1
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Hu L, Cheng Z, Chu H, Wang W, Jin Y, Yang L. TRIF-dependent signaling and its role in liver diseases. Front Cell Dev Biol 2024; 12:1370042. [PMID: 38694821 PMCID: PMC11061444 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2024.1370042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/04/2024] Open
Abstract
TIR domain-containing adaptor inducing IFN-β (TRIF) is a crucial adaptor molecule downstream of toll-like receptors 3 (TLR3) and 4 (TLR4). TRIF directly binds to TLR3 through its TIR domain, while it associates with TLR4 indirectly through the bridge adaptor molecule TRIF-related adaptor molecule (TRAM). TRIF plays a pivotal role in regulating interferon beta 1 (IFN-β) response, nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) signaling, apoptosis, and necroptosis signaling mediated by TLR3 and TLR4. It accomplishes these by recruiting and activating various kinases or transcription factors via its distinct domains. In this review, we comprehensively summarize the TRIF-dependent signaling pathways mediated by TLR3 and TLR4, elucidating key target molecules and downstream pathways. Furthermore, we provide an overview of TRIF's impact on several liver disorders, including drug-induced liver injury, ischemia-reperfusion liver injury, autoimmune hepatitis, viral hepatitis, alcohol-associated liver disease (ALD), metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH). We also explore its effects on liver steatosis, inflammation, fibrosis, and carcinogenesis. A comprehensive understanding of the TRIF-dependent signaling pathways, as well as the intricate relationship between TRIF and liver diseases, can facilitate the identification of potential drug targets and the development of novel and effective therapeutics against hepatic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Yu Jin
- Division of Gastroenterology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ling Yang
- Division of Gastroenterology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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2
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Ciaston I, Dobosz E, Potempa J, Koziel J. The subversion of toll-like receptor signaling by bacterial and viral proteases during the development of infectious diseases. Mol Aspects Med 2022; 88:101143. [PMID: 36152458 PMCID: PMC9924004 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2022.101143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) that respond to pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). The recognition of specific microbial ligands by TLRs triggers an innate immune response and also promotes adaptive immunity, which is necessary for the efficient elimination of invading pathogens. Successful pathogens have therefore evolved strategies to subvert and/or manipulate TLR signaling. Both the impairment and uncontrolled activation of TLR signaling can harm the host, causing tissue destruction and allowing pathogens to proliferate, thus favoring disease progression. In this context, microbial proteases are key virulence factors that modify components of the TLR signaling pathway. In this review, we discuss the role of bacterial and viral proteases in the manipulation of TLR signaling, highlighting the importance of these enzymes during the development of infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izabela Ciaston
- Department of Microbiology Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Ewelina Dobosz
- Department of Microbiology Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Jan Potempa
- Department of Microbiology Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland; Department of Oral Health and Systemic Disease, University of Louisville School of Dentistry, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA.
| | - Joanna Koziel
- Department of Microbiology Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland.
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3
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Zuo W, Wakimoto M, Kozaiwa N, Shirasaka Y, Oh SW, Fujiwara S, Miyachi H, Kogure A, Kato H, Fujita T. PKR and TLR3 trigger distinct signals that coordinate the induction of antiviral apoptosis. Cell Death Dis 2022; 13:707. [PMID: 35970851 PMCID: PMC9378677 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-022-05101-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
RIG-I-like receptors (RLRs), protein kinase R (PKR), and endosomal Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) sense viral non-self RNA and are involved in cell fate determination. However, the mechanisms by which intracellular RNA induces apoptosis, particularly the role of each RNA sensor, remain unclear. We performed cytoplasmic injections of different types of RNA and elucidated the molecular mechanisms underlying viral dsRNA-induced apoptosis. The results obtained revealed that short 5'-triphosphate dsRNA, the sole ligand of RIG-I, induced slow apoptosis in a fraction of cells depending on IRF-3 transcriptional activity and IFN-I production. However, intracellular long dsRNA was sensed by PKR and TLR3, which activate distinct signals, and synergistically induced rapid apoptosis. PKR essentially induced translational arrest, resulting in reduced levels of cellular FLICE-like inhibitory protein and functioned in the TLR3/TRIF-dependent activation of caspase 8. The present results demonstrated that PKR and TLR3 were both essential for inducing the viral RNA-mediated apoptosis of infected cells and the arrest of viral production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjie Zuo
- grid.258799.80000 0004 0372 2033Division of Integrated Life Science, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507 Japan ,grid.258799.80000 0004 0372 2033Laboratory of Regulatory Information, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507 Japan
| | - Mai Wakimoto
- grid.258799.80000 0004 0372 2033Division of Integrated Life Science, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507 Japan ,grid.258799.80000 0004 0372 2033Laboratory of Regulatory Information, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507 Japan
| | - Noriyasu Kozaiwa
- grid.258799.80000 0004 0372 2033Division of Integrated Life Science, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507 Japan ,grid.258799.80000 0004 0372 2033Laboratory of Regulatory Information, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507 Japan
| | - Yutaro Shirasaka
- grid.258799.80000 0004 0372 2033Division of Integrated Life Science, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507 Japan ,grid.258799.80000 0004 0372 2033Laboratory of Regulatory Information, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507 Japan
| | - Seong-Wook Oh
- grid.258799.80000 0004 0372 2033Laboratory of Regulatory Information, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507 Japan
| | - Shiori Fujiwara
- grid.258799.80000 0004 0372 2033Division of Integrated Life Science, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507 Japan ,grid.258799.80000 0004 0372 2033Laboratory of Regulatory Information, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507 Japan
| | - Hitoshi Miyachi
- grid.258799.80000 0004 0372 2033Institute for Virus Research, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507 Japan
| | - Amane Kogure
- grid.258799.80000 0004 0372 2033Laboratory of Regulatory Information, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507 Japan
| | - Hiroki Kato
- grid.15090.3d0000 0000 8786 803XInstitute for Cardiovascular Immunology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, 53127 Germany
| | - Takashi Fujita
- grid.258799.80000 0004 0372 2033Division of Integrated Life Science, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507 Japan ,grid.258799.80000 0004 0372 2033Laboratory of Regulatory Information, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507 Japan ,grid.15090.3d0000 0000 8786 803XInstitute for Cardiovascular Immunology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, 53127 Germany
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4
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Ohara TE, Colonna M, Stappenbeck TS. Adaptive differentiation promotes intestinal villus recovery. Dev Cell 2022; 57:166-179.e6. [PMID: 35016013 PMCID: PMC9092613 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2021.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Loss of differentiated cells to tissue damage is a hallmark of many diseases. In slow-turnover tissues, long-lived differentiated cells can re-enter the cell cycle or transdifferentiate to another cell type to promote repair. Here, we show that in a high-turnover tissue, severe damage to the differentiated compartment induces progenitors to transiently acquire a unique transcriptional and morphological postmitotic state. We highlight this in an acute villus injury model in the mouse intestine, where we identified a population of progenitor-derived cells that covered injured villi. These atrophy-induced villus epithelial cells (aVECs) were enriched for fetal markers but were differentiated and lineage committed. We further established a role for aVECs in maintaining barrier integrity through the activation of yes-associated protein (YAP). Notably, loss of YAP activity led to impaired villus regeneration. Thus, we define a key repair mechanism involving the activation of a fetal-like program during injury-induced differentiation, a process we term "adaptive differentiation."
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro E Ohara
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Marco Colonna
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Thaddeus S Stappenbeck
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA.
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5
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Kwon J, Suessmilch M, McColl A, Cavanagh J, Morris BJ. Distinct trans-placental effects of maternal immune activation by TLR3 and TLR7 agonists: implications for schizophrenia risk. Sci Rep 2021; 11:23841. [PMID: 34903784 PMCID: PMC8668921 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-03216-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Exposure to infection in utero predisposes towards psychiatric diseases such as autism, depression and schizophrenia in later life. The mechanisms involved are typically studied by administering mimetics of double-stranded (ds) virus or bacterial infection to pregnant rats or mice. The effect of single-stranded (ss) virus mimetics has been largely ignored, despite evidence linking prenatal ss virus exposure with psychiatric disease. Understanding the effects of gestational ss virus exposure has become even more important with recent events. In this study, in pregnant mice, we compare directly the effects, on the maternal blood, placenta and the embryonic brain, of maternal administration of ds-virus mimetic poly I:C (to activate Toll-like receptor 3, TLR3) and ss-virus mimetic resiquimod (to activate TLR7/8). We find that, 4 h after the administration, both poly I:C and resiquimod elevated the levels of IL-6, TNFα, and chemokines including CCL2 and CCL5, in maternal plasma. Both agents also increased placental mRNA levels of IL-6 and IL-10, but only resiquimod increased placental TNFα mRNA. In foetal brain, poly I:C produced no detectable immune-response-related increases, whereas pronounced increases in cytokine (e.g. Il-6, Tnfα) and chemokine (e.g. Ccl2, Ccl5) expression were observed with maternal resiquimod administration. The data show substantial differences between the effect of maternal exposure to a TLR7/8 activator as compared to a TLR3 activator. There are significant implications for future modelling of diseases where maternal ss virus exposure contributes to environmental disease risk in offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaedeok Kwon
- Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
- Institute of Inflammation and Immunity, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Maria Suessmilch
- Institute of Inflammation and Immunity, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Alison McColl
- Institute of Inflammation and Immunity, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Jonathan Cavanagh
- Institute of Inflammation and Immunity, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Brian J Morris
- Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK.
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6
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Zhao J, Huang X, Mcleod P, Jiang J, Liu W, Haig A, Jevnikar AM, Jiang Z, Zhang ZX. Toll-like receptor 3 is an endogenous sensor of cell death and a potential target for induction of long-term cardiac transplant survival. Am J Transplant 2021; 21:3268-3279. [PMID: 33784431 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.16584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Inflammation posttransplant is directly linked to cell death programs including apoptosis and necrosis. Cell death leads to the release of cellular contents which can promote inflammation. Targeting of these pathways should be an effective strategy to prevent transplant rejection. Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) is emerging as a major endogenous sensor of inflammation. In this study, we assessed the role of TLR3 on cell death and transplant rejection. We showed that TLR3 is highly expressed on mouse microvascular endothelial cell (ECs) and the endothelium of cardiac grafts. We demonstrated that TLR3 interacting with dsRNA or self-RNA triggered apoptosis and necroptosis in ECs. Interestingly, TLR3-induced necroptosis led mitochondrial damage. Inhibition of the mitochondrial membrane permeability molecule Cyclophilin D prevented necroptosis in ECs. In vivo, endothelium damage and activities of caspase-3 and mixed lineage kinase domain-like protein were inhibited in TLR3-/- cardiac grafts compared with C57BL/6 grafts posttransplant (n = 5, p < .001). Importantly, TLR3-/- cardiac grafts had prolonged survival in allogeneic BALB/c mice (mean survival = 121 ± 67 vs. 31 ± 6 days of C57BL/6 grafts, n = 7, p = .002). In summary, our study suggests that TLR3 is an important cell death inducer in ECs and cardiac grafts and thus a potential therapeutic target in preventing cardiac transplant rejection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangqi Zhao
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China.,Department of Pathology, Western University, London, ON, Canada.,Matthew Mailing Centre for Translational Transplantation Studies, London, ON, Canada
| | - Xuyan Huang
- Matthew Mailing Centre for Translational Transplantation Studies, London, ON, Canada
| | - Patrick Mcleod
- Matthew Mailing Centre for Translational Transplantation Studies, London, ON, Canada
| | - Jifu Jiang
- Matthew Mailing Centre for Translational Transplantation Studies, London, ON, Canada.,Multi-Organ Transplant Program, London Health Sciences Centre, London, ON, Canada
| | - Winnie Liu
- Department of Pathology, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Aaron Haig
- Department of Pathology, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Anthony M Jevnikar
- Matthew Mailing Centre for Translational Transplantation Studies, London, ON, Canada.,Multi-Organ Transplant Program, London Health Sciences Centre, London, ON, Canada.,Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Zhenyu Jiang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Zhu-Xu Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Western University, London, ON, Canada.,Matthew Mailing Centre for Translational Transplantation Studies, London, ON, Canada.,Multi-Organ Transplant Program, London Health Sciences Centre, London, ON, Canada.,Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Western University, London, ON, Canada
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7
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Kist M, Vucic D. Cell death pathways: intricate connections and disease implications. EMBO J 2021; 40:e106700. [PMID: 33439509 PMCID: PMC7917554 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2020106700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 10/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Various forms of cell death have been identified over the last decades with each relying on a different subset of proteins for the activation and execution of their respective pathway(s). In addition to the three best characterized pathways-apoptosis, necroptosis, and pyroptosis-other forms of regulated cell death including autophagy-dependent cell death (ADCD), mitochondrial permeability transition pore (MPTP)-mediated necrosis, parthanatos, NETosis and ferroptosis, and their relevance for organismal homeostasis are becoming better understood. Importantly, it is increasingly clear that none of these pathways operate alone. Instead, a more complex picture is emerging with many pathways sharing components and signaling principles. Finally, a number of cell death regulators are implicated in human diseases and represent attractive therapeutic targets. Therefore, better understanding of physiological and mechanistic aspects of cell death signaling should yield improved reagents for addressing unmet medical needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Kist
- Department of Early Discovery BiochemistryGenentechSouth San FranciscoUSA
| | - Domagoj Vucic
- Department of Early Discovery BiochemistryGenentechSouth San FranciscoUSA
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8
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Vavougios GD, Zarogiannis SG, Krogfelt KA, Stamoulis G, Gourgoulianis KI. Epigenetic regulation of apoptosis via the PARK7 interactome in peripheral blood mononuclear cells donated by tuberculosis patients vs. healthy controls and the response to treatment: A systems biology approach. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2020; 123:101938. [PMID: 32741527 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2020.101938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Revised: 03/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The aims of our study were to determine for the first time differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and enriched molecular pathways involving the PARK7 interactome in PBMCs donated from tuberculosis patients. METHODS Data on a previously reconstructed PARK7 interactome (Vavougios et al., 2017) from datasets GDS4966 (Case-Control) and GDS4781 (Treatment Series) were retrieved from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) repository. Gene Enrichment analysis was performed via the STRING algorithm and the GeneTrail2 software. RESULTS 17 and 22 PARK7 interactores were determined as DEGs in the active TB vs HD and Treatment Series subset analyses, correspondingly, associated with significantly enriched pathways (FDR <0.05) involving p53 and PTEN mediated, stress responsive apoptosis regulation pathways. The treatment subset was characterized by the emergence of an additional layer of transcriptional regulation mediated by polycomb proteins among others, as well as TLR-mediated and cytokine survival signaling. Finally, the enrichment of a Parkinson's disease signature including PARK7 interactors was determined by its differential regulation both in the exploratory analyses (FDR = 0.024), as well as the confirmatory analyses (FDR = 1.81e-243). CONCLUSIONS Our in silico analysis revealed for the first time the role of PARK7's interactome in regulating the epigenetics of the PBMC lifecycle and Mtb symbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- George D Vavougios
- Department of Neurology, Athens Naval Hospital, Deinokratous 70, 115 21, Athens, Greece; Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, 37 Glavani - 28th October Street, Deligiorgi Building, 4th floor, 382 21, Volos, Greece.
| | - Sotirios G Zarogiannis
- Department of Pleural Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, BIOPOLIS, Mezourlo, 41500, Larisa, Greece
| | - Karen A Krogfelt
- Department of Science and Environment, Molecular and Medical Biology, Roskilde University, Universitetsvej 1, 28A.1, DK-4000, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - George Stamoulis
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, 37 Glavani - 28th October Street, Deligiorgi Building, 4th floor, 382 21, Volos, Greece
| | - Konstantinos I Gourgoulianis
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, BIOPOLIS, Mezourlo, 41110, Larisa, Greece
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9
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RNA Signaling in Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension-A Double-Stranded Sword. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21093124. [PMID: 32354189 PMCID: PMC7247700 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21093124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 04/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Recognition of and response to pathogens and tissue injury is driven by the innate immune system via activation of pattern recognition receptors. One of the many patterns recognized is RNA and, while several receptors bind RNA, Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) is well placed for initial recognition of RNA molecules due to its localization within the endosome. There is a growing body of work describing a role for TLR3 in maintenance of vascular homeostasis. For example, TLR3 deficiency has been shown to play repair and remodeling roles in the systemic vasculature and in lung parenchyma. A hallmark of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is pulmonary vascular remodeling, yet drivers and triggers of this remodeling remain incompletely understood. Based on its role in the systemic vasculature, our group discovered reduced endothelial TLR3 expression in PAH and revealed a protective role for a TLR3 agonist in rodent models of pulmonary hypertension. This review will provide an overview of RNA signaling in the vasculature and how it relates to PAH pathobiology, including whether targeting double-stranded RNA signaling is a potential treatment option for PAH.
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10
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Imre G. The involvement of regulated cell death forms in modulating the bacterial and viral pathogenesis. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 353:211-253. [PMID: 32381176 PMCID: PMC7102569 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2019.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Apoptosis, necroptosis and pyroptosis represent three distinct types of regulated cell death forms, which play significant roles in response to viral and bacterial infections. Whereas apoptosis is characterized by cell shrinkage, nuclear condensation, bleb formation and retained membrane integrity, necroptosis and pyroptosis exhibit osmotic imbalance driven cytoplasmic swelling and early membrane damage. These three cell death forms exert distinct immune stimulatory potential. The caspase driven apoptotic cell demise is considered in many circumstances as anti-inflammatory, whereas the two lytic cell death modalities can efficiently trigger immune response by releasing damage associated molecular patterns to the extracellular space. The relevance of these cell death modalities in infections can be best demonstrated by the presence of viral proteins that directly interfere with cell death pathways. Conversely, some pathogens hijack the cell death signaling routes to initiate a targeted attack against the immune cells of the host, and extracellular bacteria can benefit from the destruction of intact extracellular barriers upon cell death induction. The complexity and the crosstalk between these cell death modalities reflect a continuous evolutionary race between pathogens and host. This chapter discusses the current advances in the research of cell death signaling with regard to viral and bacterial infections and describes the network of the cell death initiating molecular mechanisms that selectively recognize pathogen associated molecular patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gergely Imre
- Institute of General Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
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11
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Maelfait J, Liverpool L, Rehwinkel J. Nucleic Acid Sensors and Programmed Cell Death. J Mol Biol 2020; 432:552-568. [PMID: 31786265 PMCID: PMC7322524 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2019.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Revised: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Nucleic acids derived from microorganisms are powerful triggers for innate immune responses. Proteins called RNA and DNA sensors detect foreign nucleic acids and, in mammalian cells, include RIG-I, cGAS, and AIM2. On binding to nucleic acids, these proteins initiate signaling cascades that activate host defense responses. An important aspect of this defense program is the production of cytokines such as type I interferons and IL-1β. Studies conducted over recent years have revealed that nucleic acid sensors also activate programmed cell death pathways as an innate immune response to infection. Indeed, RNA and DNA sensors induce apoptosis, pyroptosis, and necroptosis. Cell death via these pathways prevents replication of pathogens by eliminating the infected cell and additionally contributes to the release of cytokines and inflammatory mediators. Interestingly, recent evidence suggests that programmed cell death triggered by nucleic acid sensors plays an important role in a number of noninfectious pathologies. In addition to nonself DNA and RNA from microorganisms, nucleic acid sensors also recognize endogenous nucleic acids, for example when cells are damaged by genotoxic agents and in certain autoinflammatory diseases. This review article summarizes current knowledge on the links between nucleic acid sensing and cell death and explores important open questions for future studies in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Maelfait
- VIB Center for Inflammation Research, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Layal Liverpool
- Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, Medical Research Council Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Jan Rehwinkel
- Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, Medical Research Council Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK.
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12
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Zeng H, Tang J, Yue M, Cheng J, Fan Y, Li M, Zhang X, Li H, Duan H, Zhang M, Fan G, Zhu Q, Shao L. Polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid accelerates intestinal stem cell proliferation via modulating Myc expression. J Cell Physiol 2019; 235:3646-3656. [PMID: 31559639 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.29254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
It is well known that exposure of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) to intestine immediately induces villus damage with severe diarrhea, which is mediated by toll-like receptor 3 signaling activation. However, the role of intestinal stem cells (ISCs) remains obscure during the pathology. In the present study, polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (poly[I:C]), mimicking viral dsRNA, was used to establish intestinal damage model. Mice were acutely and chronically exposed to poly(I:C), and ISCs in jejunum were analyzed. The results showed that the height of villus was shorter 48 hr after acute poly(I:C) exposure compared with that of controls, while chronic poly(I:C) treatment increased both villus height and crypt depth in jejunum compared with control animals. The numbers of ISCs in jejunum were significantly increased after acute and chronic poly(I:C) exposure. Poly (I:C)-stimulated ISCs have stronger capacities to differentiate into intestine endocrine cells. Mechanistically, poly(I:C) treatment increased expression of Stat1 and Axin2 in the intestinal crypt, which was along with increased expression of Myc, Bcl2, and ISC proliferation. These findings suggest that dsRNA exposure could induce ISC proliferation to ameliorate dsRNA-induced intestinal injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huihong Zeng
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical School of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Jiahui Tang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical School of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China.,Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Mengzhen Yue
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical School of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Jiaoqi Cheng
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical School of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Ying Fan
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Manjun Li
- Department of Pathology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Xinxin Zhang
- Department of Pathology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Huan Li
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical School of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Hongyi Duan
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical School of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Minqing Zhang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical School of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Guangqin Fan
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Qingxian Zhu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical School of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Lijian Shao
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
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13
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Chang YT, Kung MH, Hsu TH, Hung WT, Chen YS, Yen LC, Chang TH. Aichi Virus Induces Antiviral Host Defense in Primary Murine Intestinal Epithelial Cells. Viruses 2019; 11:v11080763. [PMID: 31430947 PMCID: PMC6722774 DOI: 10.3390/v11080763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Revised: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The picornavirus Aichi virus (AiV) is a non-enveloped RNA virus that causes acute gastroenteritis symptoms, such as diarrhea, abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, and fever. Antiviral host defense involves the fast response of type I interferon (IFN) and the secretion of inflammatory cytokines against pathogens. However, the intestinal inflammatory and antiviral response to AiV infection is poorly understood. This study evaluated the antiviral activity of intestinal epithelial cells (IECs), which form a single-cell layer separating the bowel wall from pathogens. Isolated primary mouse IECs were subjected to AiV infection and virion production, inducing the mRNA expression of type I/type III IFNs and inflammatory cytokines. The mechanism involved induced the expression of phospho-IFN regulatory factor 3 and mitochondrial antiviral-signaling protein of type I IFN signaling. These findings were also observed in AiV-infected human colon carcinoma cells. In summary, a viral productive and pathogenic infection of AiV in primary murine IECs is validated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Te Chang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung 81362, Taiwan
- Department of Physical Therapy, Shu-Zen Junior College of Medicine and Management, Kaohsiung 81362, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Hsiang Kung
- Department of Medical Education and Research, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung 81362, Taiwan
| | - Thung-Hsien Hsu
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung 81362, Taiwan
| | - Wan-Ting Hung
- Department of Critical Care Center Medicine, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung 81362, Taiwan
| | - Yao-Shen Chen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung 81362, Taiwan
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 12221, Taiwan
| | - Li-Chen Yen
- Department and Graduate Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 11490, Taiwan
| | - Tsung-Hsien Chang
- Department of Medical Education and Research, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung 81362, Taiwan.
- Department and Graduate Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 11490, Taiwan.
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14
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Toll-Like Receptor 3-TRIF Pathway Activation by Neospora caninum RNA Enhances Infection Control in Mice. Infect Immun 2019; 87:IAI.00739-18. [PMID: 30670552 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00739-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Neospora caninum is a protozoan parasite closely related to Toxoplasma gondii and has been studied for causing neuromuscular disease in dogs and abortions in cattle. It is recognized as one of the main transmissible causes of reproductive failure in cattle and consequent economic losses to the sector. In that sense, this study aimed to evaluate the role of Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3)-TRIF-dependent resistance against N. caninum infection in mice. We observed that TLR3-/- and TRIF-/- mice presented higher parasite burdens, increased inflammatory lesions, and reduced production of interleukin 12p40 (IL-12p40), tumor necrosis factor (TNF), gamma interferon (IFN-γ), and nitric oxide (NO). Unlike those of T. gondii, N. caninum tachyzoites and RNA recruited TLR3 to the parasitophorous vacuole (PV) and translocated interferon response factor 3 (IRF3) to the nucleus. We also observed that N. caninum upregulated the expression of TRIF in murine macrophages, which in turn upregulated IFN-α and IFN-β in the presence of the parasite. Furthermore, TRIF-/- infected macrophages produced lower levels of IL-12p40, while exogenous IFN-α replacement was able to completely restore the production of this key cytokine. Our results show that the TLR3-TRIF signaling pathway enhances resistance against N. caninum infection in mice, since it improves Th1 immune responses that result in controlled parasitism and reduced tissue inflammation, which are hallmarks of the disease.
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15
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Caspases orchestrate microglia instrumental functions. Prog Neurobiol 2018; 171:50-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2018.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Revised: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 09/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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16
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Soluble TNF-like weak inducer of apoptosis (TWEAK) enhances poly(I:C)-induced RIPK1-mediated necroptosis. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:1084. [PMID: 30349023 PMCID: PMC6197222 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-018-1137-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Revised: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
TNF-like weak inducer of apoptosis (TWEAK) and inhibition of protein synthesis with cycloheximide (CHX) sensitize for poly(I:C)-induced cell death. Notably, although CHX preferentially enhanced poly(I:C)-induced apoptosis, TWEAK enhanced primarily poly(I:C)-induced necroptosis. Both sensitizers of poly(I:C)-induced cell death, however, showed no major effect on proinflammatory poly(I:C) signaling. Analysis of a panel of HeLa-RIPK3 variants lacking TRADD, RIPK1, FADD, or caspase-8 expression revealed furthermore similarities and differences in the way how poly(I:C)/TWEAK, TNF, and TRAIL utilize these molecules for signaling. RIPK1 turned out to be essential for poly(I:C)/TWEAK-induced caspase-8-mediated apoptosis but was dispensable for this response in TNF and TRAIL signaling. TRADD-RIPK1-double deficiency differentially affected poly(I:C)-triggered gene induction but abrogated gene induction by TNF completely. FADD deficiency abrogated TRAIL- but not TNF- and poly(I:C)-induced necroptosis, whereas TRADD elicited protective activity against all three death inducers. A general protective activity against poly(I:C)-, TRAIL-, and TNF-induced cell death was also observed in FLIPL and FLIPS transfectrants.
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17
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Bou-Hanna C, Jarry A, Mosnier JF, Bossard C, Laboisse CL. The double stranded RNA analog poly-IC elicits both robust IFN-λ production and oncolytic activity in human gastrointestinal cancer cells. Oncotarget 2018; 9:34471-34484. [PMID: 30349642 PMCID: PMC6195374 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.26121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Type III IFN (IFN-λ) is the dominant frontline response over type I IFN in human normal intestinal epithelial cells upon viral infection, this response being mimicked by the dsRNA analog poly-IC. Poly-IC also induces cell death in murine intestinal crypts ex vivo. Here we examined whether these innate defense functions of normal intestinal epithelial cells are recapitulated in gastrointestinal carcinoma cells so that they could be harnessed to exert both immunoadjuvant and oncolytic functions, an unknown issue yet. Experimental design Four human gastrointestinal carcinoma cell lines versus the Jurkat lymphoma cell line were used to assess the effects of intracellular poly-IC on i) IFN-λ secretion and cell proliferation and ii) role of NFκB signaling using the NFκB inhibitory peptide SN50 as a screening probe and a siRNA approach. Results Poly-IC induced in all cell lines except Jurkat both a robust IFN-λ secretion and a cytoreductive effect on adherent cells, restricted to proliferating cells and associated with cellular shedding and reduced clonogenicity of the shed cells. Collectively these findings demonstrate the oncolytic activity of poly-IC. Inhibiting NFκB in T84 cells using a siRNA approach decreased IFN-λ production without protecting the cells from the poly-IC oncolytic effects. In line with these findings IFN-λ, that upregulated the anti-viral protein MxA, was unable per se to alter T84 cell proliferation. Conclusion Our demonstration that poly-IC-induced concomitant recapitulation of two innate functions of normal intestine, i.e. IFN-λ production and cell death, by human gastrointestinal cancer cells opens new perspectives in gastrointestinal cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anne Jarry
- University of Nantes, EA4273 Biometadys, Nantes, France.,Current address: CRCINA, INSERM, Université d'Angers, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Jean-François Mosnier
- University of Nantes, EA4273 Biometadys, Nantes, France.,Pathology Department, Nantes University Hospital, Nantes, France
| | - Céline Bossard
- University of Nantes, EA4273 Biometadys, Nantes, France.,Current address: CRCINA, INSERM, Université d'Angers, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France.,Pathology Department, Nantes University Hospital, Nantes, France
| | - Christian L Laboisse
- University of Nantes, EA4273 Biometadys, Nantes, France.,Pathology Department, Nantes University Hospital, Nantes, France
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18
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Abstract
The intestinal tract is a site of intense immune cell activity that is poised to mount an effective response against a pathogen and yet maintain tolerance toward commensal bacteria and innocuous dietary antigens. The role of cell death in gut pathologies is particularly important as the intestinal epithelium undergoes self-renewal every 4-7 days through a continuous process of cell death and cell division. Cell death is also required for removal of infected, damaged, and cancerous cells. Certain forms of cell death trigger inflammation through release of damage-associated molecular patterns. Further, molecules involved in cell death decisions also moonlight as critical nodes in immune signaling. The manner of cell death is, therefore, highly instructive of the immunological consequences that ensue. Perturbations in cell death pathways can impact the regulation of the immune system with deleterious consequences. In this review, we discuss the various forms of cell death with a special emphasis on lytic cell death pathways of pyroptosis and necroptosis and their implications in inflammation and cancer in the gut. Understanding the implications of distinct cell death pathways will help in the development of therapeutic interventions in intestinal pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepika Sharma
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
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19
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Abstract
Several viruses induce intestinal epithelial cell death during enteric infection. However, it is unclear whether proapoptotic capacity promotes or inhibits replication in this tissue. We infected mice with two reovirus strains that infect the intestine but differ in the capacity to alter immunological tolerance to new food antigen. Infection with reovirus strain T1L, which induces an inflammatory immune response to fed antigen, is prolonged in the intestine, whereas T3D-RV, which does not induce this response, is rapidly cleared from the intestine. Compared with T1L, T3D-RV infection triggered apoptosis of intestinal epithelial cells and subsequent sloughing of dead cells into the intestinal lumen. We conclude that the infection advantage of T1L derives from its capacity to subvert host restriction by epithelial cell apoptosis, providing a possible mechanism by which T1L enhances inflammatory signals during antigen feeding. Using a panel of T1L × T3D-RV reassortant viruses, we identified the viral M1 and M2 gene segments as determinants of reovirus-induced apoptosis in the intestine. Expression of the T1L M1 and M2 genes in a T3D-RV background was sufficient to limit epithelial cell apoptosis and enhance viral infection to levels displayed by T1L. These findings define additional reovirus gene segments required for enteric infection of mice and illuminate the antiviral effect of intestinal epithelial cell apoptosis in limiting enteric viral infection. Viral strain-specific differences in the capacity to infect the intestine may be useful in identifying viruses capable of ameliorating tolerance to fed antigen in autoimmune conditions like celiac disease.IMPORTANCE Acute viral infections are thought to be cleared by the host with few lasting consequences. However, there may be much broader and long-lasting effects of viruses on immune homeostasis. Infection with reovirus, a common, nonpathogenic virus, triggers inflammation against innocuous food antigens, implicating this virus in the development of celiac disease, an autoimmune intestinal disorder triggered by exposure to dietary gluten. Using two reovirus strains that differ in the capacity to abrogate oral tolerance, we found that strain-specific differences in the capacity to replicate in the intestine inversely correlate with the capacity to induce apoptotic death of intestinal epithelial cells, providing a host-mediated process to restrict intestinal infection. This work contributes new knowledge about virus-host interactions in the intestine and establishes a foundation for future studies to define mechanisms by which viruses break oral tolerance in celiac disease.
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20
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Yang XB, Jiang H, Shi Y. WITHDRAWN: SIKE1 deficiency accelerates hepatic ischemia/reperfusion (IR) injury through enhancing Toll-like receptor-3-regulated inflammation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018:S0006-291X(18)30140-2. [PMID: 29366783 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.01.125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This article has been withdrawn at the request of the author(s) and/or editor. The Publisher apologizes for any inconvenience this may cause. The full Elsevier Policy on Article Withdrawal can be found at https://www.elsevier.com/about/our-business/policies/article-withdrawal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Bo Yang
- Department of Neonatology, The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Wuhan 430014, China
| | - Hong Jiang
- Department of Neonatology, The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Wuhan 430014, China
| | - Yao Shi
- Department of Neonatology, The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Wuhan 430014, China
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21
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Zou H, Su R, Ruan J, Shao H, Qian K, Ye J, Yao Y, Nair V, Qin A. Double-stranded RNA induces chicken T-cell lymphoma apoptosis by TRIF and NF-κB. Sci Rep 2017; 7:7547. [PMID: 28790362 PMCID: PMC5548913 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-07919-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptor-3 (TLR3), a member of the pathogen recognition receptor family, has been reported to activate immune response and to exhibit pro-apoptotic activity against some tumor cells. However it is unclear whether TLR3 has same function against chicken lymphoma. In this paper we investigated the effect of TLR3 activation on a Marek’s disease lymphoma-derived chicken cell line, MDCC-MSB1. The TLR3 agonist poly (I:C) activated TLR3 pathway and inhibited tumor cells proliferation through caspase-dependent apoptosis. Using pharmacological approaches, we found that an interferon-independent mechanism involving Toll-IL-1-receptor domain-containing adapter-inducing IFN-α (TRIF) and nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) causes the apoptosis of MDCC-MSB1 cells. This is the first report about the function of TLR3 in chicken T-cell lymphoma, especially in signal pathway. The mechanisms underlying TLR3-mediated apoptosis may contribute to the development of new drug to treat lymphomas and oncovirus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haitao Zou
- Ministry of Education Key Lab for Avian Preventive Medicine, Yangzhou University, No. 12 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, P. R. China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, No. 12 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, P. R. China
| | - Ruixue Su
- Ministry of Education Key Lab for Avian Preventive Medicine, Yangzhou University, No. 12 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, P. R. China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, No. 12 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, P. R. China
| | - Jing Ruan
- Ministry of Education Key Lab for Avian Preventive Medicine, Yangzhou University, No. 12 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, P. R. China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, No. 12 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, P. R. China
| | - Hongxia Shao
- Ministry of Education Key Lab for Avian Preventive Medicine, Yangzhou University, No. 12 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, P. R. China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, No. 12 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, P. R. China.,Jiangsu Key Lab of Zoonosis, No. 12 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, P. R. China
| | - Kun Qian
- Ministry of Education Key Lab for Avian Preventive Medicine, Yangzhou University, No. 12 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, P. R. China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, No. 12 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, P. R. China.,Jiangsu Key Lab of Zoonosis, No. 12 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, P. R. China.,UK-China Centre of Excellence for Research on Avian Diseases, 169 Huanghe 2nd Road, Binzhou, Shandong, P. R. China
| | - Jianqiang Ye
- Ministry of Education Key Lab for Avian Preventive Medicine, Yangzhou University, No. 12 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, P. R. China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, No. 12 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, P. R. China.,Jiangsu Key Lab of Zoonosis, No. 12 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, P. R. China
| | - Yongxiu Yao
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash road, Pirbright, Working, Surrey, GU24 0NF, United Kingdom.,UK-China Centre of Excellence for Research on Avian Diseases, 169 Huanghe 2nd Road, Binzhou, Shandong, P. R. China
| | - Venugopal Nair
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash road, Pirbright, Working, Surrey, GU24 0NF, United Kingdom.,UK-China Centre of Excellence for Research on Avian Diseases, 169 Huanghe 2nd Road, Binzhou, Shandong, P. R. China
| | - Aijian Qin
- Ministry of Education Key Lab for Avian Preventive Medicine, Yangzhou University, No. 12 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, P. R. China. .,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, No. 12 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, P. R. China. .,Jiangsu Key Lab of Zoonosis, No. 12 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, P. R. China. .,UK-China Centre of Excellence for Research on Avian Diseases, 169 Huanghe 2nd Road, Binzhou, Shandong, P. R. China.
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22
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Ta A, Thakur BK, Dutta P, Sinha R, Koley H, Das S. Double-stranded RNA induces cathelicidin expression in the intestinal epithelial cells through phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-protein kinase Cζ-Sp1 pathway and ameliorates shigellosis in mice. Cell Signal 2017; 35:140-153. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2017.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Revised: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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23
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Gentle IE, McHenry KT, Weber A, Metz A, Kretz O, Porter D, Häcker G. TIR-domain-containing adapter-inducing interferon-β (TRIF) forms filamentous structures, whose pro-apoptotic signalling is terminated by autophagy. FEBS J 2017; 284:1987-2003. [PMID: 28453927 DOI: 10.1111/febs.14091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Revised: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The formation of amyloid-like protein structures has recently emerged as a feature in signal transduction, particularly in innate immunity. These structures appear to depend on defined domains for their formation but likely also require dedicated ways to terminate signalling. We, here, define the innate immunity protein/Toll-like receptor adaptor TIR-domain-containing adapter-inducing interferon-β (TRIF) as a novel platform of fibril formation and probe signal initiation through TRIF as well as its termination in Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3)-stimulated melanoma cells. A main signalling pathway triggered by TLR3 caused apoptosis, which was controlled by inhibitor of apoptosis proteins and was dependent on RIPK1 and independent of TNF. Using correlative electron/fluorescence microscopy, we visualised fibrillar structures formed through both Toll/interleukin-1 receptor and RIP homotypic interacting motif regions of TRIF. We provide evidence that these fibrillary structures are active signalling platforms whose activity is terminated by autophagy. TRIF-signalling enhanced autophagy, and fibrillary structures were partly contained within autophagosomes. Inhibition of autophagy increased levels of pro-apoptotic TRIF complexes, leading to the accumulation of active caspase-8 and enhanced apoptosis while stimulation of autophagy reduced TRIF-dependent death. We conclude that pro-death signals through TRIF are regulated by autophagy and propose that pro-apoptotic signalling through TRIF/RIPK1/caspase-8 occurs in fibrillary platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian E Gentle
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Kevin T McHenry
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Arnim Weber
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Arlena Metz
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Oliver Kretz
- Renal Division, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, University of Freiburg, Germany.,Department of Neuroanatomy, University Freiburg, Germany
| | - Dale Porter
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Georg Häcker
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, University of Freiburg, Germany
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24
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Brown LAK, Clark I, Brown JR, Breuer J, Lowe DM. Norovirus infection in primary immune deficiency. Rev Med Virol 2017; 27:e1926. [DOI: 10.1002/rmv.1926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2016] [Revised: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ian Clark
- Department of Cellular Pathology; Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust; London UK
| | - Julianne R. Brown
- Microbiology, Virology and Infection Control; Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust; London UK
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre; Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust and University College; London UK
| | - Judith Breuer
- Division of Infection and Immunity; University College London; London UK
| | - David M. Lowe
- Institute of Immunity and Transplantation; University College London, Royal Free Campus; London UK
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25
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Rutkowski E, Leibelt S, Born C, Friede ME, Bauer S, Weil S, Koch J, Steinle A. Clr-a: A Novel Immune-Related C-Type Lectin-like Molecule Exclusively Expressed by Mouse Gut Epithelium. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 198:916-926. [PMID: 27956531 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1600666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The mouse gut epithelium represents a constitutively challenged environment keeping intestinal commensal microbiota at bay and defending against invading enteric pathogens. The complex immunoregulatory network of the epithelial barrier surveillance also involves NK gene complex (NKC)-encoded C-type lectin-like molecules such as NKG2D and Nkrp1 receptors. To our knowledge, in this study, we report the first characterization of the orphan C-type lectin-like molecule Clr-a encoded by the Clec2e gene in the mouse NKC. Screening of a panel of mouse tissues revealed that Clec2e transcripts are restricted to the gastrointestinal tract. Using Clr-a-specific mAb, we characterize Clr-a as a disulfide-linked homodimeric cell surface glycoprotein. Of note, a substantial fraction of Clr-a molecules are retained intracellularly, and analyses of Clr-a/Clr-f hybrids attribute intracellular retention to both the stalk region and parts of the cytoplasmic domain. Combining quantitative PCR analyses with immunofluorescence studies revealed exclusive expression of Clr-a by intestinal epithelial cells and crypt cells throughout the gut. Challenge with polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid results in a rapid and strong downregulation of intestinal Clr-a expression in contrast to the upregulation of Clr-f, a close relative of Clr-a, that also is specifically expressed by the intestinal epithelium and acts as a ligand of the inhibitory Nkrp1g receptor. Collectively, we characterize expression of the mouse NKC-encoded glycoprotein Clr-a as strictly associated with mouse intestinal epithelium. Downregulation upon polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid challenge and expression by crypt cells clearly distinguish Clr-a from the likewise intestinal epithelium-restricted Clr-f, pointing to a nonredundant function of these highly related C-type lectin-like molecules in the context of intestinal immunosurveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilia Rutkowski
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Stefan Leibelt
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Christina Born
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Miriam E Friede
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Stefan Bauer
- Institute for Immunology, Philipps University Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Sandra Weil
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Mainz Medical Center, 55131 Mainz, Germany; and.,Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, Georg-Speyer-Haus, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Joachim Koch
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Mainz Medical Center, 55131 Mainz, Germany; and.,Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, Georg-Speyer-Haus, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Alexander Steinle
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany;
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26
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Wang Y, George SP, Roy S, Pham E, Esmaeilniakooshkghazi A, Khurana S. Both the anti- and pro-apoptotic functions of villin regulate cell turnover and intestinal homeostasis. Sci Rep 2016; 6:35491. [PMID: 27765954 PMCID: PMC5073230 DOI: 10.1038/srep35491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In the small intestine, epithelial cells are derived from stem cells in the crypts, migrate up the villus as they differentiate and are ultimately shed from the villus tips. This process of proliferation and shedding is tightly regulated to maintain the intestinal architecture and tissue homeostasis. Apoptosis regulates both the number of stem cells in the crypts as well as the sloughing of cells from the villus tips. Previously, we have shown that villin, an epithelial cell-specific actin-binding protein functions as an anti-apoptotic protein in the gastrointestinal epithelium. The expression of villin is highest in the apoptosis-resistant villus cells and lowest in the apoptosis-sensitive crypts. In this study we report that villin is cleaved in the intestinal mucosa to generate a pro-apoptotic fragment that is spatially restricted to the villus tips. This cleaved villin fragment severs actin in an unregulated fashion to initiate the extrusion and subsequent apoptosis of effete cells from the villus tips. Using villin knockout mice, we validate the physiological role of villin in apoptosis and cell extrusion from the gastrointestinal epithelium. Our study also highlights the potential role of villin’s pro-apoptotic function in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease, ischemia-reperfusion injury, enteroinvasive bacterial and parasitic infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaohong Wang
- Department of Physiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Sudeep P George
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston TX 77204, USA
| | - Swati Roy
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston TX 77204, USA
| | - Eric Pham
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston TX 77204, USA
| | | | - Seema Khurana
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston TX 77204, USA.,Baylor College of Medicine, Houston TX 77030, USA
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Lakhdari O, McAllister CS, Wang M, Minev I, Prince LS, Eckmann L, Kagnoff MF. TLR3 signaling is downregulated by a MAVS isoform in epithelial cells. Cell Immunol 2016; 310:205-210. [PMID: 27593154 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2016.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Revised: 08/23/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Innate immune responses to dsRNA result in signaling through the TLR3 pathway and/or the RIG-I/MDA-5/MAVS pathway which can activate type I IFN, proinflammatory cytokines and apoptosis. It is not clear whether MAVS could play a role in TLR3-dependent responses to extracellular dsRNA. Using a model of epithelial cells that express a functional TLR3 signaling pathway, we found that TLR3-dependent responses to extracellular dsRNA are negatively regulated by MAVS, precisely "miniMAVS", a recently described 50kDa isoform of MAVS. This regulation of TLR3 by a MAVS isoform constitutes an endogenous regulatory mechanism in epithelial cells that could help prevent a potentially damaging excessive inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar Lakhdari
- Laboratory of Mucosal Immunology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States; Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States.
| | - Christopher S McAllister
- Laboratory of Mucosal Immunology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States; Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States
| | - Michael Wang
- Laboratory of Mucosal Immunology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States; Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States
| | - Ivelina Minev
- Laboratory of Mucosal Immunology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States; Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States
| | - Lawrence S Prince
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States
| | - Lars Eckmann
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States
| | - Martin F Kagnoff
- Laboratory of Mucosal Immunology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States; Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States; Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States
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Ramnath D, Powell EE, Scholz GM, Sweet MJ. The toll-like receptor 3 pathway in homeostasis, responses to injury and wound repair. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2016; 61:22-30. [PMID: 27552920 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2016.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Revised: 08/16/2016] [Accepted: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In addition to their established roles in host defence, Toll-like Receptors (TLRs) have emerging roles in control of homeostasis, injury and wound repair. The dsRNA-sensing receptor, TLR3, has been particularly implicated in such processes in several different tissues including the skin, intestine and liver, as well as in the control of reparative mechanisms in the brain, heart and kidneys, following ischemia reperfusion injury. In this review, we provide an overview of TLR3 signalling and functions in inflammation, tissue damage and repair processes, as well as therapeutic opportunities that may arise in the future from knowledge of such pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divya Ramnath
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience (IMB), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld 4072, Australia; IMB Centre for Inflammation and Disease Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld 4072, Australia; Australian Infectious Disease Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld 4072, Australia
| | - Elizabeth E Powell
- Centre for Liver Disease Research, School of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Qld 4102, Australia; Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Qld 4102, Australia
| | - Glen M Scholz
- Melbourne Dental School and Oral Health Cooperative Research Centre, The University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Australia; Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Australia
| | - Matthew J Sweet
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience (IMB), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld 4072, Australia; IMB Centre for Inflammation and Disease Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld 4072, Australia; Australian Infectious Disease Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld 4072, Australia.
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29
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Moen SH, Westhrin M, Zahoor M, Nørgaard NN, Hella H, Størdal B, Sundan A, Nilsen NJ, Sponaas AM, Standal T. Caspase-8 regulates the expression of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells. IMMUNITY INFLAMMATION AND DISEASE 2016; 4:327-37. [PMID: 27621815 PMCID: PMC5004287 DOI: 10.1002/iid3.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Revised: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 07/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Mesenchymal stem cells, also called mesenchymal stromal cells, MSCs, have great potential in stem cell therapy partly due to their immunosuppressive properties. How these cells respond to chronic inflammatory stimuli is therefore of importance. Toll‐like receptors (TLR)s are innate immune receptors that mediate inflammatory signals in response to infection, stress, and damage. Caspase‐8 is involved in activation of NF‐kB downstream of TLRs in immune cells. Here we investigated the role of caspase‐8 in regulating TLR‐induced cytokine production from human bone marrow‐derived mesenchymal stromal cells (hBMSCs). Methods Cytokine expression in hBMCs in response to poly(I:C) and LPS was evaluated by PCR, multiplex cytokine assay, and ELISA. TLR3, TRIF, and caspase‐8 were silenced using siRNA. Caspase‐8 was also inhibited using a caspase‐8 inhibitor, z‐IEDT. Results We found that TLR3 agonist poly(I:C) and TLR4 agonist LPS induced secretion of several pro‐inflammatory cytokines in a TLR‐dependent manner which required the TLR signaling adaptor molecule TRIF. Further, poly(I:C) reduced the expression of anti‐inflammatory cytokines HGF and TGFβ whereas LPS reduced HGF expression only. Notably, caspase‐8 was involved in the induction of IL‐ IL‐1β, IL‐6, CXCL10, and in the inhibition of HGF and TGFβ. Conclusion Caspase‐8 appears to modulate hBMSCs into gaining a pro‐inflammatory phenotype. Therefore, inhibiting caspase‐8 in hBMSCs might promote an immunosuppressive phenotype which could be useful in clinical applications to treat inflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siv H Moen
- The KG Jebsen Center for Myeloma Research and Faculty of Medicine, Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) Trondheim Norway
| | - Marita Westhrin
- The KG Jebsen Center for Myeloma Research and Faculty of Medicine, Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) Trondheim Norway
| | - Muhammad Zahoor
- Centre of Molecular Inflammation Rearch (CEMIR) NTNU Trondheim Norway
| | - Nikolai N Nørgaard
- The KG Jebsen Center for Myeloma Research and Faculty of Medicine, Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) Trondheim Norway
| | - Hanne Hella
- The KG Jebsen Center for Myeloma Research and Faculty of Medicine, Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) Trondheim Norway
| | - Berit Størdal
- The KG Jebsen Center for Myeloma Research and Faculty of Medicine, Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) Trondheim Norway
| | - Anders Sundan
- The KG Jebsen Center for Myeloma Research and Faculty of Medicine, Department of Cancer Research and Molecular MedicineNorwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU)TrondheimNorway; Centre of Molecular Inflammation Rearch (CEMIR)NTNUTrondheimNorway
| | - Nadra J Nilsen
- The KG Jebsen Center for Myeloma Research and Faculty of Medicine, Department of Cancer Research and Molecular MedicineNorwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU)TrondheimNorway; Centre of Molecular Inflammation Rearch (CEMIR)NTNUTrondheimNorway
| | - Anne-Marit Sponaas
- The KG Jebsen Center for Myeloma Research and Faculty of Medicine, Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) Trondheim Norway
| | - Therese Standal
- The KG Jebsen Center for Myeloma Research and Faculty of Medicine, Department of Cancer Research and Molecular MedicineNorwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU)TrondheimNorway; Centre of Molecular Inflammation Rearch (CEMIR)NTNUTrondheimNorway
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Youbin Z, Yunsheng Y, Zhenya S, Xiaoming Z, Xiaomei T. Tumor Necrosis Factor-α-Induced Protein 8-Like 2 Gene Overexpression Prolongs the Survival of Rat Allogeneic Heart Allografts. Transplant Proc 2016; 47:2517-22. [PMID: 26518962 DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2015.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2015] [Revised: 07/25/2015] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The objective of the study was to examine whether overexpression of the tumor necrosis factor-α-induced protein 8-like 2 (TNFAIP8L2; TP8L2) gene might prolong the survival of a rat heart allograft and to explore the possibility of gene-induced immune tolerance and its specific mechanisms of action in rats. METHODS A gene vector (AdC68) was constructed of a rat's TP8L2 gene to overexpress the TP8L2 gene in the models. The Wistar-to-Dawley rat allogeneic heart allograft models were created and randomly separated into 5 groups: control, no treatment after surgery; Fk506, treated with immune inhibitor FK506 0.5 mg/kg/d after surgery; TP8L2, treated with 0.25 × 10(9) Pfu recombinant TP8L2 adenovirus after surgery; FK506+TP8L2, treated with FK506 0.25 mg/kg/d and 0.25 × 10(9) Pfu recombinant TP8L2 adenovirus after surgery; and no-TP8L2, treated with 0.25 × 10(9) Pfu recombinant adenovirus without TP8L2 gene overexpression after surgery. We also examined whether the overexpressed TP8L2 gene can prolong the donor heart's mean survival time and detect the changes of various related indicators. RESULTS The survival time of the donor heart in the TP8L2 and FK506+TP8L2 groups was significantly longer than that in the remaining groups; the difference was statistically significant (P < .05). The percentage of CD4(+)CD25(+) regulatory T cells in the TP8L2 and FK506+TP8L2 groups was significantly higher than that in the remaining groups; the difference was statistically significant (P < .05). The expression of interleukin (IL)-2, tumor necrosis factor-α, and interferon-γ in the FK506+TP8L2 group was significantly lower and the expression of IL-4 and IL-10 was significantly higher than those in other groups; the differences in cytokine levels were significant (P < .05). CONCLUSIONS TP8L2 plays an important role in the induction of immune tolerance in heart allografts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Youbin
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, First Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Y Yunsheng
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, First Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, People's Republic of China.
| | - S Zhenya
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, First Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Z Xiaoming
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, First Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - T Xiaomei
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, First Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, People's Republic of China
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Wang G, Zhang M, Li Y, Zhou J, Chen L. Studying the Effect of Downregulating Autophagy-Related Gene LC3 on TLR3 Apoptotic Pathway Mediated by dsRNA in Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells. Cancer Res Treat 2016; 49:230-245. [PMID: 27338037 PMCID: PMC5266382 DOI: 10.4143/crt.2015.506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study is to examine the role of the double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) activated Toll-interleukin-1 receptor domain-containing adaptor inducing interferon β (TRIF) signal pathway in triggering apoptosis in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS First, siRNA targeted autophagy-related gene LC3 (pU6H1-LC3 siRNA and siLC3) and a dsRNA used as a Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) ligand was constructed and synthesized, respectively. Then, a human HCC cell line was transfected with dsRNA, siLC3, and cotransfected with siLC3 and dsRNA (siLC3+dsRNA), respectively. Finally, quantification real-time polymerase chain reaction, western blotting, and immunofluorescence staining were used in the HCC line (SMMC7721), and MTT assay, flow cytometry, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end-labeling, and transmission electron microscopy were used in an HCC xenograft model of nude mice. Human umbilical vein endothelial cell tube forming assay, color Doppler ultrasonographic flow image examination, and CD34-positive microvessel density were used in vitro and in vivo. RESULTS Compared with untreated cells, the protein and mRNA expression of TLR3 and TRIF was up-regulated, in order, siLC3+dsRNA, dsRNA, and siLC3. Expression of LC3 was obviously down-regulated and the autophagosomes were significantly decreased in siLC3+dsRNA and siLC3, whereas in dsRNA (p < 0.05). LC3 and TRIF colocation was observed in HepG2 cells. Decreased cell viability, increased apoptosis, decrease in xenograft tumor volume, and angiogenesis potential were also observed in order (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION Suppression of intracellular autophagy resulted in decreased degradation of TRIF protein, which can promote triggering of apoptosis by the TLR3-TRIF pathway. dsRNA and siLC3 could play anticancer roles in coordination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilan Wang
- Department of Pathological Anatomy, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Maona Zhang
- Department of Pathological Anatomy, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Yunlong Li
- Department of Pathological Anatomy, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Jiaming Zhou
- Department of Pathological Anatomy, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Li Chen
- Department of Pathological Anatomy, Nantong University, Nantong, China
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Zhang L, Xiang W, Wang G, Yan Z, Zhu Z, Guo Z, Sengupta R, Chen AF, Loughran PA, Lu B, Wang Q, Billiar TR. Interferon β (IFN-β) Production during the Double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) Response in Hepatocytes Involves Coordinated and Feedforward Signaling through Toll-like Receptor 3 (TLR3), RNA-dependent Protein Kinase (PKR), Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase (iNOS), and Src Protein. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:15093-107. [PMID: 27226571 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.717942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The sensing of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) in the liver is important for antiviral defenses but can also contribute to sterile inflammation during liver injury. Hepatocytes are often the target of viral infection and are easily injured by inflammatory insults. Here we sought to establish the pathways involved in the production of type I interferons (IFN-I) in response to extracellular poly(I:C), a dsRNA mimetic, in hepatocytes. This was of interest because hepatocytes are long-lived and, unlike most immune cells that readily die after activation with dsRNA, are not viewed as cells with robust antimicrobial capacity. We found that poly(I:C) leads to rapid up-regulation of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), double-stranded RNA-dependent protein kinase (PKR), and Src. The production of IFN-β was dependent on iNOS, PKR, and Src and partially dependent on TLR3/Trif. iNOS and Src up-regulation was partially dependent on TLR3/Trif but entirely dependent on PKR. The phosphorylation of TLR3 on tyrosine 759 was shown to increase in parallel to IFN-β production in an iNOS- and Src-dependent manner, and Src was found to directly interact with TLR3 in the endosomal compartment of poly(I:C)-treated cells. Furthermore, we identified a robust NO/cGMP/PKG-dependent feedforward pathway for the amplification of iNOS expression. These data identify iNOS/NO as an integral component of IFN-β production in response to dsRNA in hepatocytes in a pathway that involves the coordinated activities of TLR3/Trif and PKR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyong Zhang
- From the Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213
| | - Wenpei Xiang
- From the Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, the Family Planning Research Institute, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Guoliang Wang
- From the Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213
| | - Zhengzheng Yan
- From the Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213
| | - Zhaowei Zhu
- From the Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213
| | - Zhong Guo
- From the Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213
| | - Rajib Sengupta
- From the Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213
| | - Alex F Chen
- From the Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213
| | - Patricia A Loughran
- From the Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, the Center for Biologic Imaging, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, and
| | - Ben Lu
- the Xiangya Third Hospital and Central South University School of Medicine, Changsha, China
| | - Qingde Wang
- From the Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213
| | - Timothy R Billiar
- From the Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213,
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The viral dsRNA analogue poly (I:C) induces necrotizing enterocolitis in neonatal mice. Pediatr Res 2016; 79:596-602. [PMID: 26679153 DOI: 10.1038/pr.2015.261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2015] [Accepted: 09/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is a life-threatening gastrointestinal disease in premature infants with high mortality and morbidity with uncertain pathogenesis. Recent research focused on the role of intraluminal bacteria and lipopolysaccharide (LPS). However, an additional role of viral agents in the pathogenesis of NEC has recently been postulated. We assessed the role of polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (pIC) mimicking viral dsRNA in contributing to the development of NEC in neonatal mice. METHODS Four-d-old C57BL/6J pups were stressed by asphyxia and hypothermia twice daily. Animals were either fed by formula only (FO), formula containing LPS or pIC. After 72 h, mice were euthanized, intestines harvested, and the severity of NEC was assessed. RESULTS Breastfed mice showed no evidence of NEC. Very mild NEC-like lesions were observed in mice fed by FO. Supplementation of LPS or pIC to the formula led to increased intestinal tissue damage and inflammation compared with FO in a similar manner. CONCLUSION Our study demonstrates the ability of viral factors to induce NEC in neonatal mice even in the absence of LPS. Furthermore, we present a new mouse model of pIC-induced NEC which may be used to obtain further mechanistic insights in the pathogenesis of this disease.
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Crosstalk between microbiota, pathogens and the innate immune responses. Int J Med Microbiol 2016; 306:257-265. [PMID: 26996809 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2016.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Revised: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Research in the last decade has convincingly demonstrated that the microbiota is crucial in order to prime and orchestrate innate and adaptive immune responses of their host and influence barrier function as well as multiple developmental and metabolic parameters of the host. Reciprocally, host reactions and immune responses instruct the composition of the microbiota. This review summarizes recent evidence from experimental and human studies which supports these arms of mutual relationship and crosstalk between host and resident microbiota, with a focus on innate immune responses in the gut, the role of cell death pathways and antimicrobial peptides. We also provide some recent examples on how dysbiosis and pathogens can act in concert to promote intestinal infection, inflammatory pathologies and cancer. The future perspectives of these combined research efforts include the discovery of protective species within the microbiota and specific traits and factors of microbes that weaken or enforce host intestinal homeostasis.
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The Viral Mimetic Polyinosinic:Polycytidylic Acid Alters the Growth Characteristics of Small Intestinal and Colonic Crypt Cultures. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0138531. [PMID: 26414184 PMCID: PMC4587363 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0138531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background & Aims The intestinal epithelium is the first line of defense against enteric pathogens. We investigated the response of small intestinal and colonic crypt cultures to a panel of toll-like receptor ligands to assess the impact of microbial pattern recognition on epithelial growth. Methods Primary murine jejunal enteroids and colonoids were cultured with lipopeptide Pam3CSK4, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (Poly I:C) for 4 to 6 days. Surface area, budding and survival were assessed. Proliferation and numbers of lysozyme positive cells were quantified by flow cytometry. Gene expression was assessed by Nanostring and qRT-PCR. Results Exposure to Pam3CSK4 and LPS had minimal impact on either enteroids or colonoids. In contrast, Poly I:C increased the surface area of enteroids, while colonoids demonstrated decreased budding. Survival was decreased by Poly I:C in enteroids but not in colonoids. Both enteroids and colonoids exhibited upregulated gene expression of chemokines, but these were increased in magnitude in enteroids. Decreases in gene expression associated with epithelial differentiation and lysozyme positive cells were more apparent in enteroids than in colonoids. Baseline gene expression between enteroids and colonoids differed markedly in levels of stem cell and inflammatory markers. The changes in morphology induced by Poly I:C were mediated by the toll-like receptor adaptor molecule 1 (Ticam1) in enteroids but not in colonoids. Conclusions Poly I:C alters the molecular program of epithelial cells and shifts from absorption and digestion towards defense and inflammation. Diversity of responses to microbial patterns in enteroids and colonoids may underlie differences in susceptibility to infection along the intestinal tract.
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Xu Z, Luo J, Yang L, Wang X, Pan Y, Shang Y, Yang J. Impacts of K562 cells towards activities of Toll-like receptor pathway of human mesenchymal stem cell-bone marrow. Int J Clin Exp Med 2015; 8:9320-9326. [PMID: 26309591 PMCID: PMC4537973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2015] [Accepted: 04/28/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The study aim was to investigate the impacts of K562 cells towards the activities of Toll-like receptor pathway of human mesenchymal stem cell-bone marrow (HMSC-bm). The in vitro co-culture of HMSC-bm and K562 cells was set as the experiment group (HMSC-bm + K562), the HMSC-bm cultured alone was set as the control group (HMSC-bm), the expressions of six interested genes and their proteins, namely MyD88, P38, NF-κB, TAB1, TLR3 and TBK1, of the Toll -like receptor signaling pathway were detected and compared, as well as the secretions of such cytokines as IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α and IFN-α in the cell supernatant, which were regulated by the Toll-like receptor pathway. The expressions of MyD88, P38, TAB1 and TLR3 of the HMSC-bm + K562 group were higher than the HMSC-bm group, while that of TBK1 was lower, and the NF-κB expression showed no significant difference between the two groups (P > 0.05). Compared with the HMSC-bm group, the supernatant of HMSC-bm + K562 group exhibited the higher secretion levels of IL-6 and IL-8, while that of IFN-α was just contrary, and the differences were significant (P < 0.05). The secretion levels of TNF-α within the two groups were not significantly different (P > 0.05). The co-culture of K562 and HMSC-bm could induce the activity changes of Toll-like receptor pathway of HMSC-bm, which was beneficial towards the proliferation of K562 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Xu
- Department of Hematology, The Second Hospital, Hebei Medical University Shijiazhuang 050000, Hebei, P.R. China
| | - Jianmin Luo
- Department of Hematology, The Second Hospital, Hebei Medical University Shijiazhuang 050000, Hebei, P.R. China
| | - Lin Yang
- Department of Hematology, The Second Hospital, Hebei Medical University Shijiazhuang 050000, Hebei, P.R. China
| | - Xingzhe Wang
- Department of Hematology, The Second Hospital, Hebei Medical University Shijiazhuang 050000, Hebei, P.R. China
| | - Yuxia Pan
- Department of Hematology, The Second Hospital, Hebei Medical University Shijiazhuang 050000, Hebei, P.R. China
| | - Yintao Shang
- Department of Hematology, The Second Hospital, Hebei Medical University Shijiazhuang 050000, Hebei, P.R. China
| | - Jingci Yang
- Department of Hematology, The Second Hospital, Hebei Medical University Shijiazhuang 050000, Hebei, P.R. China
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Günther C, Buchen B, He GW, Hornef M, Torow N, Neumann H, Wittkopf N, Martini E, Basic M, Bleich A, Watson AJM, Neurath MF, Becker C. Caspase-8 controls the gut response to microbial challenges by Tnf-α-dependent and independent pathways. Gut 2015; 64:601-10. [PMID: 25379949 PMCID: PMC4392221 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2014-307226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Intestinal epithelial cells (IEC) express toll-like receptors (TLR) that facilitate microbial recognition. Stimulation of TLR ligands induces a transient increase in epithelial cell shedding, a mechanism that serves the antibacterial and antiviral host defence of the epithelium and promotes elimination of intracellular pathogens. Although activation of the extrinsic apoptosis pathway has been described during inflammatory shedding, its functional involvement is currently unclear. DESIGN We investigated the functional involvement of caspase-8 signalling in microbial-induced intestinal cell shedding by injecting Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to mimic bacterial pathogens and poly(I:C) as a probe for RNA viruses in vivo. RESULTS TLR stimulation of IEC was associated with a rapid activation of caspase-8 and increased epithelial cell shedding. In mice with an epithelial cell-specific deletion of caspase-8 TLR stimulation caused Rip3-dependent epithelial necroptosis instead of apoptosis. Mortality and tissue damage were more severe in mice in which IECs died by necroptosis than apoptosis. Inhibition of receptor-interacting protein (Rip) kinases rescued the epithelium from TLR-induced gut damage. TLR3-induced necroptosis was directly mediated via TRIF-dependent pathways, independent of Tnf-α and type III interferons, whereas TLR4-induced tissue damage was critically dependent on Tnf-α. CONCLUSIONS Together, our data demonstrate an essential role for caspase-8 in maintaining the gut barrier in response to mucosal pathogens by permitting inflammatory shedding and preventing necroptosis of infected cells. These data suggest that therapeutic strategies targeting the cell death machinery represent a promising new option for the treatment of inflammatory and infective enteropathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Günther
- Medical Clinic 1, Friedrich Alexander University, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Barbara Buchen
- Medical Clinic 1, Friedrich Alexander University, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Gui-Wei He
- Medical Clinic 1, Friedrich Alexander University, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Mathias Hornef
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hospital Epidemiology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Natalia Torow
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hospital Epidemiology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Helmut Neumann
- Medical Clinic 1, Friedrich Alexander University, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Nadine Wittkopf
- Medical Clinic 1, Friedrich Alexander University, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Eva Martini
- Medical Clinic 1, Friedrich Alexander University, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Marijana Basic
- Institute for Laboratory Animal Science and Central Animal Facility, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - André Bleich
- Institute for Laboratory Animal Science and Central Animal Facility, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Markus F Neurath
- Medical Clinic 1, Friedrich Alexander University, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Christoph Becker
- Medical Clinic 1, Friedrich Alexander University, Erlangen, Germany
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Cho H, Kelsall BL. The role of type I interferons in intestinal infection, homeostasis, and inflammation. Immunol Rev 2015; 260:145-67. [PMID: 24942688 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Type I interferons are a widely expressed family of effector cytokines that promote innate antiviral and antibacterial immunity. Paradoxically, they can also suppress immune responses by driving production of anti-inflammatory cytokines, and dysregulation of these cytokines can contribute to host-mediated immunopathology and disease progression. Recent studies describe their anti-inflammatory role in intestinal inflammation and the locus containing IFNAR, a heterodimeric receptor for the type I interferons has been identified as a susceptibility region for human inflammatory bowel disease. This review focuses on the role of type I IFNs in the intestine in health and disease and their emerging role as immune modulators. Clear understanding of type I IFN-mediated immune responses may provide avenues for fine-tuning existing IFN treatment for infection and intestinal inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeseon Cho
- Mucosal Immunobiology Section, Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Williams JM, Duckworth CA, Burkitt MD, Watson AJM, Campbell BJ, Pritchard DM. Epithelial cell shedding and barrier function: a matter of life and death at the small intestinal villus tip. Vet Pathol 2014; 52:445-55. [PMID: 25428410 PMCID: PMC4441880 DOI: 10.1177/0300985814559404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 220] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The intestinal epithelium is a critical component of the gut barrier. Composed of a single layer of intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) held together by tight junctions, this delicate structure prevents the transfer of harmful microorganisms, antigens, and toxins from the gut lumen into the circulation. The equilibrium between the rate of apoptosis and shedding of senescent epithelial cells at the villus tip, and the generation of new cells in the crypt, is key to maintaining tissue homeostasis. However, in both localized and systemic inflammation, this balance may be disturbed as a result of pathological IEC shedding. Shedding of IECs from the epithelial monolayer may cause transient gaps or microerosions in the epithelial barrier, resulting in increased intestinal permeability. Although pathological IEC shedding has been observed in mouse models of inflammation and human intestinal conditions such as inflammatory bowel disease, understanding of the underlying mechanisms remains limited. This process may also be an important contributor to systemic and intestinal inflammatory diseases and gut barrier dysfunction in domestic animal species. This review aims to summarize current knowledge about intestinal epithelial cell shedding, its significance in gut barrier dysfunction and host-microbial interactions, and where research in this field is directed.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Williams
- Department of Gastroenterology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - C A Duckworth
- Department of Gastroenterology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - M D Burkitt
- Department of Gastroenterology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - A J M Watson
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - B J Campbell
- Department of Gastroenterology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - D M Pritchard
- Department of Gastroenterology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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Günther C, Buchen B, Neurath MF, Becker C. Regulation and pathophysiological role of epithelial turnover in the gut. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2014; 35:40-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2014.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2014] [Accepted: 06/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Matsuoka Y, Tsujimoto Y. Role of RIP1 in physiological enterocyte turnover in mouse small intestine via nonapoptotic death. Genes Cells 2014; 20:11-28. [PMID: 25348793 DOI: 10.1111/gtc.12193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2014] [Accepted: 09/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Enterocyte shedding in the small intestine is often referred as an example of programmed cell death. However, little is known about the underlying mechanisms, although both apoptotic and nonapoptotic cell death have been suggested to play an important role. Here, we show by electron microscope that the majority of cells dying in the mouse small intestine do not display apoptotic characteristics. Chemical biological approach in vivo and in an organ culture showed that necrostatin-1 (Nec-1), an inhibitor of receptor-interacting protein 1 (RIP1, also called RIPK1), inhibited the shedding/nonapoptotic death of enterocyte, resulting in suppression of physiological enterocyte turnover. Moreover, RIP1 knockdown in vivo and RIP1 haploinsufficiency significantly suppressed physiological enterocyte turnover. Unlike Nec-1-sensitive (RIP1-dependent) cell death, so called necroptosis, which is also dependent on RIP3, physiological enterocyte turnover in RIP3-deficient mice was executed normally and still inhibited by Nec-1. As inhibition of the shedding/nonapoptotic death of enterocyte by Nec-1 resulted in suppression of crypt cell proliferation, the shedding process plays a dominant role over cell proliferation in maintaining homeostasis of enterocyte turnover. These results indicate that RIP1 plays a major role in physiological enterocyte turnover through a RIP3-independent nonapoptotic death mechanism in the mouse small intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosuke Matsuoka
- Department of Medical Genetics, Osaka University Medical School, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
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Kato K, Lillehoj EP, Kim KC. MUC1 regulates epithelial inflammation and apoptosis by PolyI:C through inhibition of Toll/IL-1 receptor-domain-containing adapter-inducing IFN-β (TRIF) recruitment to Toll-like receptor 3. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2014; 51:446-54. [PMID: 24693944 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2014-0018oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
MUC1/Muc1 (MUC1 in humans, Muc1 in animals) is a membrane-tethered mucin expressed by airway epithelial cells and plays an antiinflammatory role during airway bacterial infection. We previously demonstrated that MUC1/Muc1 is a negative regulator of Toll-like receptor (TLR) inflammatory signaling mediated through the myeloid differentiation primary response gene 88 (MyD88) adaptor protein. In the present study, we determined whether MUC1 regulates MyD88-independent TLR signaling mediated through the TLR3-Toll/IL-1 receptor-domain-containing adapter-inducing IFN-β (TRIF) pathway in response to poly(I:C). Compared with MUC1/Muc1-expressing controls, cells deficient in MUC1/Muc1 were more prone to poly(I:C)-induced apoptosis; had increased poly(I:C)-driven activation of caspase-3, caspase-8, IFN regulatory factor-3, and NF-κB; and displayed heightened IFN-β gene expression. MUC1 overexpression by these cells had the opposite effects. Reciprocal coimmunoprecipitation experiments established constitutive TLR3/MUC1-CT (cytoplasmic tail) protein interaction in human embryonic kidney (HEK)293T cells overexpressing the two proteins and in lung epithelial cells expressing the endogenous proteins, the latter of which was confirmed by immunofluorescence colocalization of TLR3 with MUC1-CT. Coimmunoprecipitation studies also revealed that MUC1 overexpression by HEK293T cells reduced poly(I:C)-induced TLR3/TRIF protein interaction. Finally, MUC1 overexpression had no effect on TRIF-dependent auto-activation of TLR3 signaling, suggesting that the site of action of the MUC1-CT in TLR3 signaling is not downstream of TRIF. These data indicate that MUC1-CT counter-regulates apoptotic and inflammatory responses of airway epithelial cell through constitutive association with TLR3, thereby inhibiting poly(I:C)-induced recruitment of TRIF to TLR3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kosuke Kato
- 1 Center for Inflammation, Translational and Clinical Lung Research, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; and
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Stockinger S, Duerr CU, Fulde M, Dolowschiak T, Pott J, Yang I, Eibach D, Bäckhed F, Akira S, Suerbaum S, Brugman M, Hornef MW. TRIF signaling drives homeostatic intestinal epithelial antimicrobial peptide expression. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 193:4223-34. [PMID: 25210121 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1302708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Recent results indicate a significant contribution of innate immune signaling to maintain mucosal homeostasis, but the precise underlying signal transduction pathways are ill-defined. By comparative analysis of intestinal epithelial cells isolated from conventionally raised and germ-free mice, as well as animals deficient in the adaptor molecules MyD88 and TRIF, the TLR3 and TLR4, as well as the type I and III IFN receptors, we demonstrate significant TLR-mediated signaling under homeostatic conditions. Surprisingly, homeostatic expression of Reg3γ and Paneth cell enteric antimicrobial peptides critically relied on TRIF and, in part, TLR3 but was independent of IFN receptor signaling. Reduced antimicrobial peptide expression was associated with significantly lower numbers of Paneth cells and a reduced Paneth cell maturation and differentiation factor expression in TRIF mutant compared with wild-type epithelium. This phenotype was not transferred to TRIF-sufficient germ-free animals during cohousing. Low antimicrobial peptide expression in TRIF-deficient mice caused reduced immediate killing of orally administered bacteria but was not associated with significant alterations in the overall composition of the enteric microbiota. The phenotype was rapidly restored in a TRIF-independent fashion after transient epithelial damage. Our results identify TRIF signaling as a truly homeostatic pathway to maintain intestinal epithelial barrier function revealing fundamental differences in the innate immune signaling between mucosal homeostasis and tissue repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Stockinger
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hospital Epidemiology, Hannover Medical School, D-30625 Hannover, Germany; Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Claudia U Duerr
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hospital Epidemiology, Hannover Medical School, D-30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Marcus Fulde
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hospital Epidemiology, Hannover Medical School, D-30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Tamas Dolowschiak
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hospital Epidemiology, Hannover Medical School, D-30625 Hannover, Germany; Institute of Microbiology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Johanna Pott
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hospital Epidemiology, Hannover Medical School, D-30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Ines Yang
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hospital Epidemiology, Hannover Medical School, D-30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Daniel Eibach
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hospital Epidemiology, Hannover Medical School, D-30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Fredrik Bäckhed
- Wallenberg Laboratory for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, University of Gothenburg, S-405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Shizuo Akira
- Department of Host Defense, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; and
| | - Sebastian Suerbaum
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hospital Epidemiology, Hannover Medical School, D-30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Martijn Brugman
- Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Mathias W Hornef
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hospital Epidemiology, Hannover Medical School, D-30625 Hannover, Germany;
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Lacroix-Lamandé S, Guesdon W, Drouet F, Potiron L, Lantier L, Laurent F. The gut flora is required for the control of intestinal infection by poly(I:C) administration in neonates. Gut Microbes 2014; 5:533-40. [PMID: 24918602 DOI: 10.4161/gmic.29154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
We found that immunostimulation of the intestinal immune system of neonatal mice by poly(I:C) injection decreased intestinal infection by the parasite Cryptosporidium parvum. We showed that the presence of dendritic cells and the cooperation of mutually dependent cytokines, such as IL-12p40, and type I and type II IFNs, were involved in the mechanism of protection induced by poly(I:C). This protection is dependent not only on TLR3-TRIF signaling, but also on the activation of the TLR5-MyD88 pathway by gut microbiota. These results raise the possibility that flagellated intestinal commensal bacteria may, in the presence of natural or synthetic agonists of TLR3, provide synergy between the TRIF and MyD88 signaling pathways, thereby favoring the development of mucosal defenses. In this addendum, we summarize these recent findings and discuss their implications for neonatal infections and immunomodulatory strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Lacroix-Lamandé
- INRA Val de Loire; UMR 1282 Infectiologie et Santé Publique, F-37380; Nouzilly, France; Université François Rabelais; UMR 1282 Infectiologie et Santé Publique, F-37000 ; Tours, France
| | - William Guesdon
- INRA Val de Loire; UMR 1282 Infectiologie et Santé Publique, F-37380; Nouzilly, France; Université François Rabelais; UMR 1282 Infectiologie et Santé Publique, F-37000 ; Tours, France
| | - Françoise Drouet
- INRA Val de Loire; UMR 1282 Infectiologie et Santé Publique, F-37380; Nouzilly, France; Université François Rabelais; UMR 1282 Infectiologie et Santé Publique, F-37000 ; Tours, France
| | - Laurent Potiron
- INRA Val de Loire; UMR 1282 Infectiologie et Santé Publique, F-37380; Nouzilly, France; Université François Rabelais; UMR 1282 Infectiologie et Santé Publique, F-37000 ; Tours, France
| | - Louis Lantier
- INRA Val de Loire; UMR 1282 Infectiologie et Santé Publique, F-37380; Nouzilly, France; Université François Rabelais; UMR 1282 Infectiologie et Santé Publique, F-37000 ; Tours, France
| | - Fabrice Laurent
- INRA Val de Loire; UMR 1282 Infectiologie et Santé Publique, F-37380; Nouzilly, France; Université François Rabelais; UMR 1282 Infectiologie et Santé Publique, F-37000 ; Tours, France
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Araya RE, Jury J, Bondar C, Verdu EF, Chirdo FG. Intraluminal administration of poly I:C causes an enteropathy that is exacerbated by administration of oral dietary antigen. PLoS One 2014; 9:e99236. [PMID: 24915573 PMCID: PMC4051664 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0099236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2013] [Accepted: 05/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Systemic administration of polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (poly I:C), mimics virally-induced activation of TLR3 signalling causing acute small intestine damage, but whether and how mucosal administration of poly I:C causes enteropathy is less clear. Our aim was to investigate the inflammatory pathways elicited after intraluminal administration of poly I:C and determine acute and delayed consequences of this locally induced immune activation. Intraluminal poly I:C induced rapid mucosal immune activation in C57BL/6 mice involving IFNβ and the CXCL10/CXCR3 axis, that may drive inflammation towards a Th1 profile. Intraluminal poly I:C also caused enteropathy and gut dysfunction in gliadin-sensitive NOD-DQ8 mice, and this was prolonged by concomitant oral administration of gliadin. Our results indicate that small intestine pathology can be induced in mice by intraluminal administration of poly I:C and that this is exacerbated by subsequent oral delivery of a relevant dietary antigen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romina E Araya
- Laboratorio de Investigación en el Sistema Inmune- LISIN, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Jennifer Jury
- Division of Gastroenterology, Farncombe Family Digestive Health Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Constanza Bondar
- Laboratorio de Investigación en el Sistema Inmune- LISIN, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Elena F Verdu
- Division of Gastroenterology, Farncombe Family Digestive Health Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Fernando G Chirdo
- Laboratorio de Investigación en el Sistema Inmune- LISIN, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
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Chen G, Korfhagen TR, Karp CL, Impey S, Xu Y, Randell SH, Kitzmiller J, Maeda Y, Haitchi HM, Sridharan A, Senft AP, Whitsett JA. Foxa3 induces goblet cell metaplasia and inhibits innate antiviral immunity. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2014; 189:301-13. [PMID: 24392884 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201306-1181oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Goblet cell metaplasia accompanies common pulmonary disorders that are prone to recurrent viral infections. Mechanisms regulating both goblet cell metaplasia and susceptibility to viral infection associated with chronic lung diseases are incompletely understood. OBJECTIVES We sought to identify the role of the transcription factor FOXA3 in regulation of goblet cell metaplasia and pulmonary innate immunity. METHODS FOXA3 was identified in airways from patients with asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. We produced transgenic mice conditionally expressing Foxa3 in airway epithelial cells and developed human bronchial epithelial cells expressing Foxa3. Foxa3-regulated genes were identified by immunostaining, Western blotting, and RNA analysis. Direct binding of FOXA3 to target genes was identified by chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing correlated with RNA sequencing. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS FOXA3 was highly expressed in airway goblet cells from patients with asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. FOXA3 was induced by either IL-13 or rhinovirus. Foxa3 induced goblet cell metaplasia and enhanced expression of a network of genes mediating mucus production. Paradoxically, FOXA3 inhibited rhinovirus-induced IFN production, IRF-3 phosphorylation, and IKKε expression and inhibited viral clearance and expression of genes required for antiviral defenses, including MDA5, RIG-I, TLR3, IRF7/9, and nuclear factor-κB. CONCLUSIONS FOXA3 induces goblet cell metaplasia in response to infection or Th2 stimulation. Suppression of IFN signaling by FOXA3 provides a plausible mechanism that may serve to limit ongoing Th1 inflammation during the resolution of acute viral infection; however, inhibition of innate immunity by FOXA3 may contribute to susceptibility to viral infections associated with chronic lung disorders accompanied by chronic goblet cell metaplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Chen
- 1 Perinatal Institute, Division of Neonatology, Perinatal and Pulmonary Biology, and
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Does toll-like receptor-3 (TLR-3) have any role in Indian AMD phenotype? Mol Cell Biochem 2014; 393:1-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s11010-014-2040-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2014] [Accepted: 03/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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SORBS2 and TLR3 induce premature senescence in primary human fibroblasts and keratinocytes. BMC Cancer 2013; 13:507. [PMID: 24165198 PMCID: PMC3819711 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-13-507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2013] [Accepted: 09/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Genetic aberrations are required for the progression of HPV-induced cervical precancers. A prerequisite for clonal expansion of cancer cells is unlimited proliferative capacity. In a cell culture model for cervical carcinogenesis loss of genes located on chromosome 4q35→qter and chromosome 10p14-p15 were found to be associated with escape from senescence. Moreover, by LOH and I-FISH analyses a higher frequency of allele loss of these regions was also observed in cervical carcinomas as compared to CIN3. The aim of this study was to identify candidate senescence-related genes located on chromosome 4q35→qter and chromosome 10p14-p15 which may contribute to clonal expansion at the transition of CIN3 to cancer. Methods Microarray expression analyses were used to identify candidate genes down-regulated in cervical carcinomas as compared to CIN3. In order to relate these genes with the process of senescence their respective cDNAs were overexpressed in HPV16-immortalized keratinocytes as well as in primary human fibroblasts and keratinocytes using lentivirus mediated gene transduction. Results Overall fifteen genes located on chromosome 4q35→qter and chromosome 10p14-p15 were identified. Ten of these genes could be validated in biopsies by RT-PCR. Of interest is the novel finding that SORBS2 and TLR3 can induce senescence in primary human fibroblasts and keratinocytes but not in HPV-immortalized cell lines. Intriguingly, the endogenous expression of both genes increases during finite passaging of primary keratinocytes in vitro. Conclusions The relevance of the genes SORBS2 and TLR3 in the process of cellular senescence warrants further investigation. In ongoing experiments we are investigating whether this increase in gene expression is also characteristic of replicative senescence.
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Williams JM, Duckworth CA, Watson AJM, Frey MR, Miguel JC, Burkitt MD, Sutton R, Hughes KR, Hall LJ, Caamaño JH, Campbell BJ, Pritchard DM. A mouse model of pathological small intestinal epithelial cell apoptosis and shedding induced by systemic administration of lipopolysaccharide. Dis Model Mech 2013; 6:1388-99. [PMID: 24046352 PMCID: PMC3820262 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.013284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The gut barrier, composed of a single layer of intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) held together by tight junctions, prevents the entrance of harmful microorganisms, antigens and toxins from the gut lumen into the blood. Small intestinal homeostasis is normally maintained by the rate of shedding of senescent enterocytes from the villus tip exactly matching the rate of generation of new cells in the crypt. However, in various localized and systemic inflammatory conditions, intestinal homeostasis can be disturbed as a result of increased IEC shedding. Such pathological IEC shedding can cause transient gaps to develop in the epithelial barrier and result in increased intestinal permeability. Although pathological IEC shedding has been implicated in the pathogenesis of conditions such as inflammatory bowel disease, our understanding of the underlying mechanisms remains limited. We have therefore developed a murine model to study this phenomenon, because IEC shedding in this species is morphologically analogous to humans. IEC shedding was induced by systemic lipopolysaccharide (LPS) administration in wild-type C57BL/6 mice, and in mice deficient in TNF-receptor 1 (Tnfr1−/−), Tnfr2 (Tnfr2−/−), nuclear factor kappa B1 (Nfκb1−/−) or Nfĸb2 (Nfĸb2−/−). Apoptosis and cell shedding was quantified using immunohistochemistry for active caspase-3, and gut-to-circulation permeability was assessed by measuring plasma fluorescence following fluorescein-isothiocyanate–dextran gavage. LPS, at doses ≥0.125 mg/kg body weight, induced rapid villus IEC apoptosis, with peak cell shedding occurring at 1.5 hours after treatment. This coincided with significant villus shortening, fluid exudation into the gut lumen and diarrhea. A significant increase in gut-to-circulation permeability was observed at 5 hours. TNFR1 was essential for LPS-induced IEC apoptosis and shedding, and the fate of the IECs was also dependent on NFκB, with signaling via NFκB1 favoring cell survival and via NFκB2 favoring apoptosis. This model will enable investigation of the importance and regulation of pathological IEC apoptosis and cell shedding in various diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan M Williams
- Department of Gastroenterology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 3GE, UK
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Egea L, McAllister CS, Lakhdari O, Minev I, Shenouda S, Kagnoff MF. GM-CSF produced by nonhematopoietic cells is required for early epithelial cell proliferation and repair of injured colonic mucosa. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 190:1702-13. [PMID: 23325885 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1202368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
GM-CSF is a growth factor that promotes the survival and activation of macrophages and granulocytes, as well as dendritic cell differentiation and survival in vitro. The mechanism by which exogenous GM-CSF ameliorates the severity of Crohn's disease in humans and colitis in murine models has mainly been considered to reflect its activity on myeloid cells. We used GM-CSF-deficient (GM-CSF(-/-)) mice to probe the functional role of endogenous host-produced GM-CSF in a colitis model induced after injury to the colon epithelium. Dextran sodium sulfate (DSS), at doses that resulted in little epithelial damage and mucosal ulceration in wild type mice, caused marked colon ulceration and delayed ulcer healing in GM-CSF(-/-) mice. Colon crypt epithelial cell proliferation in vivo was significantly decreased in GM-CSF(-/-) mice at early times after DSS injury. This was paralleled by decreased expression of crypt epithelial cell genes involved in cell cycle, proliferation, and wound healing. Decreased crypt cell proliferation and delayed ulcer healing in GM-CSF(-/-) mice were rescued by exogenous GM-CSF, indicating the lack of a developmental abnormality in the epithelial cell proliferative response in those mice. Nonhematopoietic cells, and not myeloid cells, produced the GM-CSF important for colon epithelial proliferation after DSS-induced injury, as revealed by bone marrow chimera and dendritic cell-depletion experiments, with colon epithelial cells being the cellular source of GM-CSF. Endogenous epithelial cell-produced GM-CSF has a novel nonredundant role in facilitating epithelial cell proliferation and ulcer healing in response to injury of the colon crypt epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laia Egea
- Laboratory of Mucosal Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
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