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Wyatt-Johnson SK, Kersey HN, Codocedo JF, Newell KL, Landreth GE, Lamb BT, Oblak AL, Brutkiewicz RR. Control of the temporal development of Alzheimer's disease pathology by the MR1/MAIT cell axis. J Neuroinflammation 2023; 20:78. [PMID: 36944969 PMCID: PMC10029194 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-023-02761-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuroinflammation is an important feature of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Understanding which aspects of the immune system are important in AD may lead to new therapeutic approaches. We study the major histocompatibility complex class I-related immune molecule, MR1, which is recognized by an innate-like T cell population called mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells. METHODS Having found that MR1 gene expression is elevated in the brain tissue of AD patients by mining the Agora database, we sought to examine the role of the MR1/MAIT cell axis in AD pathology. Brain tissue from AD patients and the 5XFAD mouse model of AD were used to analyze MR1 expression through qPCR, immunofluorescence, and flow cytometry. Furthermore, mice deficient in MR1 and MAIT cells were crossed with the 5XFAD mice to produce a model to study how the loss of this innate immune axis alters AD progression. Moreover, 5XFAD mice were also used to study brain-resident MAIT cells over time. RESULTS In tissue samples from AD patients and 5XFAD mice, MR1 expression was substantially elevated in the microglia surrounding plaques vs. those that are further away (human AD: P < 0.05; 5XFAD: P < 0.001). In 5XFAD mice lacking the MR1/MAIT cell axis, the development of amyloid-beta plaque pathology occurred at a significantly slower rate than in those mice with MR1 and MAIT cells. Furthermore, in brain tissue from 5XFAD mice, there was a temporal increase in MAIT cell numbers (P < 0.01) and their activation state, the latter determined by detecting an upregulation of both CD69 (P < 0.05) and the interleukin-2 receptor alpha chain (P < 0.05) via flow cytometry. CONCLUSIONS Together, these data reveal a previously unknown role for the MR1/MAIT cell innate immune axis in AD pathology and its potential utility as a novel therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Season K Wyatt-Johnson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
- Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Holly N Kersey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Juan F Codocedo
- Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Kathy L Newell
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
- Department of Neurology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Gary E Landreth
- Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Bruce T Lamb
- Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Adrian L Oblak
- Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Randy R Brutkiewicz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.
- Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.
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2
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Human iNKT Cells Modulate Macrophage Survival and Phenotype. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10071723. [PMID: 35885028 PMCID: PMC9313099 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10071723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
CD1d-restricted invariant Natural Killer T (iNKT) cells are unconventional innate-like T cells whose functions highly depend on the interactions they establish with other immune cells. Although extensive studies have been reported on the communication between iNKT cells and macrophages in mice, less data is available regarding the relevance of this crosstalk in humans. Here, we dove into the human macrophage-iNKT cell axis by exploring how iNKT cells impact the survival and polarization of pro-inflammatory M1-like and anti-inflammatory M2-like monocyte-derived macrophages. By performing in vitro iNKT cell-macrophage co-cultures followed by flow cytometry analysis, we demonstrated that antigen-stimulated iNKT cells induce a generalized activated state on all macrophage subsets, leading to upregulation of CD40 and CD86 expression. CD40L blocking with a specific monoclonal antibody prior to co-cultures abrogated CD40 and CD86 upregulation, thus indicating that iNKT cells required CD40-CD40L co-stimulation to trigger macrophage activation. In addition, activated iNKT cells were cytotoxic towards macrophages in a CD1d-dependent manner, killing M1-like macrophages more efficiently than their naïve M0 or anti-inflammatory M2-like counterparts. Hence, this work highlighted the role of human iNKT cells as modulators of macrophage survival and phenotype, untangling key features of the human macrophage-iNKT cell axis and opening perspectives for future therapeutic modulation.
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Johnson DN, Ruan Z, Petley EV, Devi S, Holz LE, Uldrich AP, Mak JYW, Hor JL, Mueller SN, McCluskey J, Fairlie DP, Darcy PK, Beavis PA, Heath WR, Godfrey DI. Differential location of NKT and MAIT cells within lymphoid tissue. Sci Rep 2022; 12:4034. [PMID: 35260653 PMCID: PMC8904549 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-07704-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural Killer T (NKT) cells and Mucosal-Associated Invariant T (MAIT) cells are innate-like T cells that express semi-invariant αβ T cell receptors (TCRs) through which they recognise CD1d and MR1 molecules, respectively, in complex with specific ligands. These cells play important roles in health and disease in many organs, but their precise intra-organ location is not well established. Here, using CD1d and MR1 tetramer staining techniques, we describe the precise location of NKT and MAIT cells in lymphoid and peripheral organs. Within the thymus, NKT cells were concentrated in the medullary side of the corticomedullary junction. In spleen and lymph nodes, NKT cells were mainly localised within T cell zones, although following in vivo activation with the potent NKT-cell ligand α-GalCer, they expanded throughout the spleen. MAIT cells were clearly detectable in Vα19 TCR transgenic mice and were rare but detectable in lymphoid tissue of non-transgenic mice. In contrast to NKT cells, MAIT cells were more closely associated with the B cell zone and red pulp of the spleen. Accordingly, we have provided an extensive analysis of the in situ localisation of NKT and MAIT cells and suggest differences between the intra-organ location of these two cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darryl N Johnson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Zheng Ruan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Emma V Petley
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia
| | - Sapna Devi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Lauren E Holz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Adam P Uldrich
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Jeffrey Y W Mak
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Jyh Liang Hor
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Scott N Mueller
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - James McCluskey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - David P Fairlie
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Phillip K Darcy
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Paul A Beavis
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - William R Heath
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Dale I Godfrey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia. .,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia.
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Conventional type 1 dendritic cells protect against age-related adipose tissue dysfunction and obesity. Cell Mol Immunol 2022; 19:260-275. [PMID: 34983945 PMCID: PMC8803960 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-021-00812-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Conventional dendritic cells (cDCs) scan and integrate environmental cues in almost every tissue, including exogenous metabolic signals. While cDCs are critical in maintaining immune balance, their role in preserving energy homeostasis is unclear. Here, we showed that Batf3-deficient mice lacking conventional type 1 DCs (cDC1s) had increased body weight and adiposity during aging. This led to impaired energy expenditure and glucose tolerance, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, and liver steatosis. cDC1 deficiency caused adipose tissue inflammation that was preceded by a paucity of NK1.1+ invariant NKT (iNKT) cells. Accordingly, among antigen-presenting cells, cDC1s exhibited notable induction of IFN-γ production by iNKT cells, which plays a metabolically protective role in lean adipose tissue. Flt3L treatment, which expands the dendritic cell (DC) compartment, mitigated diet-induced obesity and hyperlipidemia in a Batf3-dependent manner. This effect was partially mediated by NK1.1+ cells. These results reveal a new critical role for the cDC1-iNKT cell axis in the regulation of adipose tissue homeostasis.
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5
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Cruz MS, Loureiro JP, Oliveira MJ, Macedo MF. The iNKT Cell-Macrophage Axis in Homeostasis and Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031640. [PMID: 35163561 PMCID: PMC8835952 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells are CD1d-restricted, lipid-reactive T cells that exhibit preponderant immunomodulatory properties. The ultimate protective or deleterious functions displayed by iNKT cells in tissues are known to be partially shaped by the interactions they establish with other immune cells. In particular, the iNKT cell–macrophage crosstalk has gained growing interest over the past two decades. Accumulating evidence has highlighted that this immune axis plays central roles not only in maintaining homeostasis but also during the development of several pathologies. Hence, this review summarizes the reported features of the iNKT cell–macrophage axis in health and disease. We discuss the pathophysiological significance of this interplay and provide an overview of how both cells communicate with each other to regulate disease onset and progression in the context of infection, obesity, sterile inflammation, cancer and autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana S. Cruz
- Cell Activation and Gene Expression Group, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (M.S.C.); (J.P.L.)
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Aveiro (UA), 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - José Pedro Loureiro
- Cell Activation and Gene Expression Group, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (M.S.C.); (J.P.L.)
- Experimental Immunology Group, Department of Biomedicine (DBM), University of Basel and University Hospital Basel, Hebelstrasse 20, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Maria J. Oliveira
- Tumour and Microenvironment Interactions Group, Instituto Nacional de Engenharia Biomédica (INEB), Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal;
- Department of Molecular Biology, ICBAS-Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria Fatima Macedo
- Cell Activation and Gene Expression Group, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; (M.S.C.); (J.P.L.)
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Aveiro (UA), 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
- Correspondence:
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6
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Zhu T, Wang R, Miller H, Westerberg LS, Yang L, Guan F, Lee P, Gong Q, Chen Y, Liu C. The interaction between iNKT cells and B cells. J Leukoc Biol 2021; 111:711-723. [PMID: 34312907 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.6ru0221-095rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Invariant natural killer T cells (iNKTs) bridge the innate immunity with the adaptive immunity and their interaction with B cells has been extensively studied. Here, we give a complete overview of these two cells, from their mechanism of interaction to clinical prospects and existing problems. In our introduction, we describe the relationship between iNKTs and B cells and explore the current research hotspots and future directions. We begin with how B cells interact and benefit from the innate and adaptive help of iNKTs. Next, we describe the multiple roles of these cells in infections, autoimmunity, and cancers. Lastly, we look into the potential immunotherapies that can be based on iNKTs and the possible treatments for infectious, autoimmune, and other diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Zhu
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Rongli Wang
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | | | - Lisa S Westerberg
- Department of Microbiology Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lu Yang
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Fei Guan
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Pamela Lee
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Quan Gong
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Yan Chen
- The Second Department of Pediatrics, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, GuiZhou Province, Zunyi, China
| | - Chaohong Liu
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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7
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Leadbetter EA, Karlsson MCI. Invariant natural killer T cells balance B cell immunity. Immunol Rev 2021; 299:93-107. [PMID: 33438287 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 11/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells mediate rapid immune responses which bridge the gap between innate and adaptive responses to pathogens while also providing key regulation to maintain immune homeostasis. Both types of important iNKT immune responses are mediated through interactions with innate and adaptive B cells. As such, iNKT cells sit at the decision-making fulcrum between regulating inflammatory or autoreactive B cells and supporting protective or regulatory B cell populations. iNKT cells interpret the signals in their environment to set the tone for subsequent adaptive responses, with outcomes ranging from getting licensed to maintain homeostasis as an iNKT regulatory cell (iNKTreg ) or being activated to become an iNKT follicular helper (iNKTFH ) cell supporting pathogen-specific effector B cells. Here we review iNKT and B cell cooperation across the spectrum of immune outcomes, including during allergy and autoimmune disease, tumor surveillance and immunotherapy, or pathogen defense and vaccine responses. Because of their key role as influencers, iNKT cells provide a valuable target for therapeutic interventions. Understanding the nature of the interactions between iNKT and B cells will enable the development of clinical interventions to strategically target regulatory iNKT and B cell populations or inflammatory ones, depending on the circumstance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Leadbetter
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Mikael C I Karlsson
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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8
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Reading the room: iNKT cells influence B cell responses. Mol Immunol 2020; 130:49-54. [PMID: 33360376 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2020.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Rapid immune responses regulated by invariant Natural Killer T (iNKT) cells bridge the gap between innate and adaptive responses to pathogens, while also providing key regulation to maintain immune homeostasis. iNKT immune protection and immune regulation are both mediated through interactions with innate and adaptive B cell populations that express CD1d. Recent studies have expanded our understanding of the position of iNKT cells at the fulcrum between regulating inflammatory and autoreactive B cells. Environmental signals influence iNKT cells to set the tone for subsequent adaptive responses, ranging from maintaining homeostasis as an iNKT regulatory cell (iNKTreg) or supporting pathogen-specific effector B cells as an iNKT follicular helper (iNKTFH). Here we review recent advances in iNKT and B cell cooperation during autoimmunity and sterile inflammation. Understanding the nature of the interactions between iNKT and B cells will enable the development of clinical interventions to strategically target regulatory iNKT and B cell populations or inflammatory ones, across a range of indications.
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Ma J, He P, Zhao C, Ren Q, Dong Z, Qiu J, Jing Y, Liu S, Du Y. A Designed α-GalCer Analog Promotes Considerable Th1 Cytokine Response by Activating the CD1d-iNKT Axis and CD11b-Positive Monocytes/Macrophages. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2020; 7:2000609. [PMID: 32714765 PMCID: PMC7375225 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202000609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Selective helper T cell 1 (Th1) priming agonists are a promising area of investigation for immunotherapeutic treatment of various diseases. α-galactosylceramide (α-GalCer, KRN7000), a well-studied Th1-polarizer, simultaneously induces helper T cell 2 (Th2)-type responses, which is a major drawback for its clinical applications. Based on surflex-docking computation, α-GalCer-diol, with added hydroxyl groups in the acyl chain, is designed and synthesized. Structural analyses reveal stronger affinity between α-GalCer-diol and cluster of differentiation 1d (CD1d), leading to enhanced antigen presentation by dendritic cells (DCs) and self-activation, as reflected by tight binding of the T-cell receptor (TCR)/KRN7000/CD1d ternary complex and elevated production of interleukin 12 (IL-12) and interferon-γ (IFN-γ). Consequently, invariant natural killer T cells (iNKTs) are activated and exhibit an improved Th1-type cytokine profile ex vivo and in vivo. Different from KRN7000, α-GalCer-diol markedly boosts the expansion of the CD11b+ subpopulation and enhances IFN-γ content in CD11b+ cells. These reinforced Th1-type responses collectively endow α-GalCer-diol more robust antitumor activity in a xenograft animal model using B16-F10 melanoma cells. Together, the data demonstrate a new mechanism through which α-GalCer-diol induces stronger Th1-type responses by stimulating CD11b+ leukocyte expansion and DC-conducted CD1d-restricted and TCR-mediated iNKT activation. Hence, this study may facilitate the development of novel Th1 priming agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and EcotoxicologyResearch Center for Eco‐Environmental SciencesChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100085P. R. China
- School of Environmental SciencesUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049P. R. China
| | - Peng He
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and EcotoxicologyResearch Center for Eco‐Environmental SciencesChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100085P. R. China
- School of Chemical SciencesUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049P. R. China
| | - Chuanfang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and EcotoxicologyResearch Center for Eco‐Environmental SciencesChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100085P. R. China
- School of Chemical SciencesUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049P. R. China
| | - Quanzhong Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and EcotoxicologyResearch Center for Eco‐Environmental SciencesChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100085P. R. China
- School of Environmental SciencesUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049P. R. China
| | - Zheng Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and EcotoxicologyResearch Center for Eco‐Environmental SciencesChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100085P. R. China
- School of Environmental SciencesUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049P. R. China
| | - Jiahuang Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and EcotoxicologyResearch Center for Eco‐Environmental SciencesChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100085P. R. China
- School of Environmental SciencesUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049P. R. China
| | - Yang Jing
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and EcotoxicologyResearch Center for Eco‐Environmental SciencesChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100085P. R. China
- National Engineering Research Center for Carbohydrate SynthesisJiangxi Normal UniversityNanchangJiangxi330022China
| | - Sijin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and EcotoxicologyResearch Center for Eco‐Environmental SciencesChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100085P. R. China
- School of Environmental SciencesUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049P. R. China
| | - Yuguo Du
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and EcotoxicologyResearch Center for Eco‐Environmental SciencesChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100085P. R. China
- School of Chemical SciencesUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049P. R. China
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10
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Shirshev SV. Mechanisms of Antiphospholipid Syndrome Induction: Role of NKT Cells. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2019; 84:992-1007. [PMID: 31693459 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297919090025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The review discusses the mechanisms of participation of natural killer T cells (NKT cells) in the induction of antiphospholipid antibodies (APA) that play a major pathogenetic role in the formation of antiphospholipid syndrome (APS), summarizes the data on APS pathogenesis, and presents modern concepts on the antibody formation involving follicular helper type II NK cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- S V Shirshev
- Institute of Ecology and Genetics of Microorganisms, Perm Federal Research Center, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Perm, 614081, Russia.
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11
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Paget C, Trottein F. Mechanisms of Bacterial Superinfection Post-influenza: A Role for Unconventional T Cells. Front Immunol 2019; 10:336. [PMID: 30881357 PMCID: PMC6405625 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the widespread application of vaccination programs and antiviral drug treatments, influenza viruses are still among the most harmful human pathogens. Indeed, influenza results in significant seasonal and pandemic morbidity and mortality. Furthermore, severe bacterial infections can occur in the aftermath of influenza virus infection, and contribute substantially to the excess morbidity and mortality associated with influenza. Here, we review the main features of influenza viruses and current knowledge about the mechanical and immune mechanisms that underlie post-influenza secondary bacterial infections. We present the emerging literature describing the role of "innate-like" unconventional T cells in post-influenza bacterial superinfection. Unconventional T cell populations span the border between the innate and adaptive arms of the immune system, and are prevalent in mucosal tissues (including the airways). They mainly comprise Natural Killer T cells, mucosal-associated invariant T cells and γδ T cells. We provide an overview of the principal functions that these cells play in pulmonary barrier functions and immunity, highlighting their unique ability to sense environmental factors and promote protection against respiratory bacterial infections. We focus on two major opportunistic pathogens involved in superinfections, namely Streptococcus pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus. We discuss mechanisms through which influenza viruses alter the antibacterial activity of unconventional T cells. Lastly, we discuss recent fundamental advances and possible therapeutic approaches in which unconventional T cells would be targeted to prevent post-influenza bacterial superinfections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Paget
- Centre d'Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1100, Tours, France.,Faculty of Medicine, Université de Tours, Tours, France
| | - François Trottein
- U1019-UMR 8204-CIIL-Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, Université de Lille, Lille, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 8204, Lille, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1019, Lille, France.,Centre Hospitalier, Universitaire de Lille, Lille, France.,Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France
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12
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Fu S, Zhu S, Tian C, Bai S, Zhang J, Zhan C, Xie D, Wang L, Li Z, Li J, Zhang H, Zhou R, Tian Z, Xu T, Bai L. Immunometabolism regulates TCR recycling and iNKT cell functions. Sci Signal 2019; 12:12/570/eaau1788. [PMID: 30808817 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aau1788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells are innate-like T lymphocytes that express an invariant T cell receptor (TCR), which recognizes glycolipid antigens presented on CD1d molecules. These cells are phenotypically and functionally distinct from conventional T cells. When we characterized the metabolic activity of iNKT cells, consistent with their activated phenotype, we found that they had much less mitochondrial respiratory capacity but increased glycolytic activity in comparison to naïve conventional CD4+ T cells. After TCR engagement, iNKT cells further increased aerobic glycolysis, which was important for the expression of interferon-γ (IFN-γ). Glycolytic metabolism promoted the translocation of hexokinase-II to mitochondria and the activation of mammalian target of rapamycin complex 2 (mTORC2). Inhibiting glycolysis reduced the activity of Akt and PKCθ, which inhibited TCR recycling and accumulation within the immune synapse. Diminished TCR accumulation in the immune synapse reduced the activation of proximal and distal TCR signaling pathways and IFN-γ production in activated iNKT cells. Our studies demonstrate that glycolytic metabolism augments TCR signaling duration and IFN-γ production in iNKT cells by increasing TCR recycling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sicheng Fu
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China.,Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Hefei 230027, China
| | - Shasha Zhu
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, China.,Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health and Genetics, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, China
| | - Chenxi Tian
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China.,Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Hefei 230027, China
| | - Shiyu Bai
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China.,Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Hefei 230027, China
| | - Jiqian Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, China
| | - Chonglun Zhan
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China.,Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Hefei 230027, China
| | - Di Xie
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China.,Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Hefei 230027, China
| | - Lu Wang
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China.,Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Hefei 230027, China
| | - Zonghong Li
- National Key Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Jie Li
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
| | - Huimin Zhang
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China.,Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Hefei 230027, China
| | - Rongbin Zhou
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China.,Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Hefei 230027, China
| | - Zhigang Tian
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
| | - Tao Xu
- National Key Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Li Bai
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China. .,Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Hefei 230027, China
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13
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Jensen IJ, Sjaastad FV, Griffith TS, Badovinac VP. Sepsis-Induced T Cell Immunoparalysis: The Ins and Outs of Impaired T Cell Immunity. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2019; 200:1543-1553. [PMID: 29463691 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1701618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Sepsis results in a deluge of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines, leading to lymphopenia and chronic immunoparalysis. Sepsis-induced long-lasting immunoparalysis is defined, in part, by impaired CD4 and CD8 αβ T cell responses in the postseptic environment. The dysfunction in T cell immunity affects naive, effector, and memory T cells and is not restricted to classical αβ T cells. Although sepsis-induced severe and transient lymphopenia is a contributory factor to diminished T cell immunity, T cell-intrinsic and -extrinsic factors/mechanisms also contribute to impaired T cell function. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge of how sepsis quantitatively and qualitatively impairs CD4 and CD8 T cell immunity of classical and nonclassical T cell subsets and discuss current therapeutic approaches being developed to boost the recovery of T cell immunity postsepsis induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac J Jensen
- Interdisciplinary Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
| | - Frances V Sjaastad
- Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology Ph.D. Program, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Thomas S Griffith
- Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology Ph.D. Program, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455.,Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455.,Department of Urology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455.,Minneapolis VA Health Care System, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Vladimir P Badovinac
- Interdisciplinary Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242; .,Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242; and.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
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14
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Virtual memory CD8 T cells expanded by helminth infection confer broad protection against bacterial infection. Mucosal Immunol 2019; 12:258-264. [PMID: 30361537 PMCID: PMC6301144 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-018-0100-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2018] [Revised: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 09/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Epidemiological data and animal studies suggest that helminth infection exerts potent immunomodulatory effects that dampen host immunity against unrelated pathogens. Despite this notion, we unexpectedly discovered that prior helminth infection resulted in enhanced protection against subsequent systemic and enteric bacterial infection. A population of virtual memory CD8 T (CD8 TVM) cells underwent marked expansion upon infection with the helminth Heligmosomoides polygurus by an IL-4-regulated, antigen-independent mechanism. CD8 TVM cells disseminated to secondary lymphoid organs and established a major population of the systemic CD8 T cell pool. IL-4 production elicited by protein immunization or selective activation of natural killer T cells also results in the expansion of CD8 TVM cells. Notably, CD8 TVM cells expanded by helminth infection are sufficient to transfer innate non-cognate protection against bacteria to naïve animals. This innate non-cognate "collateral protection" mediated by CD8 TVM might provide parasitized animals an advantage against subsequent unrelated infections, and represents a potential novel strategy for vaccination.
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15
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Kim EY, Oldham WM. Innate T cells in the intensive care unit. Mol Immunol 2019; 105:213-223. [PMID: 30554082 PMCID: PMC6331274 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2018.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Revised: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 09/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Rapid onset of acute inflammation is a hallmark of critical illnesses that bring patients to the intensive care unit (ICU). In critical illness, innate T cells rapidly reach full activation and drive a robust acute inflammatory response. As "cellular adjuvants," innate T cells worsen inflammation and mortality in several common critical illnesses including sepsis, ischemia-reperfusion injury, stroke, and exacerbations of respiratory disease. Interestingly, innate T cell subsets can also promote a protective and anti-inflammatory response in sepsis, ischemia-reperfusion injury, and asthma. Therapies that target innate T cells have been validated in several models of critical illness. Here, we review the role of natural killer T (NKT) cells, mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells and γδ T cells in clinical and experimental critical illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edy Yong Kim
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Boston, MA, 02115, United States; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, United States.
| | - William M Oldham
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Boston, MA, 02115, United States; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, United States
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16
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Cortesi F, Delfanti G, Casorati G, Dellabona P. The Pathophysiological Relevance of the iNKT Cell/Mononuclear Phagocyte Crosstalk in Tissues. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2375. [PMID: 30369933 PMCID: PMC6194905 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
CD1d-restricted Natural Killer T (NKT) cells are regarded as sentinels of tissue integrity by sensing local cell stress and damage. This occurs via recognition of CD1d-restricted lipid antigens, generated by stress-related metabolic changes, and stimulation by inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-12 and IL-18. Increasing evidence suggest that this occurs mainly upon NKT cell interaction with CD1d-expressing cells of the Mononuclear Phagocytic System, i.e., monocytes, macrophages and DCs, which patrol parenchymatous organs and mucosae to maintain tissue homeostasis and immune surveillance. In this review, we discuss critical examples of this crosstalk, presenting the known underlying mechanisms and their effects on both cell types and the environment, and suggest that the interaction with CD1d-expressing mononuclear phagocytes in tissues is the fundamental job of NKT cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filippo Cortesi
- Experimental Immunology Unit, Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Gloria Delfanti
- Experimental Immunology Unit, Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.,Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Giulia Casorati
- Experimental Immunology Unit, Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Paolo Dellabona
- Experimental Immunology Unit, Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
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17
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Trottein F, Paget C. Natural Killer T Cells and Mucosal-Associated Invariant T Cells in Lung Infections. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1750. [PMID: 30116242 PMCID: PMC6082944 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune system has been traditionally divided into two arms called innate and adaptive immunity. Typically, innate immunity refers to rapid defense mechanisms that set in motion within minutes to hours following an insult. Conversely, the adaptive immune response emerges after several days and relies on the innate immune response for its initiation and subsequent outcome. However, the recent discovery of immune cells displaying merged properties indicates that this distinction is not mutually exclusive. These populations that span the innate-adaptive border of immunity comprise, among others, CD1d-restricted natural killer T cells and MR1-restricted mucosal-associated invariant T cells. These cells have the unique ability to swiftly activate in response to non-peptidic antigens through their T cell receptor and/or to activating cytokines in order to modulate many aspects of the immune response. Despite they recirculate all through the body via the bloodstream, these cells mainly establish residency at barrier sites including lungs. Here, we discuss the current knowledge into the biology of these cells during lung (viral and bacterial) infections including activation mechanisms and functions. We also discuss future strategies targeting these cell types to optimize immune responses against respiratory pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- François Trottein
- Univ. Lille, U1019 – UMR 8204 – CIIL – Centre d’Infection et d’Immunité de Lille, Lille, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 8204, Lille, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1019, Lille, France
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Lille, Lille, France
- Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Christophe Paget
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1100, Centre d’Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires (CEPR), Tours, France
- Université de Tours, Tours, France
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18
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Doherty DG, Melo AM, Moreno-Olivera A, Solomos AC. Activation and Regulation of B Cell Responses by Invariant Natural Killer T Cells. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1360. [PMID: 29967611 PMCID: PMC6015876 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
CD1d-restricted invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells play central roles in the activation and regulation of innate and adaptive immunity. Cytokine-mediated and CD1d-dependent interactions between iNKT cells and myeloid and lymphoid cells enable iNKT cells to contribute to the activation of multiple cell types, with important impacts on host immunity to infection and tumors and on the prevention of autoimmunity. Here, we review the mechanisms by which iNKT cells contribute to B cell maturation, antibody and cytokine production, and antigen presentation. Cognate interactions with B cells contribute to the rapid production of antibodies directed against conserved non-protein antigens resulting in rapid but short-lived innate humoral immunity. iNKT cells can also provide non-cognate help for the generation of antibodies directed against protein antigens, by promoting the activation of follicular helper T cells, resulting in long-lasting adaptive humoral immunity and B cell memory. iNKT cells can also regulate humoral immunity by promoting the development of autoreactive B cells into regulatory B cells. Depletions and functional impairments of iNKT cells are found in patients with infectious, autoimmune and malignant diseases associated with altered B cell function and in murine models of these conditions. The adjuvant and regulatory activities that iNKT cells have for B cells makes them attractive therapeutic targets for these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek G Doherty
- Discipline of Immunology, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Ashanty M Melo
- Discipline of Immunology, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Ana Moreno-Olivera
- Discipline of Immunology, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Andreas C Solomos
- Discipline of Immunology, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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19
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Fujii SI, Yamasaki S, Sato Y, Shimizu K. Vaccine Designs Utilizing Invariant NKT-Licensed Antigen-Presenting Cells Provide NKT or T Cell Help for B Cell Responses. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1267. [PMID: 29915600 PMCID: PMC5995044 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccines against a variety of infectious diseases have been developed and tested. Although there have been some notable successes, most are less than optimal or have failed outright. There has been discussion about whether either B cells or dendritic cells (DCs) could be useful for the development of antimicrobial vaccines with the production of high titers of antibodies. Invariant (i)NKT cells have direct antimicrobial effects as well as adjuvant activity, and iNKT-stimulated antigen-presenting cells (APCs) can determine the form of the ensuing humoral and cellular immune responses. In fact, upon activation by ligand, iNKT cells can stimulate both B cells and DCs as via either cognate or non-cognate help. iNKT-licensed DCs generate antigen-specific follicular helper CD4+ T cells, which in turn stimulate B cells, thus leading to long-term antigen-specific antibody production. Follicular helper iNKT cell-licensed B cells generally produce rapid, but short-term antibody. However, under some conditions in the presence of Th cells, the antibody production can be prolonged. With regards to humoral immunity, the quality and quantity of Ab produced depends on the APC type and the form of the vaccine. In terms of cellular immunity and, in particular, the induction of cytotoxic CD8+ T cells, iNKT-licensed DCs show prominent activity. In this review, we discuss differences in iNKT-stimulated APC types and the quality of the ensuing immune response, and also discuss their application in vaccine models to develop successful preventive immunotherapy against infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin-Ichiro Fujii
- Laboratory for Immunotherapy, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences (IMS), Yokohama, Japan
| | - Satoru Yamasaki
- Laboratory for Immunotherapy, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences (IMS), Yokohama, Japan
| | - Yusuke Sato
- Laboratory for Immunotherapy, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences (IMS), Yokohama, Japan
| | - Kanako Shimizu
- Laboratory for Immunotherapy, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences (IMS), Yokohama, Japan
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20
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21
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Chen Z, Zhu S, Wang L, Xie D, Zhang H, Li X, Zheng X, Du Z, Li J, Bai L. Memory Follicular Helper Invariant NKT Cells Recognize Lipid Antigens on Memory B Cells and Elicit Antibody Recall Responses. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 200:3117-3127. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1701026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 03/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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22
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Kwon DI, Lee YJ. Lineage Differentiation Program of Invariant Natural Killer T Cells. Immune Netw 2017; 17:365-377. [PMID: 29302250 PMCID: PMC5746607 DOI: 10.4110/in.2017.17.6.365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2017] [Revised: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells are innate T cells restricted by CD1d molecules. They are positively selected in the thymic cortex and migrate to the medullary area, in which they differentiate into 3 different lineages. Promyelocytic leukemia zinc finger (PLZF) modulates this process, and PLZFhigh, PLZFintermediate, and PLZFlow iNKT cells are designated as NKT2, NKT17, and NKT1 cells, respectively. Analogous to conventional helper CD4 T cells, each subset expresses distinct combinations of transcription factors and produces different cytokines. In lymphoid organs, iNKT subsets have unique localizations, which determine their cytokine responses upon antigenic challenge. The lineage differentiation programs of iNKT cells are differentially regulated in various mice strains in a cell-intrinsic manner, and BALB/c mice contain a high frequency of NKT2 cells. In the thymic medulla, steady state IL-4 from NKT2 cells directly conditions CD8 T cells to become memory-like cells expressing Eomesodermin, which function as premade memory effectors. The genetic signature of iNKT cells is more similar to that of γδ T cells and innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) than of conventional helper T cells, suggesting that ILCs and innate T cells share common developmental programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Il Kwon
- Academy of Immunology and Microbiology, Institute for Basic Science, Pohang 37673, Korea.,Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 37673, Korea
| | - You Jeong Lee
- Academy of Immunology and Microbiology, Institute for Basic Science, Pohang 37673, Korea.,Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 37673, Korea
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23
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Speir M, Hermans IF, Weinkove R. Engaging Natural Killer T Cells as 'Universal Helpers' for Vaccination. Drugs 2017; 77:1-15. [PMID: 28005229 DOI: 10.1007/s40265-016-0675-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Conventional vaccine adjuvants enhance peptide-specific T-cell and B-cell responses by modifying peptide stability or uptake or by binding to pattern-recognition receptors on antigen-presenting cells (APCs). This article discusses the application of a distinct mechanism of adjuvant activity: the activation of type I, or invariant, natural killer T (iNKT) cells to drive cellular and humoral immune responses. Using a semi-invariant T-cell receptor (TCR), iNKT cells recognize glycolipid antigens presented on cluster of differentiation (CD)-1d molecules. When their ligands are presented in concert with peptides, iNKT cells can provide T-cell help, 'licensing' APCs to augment peptide-specific T-cell and antibody responses. We discuss the potential benefits and limitations of exploiting iNKT cells as 'universal helpers' to enhance vaccine responses for the treatment and prevention of cancer and infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Speir
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, PO Box 7060, Wellington, 6242, New Zealand
| | - Ian F Hermans
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, PO Box 7060, Wellington, 6242, New Zealand. .,School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University Wellington, PO Box 600, Wellington, 6140, New Zealand. .,Maurice Wilkins Centre, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand.
| | - Robert Weinkove
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, PO Box 7060, Wellington, 6242, New Zealand. .,Wellington Blood and Cancer Centre, Wellington Hospital, Private Bag 7902, Wellington, 6242, New Zealand. .,Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, University of Otago Wellington, Wellington, 6021, New Zealand.
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24
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Baglaenko Y, Cruz Tleugabulova M, Gracey E, Talaei N, Manion KP, Chang NH, Ferri DM, Mallevaey T, Wither JE. Invariant NKT Cell Activation Is Potentiated by Homotypic trans-Ly108 Interactions. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 198:3949-3962. [PMID: 28373584 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1601369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Invariant NKT (iNKT) cells are innate lymphocytes that respond to glycolipids presented by the MHC class Ib molecule CD1d and are rapidly activated to produce large quantities of cytokines and chemokines. iNKT cell development uniquely depends on interactions between double-positive thymocytes that provide key homotypic interactions between signaling lymphocyte activation molecule (SLAM) family members. However, the role of SLAM receptors in the differentiation of iNKT cell effector subsets and activation has not been explored. In this article, we show that C57BL/6 mice containing the New Zealand Black Slam locus have profound alterations in Ly108, CD150, and Ly9 expression that is associated with iNKT cell hyporesponsiveness. This loss of function was only apparent when dendritic cells and iNKT cells had a loss of SLAM receptor expression. Using small interfering RNA knockdowns and peptide-blocking strategies, we demonstrated that trans-Ly108 interactions between dendritic cells and iNKT cells are critical for robust activation. LY108 costimulation similarly increased human iNKT cell activation. Thus, in addition to its established role in iNKT cell ontogeny, Ly108 regulates iNKT cell function in mice and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuriy Baglaenko
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario M5T 2S8, Canada.,Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada; and
| | | | - Eric Gracey
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario M5T 2S8, Canada.,Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada; and
| | - Nafiseh Talaei
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario M5T 2S8, Canada.,Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada; and
| | - Kieran Patricia Manion
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario M5T 2S8, Canada.,Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada; and
| | - Nan-Hua Chang
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario M5T 2S8, Canada
| | - Dario Michael Ferri
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario M5T 2S8, Canada.,Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada; and
| | - Thierry Mallevaey
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada; and
| | - Joan E Wither
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario M5T 2S8, Canada; .,Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada; and.,Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
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25
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Hägglöf T, Sedimbi SK, Yates JL, Parsa R, Salas BH, Harris RA, Leadbetter EA, Karlsson MCI. Neutrophils license iNKT cells to regulate self-reactive mouse B cell responses. Nat Immunol 2016; 17:1407-1414. [PMID: 27798616 DOI: 10.1038/ni.3583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The innate responsiveness of the immune system is important not only for quick responses to pathogens but also for the initiation and shaping of the subsequent adaptive immune response. Activation via the cytokine IL-18, a product of inflammasomes, gives rise to a rapid response that includes the production of self-reactive antibodies. As increased concentrations of this cytokine are found in inflammatory diseases, we investigated the origin of the B cell response and its regulation. We identified an accumulation of B cell-helper neutrophils in the spleen that interacted with innate-type invariant natural killer T cells (iNKT cells) to regulate B cell responses. We found that neutrophil-dependent expression of the death-receptor ligand FasL by iNKT cells was needed to restrict autoantibody production. Neutrophils can thus license iNKT cells to regulate potentially harmful autoreactive B cell responses during inflammasome-driven inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Hägglöf
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
| | - Saikiran K Sedimbi
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
| | | | - Roham Parsa
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Centre for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital at Solna, Solna, Sweden
| | - Briana Hauff Salas
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Robert A Harris
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Centre for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital at Solna, Solna, Sweden
| | - Elizabeth A Leadbetter
- Trudeau Institute, Saranac Lake, New York, USA.,Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Mikael C I Karlsson
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
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Kharkwal SS, Arora P, Porcelli SA. Glycolipid activators of invariant NKT cells as vaccine adjuvants. Immunogenetics 2016; 68:597-610. [PMID: 27377623 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-016-0925-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Natural Killer T cells (NKT cells) are a subpopulation of T lymphocytes with unique phenotypic properties and a remarkably broad range of immune effector and regulatory functions. One subset of these cells, known as invariant NKT cells (iNKT cells), has become a significant focus in the search for new and better ways to enhance immunotherapies and vaccination. These unconventional T cells are characterized by their ability to be specifically activated by a range of foreign and self-derived glycolipid antigens presented by CD1d, an MHC class I-related antigen presenting molecule that has evolved to bind and present lipid antigens. The development of synthetic α-galactosylceramides as a family of powerful glycolipid agonists for iNKT cells has led to approaches for augmenting a wide variety of immune responses, including those involved in vaccination against infections and cancers. Here we review the basic background biology of iNKT cells that is relevant to their potential for improving immune responses, and summarize recent work supporting the further development of glycolipid activators of iNKT cells as a new class of vaccine adjuvants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shalu Sharma Kharkwal
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
| | - Pooja Arora
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
| | - Steven A Porcelli
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA.
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Fukui R, Kanno A, Miyake K. Type I IFN Contributes to the Phenotype of Unc93b1D34A/D34A Mice by Regulating TLR7 Expression in B Cells and Dendritic Cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 196:416-27. [PMID: 26621862 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1500071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Accepted: 10/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
TLR7 recognizes pathogen-derived and self-derived RNA, and thus a regulatory system for control of the TLR7 response is required to avoid excessive activation. Unc93 homolog B1 (Unc93B1) is a regulator of TLR7 that controls the TLR7 response by transporting TLR7 from the endoplasmic reticulum to endolysosomes. We have previously shown that a D34A mutation in Unc93B1 induces hyperactivation of TLR7, and that Unc93b1(D34A/D34A) mice (D34A mice) have systemic inflammation spontaneously. In this study, we examined the roles of inflammatory cytokines such as IFN-γ, IL-17A, and type I IFNs to understand the mechanism underlying the phenotype in D34A mice. mRNAs for IFN-γ and IL-I7A in CD4(+) T cells increased, but inflammatory phenotype manifesting as thrombocytopenia and splenomegaly was still observed in Ifng(-/-) or Il17a(-/-) D34A mice. In contrast to T cell-derived cytokines, Ifnar1(-/-) D34A mice showed an ameliorated phenotype with lower expression of TLR7 in B cells and conventional dendritic cells (cDCs). The amount of TLR7 decreased in B cells from Ifnar1(-/-) D34A mice, but the percentage of TLR7(+) cells decreased among CD8α(-) cDCs. In conclusion, type I IFNs maintain expression of TLR7 in B cells and cDCs in different ways; total amount of TLR7 is kept in B cells and TLR7(+) population is retained among cDCs. Our results suggested that these TLR7-expressing cells are activated initially and influence TLR7-dependent systemic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryutaro Fukui
- Division of Innate Immunity, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan; and
| | - Atsuo Kanno
- Division of Innate Immunity, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan; and Laboratory of Innate Immunity, Center for Experimental Medicine and Systems Biology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Kensuke Miyake
- Division of Innate Immunity, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan; and Laboratory of Innate Immunity, Center for Experimental Medicine and Systems Biology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
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28
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Ushida M, Iyoda T, Kanamori M, Watarai H, Takahara K, Inaba K. In vivo and in vitro analyses of α-galactosylceramide uptake by conventional dendritic cell subsets using its fluorescence-labeled derivative. Immunol Lett 2015; 168:300-5. [PMID: 26481266 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2015.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Revised: 10/12/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Conventional dendritic cells (cDCs) present α-galactosylceramide (αGC) to invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells through CD1d. Among cDC subsets, CD8(+) DCs efficiently induce IFN-γ production in iNKT cells. Using fluorescence-labeled αGC, we showed that CD8(+) DCs incorporated larger amounts of αGC and kept it intact longer than CD8(-) DCs. Histological analyses revealed that Langerin(+)CD8(+) DCs in the splenic marginal zone, which was the unique equipment to capture blood-borne antigens, preferably incorporated αGC, and the depletion of Langerin(+) cells decreased IFN-γ and IL-12 production in response to αGC. Furthermore, splenic Langerin(+)CD8(+) DCs expressed more membrane-bound CXCL16, which possibly anchored iNKT cells in the marginal zone, than CD8(-) DCs. Collectively, it is suggested that the cellular properties and localization of CD8(+) DCs are important for stimulation of iNKT cells by αGC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maki Ushida
- Department of Animal Development and Physiology, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Konoe, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Tomonori Iyoda
- Department of Animal Development and Physiology, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Konoe, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Mitsuhiro Kanamori
- Department of Animal Development and Physiology, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Konoe, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Watarai
- Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1, Shirokanedai, Minato, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Takahara
- Department of Animal Development and Physiology, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Konoe, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.
| | - Kayo Inaba
- Department of Animal Development and Physiology, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Konoe, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
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29
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30
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Cognate interaction with iNKT cells expands IL-10-producing B regulatory cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:12474-9. [PMID: 26392556 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1504790112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Successful induction of B-cell activation and memory depends on help from CD4+ T cells. Invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells (glycolipid-specific, CD1d-restricted innate lymphocytes) provide both cognate (direct) and noncognate (indirect) helper signals to enhance B-cell responses. Both forms of iNKT-cell help induce primary humoral immune responses, but only noncognate iNKT-cell help drives humoral memory and plasma cells. Here, we show that iNKT cognate help for B cells is fundamentally different from the help provided by conventional CD4+ T cells. Cognate iNKT-cell help drives an early, unsustained germinal center B-cell expansion, less reduction of T follicular regulatory cells, an expansion of marginal zone B cells, and early increases in regulatory IL-10-producing B-cell numbers compared with noncognate activation. These results are consistent with a mechanism whereby iNKT cells preferentially provide an innate form of help that does not generate humoral memory and has important implications for the application of glycolipid molecules as vaccine adjuvants.
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31
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Lee YJ, Wang H, Starrett GJ, Phuong V, Jameson SC, Hogquist KA. Tissue-Specific Distribution of iNKT Cells Impacts Their Cytokine Response. Immunity 2015; 43:566-78. [PMID: 26362265 PMCID: PMC4575275 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2015.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 228] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2015] [Revised: 06/25/2015] [Accepted: 06/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Three subsets of invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells have been identified, NKT1, NKT2, and NKT17, which produce distinct cytokines when stimulated, but little is known about their localization. Here, we have defined the anatomic localization and systemic distribution of these subsets and measured their cytokine production. Thymic NKT2 cells that produced interleukin-4 (IL-4) at steady state were located in the medulla and conditioned medullary thymocytes. NKT2 cells were abundant in the mesenteric lymph node (LN) of BALB/c mice and produced IL-4 in the T cell zone that conditioned other lymphocytes. Intravenous injection of α-galactosylceramide activated NKT1 cells with vascular access, but not LN or thymic NKT cells, resulting in systemic interferon-γ and IL-4 production, while oral α-galactosylceramide activated NKT2 cells in the mesenteric LN, resulting in local IL-4 release. These findings indicate that the localization of iNKT cells governs their cytokine response both at steady state and upon activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- You Jeong Lee
- The Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Haiguang Wang
- The Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Gabriel J Starrett
- Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics Department, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Vanessa Phuong
- Public Health Studies and Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Stephen C Jameson
- The Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Kristin A Hogquist
- The Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
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32
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Osmond TL, Farrand KJ, Painter GF, Ruedl C, Petersen TR, Hermans IF. Activated NKT Cells Can Condition Different Splenic Dendritic Cell Subsets To Respond More Effectively to TLR Engagement and Enhance Cross-Priming. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 195:821-31. [PMID: 26078270 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1401751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2014] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The function of dendritic cells (DCs) can be modulated through multiple signals, including recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns, as well as signals provided by rapidly activated leukocytes in the local environment, such as innate-like T cells. In this article, we addressed the possibility that the roles of different murine DC subsets in cross-priming CD8(+) T cells can change with the nature and timing of activatory stimuli. We show that CD8α(+) DCs play a critical role in cross-priming CD8(+) T cell responses to circulating proteins that enter the spleen in close temporal association with ligands for TLRs and/or compounds that activate NKT cells. However, if NKT cells are activated first, then CD8α(-) DCs become conditioned to respond more vigorously to TLR ligation, and if triggered directly, these cells can also contribute to priming of CD8(+) T cell responses. In fact, the initial activation of NKT cells can condition multiple DC subsets to respond more effectively to TLR ligation, with plasmacytoid DCs making more IFN-α and both CD8α(+) and CD8α(-) DCs manufacturing more IL-12. These results suggest that different DC subsets can contribute to T cell priming if provided appropriately phased activatory stimuli, an observation that could be factored into the design of more effective vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taryn L Osmond
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington 6242, New Zealand; School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington 6012, New Zealand
| | - Kathryn J Farrand
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington 6242, New Zealand
| | - Gavin F Painter
- The Ferrier Research Institute, Victoria University of Wellington, Lower Hutt 5010, New Zealand; and
| | - Christiane Ruedl
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551
| | - Troels R Petersen
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington 6242, New Zealand
| | - Ian F Hermans
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington 6242, New Zealand; School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington 6012, New Zealand;
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33
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Slauenwhite D, Johnston B. Regulation of NKT Cell Localization in Homeostasis and Infection. Front Immunol 2015; 6:255. [PMID: 26074921 PMCID: PMC4445310 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2015] [Accepted: 05/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural killer T (NKT) cells are a specialized subset of T lymphocytes that regulate immune responses in the context of autoimmunity, cancer, and microbial infection. Lipid antigens derived from bacteria, parasites, and fungi can be presented by CD1d molecules and recognized by the canonical T cell receptors on NKT cells. Alternatively, NKT cells can be activated through recognition of self-lipids and/or pro-inflammatory cytokines generated during infection. Unlike conventional T cells, only a small subset of NKT cells traffic through the lymph nodes under homeostatic conditions, with the largest NKT cell populations localizing to the liver, lungs, spleen, and bone marrow. This is thought to be mediated by differences in chemokine receptor expression profiles. However, the impact of infection on the tissue localization and function of NKT remains largely unstudied. This review focuses on the mechanisms mediating the establishment of peripheral NKT cell populations during homeostasis and how tissue localization of NKT cells is affected during infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Drew Slauenwhite
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University , Halifax, NS , Canada
| | - Brent Johnston
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University , Halifax, NS , Canada ; Department of Pediatrics, Dalhousie University , Halifax, NS , Canada ; Department of Pathology, Dalhousie University , Halifax, NS , Canada ; Beatrice Hunter Cancer Research Institute , Halifax, NS , Canada
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34
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Liew PX, Kubes P. Intravital imaging - dynamic insights into natural killer T cell biology. Front Immunol 2015; 6:240. [PMID: 26042123 PMCID: PMC4438604 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 05/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer T (NKT) cells were first recognized more than two decades ago as a separate and distinct lymphocyte lineage that modulates an expansive range of immune responses. As innate immune cells, NKT cells are activated early during inflammation and infection, and can subsequently stimulate or suppress the ensuing immune response. As a result, researchers hope to harness the immunomodulatory properties of NKT cells to treat a variety of diseases. However, many questions still remain unanswered regarding the biology of NKT cells, including how these cells traffic from the thymus to peripheral organs and how they play such contrasting roles in different immune responses and diseases. In this new era of intravital fluorescence microscopy, we are now able to employ this powerful tool to provide quantitative and dynamic insights into NKT cell biology including cellular dynamics, patrolling, and immunoregulatory functions with exquisite resolution. This review will highlight and discuss recent studies that use intravital imaging to understand the spectrum of NKT cell behavior in a variety of animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Xiong Liew
- Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary , Calgary, AB , Canada
| | - Paul Kubes
- Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary , Calgary, AB , Canada
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35
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Abstract
The immune system can be divided into innate and adaptive components that differ in their rate and mode of cellular activation, with innate immune cells being the first responders to invading pathogens. Recent advances in the identification and characterization of innate lymphoid cells have revealed reiterative developmental programs that result in cells with effector fates that parallel those of adaptive lymphoid cells and are tailored to effectively eliminate a broad spectrum of pathogenic challenges. However, activation of these cells can also be associated with pathologies such as autoimmune disease. One major distinction between innate and adaptive immune system cells is the constitutive expression of ID proteins in the former and inducible expression in the latter. ID proteins function as antagonists of the E protein transcription factors that play critical roles in lymphoid specification as well as B- and T-lymphocyte development. In this review, we examine the transcriptional mechanisms controlling the development of innate lymphocytes, including natural killer cells and the recently identified innate lymphoid cells (ILC1, ILC2, and ILC3), and innate-like lymphocytes, including natural killer T cells, with an emphasis on the known requirements for the ID proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihalis Verykokakis
- Committee on Immunology and Department of Pathology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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36
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Moving to the suburbs: T-cell positioning within lymph nodes during activation and memory. Immunol Cell Biol 2015; 93:330-6. [PMID: 25753266 DOI: 10.1038/icb.2015.29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Revised: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Lymph nodes are highly organized secondary lymphoid structures crucial for the initiation of immune responses. Naive T cells are strategically located within lymph nodes to optimize their encounter with antigen-loaded dendritic cells. Recent advances in 3D lymph node imaging and tissue reconstruction along with methods for the detection of chemokine expression and gradients have highlighted how T cells position themselves during activation and memory responses. This article covers new insights into the guidance mechanisms that co-ordinate T-cell responses within draining lymph nodes. Furthering our understanding of how these pathways are regulated and promoted will lead to the exploitation of T-cell positioning to further strategize vaccine design.
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37
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Chaudhry MS, Karadimitris A. Role and regulation of CD1d in normal and pathological B cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 193:4761-8. [PMID: 25381357 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1401805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
CD1d is a nonpolymorphic, MHC class I-like molecule that presents phospholipid and glycosphingolipid Ags to a subset of CD1d-restricted T cells called invariant NKT (iNKT) cells. This CD1d-iNKT cell axis regulates nearly all aspects of both the innate and adaptive immune responses. Expression of CD1d on B cells is suggestive of the ability of these cells to present Ag to, and form cognate interactions with, iNKT cells. In this article, we summarize key evidence regarding the role and regulation of CD1d in normal B cells and in humoral immunity. We then extend the discussion to B cell disorders, with emphasis on autoimmune disease, viral infection, and neoplastic transformation of B lineage cells, in which CD1d expression can be altered as a mechanism of immune evasion and can have both diagnostic and prognostic importance. Finally, we highlight current and future therapeutic strategies that aim to target the CD1d-iNKT cell axis in B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed S Chaudhry
- Centre for Haematology, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom
| | - Anastasios Karadimitris
- Centre for Haematology, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom
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38
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Ivanov S, Paget C, Trottein F. Role of non-conventional T lymphocytes in respiratory infections: the case of the pneumococcus. PLoS Pathog 2014; 10:e1004300. [PMID: 25299581 PMCID: PMC4192596 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-conventional T lymphocytes constitute a special arm of the immune system and act as sentinels against pathogens at mucosal surfaces. These non-conventional T cells (including mucosal-associated invariant T [MAIT] cells, gamma delta [γδ] T cells, and natural killer T [NKT] cells) display several innate cell-like features and are rapidly activated by the recognition of conserved, stress-induced, self, and microbial ligands. Here, we review the role of non-conventional T cells during respiratory infections, with a particular focus on the encapsulated extracellular pathogen Streptococcus pneumoniae, the leading cause of bacterial pneumonia worldwide. We consider whether MAIT cells, γδ T cells, and NKT cells might offer opportunities for preventing and/or treating human pneumococcus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stoyan Ivanov
- Institut Pasteur de Lille, Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, Lille, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1019, Lille, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 8204, Lille, France
- Université Lille Nord de France, Lille, France
| | - Christophe Paget
- Institut Pasteur de Lille, Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, Lille, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1019, Lille, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 8204, Lille, France
- Université Lille Nord de France, Lille, France
| | - François Trottein
- Institut Pasteur de Lille, Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, Lille, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1019, Lille, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 8204, Lille, France
- Université Lille Nord de France, Lille, France
- * E-mail:
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39
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Macho-Fernandez E, Cruz LJ, Ghinnagow R, Fontaine J, Bialecki E, Frisch B, Trottein F, Faveeuw C. Targeted delivery of α-galactosylceramide to CD8α+ dendritic cells optimizes type I NKT cell-based antitumor responses. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 193:961-9. [PMID: 24913977 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1303029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Immunotherapy aiming at enhancing innate and acquired host immunity is a promising approach for cancer treatment. The invariant NKT (iNKT) cell ligand α-galactosylceramide (α-GalCer) holds great promise in cancer therapy, although several concerns limit its use in clinics, including the uncontrolled response it promotes when delivered in a nonvectorized form. Therefore, development of delivery systems to in vivo target immune cells might be a valuable option to optimize iNKT cell-based antitumor responses. Using dendritic cell (DC)-depleted mice, DC transfer experiments, and in vivo active cell targeting, we show that presentation of α-GalCer by DCs not only triggers optimal primary iNKT cell stimulation, but also maintains secondary iNKT cell activation after challenge. Furthermore, targeted delivery of α-GalCer to CD8α(+) DCs, by means of anti-DEC205 decorated nanoparticles, enhances iNKT cell-based transactivation of NK cells, DCs, and γδ T cells. We report that codelivery of α-GalCer and protein Ag to CD8α(+) DCs triggers optimal Ag-specific Ab and cytotoxic CD8(+) T cell responses. Finally, we show that targeting nanoparticles containing α-GalCer and Ag to CD8α(+) DCs promotes potent antitumor responses, both in prophylactic and in therapeutic settings. Our data may have important implications in tumor immunotherapy and vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elodie Macho-Fernandez
- Institut Pasteur de Lille, Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, F-59019 Lille, France; Université Lille Nord de France, F-59000 Lille, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 8204, F-59021 Lille, France; INSERM, U1019, F-59019 Lille, France; Institut Fédératif de Recherche 142, F-59019 Lille, France
| | - Luis Javier Cruz
- Department of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 Leiden, The Netherlands; and
| | - Reem Ghinnagow
- Institut Pasteur de Lille, Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, F-59019 Lille, France; Université Lille Nord de France, F-59000 Lille, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 8204, F-59021 Lille, France; INSERM, U1019, F-59019 Lille, France; Institut Fédératif de Recherche 142, F-59019 Lille, France
| | - Josette Fontaine
- Institut Pasteur de Lille, Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, F-59019 Lille, France; Université Lille Nord de France, F-59000 Lille, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 8204, F-59021 Lille, France; INSERM, U1019, F-59019 Lille, France; Institut Fédératif de Recherche 142, F-59019 Lille, France
| | - Emilie Bialecki
- Institut Pasteur de Lille, Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, F-59019 Lille, France; Université Lille Nord de France, F-59000 Lille, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 8204, F-59021 Lille, France; INSERM, U1019, F-59019 Lille, France; Institut Fédératif de Recherche 142, F-59019 Lille, France
| | - Benoit Frisch
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7199, Université de Strasbourg, F-67401 Illkirch Cedex, France
| | - François Trottein
- Institut Pasteur de Lille, Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, F-59019 Lille, France; Université Lille Nord de France, F-59000 Lille, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 8204, F-59021 Lille, France; INSERM, U1019, F-59019 Lille, France; Institut Fédératif de Recherche 142, F-59019 Lille, France;
| | - Christelle Faveeuw
- Institut Pasteur de Lille, Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, F-59019 Lille, France; Université Lille Nord de France, F-59000 Lille, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 8204, F-59021 Lille, France; INSERM, U1019, F-59019 Lille, France; Institut Fédératif de Recherche 142, F-59019 Lille, France
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40
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Dellabona P, Abrignani S, Casorati G. iNKT-cell help to B cells: a cooperative job between innate and adaptive immune responses. Eur J Immunol 2014; 44:2230-7. [PMID: 24782127 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201344399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2014] [Revised: 04/21/2014] [Accepted: 04/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
T-cell help to B lymphocytes is one of the most important events in adaptive immune responses in health and disease. It is generally delivered by cognate CD4(+) T follicular helper (T(FH)) cells via both cell-to-cell contacts and soluble mediators, and it is essential for both the clonal expansion of antibody (Ab)-secreting B cells and memory B-cell formation. CD1d-restricted invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells are a subset of innate-like T lymphocytes that rapidly respond to stimulation with specific lipid antigens (Ags) that are derived from infectious pathogens or stressed host cells. Activated iNKT cells produce a wide range of cytokines and upregulate costimulatory molecules that can promote activation of dendritic cells (DCs), natural killer (NK) cells, and T cells. A decade ago, we discovered that iNKT cells can help B cells to proliferate and to produce IgG Abs in vitro and in vivo. This adjuvant-like function of Ag-activated iNKT cells provides a flexible set of helper mechanisms that expand the current paradigm of T-cell-B-cell interaction and highlights the potential of iNKT-cell targeting vaccine formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Dellabona
- Experimental Immunology Unit, Division of Immunology Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy
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41
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Vomhof-DeKrey EE, Yates J, Leadbetter EA. Invariant NKT cells provide innate and adaptive help for B cells. Curr Opin Immunol 2014; 28:12-7. [PMID: 24514004 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2014.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2013] [Revised: 01/03/2014] [Accepted: 01/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
B cells rely on CD4(+) T cells helper signals to optimize their responses to T-dependent antigens. Recently another subset of T cells has been identified which provides help for B cells, invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells. iNKT cells are unique because they provide both innate and adaptive forms of help to B cells, with divergent outcomes. iNKT cells are widely distributed throughout the spleen at rest, consolidate in the marginal zone of the spleen early after activation, and are later found in germinal centers. Understanding the activation requirements for iNKT cells has led to the development of glycolipid containing nanoparticles which efficiently activate iNKT cells, enhance their cooperation with B cells, and which hold promise for vaccine development.
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Abstract
Over the past 15 years, investigators have shown that T lymphocytes can recognize not only peptides in the context of MHC class I and class II molecules but also foreign and self-lipids in association with the nonclassical MHC class I-like molecules, CD1 proteins. In this review, we describe the most recent events in the field, with particular emphasis on (a) structural and functional aspects of lipid presentation by CD1 molecules, (b) the development of CD1d-restricted invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells and transcription factors required for their differentiation, (c) the ability of iNKT cells to modulate innate and adaptive immune responses through their cross talk with lymphoid and myeloid cells, and (d) MR1-restricted and group I (CD1a, CD1b, and CD1c)-restricted T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariolina Salio
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, United Kingdom;
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43
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Arora P, Baena A, Yu KOA, Saini NK, Kharkwal SS, Goldberg MF, Kunnath-Velayudhan S, Carreño LJ, Venkataswamy MM, Kim J, Lazar-Molnar E, Lauvau G, Chang YT, Liu Z, Bittman R, Al-Shamkhani A, Cox LR, Jervis PJ, Veerapen N, Besra GS, Porcelli SA. A single subset of dendritic cells controls the cytokine bias of natural killer T cell responses to diverse glycolipid antigens. Immunity 2014; 40:105-16. [PMID: 24412610 PMCID: PMC3895174 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2013.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2013] [Accepted: 12/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Many hematopoietic cell types express CD1d and are capable of presenting glycolipid antigens to invariant natural killer T cells (iNKT cells). However, the question of which cells are the principal presenters of glycolipid antigens in vivo remains controversial, and it has been suggested that this might vary depending on the structure of a particular glycolipid antigen. Here we have shown that a single type of cell, the CD8α+ DEC-205+ dendritic cell, was mainly responsible for capturing and presenting a variety of different glycolipid antigens, including multiple forms of α-galactosylceramide that stimulate widely divergent cytokine responses. After glycolipid presentation, these dendritic cells rapidly altered their expression of various costimulatory and coinhibitory molecules in a manner that was dependent on the structure of the antigen. These findings show flexibility in the outcome of two-way communication between CD8α+ dendritic cells and iNKT cells, providing a mechanism for biasing toward either proinflammatory or anti-inflammatory responses. Complexes of antigenic glycolipids bound to CD1d have been visualized in situ A single DC subset predominates in presentation of a variety of glycolipids Antigen presentation to iNKT cells rapidly alters accessory molecules on APCs Reciprocal induction of CD70 and PD-L2 controls cytokine bias of iNKT cell responses
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooja Arora
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Andres Baena
- Grupo de Inmunología Celular e Inmunogenética GICIG, Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Calle 70 No.52-21, Medellin 05001000, Colombia
| | - Karl O A Yu
- Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Comer Children's Hospital, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Neeraj K Saini
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Shalu S Kharkwal
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Michael F Goldberg
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Shajo Kunnath-Velayudhan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Leandro J Carreño
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile
| | | | - John Kim
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Eszter Lazar-Molnar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Gregoire Lauvau
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Young-tae Chang
- Department of Chemistry and Medicinal Chemistry Programme, National University of Singapore, and Singapore Bioimaging Consortium, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A(∗)STAR), Biopolis 117543, Singapore
| | - Zheng Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Queens College of CUNY, Flushing, NY 11367, USA
| | - Robert Bittman
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Queens College of CUNY, Flushing, NY 11367, USA
| | - Aymen Al-Shamkhani
- Faculty of Medicine, Cancer Sciences Academic Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Liam R Cox
- School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Peter J Jervis
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Natacha Veerapen
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Gurdyal S Besra
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.
| | - Steven A Porcelli
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA.
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