 2 clusters of vascular ECs and 1 cluster of lymphatic ECs. Based on previously reported LSEC-landmarks, we mapped the 3 clusters of LSECs in zones 1, 2, and 3, and determined phenotypic changes in each zone between control and cirrhotic mice. We found genes representing capillarization of LSECs (eg, CD34) as well as extracellular matrix genes were most upregulated in LSECs of zone 3 in cirrhotic mice, which may contribute to the development of basement membranes. LSECs in cirrhotic mice also demonstrated decreased expression of endocytic receptors, most remarkably in zone 3. Transcription factors (Klf2 [Kruppel-like factor-2], Klf4 [Kruppel-like factor-4], and AP-1) that induce nitric oxide production in response to shear stress were downregulated in LSECs of all zones in cirrhotic mice, implying increased intrahepatic vascular resistance. CONCLUSION This study deepens our knowledge of the pathogenesis of liver cirrhosis at a spatial, cell-specific level, which is indispensable for the development of novel therapeutic strategies to target the most dysfunctional liver ECs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Su
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Digestive Diseases, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut; Department of Gastroenterology, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yilin Yang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Digestive Diseases, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Sanchuan Lai
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Digestive Diseases, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Jain Jeong
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Digestive Diseases, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Yirang Jung
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Digestive Diseases, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Matthew McConnell
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Digestive Diseases, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Teruo Utsumi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Digestive Diseases, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Yasuko Iwakiri
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Digestive Diseases, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut.
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Mak KM, Shin DW. Hepatic sinusoids versus central veins: Structures, markers, angiocrines, and roles in liver regeneration and homeostasis. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2020; 304:1661-1691. [PMID: 33135318 DOI: 10.1002/ar.24560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The blood circulates through the hepatic sinusoids delivering nutrients and oxygen to the liver parenchyma and drains into the hepatic central vein, yet the structures and phenotypes of these vessels are distinctively different. Sinusoidal endothelial cells are uniquely fenestrated, lack basal lamina and possess organelles involved in endocytosis, pinocytosis, degradation, synthesis and secretion. Hepatic central veins are nonfenestrated but are also active in synthesis and secretion. Endothelial cells of sinusoids and central veins secrete angiocrines that play respective roles in hepatic regeneration and metabolic homeostasis. The list of markers for identifying sinusoidal endothelial cells is long and their terminologies are complex. Further, their uses vary in different investigations and, in some instances, could be confusing. Central vein markers are fewer but more distinctive. Here we analyze and categorize the molecular pathways/modules associated with the sinusoid-mediated liver regeneration in response to partial hepatectomy and chemical-induced acute or chronic injury. Similarly, we highlight the findings that central vein-derived angiocrines interact with Wnt/β-catenin in perivenous hepatocytes to direct gene expression and maintain pericentral metabolic zonation. The proposal that perivenous hepatocytes behave as stem/progenitor cells to provoke hepatic homeostatic cell renewal is reevaluated and newer concepts of broad zonal distribution of hepatocyte proliferation in liver homeostasis and regeneration are updated. Thus, this review integrates the structures, biology and physiology of liver sinusoids and central veins in mediating hepatic regeneration and metabolic homeostasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ki M Mak
- Department of Medical Education and Center for Anatomy and Functional Morphology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Da Wi Shin
- Department of Medical Education and Center for Anatomy and Functional Morphology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| |
Collapse
|