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Forsyth KS, Jiwrajka N, Lovell CD, Toothacre NE, Anguera MC. The conneXion between sex and immune responses. Nat Rev Immunol 2024; 24:487-502. [PMID: 38383754 PMCID: PMC11216897 DOI: 10.1038/s41577-024-00996-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
There are notable sex-based differences in immune responses to pathogens and self-antigens, with female individuals exhibiting increased susceptibility to various autoimmune diseases, and male individuals displaying preferential susceptibility to some viral, bacterial, parasitic and fungal infections. Although sex hormones clearly contribute to sex differences in immune cell composition and function, the presence of two X chromosomes in female individuals suggests that differential gene expression of numerous X chromosome-linked immune-related genes may also influence sex-biased innate and adaptive immune cell function in health and disease. Here, we review the sex differences in immune system composition and function, examining how hormones and genetics influence the immune system. We focus on the genetic and epigenetic contributions responsible for altered X chromosome-linked gene expression, and how this impacts sex-biased immune responses in the context of pathogen infection and systemic autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine S Forsyth
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Nikhil Jiwrajka
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Division of Rheumatology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Claudia D Lovell
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Natalie E Toothacre
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Montserrat C Anguera
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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2
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Fares A, Carracedo Uribe C, Martinez D, Rehman T, Silva Rondon C, Sandoval-Sus J. Bruton's Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors: Recent Updates. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2208. [PMID: 38396884 PMCID: PMC10889086 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25042208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Revised: 02/03/2024] [Accepted: 02/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) inhibitors have revolutionized the landscape for the treatment of hematological malignancies, solid tumors, and, recently, autoimmune disorders. The BTK receptor is expressed in several hematopoietic cells such as macrophages, neutrophils, mast cells, and osteoclasts. Similarly, the BTK receptor is involved in signaling pathways such as chemokine receptor signaling, Toll-like receptor signaling, and Fc receptor signaling. Due to their unique mechanism, these agents provide a diverse utility in a variety of disease states not limited to the field of malignant hematology and are generally well-tolerated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amneh Fares
- Memorial Healthcare System, Pembroke Pines, FL 33021, USA; (C.C.U.); (D.M.)
- Moffitt Malignant Hematology at Memorial Healthcare System, Pembroke Pines, FL 33021, USA (J.S.-S.)
| | - Carlos Carracedo Uribe
- Memorial Healthcare System, Pembroke Pines, FL 33021, USA; (C.C.U.); (D.M.)
- Moffitt Malignant Hematology at Memorial Healthcare System, Pembroke Pines, FL 33021, USA (J.S.-S.)
| | - Diana Martinez
- Memorial Healthcare System, Pembroke Pines, FL 33021, USA; (C.C.U.); (D.M.)
- Moffitt Malignant Hematology at Memorial Healthcare System, Pembroke Pines, FL 33021, USA (J.S.-S.)
| | - Tauseef Rehman
- Memorial Healthcare System, Pembroke Pines, FL 33021, USA; (C.C.U.); (D.M.)
- Moffitt Malignant Hematology at Memorial Healthcare System, Pembroke Pines, FL 33021, USA (J.S.-S.)
| | - Carlos Silva Rondon
- Moffitt Malignant Hematology at Memorial Healthcare System, Pembroke Pines, FL 33021, USA (J.S.-S.)
| | - Jose Sandoval-Sus
- Moffitt Malignant Hematology at Memorial Healthcare System, Pembroke Pines, FL 33021, USA (J.S.-S.)
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3
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Liu Y, Huang Z, Zhang TX, Han B, Yang G, Jia D, Yang L, Liu Q, Lau AYL, Paul F, Verkhratsky A, Shi FD, Zhang C. Bruton's tyrosine kinase-bearing B cells and microglia in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder. J Neuroinflammation 2023; 20:309. [PMID: 38129902 PMCID: PMC10740299 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-023-02997-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) is an inflammatory autoimmune disease of the central nervous system that involves B-cell receptor signaling as well as astrocyte-microglia interaction, which both contribute to evolution of NMOSD lesions. MAIN BODY Through transcriptomic and flow cytometry analyses, we found that Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK), a crucial protein of B-cell receptor was upregulated both in the blood and cerebrospinal fluid of NMOSD patients. Blockade of BTK with zanubrutinib, a highly specific BTK inhibitor, mitigated the activation and maturation of B cells and reduced production of causal aquaporin-4 (AQP4) autoantibodies. In a mouse model of NMO, we found that both BTK and pBTK expression were significantly increased in microglia. Transmission electron microscope scan demonstrated that BTK inhibitor ameliorated demyelination, edema, and axonal injury in NMO mice. In the same mice colocalization of GFAP and Iba-1 immunofluorescence indicated a noticeable increase of astrocytes-microglia interaction, which was alleviated by zanubrutinib. The smart-seq analysis demonstrated that treatment with BTK inhibitor instigated microglial transcriptome changes including downregulation of chemokine-related genes and genes involved in the top 5 biological processes related to cell adhesion and migration, which are likely responsible for the reduced crosstalk of microglia and astrocytes. CONCLUSIONS Our results show that BTK activity is enhanced both in B cells and microglia and BTK inhibition contributes to the amelioration of NMOSD pathology. These data collectively reveal the mechanism of action of BTK inhibition and corroborate BTK as a viable therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Liu
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, 154 Anshan Road, Heping District, Tianjin, 300052, China
| | - Zhenning Huang
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, 154 Anshan Road, Heping District, Tianjin, 300052, China
| | - Tian-Xiang Zhang
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, 154 Anshan Road, Heping District, Tianjin, 300052, China
| | - Bin Han
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, 154 Anshan Road, Heping District, Tianjin, 300052, China
| | - Guili Yang
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, 154 Anshan Road, Heping District, Tianjin, 300052, China
| | - Dongmei Jia
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, 154 Anshan Road, Heping District, Tianjin, 300052, China
- Center of Neurological Diseases, China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Li Yang
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, 154 Anshan Road, Heping District, Tianjin, 300052, China
| | - Qiang Liu
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, 154 Anshan Road, Heping District, Tianjin, 300052, China
| | - Alexander Y L Lau
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
| | - Friedemann Paul
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité-Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- NeuroCure Clinical Research Center, Charité-Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Alexei Verkhratsky
- Faculty of Biology, Health and Medicine, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
- Achucarro Centre for Neuroscience, IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, 48011, Bilbao, Spain
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, State Research Institute Centre for Innovative Medicine, 01102, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Fu-Dong Shi
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, 154 Anshan Road, Heping District, Tianjin, 300052, China
- Center of Neurological Diseases, China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Chao Zhang
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, 154 Anshan Road, Heping District, Tianjin, 300052, China.
- Center of Neurological Diseases, China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
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4
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Tang B, Yang X. Clinical advances in immunotherapy for immune-mediated glomerular diseases. Clin Exp Med 2023; 23:4091-4105. [PMID: 37889398 PMCID: PMC10725396 DOI: 10.1007/s10238-023-01218-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Due to the suboptimal therapeutic efficacy and potential adverse effects associated with traditional immunosuppressive medications, there has been an increasing emphasis on the development and utilization of immunotherapies. This paper aims to provide clinicians with valuable insights for selecting appropriate therapeutic approaches and contribute to the development of novel immunotherapeutic drugs. MAIN BODY This paper categorizes the immunotherapeutic drugs that are used for the treatment of immune-mediated glomerular diseases into three groups: immunotherapies targeting antigen-presenting cells (anti-CD80), immunotherapies targeting T/B cells (anti-CD20, anti-CD22, BAFF and APRIL inhibitors, CD40-CD40L inhibitors, proteasome inhibitors, Syk inhibitors, and Btk inhibitors), and immunotherapies targeting the complement system (C5 inhibitors, C5a/C5aR inhibitors, C3 inhibitors, MASP2 inhibitors, factor B inhibitors, and factor D inhibitors). The article then provides a comprehensive overview of advances related to these immunotherapeutic drugs in clinical research. CONCLUSION Certain immunotherapeutic drugs, such as rituximab, belimumab, and eculizumab, have exhibited notable efficacy in treating specific immune-mediated glomerular diseases, thereby providing novel therapeutic approaches for patients. Nonetheless, the efficacy of numerous immunotherapeutic drugs remains to be substantiated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bihui Tang
- Department of Nephrology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, Hubei, China
| | - Xiao Yang
- Department of Nephrology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, Hubei, China.
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Caravaca-Fontán F, Yandian F, Fervenza FC. Future landscape for the management of membranous nephropathy. Clin Kidney J 2023; 16:1228-1238. [PMID: 37529655 PMCID: PMC10387398 DOI: 10.1093/ckj/sfad041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 08/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Among all glomerular diseases, membranous nephropathy (MN) is perhaps the one in which major progress has been made in recent decades, in both the understanding of the pathogenesis and treatment. Despite the overall significant response rates to these therapies-particularly rituximab and cyclical regimen based on corticosteroids and cyclophosphamide-cumulative experience over the years has shown, however, that 20%-30% of cases may confront resistant disease. Thus, these unmet challenges in the treatment of resistant forms of MN require newer approaches. Several emerging new agents-developed primarily for the treatment of hematological malignancies or rheumatoid diseases-are currently being evaluated in MN. Herein we conducted a narrative review on future therapeutic strategies in the disease. Among the different novel therapies, newer anti-CD20 agents (e.g. obinutuzumab), anti-CD38 (e.g. daratumumab, felzartamab), immunoadsorption or anti-complement therapies (e.g. iptacopan) have gained special attention. In addition, several technologies and innovations developed primarily for cancer (e.g. chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy, sweeping antibodies) seem particularly promising. In summary, the future therapeutic landscape in MN seems encouraging and will definitely move the management of this disease towards a more precision-based approach.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Federico Yandian
- Department of Nephrology, Hospital de Clínicas “Dr Manuel Quintela”, Montevideo, Uruguay
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6
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Ignatov M, Jindal A, Kotelnikov S, Beglov D, Posternak G, Tang X, Maisonneuve P, Poda G, Batey RA, Sicheri F, Whitty A, Tonge PJ, Vajda S, Kozakov D. High Accuracy Prediction of PROTAC Complex Structures. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:7123-7135. [PMID: 36961978 PMCID: PMC10240388 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c09387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/26/2023]
Abstract
The design of PROteolysis-TArgeting Chimeras (PROTACs) requires bringing an E3 ligase into proximity with a target protein to modulate the concentration of the latter through its ubiquitination and degradation. Here, we present a method for generating high-accuracy structural models of E3 ligase-PROTAC-target protein ternary complexes. The method is dependent on two computational innovations: adding a "silent" convolution term to an efficient protein-protein docking program to eliminate protein poses that do not have acceptable linker conformations and clustering models of multiple PROTACs that use the same E3 ligase and target the same protein. Results show that the largest consensus clusters always have high predictive accuracy and that the ensemble of models can be used to predict the dissociation rate and cooperativity of the ternary complex that relate to the degrading activity of the PROTAC. The method is demonstrated by applications to known PROTAC structures and a blind test involving PROTACs against BRAF mutant V600E. The results confirm that PROTACs function by stabilizing a favorable interaction between the E3 ligase and the target protein but do not necessarily exploit the most energetically favorable geometry for interaction between the proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail Ignatov
- Department of Applied Mathematics and Statistics, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, USA
- Laufer Center for Physical and Quantitative Biology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, USA
| | - Akhil Jindal
- Department of Applied Mathematics and Statistics, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, USA
- Laufer Center for Physical and Quantitative Biology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, USA
| | - Sergei Kotelnikov
- Department of Applied Mathematics and Statistics, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, USA
- Laufer Center for Physical and Quantitative Biology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, USA
| | - Dmitri Beglov
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215 USA
- Acpharis Inc., Holliston, Massachusetts 01746, USA
| | - Ganna Posternak
- Center for Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System, Toronto, Ontario L4K-M9W, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario L4K-M9W, Canada
| | - Xiaojing Tang
- Center for Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System, Toronto, Ontario L4K-M9W, Canada
| | - Pierre Maisonneuve
- Center for Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System, Toronto, Ontario L4K-M9W, Canada
| | - Gennady Poda
- Drug Discovery Program, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, Ontario L4K-M9W, Canada
- Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario L4K-M9W, Canada
| | - Robert A. Batey
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario L4K-M9W, Canada
| | - Frank Sicheri
- Center for Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System, Toronto, Ontario L4K-M9W, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario L4K-M9W, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario L4K-M9W, Canada
| | - Adrian Whitty
- Department of Chemistry, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
| | - Peter J. Tonge
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, USA
| | - Sandor Vajda
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215 USA
- Department of Chemistry, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
| | - Dima Kozakov
- Department of Applied Mathematics and Statistics, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, USA
- Laufer Center for Physical and Quantitative Biology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, USA
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7
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Mok CC. Targeted Small Molecules for Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: Drugs in the Pipeline. Drugs 2023; 83:479-496. [PMID: 36972009 PMCID: PMC10042116 DOI: 10.1007/s40265-023-01856-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
Despite the uncertainty of the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus, novel small molecules targeting specific intracellular mechanisms of immune cells are being developed to reverse the pathophysiological processes. These targeted molecules have the advantages of convenient administration, lower production costs, and the lack of immunogenicity. The Janus kinases, Bruton's tyrosine kinases, and spleen tyrosine kinases are important enzymes for activating downstream signals from various receptors on immune cells that include cytokines, growth factor, hormones, Fc, CD40, and B-cell receptors. Suppression of these kinases impairs cellular activation, differentiation, and survival, leading to diminished cytokine actions and autoantibody secretion. Intracellular protein degradation by immunoproteasomes, levered by the cereblon E3 ubiquitin ligase complex, is an essential process for the regulation of cellular functions and survival. Modulation of the immunoproteasomes and cereblon leads to depletion of long-lived plasma cells, reduced plasmablast differentiation, and production of autoantibodies and interferon-α. The sphingosine 1-phosphate/sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor-1 pathway is responsible for lymphocyte trafficking, regulatory T-cell/Th17 cell homeostasis, and vascular permeability. Sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor-1 modulators limit the trafficking of autoreactive lymphocytes across the blood-brain barrier, increase regulatory T-cell function, and decrease production of autoantibodies and type I interferons. This article summarizes the development of these targeted small molecules in the treatment of systemic lupus erythematosus, and the future prospect for precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Chiu Mok
- Department of Medicine, Tuen Mun Hospital, Tsing Chung Koon Road, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, China.
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8
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Guo Y, Hu N, Liu Y, Zhang W, Yu D, Shi G, Zhang B, Yin L, Wei M, Yuan X, Luo L, Wang F, Song X, Xin L, Wei Q, Li Y, Guo Y, Chen S, Zhang T, Zhang S, Zhou X, Zhang C, Su D, Liu J, Cheng Z, Zhang J, Xing H, Sun H, Li X, Zhao Y, He M, Wu Y, Guo Y, Sun X, Tian A, Zhou C, Young S, Liu X, Wang L, Wang Z. Discovery of BGB-8035, a Highly Selective Covalent Inhibitor of Bruton's Tyrosine Kinase for B-Cell Malignancies and Autoimmune Diseases. J Med Chem 2023; 66:4025-4044. [PMID: 36912866 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c01938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/14/2023]
Abstract
Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) plays an essential role in B-cell receptor (BCR)-mediated signaling as well as the downstream signaling pathway for Fc receptors (FcRs). Targeting BTK for B-cell malignancies by interfering with BCR signaling has been clinically validated by some covalent inhibitors, but suboptimal kinase selectivity may lead to some adverse effects, which also makes the clinical development of autoimmune disease therapy more challenging. The structure-activity relationship (SAR) starting from zanubrutinib (BGB-3111) leads to a series of highly selective BTK inhibitors, in which BGB-8035 is located in the ATP binding pocket and has similar hinge binding to ATP but exhibits high selectivity over other kinases (EGFR, Tec, etc.). With an excellent pharmacokinetic profile as well as demonstrated efficacy studies in oncology and autoimmune disease models, BGB-8035 has been declared a preclinical candidate. However, BGB-8035 showed an inferior toxicity profile compared to that of BGB-3111.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunhang Guo
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, BeiGene (Beijing) Co., Ltd., Beijing 102206, P.R. China
| | - Nan Hu
- Department of In Vivo Pharmacology, BeiGene (Beijing) Co., Ltd., Beijing 102206, P.R. China
| | - Ye Liu
- Department of Molecular Science, BeiGene (Beijing) Co., Ltd., Beijing 102206, P.R. China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, BeiGene (Beijing) Co., Ltd., Beijing 102206, P.R. China
| | - Desheng Yu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, BeiGene (Beijing) Co., Ltd., Beijing 102206, P.R. China
| | - Gongyin Shi
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, BeiGene (Beijing) Co., Ltd., Beijing 102206, P.R. China
| | - Bo Zhang
- Department of Molecular Science, BeiGene (Beijing) Co., Ltd., Beijing 102206, P.R. China
| | - Longbo Yin
- Department of In Vivo Pharmacology, BeiGene (Beijing) Co., Ltd., Beijing 102206, P.R. China
| | - Min Wei
- Department of Molecular Science, BeiGene (Beijing) Co., Ltd., Beijing 102206, P.R. China
| | - Xi Yuan
- Department of Discovery Biology, BeiGene (Beijing) Co., Ltd., Beijing 102206, P.R. China
| | - Lusong Luo
- Department of Discovery Biology, BeiGene (Beijing) Co., Ltd., Beijing 102206, P.R. China
| | - Fan Wang
- Department of DMPK-BA, BeiGene (Beijing) Co., Ltd., Beijing 102206, P.R. China
| | - Xiaomin Song
- Department of In Vivo Pharmacology, BeiGene (Beijing) Co., Ltd., Beijing 102206, P.R. China
| | - Lei Xin
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, BeiGene (Beijing) Co., Ltd., Beijing 102206, P.R. China
| | - Qiang Wei
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, BeiGene (Beijing) Co., Ltd., Beijing 102206, P.R. China
| | - Yong Li
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, BeiGene (Beijing) Co., Ltd., Beijing 102206, P.R. China
| | - Ying Guo
- Department of Molecular Science, BeiGene (Beijing) Co., Ltd., Beijing 102206, P.R. China
| | - Shuaishuai Chen
- Department of Discovery Biology, BeiGene (Beijing) Co., Ltd., Beijing 102206, P.R. China
| | - Taichang Zhang
- Department of DMPK-BA, BeiGene (Beijing) Co., Ltd., Beijing 102206, P.R. China
| | - Shuo Zhang
- Department of In Vivo Pharmacology, BeiGene (Beijing) Co., Ltd., Beijing 102206, P.R. China
| | - Xing Zhou
- Department of Molecular Science, BeiGene (Beijing) Co., Ltd., Beijing 102206, P.R. China
| | - Cuining Zhang
- Department of Nonclinical Safety Assessment, BeiGene (Beijing) Co., Ltd., Beijing 102206, P.R. China
| | - Dan Su
- Department of DMPK-BA, BeiGene (Beijing) Co., Ltd., Beijing 102206, P.R. China
| | - Junhua Liu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, BeiGene (Beijing) Co., Ltd., Beijing 102206, P.R. China
| | - Zhenzhen Cheng
- Department of Discovery Biology, BeiGene (Beijing) Co., Ltd., Beijing 102206, P.R. China
| | - Jiye Zhang
- Department of In Vivo Pharmacology, BeiGene (Beijing) Co., Ltd., Beijing 102206, P.R. China
| | - Haimei Xing
- Department of Discovery Biology, BeiGene (Beijing) Co., Ltd., Beijing 102206, P.R. China
| | - Hanzi Sun
- Department of Molecular Science, BeiGene (Beijing) Co., Ltd., Beijing 102206, P.R. China
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Nonclinical Safety Assessment, BeiGene (Beijing) Co., Ltd., Beijing 102206, P.R. China
| | - Yuan Zhao
- Department of Discovery Biology, BeiGene (Beijing) Co., Ltd., Beijing 102206, P.R. China
| | - Min He
- Department of In Vivo Pharmacology, BeiGene (Beijing) Co., Ltd., Beijing 102206, P.R. China
| | - Yue Wu
- Department of DMPK-BA, BeiGene (Beijing) Co., Ltd., Beijing 102206, P.R. China
| | - Yin Guo
- Department of Discovery Biology, BeiGene (Beijing) Co., Ltd., Beijing 102206, P.R. China
| | - Xuebing Sun
- Department of Molecular Science, BeiGene (Beijing) Co., Ltd., Beijing 102206, P.R. China
| | - Alice Tian
- Department of Nonclinical Safety Assessment, BeiGene (Beijing) Co., Ltd., Beijing 102206, P.R. China
| | - Changyou Zhou
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, BeiGene (Beijing) Co., Ltd., Beijing 102206, P.R. China
| | - Steve Young
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, BeiGene (Beijing) Co., Ltd., Beijing 102206, P.R. China
| | - Xuesong Liu
- Department of Discovery Biology, BeiGene (Beijing) Co., Ltd., Beijing 102206, P.R. China
| | - Lai Wang
- Department of In Vivo Pharmacology, BeiGene (Beijing) Co., Ltd., Beijing 102206, P.R. China
| | - Zhiwei Wang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, BeiGene (Beijing) Co., Ltd., Beijing 102206, P.R. China
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9
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Zhao HY, Xin M, Zhang SQ. Progress of small molecules for targeted protein degradation: PROTACs and other technologies. Drug Dev Res 2023; 84:337-394. [PMID: 36606428 DOI: 10.1002/ddr.22026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Recent years have witnessed the rapid development of targeted protein degradation (TPD), especially proteolysis targeting chimeras. These degraders have manifested many advantages over small molecule inhibitors. To date, a huge number of degraders have been excavated against over 70 disease-related targets. In particular, degraders against estrogen receptor and androgen receptor have crowded into phase II clinical trial. TPD technologies largely expand the scope of druggable targets, and provide powerful tools for addressing intractable problems that can not be tackled by traditional small molecule inhibitors. In this review, we mainly focus on the structures and biological activities of small molecule degraders as well as the elucidation of mechanisms of emerging TPD technologies. We also propose the challenges that exist in the TPD field at present.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Yi Zhao
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Minhang Xin
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - San-Qi Zhang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
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10
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Price E, Bombardieri M, Kivitz A, Matzkies F, Gurtovaya O, Pechonkina A, Jiang W, Downie B, Mathur A, Mozaffarian A, Mozaffarian N, Gottenberg JE. Safety and efficacy of filgotinib, lanraplenib and tirabrutinib in Sjögren's syndrome: a randomized, phase 2, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2022; 61:4797-4808. [PMID: 35377447 PMCID: PMC9707320 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/keac167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to characterize the safety and efficacy of filgotinib, lanraplenib and tirabrutinib in patients with active SS. METHODS This multicentre, double-blind study randomized patients with active primary or secondary SS [EULAR SS disease activity index (ESSDAI) ≥5) to receive filgotinib 200 mg (Janus kinase-1 inhibitor), lanraplenib 30 mg (spleen tyrosine kinase inhibitor), tirabrutinib 40 mg (Bruton's tyrosine kinase inhibitor), or placebo. The composite primary end point was the week-12 proportion of patients fulfilling protocol-specified improvement criteria (based on CRP and SS-related symptoms). The EULAR SS patient-reported index (ESSPRI) and the ESSDAI change from baseline (CFB) were secondary end points. Exploratory end points included disease-related biomarkers. Treatment-emergent adverse events (AEs) represented safety outcomes. RESULTS The mean of the baseline ESSDAI was 10.1, and of ESSPRI was 6.2 in the 150 patients who were treated; 125 completed the 24-week placebo-controlled treatment period. At week 12, 43.3% of the filgotinib group achieved the primary end point (P = 0.17 vs placebo) vs 42.3% (P = 0.16), 34.7% (P = 0.33), and 26.7% of lanraplenib, tirabrutinib, and placebo groups, respectively. Neither secondary end point was met. Biomarker reductions included immunoglobulins classically associated with SS disease activity. Filgotinib ESSDAI CFB appeared more pronounced in subgroups with baseline ESSDAI ≥14 or without DMARDs/CSs. Most AEs were Grade 1 or 2. CONCLUSION Three drugs with disparate mechanisms were tested, but no significant differences vs placebo in primary or secondary end points were observed. These results may be considered hypothesis-generating, given the drug tolerability, subgroup analysis, and biomarker findings. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov, https://clinicaltrials.gov, NCT03100942.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michele Bombardieri
- Centre for Experimental Medicine and Rheumatology, William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London
| | - Alan Kivitz
- Altoona Center for Clinical Research, Duncansville, PA
| | | | | | | | - Wendy Jiang
- Bioinformatics, Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster City, CA
| | - Bryan Downie
- Bioinformatics, Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster City, CA
| | | | | | | | - J Eric Gottenberg
- Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg et Université de Strasbourg, and Centre de Référence pour les Maladies Auto-Immunes Systémiques Rares, CNRS, IBMC, UPR3572, Strasbourg, France
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11
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Joshi D, Bahekar R, Soman S, Jadav P, Patel D, Goswami A, Pethani J, Kumar J, Patel J, Sundar R, Goswami P, Goshdastidar K, Patel H, Patel A, Bandyopadhyay D, Chattarjee A, Sharma M, Jain M, Desai R. Design, Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Novel Pyrazolo-pyrimidin-amines as Potent and Selective BTK Inhibitors. Bioorg Chem 2022; 130:106238. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2022.106238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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12
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Meng S, Li T, Wang T, Li D, Chen J, Li H, Cai W, Zeng Z, Liu D, Tang D, Hong X, Dai Y. Global Phosphoproteomics Unveils Kinase-Regulated Networks in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. Mol Cell Proteomics 2022; 21:100434. [PMID: 36309313 PMCID: PMC9712766 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcpro.2022.100434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disorder characterized by immune complex deposition in multiple organs. Despite the severe symptoms caused by it, the underlying mechanisms of SLE, especially phosphorylation-dependent regulatory networks remain elusive. Herein, by combining high-throughput phosphoproteomics with bioinformatics approaches, we established the global phosphoproteome landscape of the peripheral blood mononuclear cells from a large number of SLE patients, including the remission stage (SLE_S), active stage (SLE_A), rheumatoid arthritis, and healthy controls, and thus a deep mechanistic insight into SLE signaling mechanism was yielded. Phosphorylation upregulation was preferentially in patients with SLE (SLE_S and SLE_A) compared with healthy controls and rheumatoid arthritis populations, resulting in an atypical enrichment in cell adhesion and migration signatures. Several specifically upregulated phosphosites were identified, and the leukocyte transendothelial migration pathway was enriched in the SLE_A group by expression pattern clustering analysis. Phosphosites identified by 4D-label-free quantification unveiled key kinases and kinase-regulated networks in SLE, then further validated by parallel reaction monitoring. Some of these validated phosphosites including vinculin S275, vinculin S579 and transforming growth factor beta-1-induced transcript 1 S68, primarily were phosphorylation of Actin Cytoskeleton -related proteins. Some predicted kinases including MAP3K7, TBK1, IKKβ, and GSK3β, were validated by Western blot using kinases phosphorylation sites-specific antibodies. Taken together, the study has yielded fundamental insights into the phosphosites, kinases, and kinase-regulated networks in SLE. The map of the global phosphoproteomics enables further understanding of this disease and will provide great help for seeking more potential therapeutic targets for SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuhui Meng
- Clinical Medical Research Center, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center of Autoimmune Disease Precision Medicine, Shenzhen Engineering Research Center of Autoimmune Disease, The Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, The First Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen People’s Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, P. R. China,Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, The First Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen People’s Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Teng Li
- Clinical Medical Research Center, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center of Autoimmune Disease Precision Medicine, Shenzhen Engineering Research Center of Autoimmune Disease, The Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, The First Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen People’s Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Tingting Wang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, The First Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen People’s Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Dandan Li
- Clinical Medical Research Center, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center of Autoimmune Disease Precision Medicine, Shenzhen Engineering Research Center of Autoimmune Disease, The Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, The First Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen People’s Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Jieping Chen
- Clinical Medical Research Center, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center of Autoimmune Disease Precision Medicine, Shenzhen Engineering Research Center of Autoimmune Disease, The Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, The First Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen People’s Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Heng Li
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, The First Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen People’s Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Wanxia Cai
- Clinical Medical Research Center, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center of Autoimmune Disease Precision Medicine, Shenzhen Engineering Research Center of Autoimmune Disease, The Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, The First Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen People’s Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Zhipeng Zeng
- Clinical Medical Research Center, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center of Autoimmune Disease Precision Medicine, Shenzhen Engineering Research Center of Autoimmune Disease, The Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, The First Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen People’s Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Dongzhou Liu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, The First Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen People’s Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Donge Tang
- Clinical Medical Research Center, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center of Autoimmune Disease Precision Medicine, Shenzhen Engineering Research Center of Autoimmune Disease, The Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, The First Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen People’s Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, P. R. China,For correspondence: Yong Dai; Xiaoping Hong; Donge Tang
| | - Xiaoping Hong
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, The First Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen People’s Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, P. R. China,For correspondence: Yong Dai; Xiaoping Hong; Donge Tang
| | - Yong Dai
- Clinical Medical Research Center, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center of Autoimmune Disease Precision Medicine, Shenzhen Engineering Research Center of Autoimmune Disease, The Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, The First Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen People’s Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, P. R. China,For correspondence: Yong Dai; Xiaoping Hong; Donge Tang
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13
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Alu A, Lei H, Han X, Wei Y, Wei X. BTK inhibitors in the treatment of hematological malignancies and inflammatory diseases: mechanisms and clinical studies. J Hematol Oncol 2022; 15:138. [PMID: 36183125 PMCID: PMC9526392 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-022-01353-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) is an essential component of multiple signaling pathways that regulate B cell and myeloid cell proliferation, survival, and functions, making it a promising therapeutic target for various B cell malignancies and inflammatory diseases. Five small molecule inhibitors have shown remarkable efficacy and have been approved to treat different types of hematological cancers, including ibrutinib, acalabrutinib, zanubrutinib, tirabrutinib, and orelabrutinib. The first-in-class agent, ibrutinib, has created a new era of chemotherapy-free treatment of B cell malignancies. Ibrutinib is so popular and became the fourth top-selling cancer drug worldwide in 2021. To reduce the off-target effects and overcome the acquired resistance of ibrutinib, significant efforts have been made in developing highly selective second- and third-generation BTK inhibitors and various combination approaches. Over the past few years, BTK inhibitors have also been repurposed for the treatment of inflammatory diseases. Promising data have been obtained from preclinical and early-phase clinical studies. In this review, we summarized current progress in applying BTK inhibitors in the treatment of hematological malignancies and inflammatory disorders, highlighting available results from clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aqu Alu
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Hong Lei
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Xuejiao Han
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Yuquan Wei
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Xiawei Wei
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
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14
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Wolska-Washer A, Smolewski P. Targeting Protein Degradation Pathways in Tumors: Focusing on their Role in Hematological Malignancies. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:3778. [PMID: 35954440 PMCID: PMC9367439 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14153778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Cells must maintain their proteome homeostasis by balancing protein synthesis and degradation. This is facilitated by evolutionarily-conserved processes, including the unfolded protein response and the proteasome-based system of protein clearance, autophagy, and chaperone-mediated autophagy. In some hematological malignancies, including acute myeloid leukemia, misfolding or aggregation of the wild-type p53 tumor-suppressor renders cells unable to undergo apoptosis, even with an intact p53 DNA sequence. Moreover, blocking the proteasome pathway triggers lymphoma cell apoptosis. Extensive studies have led to the development of proteasome inhibitors, which have advanced into drugs (such as bortezomib) used in the treatment of certain hematological tumors, including multiple myeloma. New therapeutic options have been studied making use of the so-called proteolysis-targeting chimeras (PROTACs), that bind desired proteins with a linker that connects them to an E3 ubiquitin ligase, resulting in proteasomal-targeted degradation. This review examines the mechanisms of protein degradation in the cells of the hematopoietic system, explains the role of dysfunctional protein degradation in the pathogenesis of hematological malignancies, and discusses the current and future advances of therapies targeting these pathways, based on an extensive search of the articles and conference proceedings from 2005 to April 2022.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Piotr Smolewski
- Department of Experimental Hematology, Medical University of Lodz, 93-510 Lodz, Poland;
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15
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Du Y, Lei L, Ding H, Chen Y, Pathak S, Hicks J, Tran PT, Wu M, Chang B, Wirtz U, Mohan C. Targeting Multiple End Organs in Lupus and Other Systemic Rheumatic Diseases by Inhibiting Bruton’s Tyrosine Kinase. Front Immunol 2022; 13:893899. [PMID: 35874767 PMCID: PMC9304663 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.893899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Bruton tyrosine kinase (Btk) plays a vital role in activating and differentiating B-cells and regulating signaling in myeloid cells. Indeed, the potential use of Btk inhibitors in preventing lupus has been reported. Here, we extend these observations to 4 additional models of end-organ inflammation: (a) BWF1 lupus nephritis mice, (b) anti-GBM nephritis, (c) bleomycin-induced systemic sclerosis like skin disease, and (d) bleomycin-induced lung disease. In agreement with the previous studies, BTK inhibitor (BTKB66) treatment was effective in treating lupus nephritis in terms of reducing renal damage both functionally and histologically, accompanied by significant decrease in proteinuria. Both low-dose and high-dose BTKB66 profoundly blocked renal disease in the anti-GBM nephritis model, with efficacy that was comparable to that seen with dexamethasone. This study provides the first evidence that BTK inhibition has both therapeutic and preventative effects in bleomycin-induced SSc-like disease, in terms of reducing skin thickness, fibrosis, collagen deposition, and inflammation. Likewise, significantly lower lung inflammatory cell infiltration was observed after treatment with BTKB66. Therapeutic benefit was associated with lower numbers of macrophages, proliferating macrophages and activated T-cells in the respective injured organs. The observation that these immune cells play key roles in driving end organ inflammation in multiple systemic rheumatic diseases have broad implications for the use of BTKB66 in managing patients with systemic rheumatic diseases where multiple end organs are afflicted, including lupus and systemic sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Du
- The Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States
- *Correspondence: Chandra Mohan, ; Yong Du,
| | - Ling Lei
- The Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Huihua Ding
- The Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Yanping Chen
- The Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Simanta Pathak
- The Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - John Hicks
- Department of Pathology, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Phuongthy T. Tran
- The Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Minghua Wu
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunogenetics, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Betty Chang
- Summit Therapeutics, Menlo Park, CA, United States
| | - Uwe Wirtz
- AbbVie, Inc., Precision Medicine, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Chandra Mohan
- The Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States
- *Correspondence: Chandra Mohan, ; Yong Du,
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16
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Chen X, Huang Y, Xu W, Cai Y, Yang Y. 4-Aminopyrazolopyrimidine scaffold and its deformation in the design of tyrosine and serine/threonine kinase inhibitors in medicinal chemistry. RSC Med Chem 2022; 13:1008-1028. [DOI: 10.1039/d2md00139j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Deformation of the 4-aminopyrazolopyrimidine scaffold in designing small-molecule inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolu Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, Jingzhou Hospital Affiliated to Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei 434020, China
| | - Yajiao Huang
- Department of Pharmacy, Jingzhou Hospital Affiliated to Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei 434020, China
| | - Wanghan Xu
- Affiliated Xiaoshan Hospital, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311202, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Yuepiao Cai
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China
| | - Yuanrong Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, Jingzhou Hospital Affiliated to Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei 434020, China
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Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic autoimmune disease characterized by diverse serological autoantibodies. Anti-dsDNA antibodies are involved in multiple organ damage, especially the kidney, skin, and central nervous system. Anti-dsDNA antibodies play a pivotal role in SLE, and researchers have developed therapeutic strategies targeting these antibodies. Approaches to reduce anti-dsDNA antibodies via B cell targeted biologics against B cell surface antigens, B cell survival factors, or Bruton's tyrosine kinase have effectively eliminated B cells. However, their non-specific depletion hampers normal immune system functioning and limits the therapeutic benefits. Thus, scientists have attempted anti-dsDNA antibodies or lupus-specific strategies, such as the immature dendritic cell vaccine and immunoadsorption. Recently, synthetic mimic peptides (hCDR1, pCONs, DWEYS, FISLE-412, and ALW) that directly block anti-dsDNA autoantibodies have attracted attention, which could ameliorate lupus, decrease the serological autoantibody titer, reduce the deposition of renal autoantibodies, and improve pathological performance. These potent small peptide molecules are well tolerated, non-toxic, and non-immunogenic, which have demonstrated a benign safety profile and are expected to be hopeful candidates for SLE management. In this review, we clarify the role of anti-dsDNA antibodies in SLE, mainly focus on the current strategies targeting anti-dsDNA antibodies, and discuss their potential clinical value.
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Shinde A, Panchal K, Katke S, Paliwal R, Chaurasiya A. Tyrosine kinase inhibitors as next generation oncological therapeutics: Current strategies, limitations and future perspectives. Therapie 2021; 77:425-443. [PMID: 34823895 DOI: 10.1016/j.therap.2021.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Protein kinases, a class of enzymes that govern various biological phenomena at a cellular level, are responsible for signal transduction in cells that regulate cellular proliferation, differentiation, and growth. Protein kinase enzyme mutation results in abnormal cell division leading to a pathological condition like cancer. Tyrosine kinase (TK) inhibitors, which helps as a potential drug candidate for the treatment of cancer, are continuously being developed. Majority of these drug candidates are being administered as conventional oral dosage form, which provides limited safety and efficacy due to non-specific delivery and uncontrolled biodistribution resulting into the adverse effects. A controlled drug delivery approach for the delivery of TK inhibitors may be a potential strategy with significant safety and efficacy profile. Novel drug delivery strategies provide target-specific drug delivery, improved pharmacokinetic behaviour, and sustained release leading to lower doses and dosing frequency with significantly reduced side effects. Along with basic aspects of tyrosine kinase, this review discusses various aspects related to the application of tyrosine kinase inhibitors in clinical oncological setting. Furthermore, the limitations/challenges and formulation advancements related to this class of candidates particularly for cancer management have been reviewed. It is expected that innovations in drug delivery approaches for TK inhibitors using novel techniques will surely provide a new insights for improved cancer treatment and patients' life quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aishwarya Shinde
- Translational Pharmaceutics Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani Hyderabad Campus, Jawahar Nagar, Kapra Mandal, Medchal District, Telangana 500078, India
| | - Kanan Panchal
- Translational Pharmaceutics Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani Hyderabad Campus, Jawahar Nagar, Kapra Mandal, Medchal District, Telangana 500078, India
| | - Sumeet Katke
- Translational Pharmaceutics Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani Hyderabad Campus, Jawahar Nagar, Kapra Mandal, Medchal District, Telangana 500078, India
| | - Rishi Paliwal
- Nanomedicine and Bioengineering Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, Indira Gandhi National Tribal University, Amarkantak 484886, India
| | - Akash Chaurasiya
- Translational Pharmaceutics Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani Hyderabad Campus, Jawahar Nagar, Kapra Mandal, Medchal District, Telangana 500078, India.
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19
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Identification of candidate regulators of mandibular bone loss in FcγRIIB -/- Mice. Sci Rep 2021; 11:18726. [PMID: 34548536 PMCID: PMC8455620 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-98108-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) have increased inflammatory cytokines, leading to periodontitis and alveolar bone loss. However, the mechanisms driving this phenomenon are still unknown. Here, we have identified novel therapeutic targets for and mediators of lupus-mediated bone loss using RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) in a FcγRIIB-/- mouse model of lupus associated osteopenia. A total of 2,710 upregulated and 3,252 downregulated DEGs were identified. The GO and KEGG annotations revealed that osteoclast differentiation, bone mineralization, ossification, and myeloid cell development were downregulated. WikiPathways indicated that Hedgehog, TNFα NF-κB and Notch signaling pathway were also decreased. We identified downregulated targets, Sufu and Serpina12, that have important roles in bone homeostasis. Sufu and Serpina12 were related to Hedgehog signaling proteins, including Gli1, Gli2, Gli3, Ptch1, and Ptch2. Gene knockdown analysis demonstrated that Sufu, and Serpina12 contributed to osteoclastogenesis and osteoblastogenesis, respectively. Osteoclast and osteoblast marker genes were significantly decreased in Sufu-deficient and Serpina12-deficient cells, respectively. Our results suggest that alterations in Hedgehog signaling play an important role in the pathogenesis of osteopenia in FcγRIIB-/- mice. The novel DEGs and pathways identified in this study provide new insight into the underlying mechanisms of mandibular bone loss during lupus development.
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Winkler A, Sun W, De S, Jiao A, Sharif MN, Symanowicz PT, Athale S, Shin JH, Wang J, Jacobson BA, Ramsey SJ, Dower K, Andreyeva T, Liu H, Hegen M, Homer BL, Brodfuehrer J, Tilley M, Gilbert SA, Danto SI, Beebe JJ, Barnes BJ, Pascual V, Lin LL, Kilty I, Fleming M, Rao VR. The Interleukin-1 Receptor-Associated Kinase 4 Inhibitor PF-06650833 Blocks Inflammation in Preclinical Models of Rheumatic Disease and in Humans Enrolled in a Randomized Clinical Trial. Arthritis Rheumatol 2021; 73:2206-2218. [PMID: 34423919 PMCID: PMC8671219 DOI: 10.1002/art.41953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the role of PF-06650833, a highly potent and selective small-molecule inhibitor of interleukin-1-associated kinase 4 (IRAK4), in autoimmune pathophysiology in vitro, in vivo, and in the clinical setting. METHODS Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) inflammatory pathophysiology was modeled in vitro through 1) stimulation of primary human macrophages with anti-citrullinated protein antibody immune complexes (ICs), 2) RA fibroblast-like synoviocyte (FLS) cultures stimulated with Toll-like receptor (TLR) ligands, as well as 3) additional human primary cell cocultures exposed to inflammatory stimuli. Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) pathophysiology was simulated in human neutrophils, dendritic cells, B cells, and peripheral blood mononuclear cells stimulated with TLR ligands and SLE patient ICs. PF-06650833 was evaluated in vivo in the rat collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) model and the mouse pristane-induced and MRL/lpr models of lupus. Finally, RNA sequencing data generated with whole blood samples from a phase I multiple-ascending-dose clinical trial of PF-06650833 were used to test in vivo human pharmacology. RESULTS In vitro, PF-06650833 inhibited human primary cell inflammatory responses to physiologically relevant stimuli generated with RA and SLE patient plasma. In vivo, PF-06650833 reduced circulating autoantibody levels in the pristane-induced and MRL/lpr murine models of lupus and protected against CIA in rats. In a phase I clinical trial (NCT02485769), PF-06650833 demonstrated in vivo pharmacologic action pertinent to SLE by reducing whole blood interferon gene signature expression in healthy volunteers. CONCLUSION These data demonstrate that inhibition of IRAK4 kinase activity can reduce levels of inflammation markers in humans and provide confidence in the rationale for clinical development of IRAK4 inhibitors for rheumatologic indications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Saurav De
- The Feinstein Institute, Manhasset, New York
| | | | | | | | - Shruti Athale
- Baylor Institute for Immunology Research, Dallas, Texas
| | | | - Ju Wang
- Pfizer, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | | | | | | | | | - Heng Liu
- Pfizer, Cambridge, Massachusetts
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21
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Atisha-Fregoso Y, Toz B, Diamond B. Meant to B: B cells as a therapeutic target in systemic lupus erythematosus. J Clin Invest 2021; 131:149095. [PMID: 34128474 PMCID: PMC8203443 DOI: 10.1172/jci149095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
B cells have a prominent role in the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). They are mediators of inflammation through the production of pathogenic antibodies that augment inflammation and cause direct tissue and cell damage. Multiple therapeutic agents targeting B cells have been successfully used in mouse models of SLE; however, these preclinical studies have led to approval of only one new agent to treat patients with SLE: belimumab, a monoclonal antibody targeting B cell-activating factor (BAFF). Integrating the experience acquired from previous clinical trials with the knowledge generated by new studies about mechanisms of B cell contributions to SLE in specific groups of patients is critical to the development of new treatment strategies that will help to improve outcomes in patients with SLE. In particular, a sharper focus on B cell differentiation to plasma cells is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yemil Atisha-Fregoso
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York, USA
- Elmezzi Graduate School of Molecular Medicine at Northwell Health, Manhasset, New York, USA
| | - Bahtiyar Toz
- Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Queens Hospital Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Betty Diamond
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York, USA
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22
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Bame E, Tang H, Burns JC, Arefayene M, Michelsen K, Ma B, Marx I, Prince R, Roach AM, Poreci U, Donaldson D, Cullen P, Casey F, Zhu J, Carlile TM, Sangurdekar D, Zhang B, Trapa P, Santoro J, Muragan P, Pellerin A, Rubino S, Gianni D, Bajrami B, Peng X, Coppell A, Riester K, Belachew S, Mehta D, Palte M, Hopkins BT, Scaramozza M, Franchimont N, Mingueneau M. Next-generation Bruton's tyrosine kinase inhibitor BIIB091 selectively and potently inhibits B cell and Fc receptor signaling and downstream functions in B cells and myeloid cells. Clin Transl Immunology 2021; 10:e1295. [PMID: 34141433 PMCID: PMC8204096 DOI: 10.1002/cti2.1295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) plays a non-redundant signaling role downstream of the B-cell receptor (BCR) in B cells and the receptors for the Fc region of immunoglobulins (FcR) in myeloid cells. Here, we characterise BIIB091, a novel, potent, selective and reversible small-molecule inhibitor of BTK. Methods BIIB091 was evaluated in vitro and in vivo in preclinical models and in phase 1 clinical trial. Results In vitro, BIIB091 potently inhibited BTK-dependent proximal signaling and distal functional responses in both B cells and myeloid cells with IC50s ranging from 3 to 106 nm, including antigen presentation to T cells, a key mechanism of action thought to be underlying the efficacy of B cell-targeted therapeutics in multiple sclerosis. BIIB091 effectively sequestered tyrosine 551 in the kinase pocket by forming long-lived complexes with BTK with t 1/2 of more than 40 min, thereby preventing its phosphorylation by upstream kinases. As a key differentiating feature of BIIB091, this property explains the very potent whole blood IC50s of 87 and 106 nm observed with stimulated B cells and myeloid cells, respectively. In vivo, BIIB091 blocked B-cell activation, antibody production and germinal center differentiation. In phase 1 healthy volunteer trial, BIIB091 inhibited naïve and unswitched memory B-cell activation, with an in vivo IC50 of 55 nm and without significant impact on lymphoid or myeloid cell survival after 14 days of dosing. Conclusion Pharmacodynamic results obtained in preclinical and early clinical settings support the advancement of BIIB091 in phase 2 clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eris Bame
- Clinical Sciences Biogen Cambridge MA USA
| | - Hao Tang
- Biogen Research Biogen Cambridge MA USA
| | | | | | - Klaus Michelsen
- Biotherapeutics and Medicinal Sciences Biogen Cambridge MA USA.,Present address: Relay Therapeutics Cambridge MA USA
| | - Bin Ma
- Biotherapeutics and Medicinal Sciences Biogen Cambridge MA USA
| | - Isaac Marx
- Biotherapeutics and Medicinal Sciences Biogen Cambridge MA USA
| | - Robin Prince
- Biotherapeutics and Medicinal Sciences Biogen Cambridge MA USA
| | - Allie M Roach
- Biogen Research Biogen Cambridge MA USA.,Present address: Gilead Sciences Seattle WA USA
| | - Urjana Poreci
- Clinical Sciences Biogen Cambridge MA USA.,Present address: Pandion Therapeutics Watertown MA USA
| | - Douglas Donaldson
- Clinical Sciences Biogen Cambridge MA USA.,Present address: Giner Labs Newton MA USA
| | | | | | - Jing Zhu
- Biogen Research Biogen Cambridge MA USA
| | | | - Dipen Sangurdekar
- Biogen Research Biogen Cambridge MA USA.,Present address: Takeda Cambridge MA USA
| | | | - Patrick Trapa
- Biotherapeutics and Medicinal Sciences Biogen Cambridge MA USA
| | - Joseph Santoro
- Biotherapeutics and Medicinal Sciences Biogen Cambridge MA USA
| | - Param Muragan
- Biotherapeutics and Medicinal Sciences Biogen Cambridge MA USA
| | | | | | - Davide Gianni
- Biotherapeutics and Medicinal Sciences Biogen Cambridge MA USA
| | - Bekim Bajrami
- Biotherapeutics and Medicinal Sciences Biogen Cambridge MA USA
| | - Xiaomei Peng
- Global Safety and Regulatory Sciences Biogen Cambridge MA USA
| | | | | | | | - Devangi Mehta
- Clinical Sciences Biogen Cambridge MA USA.,Present address: Immunologix Laboratories Cambridge MA USA
| | - Mike Palte
- MS Development Unit Biogen Cambridge MA USA
| | - Brian T Hopkins
- Biotherapeutics and Medicinal Sciences Biogen Cambridge MA USA
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23
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B Cell Aberrance in Lupus: the Ringleader and the Solution. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2021; 62:301-323. [PMID: 33534064 DOI: 10.1007/s12016-020-08820-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a prototypical autoimmune disease with high heterogeneity but the common characterization of numerous autoantibodies and systemic inflammation which lead to the damage of multiple organs. Aberrance of B cells plays a pivotal role in the immunopathogenesis of SLE via both antibody-dependent and antibody-independent manners. Escape of autoreactive B cells from the central and peripheral tolerance checkpoints, over-activation of B cells and their excessive cytokines release which drive T cells and dendritic cells stimulation, and dysregulated surface molecules, as well as intracellular signal pathways involved in B cell biology, are all contributing to B cell aberrance and participating in the pathogenesis of SLE. Based on that rationale, targeting aberrance of B cells and relevant molecules and pathways is expected to be a promising strategy for lupus control. Multiple approaches targeting B cells through different mechanisms have been attempted, including B-cell depletion via monoclonal antibodies against B-cell-specific molecules, blockade of B-cell survival and activation factors, suppressing T-B crosstalk by interrupting costimulatory molecules and inhibiting intracellular activation signaling cascade by targeting pathway molecules in B cells. Though most attempts ended in failure, the efficacy of B-cell targeting has been encouraged by the FDA approval of belimumab that blocks B cell-activating factor (BAFF) and the recommended use of anti-CD20 as a remedial therapy in refractory lupus. Still, quantities of clinical trials targeting B cells or relevant molecules are ongoing and some of them have displayed promising preliminary results. Additionally, advances in multi-omics studies help deepen our understandings of B cell biology in lupus and may promote the discovery of novel potential therapeutic targets. The combination of real-world data with basic research achievements may pave the road to conquering lupus.
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24
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Khan SN, Han P, Chaudhury R, Bickerton S, Lee JS, Calderon B, Pellowe A, Gonzalez A, Fahmy T. Direct Comparison of B Cell Surface Receptors as Therapeutic Targets for Nanoparticle Delivery of BTK Inhibitors. Mol Pharm 2021; 18:850-861. [PMID: 33428414 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.0c00836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Targeting different cell surface receptors with nanoparticle (NP)-based platforms can result in differential particle binding properties that may impact their localization, bioavailability, and, ultimately, the therapeutic efficacy of an encapsulated payload. Conventional in vitro assays comparing the efficacy of targeted NPs often do not adequately control for these differences in particle-receptor binding, potentially confounding their therapeutic readouts and possibly even limiting their experimental value. In this work, we characterize the conditions under which NPs loaded with Bruton's Tyrosine Kinase (BTK) inhibitor differentially suppress primary B cell activation when targeting either CD19 (internalizing) or B220 (noninternalizing) surface receptors. Surface binding of fluorescently labeled CD19- and B220-targeted NPs was analyzed and quantitatively correlated with the number of bound particles at given treatment concentrations. Using this binding data, suppression of B cell activation was directly compared for differentially targeted (CD19 vs B220) NPs loaded with a BTK inhibitor at a range of particle drug loading concentrations. When NPs were loaded with lower amounts of drug, CD19-mediated internalization demonstrated increased inhibition of B cell proliferation compared with B220 NPs. However, these differences were mitigated when particles were loaded with higher concentrations of BTK inhibitor and B220-mediated "paracrine-like" delivery demonstrated superior suppression of cellular activation when cells were bound to lower overall numbers of NPs. Taken together, these results demonstrate that inhibition of B cell activation can be optimized for NPs targeting either internalizing or noninternalizing surface receptors and that particle internalization is likely not a requisite endpoint when designing particles for delivery of BTK inhibitor to B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shihan N Khan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
| | - Patrick Han
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
| | - Rabib Chaudhury
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
| | - Sean Bickerton
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
| | - Jung Seok Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
| | - Brenda Calderon
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
| | - Amanda Pellowe
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
| | - Anjelica Gonzalez
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
| | - Tarek Fahmy
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States.,Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
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25
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Wei J, Wang Y, Qi X, Wu Y. Enhanced Bruton's tyrosine kinase activity in the kidney of patients with IgA nephropathy. Int Urol Nephrol 2021; 53:1399-1415. [PMID: 33389462 PMCID: PMC8192408 DOI: 10.1007/s11255-020-02733-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Bruton’s tyrosine kinase (BTK) is a vital biological molecule that contributes to immune regulation. Previous studies have showed that BTK can be detected in patients with lupus nephritis and rheumatoid arthritis. However, the role of BTK in IgA nephropathy (IgAN) has not yet been elucidated. The purpose of this research was to investigate the role of BTK activation in macrophages in IgAN. Methods Peripheral blood and renal tissue samples were collected from 63 patients with IgAN, and peritumoral normal tissues were collected from 20 patients after surgical resection of renal tumor for use as control. Additionally, 20 healthy volunteers were recruited as control. The levels of BTK, CD68, phosphorylated BTK (pBTK), phosphorylated NF-κB (p-NF-κB p65), tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, and monocyte chemotactic protein (MCP)-1 were measured by immunohistochemistry (IHC), real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), western blotting, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results Compared to peritumoral normal tissues, the expression levels of CD68 and BTK were significantly increased in IgAN group (p < 0.001) and the differences between M0 and M1, E0 and E1, S0 and S1, T0 and T1-2, C0 and C1-2 were statistically significant in the updated Oxford Classification (p < 0.05). Also, CD68 and BTK were positively correlated with Katafuchi semi-quantitative glomerular and tubulointerstitial scores (r = 0.580, 0.637 and 0.442, 0.489, respectively, p < 0.05). The expression of BTK was significantly higher in C3b- and C4d-positive renal tissues of patients with IgAN (p < 0.05). In addition, BTK was positively correlated with 24-h urine protein, serum creatinine levels (r = 0.456 and 0.453, respectively, p < 0.001), and negatively correlated with serum albumin (r = 0.357, p < 0.05). The intensity of expression of pBTK and p-NF-κB p65 was observably increased in renal tissues and monocytes of patients with IgAN compared to the control group. The results of IHC, RT-PCR, and ELISA indicated that the levels of TNF-ɑ, IL-1β, and MCP-1 were markedly increased in the IgAN group (p < 0.05). Conclusion The results of this study indicate that activation of BTK in macrophages may play an important role in promoting the progression of renal inflammation in IgAN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Wei
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, No. 218, Jixi Road, Hefei, Anhui, 230032, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, No. 218, Jixi Road, Hefei, Anhui, 230032, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangming Qi
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, No. 218, Jixi Road, Hefei, Anhui, 230032, People's Republic of China
| | - Yonggui Wu
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, No. 218, Jixi Road, Hefei, Anhui, 230032, People's Republic of China.
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26
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Nadeem A, Ahmad SF, Al-Harbi NO, Ibrahim KE, Alqahtani F, Alanazi WA, Mahmood HM, Alsanea S, Attia SM. Bruton's tyrosine kinase inhibition attenuates oxidative stress in systemic immune cells and renal compartment during sepsis-induced acute kidney injury in mice. Int Immunopharmacol 2021; 90:107123. [PMID: 33168411 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.107123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Sepsis is a life-threatening condition which affects multiple organs including the kidney. Sepsis-induced acute kidney injury (AKI) is a major health burden throughout the globe. Pathogenesis of sepsis-induced AKI is complex; however, it involves both innate and adaptive immune cells such as B cells, T cells, dendritic cells (DCs), macrophages, and neutrophils. Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) is reportedly involved in inflammatory and oxidative signaling in different immune cells, however its contribution with respect to sepsis-induced AKI has not been delineated. This study attempted to investigate the role of BTK and its inhibition on oxidizing enzymes NADPH oxidase (NOX-2) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in DCs, neutrophils, and B cells during AKI. Our data reveal that BTK is activated in DCs, neutrophils, and B cells which causes an increase in AKI associated biochemical markers such as serum creatinine/blood urea nitrogen, renal myeloperoxidase activity, and histopathological disturbances in renal tubular structures. Activation of BTK causes upregulation of NOX-2/iNOS/nitrotyrosine in these immune cells and kidney. Treatment with BTK inhibitor, Ibrutinib causes attenuation in AKI associated dysfunction in biochemical parameters (serum creatinine/blood urea nitrogen, renal myeloperoxidase activity) and oxidative stress in immune cells and kidney (iNOS/NOX2/lipid peroxides/nitrotyrosine/protein carbonyls). In summary, the current investigation reveals a compelling role of BTK signaling in sepsis-induced AKI which is evident from amelioration of AKI associated renal dysfunction after its inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Nadeem
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Sheikh F Ahmad
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Naif O Al-Harbi
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khalid E Ibrahim
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Faleh Alqahtani
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Wael A Alanazi
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hafiz M Mahmood
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sary Alsanea
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sabry M Attia
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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27
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Litzenburger T, Steffgen J, Benediktus E, Müller F, Schultz A, Klein E, Ramanujam M, Harcken C, Gupta A, Wu J, Wiebe S, Li X, Flack M, Padula SJ, Visvanathan S, Hünnemeyer A, Hui J. Safety, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of BI 705564, a highly selective, covalent inhibitor of Bruton's tyrosine kinase, in Phase I clinical trials in healthy volunteers. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2020; 87:1824-1838. [PMID: 32986868 PMCID: PMC9290462 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.14571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims To evaluate the safety, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of single‐ and multiple‐rising doses (MRDs) of BI 705564 and establish proof of mechanism. Methods BI 705564 was studied in 2 placebo‐controlled, Phase I clinical trials testing single‐rising doses (1–160 mg) and MRDs (1–80 mg) of BI 705564 over 14 days in healthy male volunteers. Blood samples were analysed for BI 705564 plasma concentration, Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) target occupancy (TO) and CD69 expression in B cells stimulated ex vivo. A substudy was conducted in allergic, otherwise healthy, MRD participants. Safety was assessed in both studies. Results All doses of BI 705564 were well tolerated. Geometric mean BI 705564 plasma terminal half‐life ranged from 10.1 to 16.9 hours across tested doses, with no relevant accumulation after multiple dosing. Doses ≥20 mg resulted in ≥85% average TO that was maintained for ≥48 hours after single‐dose administration. Functional effects of BTK signalling were demonstrated by dose‐dependent inhibition of CD69 expression. In allergic participants, BI 705564 treatment showed a trend in wheal size reduction in a skin prick test and complete inhibition of basophil activation. Mild bleeding‐related adverse events were observed with BI 705564; bleeding time increased in 1/12 participants (8.3%) who received placebo vs 26/48 (54.2%) treated with BI 705564. Conclusion BI 705564 showed efficient target engagement through durable TO and inhibition of ex vivo B‐cell activation, and proof of mechanism through effects on allergic skin responses. Mild bleeding‐related adverse events were probably related to inhibition of platelet aggregation by BTK inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Fabian Müller
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG Biberach Germany
| | - Armin Schultz
- CRS Clinical Research Services Mannheim GmbH Mannheim Germany
| | - Elliott Klein
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Ridgefield CT USA
| | | | | | - Alpana Gupta
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Ridgefield CT USA
| | - Jing Wu
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Ridgefield CT USA
| | - Sabrina Wiebe
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG Biberach Germany
| | - Xiujiang Li
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Ridgefield CT USA
| | - Mary Flack
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Ridgefield CT USA
| | | | | | | | - Jianan Hui
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Ridgefield CT USA
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28
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Srivastava AS, Ko S, Watterson SH, Pattoli MA, Skala S, Cheng L, Obermeier MT, Vickery R, Discenza LN, D’Arienzo CJ, Gillooly KM, Taylor TL, Pulicicchio C, McIntyre KW, Yip S, Li P, Sun D, Wu DR, Dai J, Wang C, Zhang Y, Wang B, Pawluczyk J, Kempson J, Zhao R, Hou X, Rampulla R, Mathur A, Galella MA, Salter-Cid L, Barrish JC, Carter PH, Fura A, Burke JR, Tino JA. Driving Potency with Rotationally Stable Atropisomers: Discovery of Pyridopyrimidinedione-Carbazole Inhibitors of BTK. ACS Med Chem Lett 2020; 11:2195-2203. [PMID: 33214829 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.0c00335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) has been shown to play a key role in the pathogenesis of autoimmunity. Therefore, the inhibition of the kinase activity of BTK with a small molecule inhibitor could offer a breakthrough in the clinical treatment of many autoimmune diseases. This Letter describes the discovery of BMS-986143 through systematic structure-activity relationship (SAR) development. This compound benefits from defined chirality derived from two rotationally stable atropisomeric axes, providing a potent and selective single atropisomer with desirable efficacy and tolerability profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anurag S. Srivastava
- Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Early Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Soo Ko
- Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Early Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Scott H. Watterson
- Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Early Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Mark A. Pattoli
- Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Early Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Stacey Skala
- Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Early Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Lihong Cheng
- Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Early Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Mary T. Obermeier
- Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Early Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Rodney Vickery
- Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Early Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Lorell N. Discenza
- Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Early Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Celia J. D’Arienzo
- Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Early Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Kathleen M. Gillooly
- Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Early Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Tracy L. Taylor
- Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Early Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Claudine Pulicicchio
- Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Early Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Kim W. McIntyre
- Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Early Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Shiuhang Yip
- Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Early Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Peng Li
- Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Early Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Dawn Sun
- Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Early Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Dauh-Rurng Wu
- Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Early Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Jun Dai
- Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Early Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Chunlei Wang
- Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Early Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Yingru Zhang
- Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Early Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Bei Wang
- Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Early Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Joseph Pawluczyk
- Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Early Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - James Kempson
- Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Early Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Rulin Zhao
- Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Early Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Xiaoping Hou
- Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Early Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Richard Rampulla
- Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Early Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Arvind Mathur
- Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Early Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Michael A. Galella
- Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Early Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Luisa Salter-Cid
- Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Early Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Joel C. Barrish
- Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Early Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Percy H. Carter
- Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Early Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Aberra Fura
- Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Early Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - James R. Burke
- Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Early Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Joseph A. Tino
- Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Early Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
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29
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Torke S, Weber MS. Inhibition of Bruton´s tyrosine kinase as a novel therapeutic approach in multiple sclerosis. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2020; 29:1143-1150. [DOI: 10.1080/13543784.2020.1807934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Torke
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Martin S. Weber
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany
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30
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Crawford JJ, Lee W, Johnson AR, Delatorre KJ, Chen J, Eigenbrot C, Heidmann J, Kakiuchi-Kiyota S, Katewa A, Kiefer JR, Liu L, Lubach JW, Misner D, Purkey H, Reif K, Vogt J, Wong H, Yu C, Young WB. Stereochemical Differences in Fluorocyclopropyl Amides Enable Tuning of Btk Inhibition and Off-Target Activity. ACS Med Chem Lett 2020; 11:1588-1597. [PMID: 32832028 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.0c00249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Bruton's tyrosine kinase (Btk) is thought to play a pathogenic role in chronic immune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis and lupus. While covalent, irreversible Btk inhibitors are approved for treatment of hematologic malignancies, they are not approved for autoimmune indications. In efforts to develop additional series of reversible Btk inhibitors for chronic immune diseases, we sought to differentiate from our clinical stage inhibitor fenebrutinib using cyclopropyl amide isosteres of the 2-aminopyridyl group to occupy the flat, lipophilic H2 pocket. While drug-like properties were retained-and in some cases improved-a safety liability in the form of hERG inhibition was observed. When a fluorocyclopropyl amide was incorporated, Btk and off-target activity was found to be stereodependent and a lead compound was identified in the form of the (R,R)- stereoisomer.
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Affiliation(s)
- James J. Crawford
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Wendy Lee
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Adam R. Johnson
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Kelly J. Delatorre
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Jacob Chen
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Charles Eigenbrot
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Julia Heidmann
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | | | - Arna Katewa
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - James R. Kiefer
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Lichuan Liu
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Joseph W. Lubach
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Dinah Misner
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Hans Purkey
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Karin Reif
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Jennifer Vogt
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Harvey Wong
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Christine Yu
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Wendy B. Young
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
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31
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PROteolysis TArgetting Chimeras (PROTACs) Strategy Applied to Kinases: Recent Advances. ADVANCED THERAPEUTICS 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/adtp.202000148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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32
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Arthur R, Valle-Argos B, Steele AJ, Packham G. Development of PROTACs to address clinical limitations associated with BTK-targeted kinase inhibitors. EXPLORATION OF TARGETED ANTI-TUMOR THERAPY 2020; 1:131-152. [PMID: 32924028 PMCID: PMC7116064 DOI: 10.37349/etat.2020.00009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia is a common form of leukemia and is dependent on growth-promoting signaling via the B-cell receptor. The Bruton tyrosine kinase (BTK) is an important mediator of B-cell receptor signaling and the irreversible BTK inhibitor ibrutinib can trigger dramatic clinical responses in treated patients. However, emergence of resistance and toxicity are major limitations which lead to treatment discontinuation. There remains, therefore, a clear need for new therapeutic options. In this review, we discuss recent progress in the development of BTK-targeted proteolysis targeting chimeras (PROTACs) describing how such agents may provide advantages over ibrutinib and highlighting features of PROTACs that are important for the development of effective BTK degrading agents. Overall, PROTACs appear to be an exciting new approach to target BTK. However, development is at a very early stage and considerable progress is required to refine these agents and optimize their drug-like properties before progression to clinical testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachael Arthur
- Cancer Research UK Centre, Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, SO16 6YD Southampton, UK
| | - Beatriz Valle-Argos
- Cancer Research UK Centre, Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, SO16 6YD Southampton, UK
| | - Andrew J. Steele
- Cancer Research UK Centre, Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, SO16 6YD Southampton, UK
- Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, University Road, Highfield Campus, SO17 1BJ, Southampton, UK
| | - Graham Packham
- Cancer Research UK Centre, Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, SO16 6YD Southampton, UK
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33
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Corzo CA, Varfolomeev E, Setiadi AF, Francis R, Klabunde S, Senger K, Sujatha-Bhaskar S, Drobnick J, Do S, Suto E, Huang Z, Eastham-Anderson J, Katewa A, Pang J, Domeyer M, Dela Cruz C, Paler-Martinez A, Lau VWC, Hadadianpour A, Ramirez-Carrozi V, Sun Y, Bao K, Xu D, Hunley E, Brightbill HD, Warming S, Roose-Girma M, Wong A, Tam L, Emson CL, Crawford JJ, Young WB, Pappu R, McKenzie BS, Asghari V, Vucic D, Hackney JA, Austin CD, Lee WP, Lekkerkerker A, Ghilardi N, Bryan MC, Kiefer JR, Townsend MJ, Zarrin AA. The kinase IRAK4 promotes endosomal TLR and immune complex signaling in B cells and plasmacytoid dendritic cells. Sci Signal 2020; 13:13/634/eaaz1053. [PMID: 32487715 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aaz1053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The dysregulation of multiple signaling pathways, including those through endosomal Toll-like receptors (TLRs), Fc gamma receptors (FcγR), and antigen receptors in B cells (BCR), promote an autoinflammatory loop in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Here, we used selective small-molecule inhibitors to assess the regulatory roles of interleukin-1 receptor (IL-1R)-associated kinase 4 (IRAK4) and Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) in these pathways. The inhibition of IRAK4 repressed SLE immune complex- and TLR7-mediated activation of human plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs). Correspondingly, the expression of interferon (IFN)-responsive genes (IRGs) in cells and in mice was positively regulated by the kinase activity of IRAK4. Both IRAK4 and BTK inhibition reduced the TLR7-mediated differentiation of human memory B cells into plasmablasts. TLR7-dependent inflammatory responses were differentially regulated by IRAK4 and BTK by cell type: In pDCs, IRAK4 positively regulated NF-κB and MAPK signaling, whereas in B cells, NF-κB and MAPK pathways were regulated by both BTK and IRAK4. In the pristane-induced lupus mouse model, inhibition of IRAK4 reduced the expression of IRGs during disease onset. Mice engineered to express kinase-deficient IRAK4 were protected from both chemical (pristane-induced) and genetic (NZB/W_F1 hybrid) models of lupus development. Our findings suggest that kinase inhibitors of IRAK4 might be a therapeutic in patients with SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cesar A Corzo
- Research, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | | | | | - Ross Francis
- Research, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Sha Klabunde
- Research, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Kate Senger
- Research, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | | | - Joy Drobnick
- Research, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Steven Do
- Research, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Eric Suto
- Research, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Zhiyu Huang
- Research, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | | | - Arna Katewa
- Research, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Jodie Pang
- Research, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Melanie Domeyer
- Research, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | | | | | - Vivian W C Lau
- Research, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | | | | | - Yonglian Sun
- Research, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Katherine Bao
- Research, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Daqi Xu
- Research, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Emily Hunley
- Research, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | | | - Soren Warming
- Research, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | | | - Alfred Wong
- Research, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Lucinda Tam
- Research, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Claire L Emson
- Research, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - James J Crawford
- Research, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Wendy B Young
- Research, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Rajita Pappu
- Research, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Brent S McKenzie
- Research, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Vida Asghari
- Research, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Domagoj Vucic
- Research, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Jason A Hackney
- Research, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Cary D Austin
- Research, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Wyne P Lee
- Research, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | | | - Nico Ghilardi
- Research, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Marian C Bryan
- Research, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - James R Kiefer
- Research, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | | | - Ali A Zarrin
- Research, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA.
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34
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Lorenzo-Vizcaya A, Fasano S, Isenberg DA. Bruton's Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors: A New Therapeutic Target for the Treatment of SLE? Immunotargets Ther 2020; 9:105-110. [PMID: 32582577 PMCID: PMC7276208 DOI: 10.2147/itt.s240874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease with a complex pathogenesis, which presents a great variability in its presentation and can affect almost all organs and systems. Multiple therapeutic targets have been discovered recently, but there also have been failed attempts to treat SLE using biologic agents. Bruton’s tyrosine kinase (BTK) is a cytoplasmic tyrosine kinase expressed in several types of cells of hematopoietic origin which participate in both innate and adaptive immunity. Ibrutinib, a BTK inhibitor, is approved for the treatment of several B cell malignancies, including some types of lymphoma and leukemia. As BTK is expressed on several immune cell types, the mechanism of action of BTK also suggests the use of BTK inhibitors in the treatment of autoimmune diseases. In this review, we will summarize what is known and what has been published so far about the treatment of mouse models of SLE and the human disease, using BTK inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Lorenzo-Vizcaya
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Universitario De Ourense, Ourense, Spain
| | - Serena Fasano
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Campania L. Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy
| | - David A Isenberg
- Centre for Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University College London, London, UK
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35
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Murphy G, Isenberg DA. New therapies for systemic lupus erythematosus - past imperfect, future tense. Nat Rev Rheumatol 2020; 15:403-412. [PMID: 31165780 DOI: 10.1038/s41584-019-0235-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The failure of many new, mostly biologic, drugs to meet their primary end points in double-blind clinical trials in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) has caused a profound sense of disappointment among both physicians and patients. Arguably, the success of B cell depletion with rituximab in open-label clinical trials, the approval of belimumab (which blocks B cell-activating factor (BAFF)) for use in patients with lupus nephritis in the USA and in difficult-to-treat patients with SLE in the UK and the recognition that clinical trial design can be improved have given some cause for hope. However, changes to therapies in current use and the development of new approaches are urgently needed. The results of the latest studies investigating the use of several new approaches to treating SLE are discussed in this Review, including: fully humanized anti-CD20 and anti-CD19 monoclonal antibodies; inhibition of tyrosine-protein kinase BTK; CD40 ligand blockade; interfering with the presentation of antigen to autoreactive T cells using a peptide approach; a receptor decoy approach using an analogue of Fcγ receptor IIB; dual blockade of IL-12 and IL-23; and inhibition of Janus kinases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grainne Murphy
- Department of Rheumatology, Cork University Hospital, Cork, Ireland
| | - David A Isenberg
- Centre for Rheumatology/Division of Medicine, University College London, London, UK.
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36
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Angst D, Gessier F, Janser P, Vulpetti A, Wälchli R, Beerli C, Littlewood-Evans A, Dawson J, Nuesslein-Hildesheim B, Wieczorek G, Gutmann S, Scheufler C, Hinniger A, Zimmerlin A, Funhoff EG, Pulz R, Cenni B. Discovery of LOU064 (Remibrutinib), a Potent and Highly Selective Covalent Inhibitor of Bruton’s Tyrosine Kinase. J Med Chem 2020; 63:5102-5118. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b01916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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37
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Schwartz N, Stock AD, Putterman C. Neuropsychiatric lupus: new mechanistic insights and future treatment directions. Nat Rev Rheumatol 2020; 15:137-152. [PMID: 30659245 DOI: 10.1038/s41584-018-0156-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) frequently show symptoms of central nervous system (CNS) involvement, termed neuropsychiatric SLE (NPSLE). The CNS manifestations of SLE are diverse and have a broad spectrum of severity and prognostic implications. Patients with NPSLE typically present with nonspecific symptoms, such as headache and cognitive impairment, but might also experience devastating features, such as memory loss, seizures and stroke. Some features of NPSLE, in particular those related to coagulopathy, have been characterized and an evidence-based treatment algorithm is available. The cognitive and affective manifestations of NPSLE, however, remain poorly understood. Various immune effectors have been evaluated as contributors to its pathogenesis, including brain-reactive autoantibodies, cytokines and cell-mediated inflammation. Additional brain-intrinsic elements (such as resident microglia, the blood-brain barrier and other neurovascular interfaces) are important facilitators of NPSLE. As yet, however, no unifying model has been found to underlie the pathogenesis of NPSLE, suggesting that this disease has multiple contributors and perhaps several distinct aetiologies. This heterogeneity presents a challenge for clinicians who have traditionally relied on empirical judgement in choosing treatment modalities for patients with NPSLE. Improved understanding of this manifestation of SLE might yield further options for managing this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noa Schwartz
- Division of Rheumatology, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ariel D Stock
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Chaim Putterman
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA. .,Division of Rheumatology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine and Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA.
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38
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Dai J, Yang L, Addison G. Current Status in the Discovery of Covalent Janus Kinase 3 (JAK3) Inhibitors. Mini Rev Med Chem 2019; 19:1531-1543. [PMID: 31288716 DOI: 10.2174/1389557519666190617152011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Revised: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The search for inhibitors of the Janus kinase family (JAK1, JAK2, JAK3 and TYK2) has been ongoing for several decades and has resulted in a number of JAK inhibitors being approved for use in patients, such as tofacitinib for the treatment of autoimmune diseases such as Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA). Although initially thought to be a JAK3 selective inhibitor, tofacitinib was subsequently found to possess significant activity to inhibit JAK1 and JAK2 which has contributed to some adverse side effects. A selective JAK3 inhibitor should only have an effect within the immune system since JAK3 is solely expressed in lymphoid tissue; this makes JAK3 a target of interest in the search for treatments of autoimmune diseases. A method to obtain selectivity for JAK3 over the other JAK family members, which has attracted more scientific attention recently, is the targeting of the active site cysteine residue, unique in JAK3 within the JAK family, with compounds containing electrophilic warheads which can form a covalent bond with the nucleophilic thiol of the cysteine residue. This review encompasses the historical search for a covalent JAK3 inhibitor and the most recently published research which hasn't been reviewed to date. The most important compounds from the publications reviewed the activity and selectivity of these compounds together with some of the more important biological results are condensed in to an easily digested form that should prove useful for those interested in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Dai
- Changzhou Fangyuan Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Changzhou, Jiangsu, PC 213125, China
| | - LiXi Yang
- Changzhou Fangyuan Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Changzhou, Jiangsu, PC 213125, China
| | - Glynn Addison
- Changzhou Fangyuan Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Changzhou, Jiangsu, PC 213125, China
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39
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Syrett CM, Anguera MC. When the balance is broken: X-linked gene dosage from two X chromosomes and female-biased autoimmunity. J Leukoc Biol 2019; 106:919-932. [PMID: 31125996 PMCID: PMC7206452 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.6ri0319-094r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Revised: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Women and men exhibit differences in innate and adaptive immunity, and women are more susceptible to numerous autoimmune disorders. Two or more X chromosomes increases the risk for some autoimmune diseases, and increased expression of some X-linked immune genes is frequently observed in female lymphocytes from autoimmune patients. Evidence from mouse models of autoimmunity also supports the idea that increased expression of X-linked genes is a feature of female-biased autoimmunity. Recent studies have begun to elucidate the correlation between abnormal X-chromosome inactivation (XCI), an essential mechanism female somatic cells use to equalize X-linked gene dosage between the sexes, and autoimmunity in lymphocytes. In this review, we highlight research describing overexpression of X-linked immunity-related genes and female-biased autoimmunity in both humans and mouse models, and make connections with our recent work elucidating lymphocyte-specific mechanisms of XCI maintenance that become altered in lupus patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille M Syrett
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Montserrat C Anguera
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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40
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Yao X, Sun X, Jin S, Yang L, Xu H, Rao Y. Discovery of 4-Aminoquinoline-3-carboxamide Derivatives as Potent Reversible Bruton’s Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors for the Treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis. J Med Chem 2019; 62:6561-6574. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b00329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xia Yao
- Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| | - Xiuyun Sun
- Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| | - Shuyu Jin
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drugs Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, P. R. China
| | - Ling Yang
- R&D Institute, Chia Tai Tianqing Pharmaceutical Group Co., LTD, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China
| | - Hongjiang Xu
- R&D Institute, Chia Tai Tianqing Pharmaceutical Group Co., LTD, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China
| | - Yu Rao
- Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
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41
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Haselmayer P, Camps M, Liu-Bujalski L, Nguyen N, Morandi F, Head J, O'Mahony A, Zimmerli SC, Bruns L, Bender AT, Schroeder P, Grenningloh R. Efficacy and Pharmacodynamic Modeling of the BTK Inhibitor Evobrutinib in Autoimmune Disease Models. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 202:2888-2906. [PMID: 30988116 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1800583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Because of its role in mediating both B cell and Fc receptor signaling, Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) is a promising target for the treatment of autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Evobrutinib is a novel, highly selective, irreversible BTK inhibitor that potently inhibits BCR- and Fc receptor-mediated signaling and, thus, subsequent activation and function of human B cells and innate immune cells such as monocytes and basophils. We evaluated evobrutinib in preclinical models of RA and SLE and characterized the relationship between BTK occupancy and inhibition of disease activity. In mouse models of RA and SLE, orally administered evobrutinib displayed robust efficacy, as demonstrated by reduction of disease severity and histological damage. In the SLE model, evobrutinib inhibited B cell activation, reduced autoantibody production and plasma cell numbers, and normalized B and T cell subsets. In the RA model, efficacy was achieved despite failure to reduce autoantibodies. Pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic modeling showed that mean BTK occupancy in blood cells of 80% was linked to near-complete disease inhibition in both RA and SLE mouse models. In addition, evobrutinib inhibited mast cell activation in a passive cutaneous anaphylaxis model. Thus, evobrutinib achieves efficacy by acting both on B cells and innate immune cells. Taken together, our data show that evobrutinib is a promising molecule for the chronic treatment of B cell-driven autoimmune disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Haselmayer
- Translational Innovation Platform Immunology, Merck KGaA, Darmstadt 64293, Germany
| | | | - Lesley Liu-Bujalski
- Medicinal Chemistry, EMD Serono Research and Development Institute, Billerica, MA 01821
| | - Ngan Nguyen
- Medicinal Chemistry, EMD Serono Research and Development Institute, Billerica, MA 01821
| | - Federica Morandi
- Molecular Pharmacology, EMD Serono Research and Development Institute, Billerica, MA 01821
| | - Jared Head
- Molecular Pharmacology, EMD Serono Research and Development Institute, Billerica, MA 01821
| | - Alison O'Mahony
- Eurofins DiscoverX Corporation, South San Francisco, CA 94080
| | - Simone C Zimmerli
- Translational Innovation Platform Immunology, EMD Serono Research and Development Institute, Billerica, MA 01821; and
| | - Lisa Bruns
- Translational Innovation Platform Immunology, Merck KGaA, Darmstadt 64293, Germany
| | - Andrew T Bender
- Translational Innovation Platform Immunology, EMD Serono Research and Development Institute, Billerica, MA 01821; and
| | - Patricia Schroeder
- Translational Pharmacology, EMD Serono Research and Development Institute, Billerica, MA 01821
| | - Roland Grenningloh
- Translational Innovation Platform Immunology, EMD Serono Research and Development Institute, Billerica, MA 01821; and
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42
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Watterson SH, Liu Q, Beaudoin Bertrand M, Batt DG, Li L, Pattoli MA, Skala S, Cheng L, Obermeier MT, Moore R, Yang Z, Vickery R, Elzinga PA, Discenza L, D’Arienzo C, Gillooly KM, Taylor TL, Pulicicchio C, Zhang Y, Heimrich E, McIntyre KW, Ruan Q, Westhouse RA, Catlett IM, Zheng N, Chaudhry C, Dai J, Galella MA, Tebben AJ, Pokross M, Li J, Zhao R, Smith D, Rampulla R, Allentoff A, Wallace MA, Mathur A, Salter-Cid L, Macor JE, Carter PH, Fura A, Burke JR, Tino JA. Discovery of Branebrutinib (BMS-986195): A Strategy for Identifying a Highly Potent and Selective Covalent Inhibitor Providing Rapid in Vivo Inactivation of Bruton’s Tyrosine Kinase (BTK). J Med Chem 2019; 62:3228-3250. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b00167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Scott H. Watterson
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Qingjie Liu
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Myra Beaudoin Bertrand
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Douglas G. Batt
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Ling Li
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Mark A. Pattoli
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Stacey Skala
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Lihong Cheng
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Mary T. Obermeier
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Robin Moore
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Zheng Yang
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Rodney Vickery
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Paul A. Elzinga
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Lorell Discenza
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Celia D’Arienzo
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Kathleen M. Gillooly
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Tracy L. Taylor
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Claudine Pulicicchio
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Yifan Zhang
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Elizabeth Heimrich
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Kim W. McIntyre
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Qian Ruan
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Richard A. Westhouse
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Ian M. Catlett
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Naiyu Zheng
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Charu Chaudhry
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Jun Dai
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Michael A. Galella
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Andrew J. Tebben
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Matt Pokross
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Jianqing Li
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Rulin Zhao
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Daniel Smith
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Richard Rampulla
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Alban Allentoff
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Michael A. Wallace
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Arvind Mathur
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Luisa Salter-Cid
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - John E. Macor
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Percy H. Carter
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Aberra Fura
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - James R. Burke
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Joseph A. Tino
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
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Schnute ME, Benoit SE, Buchler IP, Caspers N, Grapperhaus ML, Han S, Hotchandani R, Huang N, Hughes RO, Juba BM, Kim KH, Liu E, McCarthy E, Messing D, Miyashiro JS, Mohan S, O’Connell TN, Ohren JF, Parikh MD, Schmidt M, Selness SR, Springer JR, Thanabal V, Trujillo JI, Walker DP, Wan ZK, Withka JM, Wittwer AJ, Wood NL, Xing L, Zapf CW, Douhan J. Aminopyrazole Carboxamide Bruton's Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors. Irreversible to Reversible Covalent Reactive Group Tuning. ACS Med Chem Lett 2019; 10:80-85. [PMID: 30655951 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.8b00461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Potent covalent inhibitors of Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) based on an aminopyrazole carboxamide scaffold have been identified. Compared to acrylamide-based covalent reactive groups leading to irreversible protein adducts, cyanamide-based reversible-covalent inhibitors provided the highest combined BTK potency and EGFR selectivity. The cyanamide covalent mechanism with BTK was confirmed through enzyme kinetic, NMR, MS, and X-ray crystallographic studies. The lead cyanamide-based inhibitors demonstrated excellent kinome selectivity and rat pharmacokinetic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Nicole Caspers
- Medicine Design, Pfizer, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | | | - Seungil Han
- Medicine Design, Pfizer, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jeffrey F. Ohren
- Medicine Design, Pfizer, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Mihir D. Parikh
- Medicine Design, Pfizer, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | | | | | | | | | - John I. Trujillo
- Medicine Design, Pfizer, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | | | | | - Jane M. Withka
- Medicine Design, Pfizer, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
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44
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Delignat S, Russick J, Gangadharan B, Rayes J, Ing M, Voorberg J, Kaveri SV, Lacroix-Desmazes S. Prevention of the anti-factor VIII memory B-cell response by inhibition of Bruton tyrosine kinase in experimental hemophilia A. Haematologica 2018; 104:1046-1054. [PMID: 30545924 PMCID: PMC6518880 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2018.200279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Hemophilia A is a rare hemorrhagic disorder caused by the lack of functional pro-coagulant factor VIII. Factor VIII replacement therapy in patients with severe hemophilia A results in the development of inhibitory anti-factor VIII IgG in up to 30% of cases. To date, immune tolerance induction, with daily injection of large amounts of factor VIII, is the only strategy to eradicate factor VIII inhibitors. This strategy is, however, efficient in only 60-80% of patients. We investigated whether blocking B-cell receptor signaling upon inhibition of Bruton tyrosine kinase prevents anti-factor VIII immune responses in a mouse model of severe hemophilia A. Factor VIII-naïve and factor VIII-sensitized factor VIII-deficient mice were fed with the selective inhibitor of Bruton tyrosine kinase, (R)-5-amino-1-(1-cyanopiperidin-3-yl)-3-(4-[2,4-difluorophenoxyl] phenyl)-1H pyrazole-4-carboxamide (PF-06250112), to inhibit B-cell receptor signaling prior to challenge with exogenous factor VIII. The consequences on the anti-factor VIII immune response were studied. Inhibition of Bruton tyrosine kinase during the primary anti-factor VIII immune response in factor VIII-naïve mice did not prevent the development of inhibitory anti-factor VIII IgG. In contrast, the anti-factor VIII memory B-cell response was consistently reduced upon treatment of factor VIII-sensitized mice with the Bruton tyrosine kinase inhibitor. The Bruton tyrosine kinase inhibitor reduced the differentiation of memory B cells ex vivo and in vivo following adoptive transfer to factor VIII-naïve animals. Taken together, our data identify inhibition of Bruton tyrosine kinase using PF-06250112 as a strategy to limit the reactivation of factor VIII-specific memory B cells upon re-challenge with therapeutic factor VIII.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandrine Delignat
- INSERM, UMR S 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France.,Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, UMR S 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes, UMR S 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France
| | - Jules Russick
- INSERM, UMR S 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France.,Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, UMR S 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes, UMR S 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France
| | - Bagirath Gangadharan
- INSERM, UMR S 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France.,Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, UMR S 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes, UMR S 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France
| | - Julie Rayes
- INSERM, UMR S 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France.,Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, UMR S 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes, UMR S 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France
| | - Mathieu Ing
- INSERM, UMR S 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France.,Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, UMR S 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes, UMR S 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France
| | - Jan Voorberg
- Department of Plasma Proteins, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Srinivas V Kaveri
- INSERM, UMR S 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France.,Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, UMR S 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes, UMR S 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France
| | - Sébastien Lacroix-Desmazes
- INSERM, UMR S 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France .,Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, UMR S 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes, UMR S 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France
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45
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Bruton tyrosine kinase degradation as a therapeutic strategy for cancer. Blood 2018; 133:952-961. [PMID: 30545835 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2018-07-862953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The covalent Bruton tyrosine kinase (BTK) inhibitor ibrutinib is highly efficacious against multiple B-cell malignancies. However, it is not selective for BTK, and multiple mechanisms of resistance, including the C481S-BTK mutation, can compromise its efficacy. We hypothesized that small-molecule-induced BTK degradation may overcome some of the limitations of traditional enzymatic inhibitors. Here, we demonstrate that BTK degradation results in potent suppression of signaling and proliferation in cancer cells and that BTK degraders efficiently degrade C481S-BTK. Moreover, we discovered DD-03-171, an optimized lead compound that exhibits enhanced antiproliferative effects on mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) cells in vitro by degrading BTK, IKFZ1, and IKFZ3 as well as efficacy against patient-derived xenografts in vivo. Thus, "triple degradation" may be an effective therapeutic approach for treating MCL and overcoming ibrutinib resistance, thereby addressing a major unmet need in the treatment of MCL and other B-cell lymphomas.
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Abstract
Purpose of Review: The standard treatment options for systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) are focused on non-specific immunosuppression. Over the past few years, scientific studies and ongoing clinical trials have shifted the paradigm with rapid advances in developing biologics and small molecules. A number of monoclonal antibodies and small molecule inhibitors have been developed to target specific pathways involved in SLE. Many of these novel therapeutic agents are already being tested in clinical trials and they may 1 day reshape the landscape of SLE treatment. Herein we review potential future therapeutic options for SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milena Vukelic
- Division of Rheumatology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Yi Li
- Division of Rheumatology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Vasileios C Kyttaris
- Division of Rheumatology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
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47
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Casimiro-Garcia A, Trujillo JI, Vajdos F, Juba B, Banker ME, Aulabaugh A, Balbo P, Bauman J, Chrencik J, Coe JW, Czerwinski R, Dowty M, Knafels JD, Kwon S, Leung L, Liang S, Robinson RP, Telliez JB, Unwalla R, Yang X, Thorarensen A. Identification of Cyanamide-Based Janus Kinase 3 (JAK3) Covalent Inhibitors. J Med Chem 2018; 61:10665-10699. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b01308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - John I. Trujillo
- Medicine Design, Pfizer Inc., 445 Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Felix Vajdos
- Medicine Design, Pfizer Inc., 445 Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | | | - Mary Ellen Banker
- Medicine Design, Pfizer Inc., 445 Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Ann Aulabaugh
- Medicine Design, Pfizer Inc., 445 Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | | | - Jonathan Bauman
- Medicine Design, Pfizer Inc., 445 Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Jill Chrencik
- Medicine Design, Pfizer Inc., 445 Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Jotham W. Coe
- Medicine Design, Pfizer Inc., 445 Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | | | - Martin Dowty
- Medicine Design, Pfizer Inc., 1 Burtt Road, Andover, Massachusetts 01810, United States
| | - John D. Knafels
- Medicine Design, Pfizer Inc., 445 Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Soojin Kwon
- Medicine Design, Pfizer Inc., 445 Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Louis Leung
- Medicine Design, Pfizer Inc., 445 Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Sidney Liang
- Medicine Design, Pfizer Inc., 445 Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Ralph P. Robinson
- Medicine Design, Pfizer Inc., 445 Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | | | | | - Xin Yang
- Medicine Design, Pfizer Inc., 445 Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
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48
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Delineating the role of cooperativity in the design of potent PROTACs for BTK. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:E7285-E7292. [PMID: 30012605 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1803662115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 241] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteolysis targeting chimeras (PROTACs) are heterobifunctional small molecules that simultaneously bind to a target protein and an E3 ligase, thereby leading to ubiquitination and subsequent degradation of the target. They present an exciting opportunity to modulate proteins in a manner independent of enzymatic or signaling activity. As such, they have recently emerged as an attractive mechanism to explore previously "undruggable" targets. Despite this interest, fundamental questions remain regarding the parameters most critical for achieving potency and selectivity. Here we employ a series of biochemical and cellular techniques to investigate requirements for efficient knockdown of Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK), a nonreceptor tyrosine kinase essential for B cell maturation. Members of an 11-compound PROTAC library were investigated for their ability to form binary and ternary complexes with BTK and cereblon (CRBN, an E3 ligase component). Results were extended to measure effects on BTK-CRBN cooperative interactions as well as in vitro and in vivo BTK degradation. Our data show that alleviation of steric clashes between BTK and CRBN by modulating PROTAC linker length within this chemical series allows potent BTK degradation in the absence of thermodynamic cooperativity.
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49
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Wang X, Zhang C, Wu Z, Chen Y, Shi W. CircIBTK inhibits DNA demethylation and activation of AKT signaling pathway via miR-29b in peripheral blood mononuclear cells in systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Res Ther 2018; 20:118. [PMID: 29884225 PMCID: PMC5993996 DOI: 10.1186/s13075-018-1618-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic and incurable autoimmune disease involving the dysfunction of lymphocytes. Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) with a covalently closed loop structure, with abnormal expression in various human diseases may participate in the pathogenesis, while further study is needed in SLE. In this study, we aimed to find the circRNAs abnormally expressed in SLE and explore the function of circRNAs in SLE. Methods CircRNA sequencing was used to find the abnormally expressed circRNA and qRT-PCR was used to detect the expression. Correlation analysis was used to analyze the correlation between circIBTK or miR-29b and clinicopathological variables in patients with SLE. Cell culture, nuclear-cytoplasmic fractionation, qRT-PCR, transfection, luciferase reporter assay, western blot analysis, DNA extraction and global methylation analysis were used to explain the function of circIBTK and miR-29b in the progression of SLE. SPSS 18.0 software was used to perform statistics. Results We found that the expression of circIBTK was downregulated in SLE and correlated with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Disease Activity Index (SLEDAI) score, anti-double-stranded (ds)DNA and complement C3 level in patients with SLE. Then miR-29b expression was upregulated in SLE and correlated with SLEDAI score, anti-dsDNA and complement C3 level in patients with SLE. Mechanistic investigations indicated that miR-29b could induce DNA demethylation and activate the AKT signaling pathway and circIBTK might reverse the DNA demethylation and activation of the AKT signaling pathway induced by miR-29b via binding to miR-29b in SLE. Conclusions CircIBTK was downregulated in SLE and might regulate DNA demethylation and the AKT signaling pathway via binding to miR-29b in SLE. CircIBTK and miR-29 could also act as biomarkers and therapeutic targets for SLE. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13075-018-1618-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Wang
- Department of Dermatology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Haining Road 100, Shanghai, 200080, China
| | - Chengzhong Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Haining Road 100, Shanghai, 200080, China
| | - Zhouwei Wu
- Department of Dermatology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Haining Road 100, Shanghai, 200080, China
| | - Yue Chen
- Department of Dermatology, Shanghai General Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Haining Road 100, Shanghai, 200080, China
| | - Weimin Shi
- Department of Dermatology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Haining Road 100, Shanghai, 200080, China.
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50
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Julià A, López-Longo FJ, Pérez Venegas JJ, Bonàs-Guarch S, Olivé À, Andreu JL, Aguirre-Zamorano MÁ, Vela P, Nolla JM, de la Fuente JLM, Zea A, Pego-Reigosa JM, Freire M, Díez E, Rodríguez-Almaraz E, Carreira P, Blanco R, Taboada VM, López-Lasanta M, Corbeto ML, Mercader JM, Torrents D, Absher D, Marsal S, Fernández-Nebro A. Genome-wide association study meta-analysis identifies five new loci for systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Res Ther 2018; 20:100. [PMID: 29848360 PMCID: PMC5977506 DOI: 10.1186/s13075-018-1604-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a common systemic autoimmune disease with a complex genetic inheritance. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have significantly increased the number of significant loci associated with SLE risk. To date, however, established loci account for less than 30% of the disease heritability and additional risk variants have yet to be identified. Here we performed a GWAS followed by a meta-analysis to identify new genome-wide significant loci for SLE. METHODS We genotyped a cohort of 907 patients with SLE (cases) and 1524 healthy controls from Spain and performed imputation using the 1000 Genomes reference data. We tested for association using logistic regression with correction for the principal components of variation. Meta-analysis of the association results was subsequently performed on 7,110,321 variants using genetic data from a large cohort of 4036 patients with SLE and 6959 controls of Northern European ancestry. Genetic association was also tested at the pathway level after removing the effect of known risk loci using PASCAL software. RESULTS We identified five new loci associated with SLE at the genome-wide level of significance (p < 5 × 10- 8): GRB2, SMYD3, ST8SIA4, LAT2 and ARHGAP27. Pathway analysis revealed several biological processes significantly associated with SLE risk: B cell receptor signaling (p = 5.28 × 10- 6), CTLA4 co-stimulation during T cell activation (p = 3.06 × 10- 5), interleukin-4 signaling (p = 3.97 × 10- 5) and cell surface interactions at the vascular wall (p = 4.63 × 10- 5). CONCLUSIONS Our results identify five novel loci for SLE susceptibility, and biologic pathways associated via multiple low-effect-size loci.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Julià
- Rheumatology Research Group, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, 08035, Barcelona, Spain.
| | | | - José J Pérez Venegas
- Department of Rheumatology, Hospital del SAS de Jerez de la Frontera, 11407, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Silvia Bonàs-Guarch
- Barcelona Supercomputing Center. Joint BSC-CRG-IRB Research Program in Computational Biology, 08034, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Àlex Olivé
- Department of Rheumatology, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, 08916, Badalona, Spain
| | - José Luís Andreu
- Department of Rheumatology, Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro, 28222, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Paloma Vela
- Department of Rheumatology, Hospital General Universitario de Alicante, 03010, Alicante, Spain
| | - Joan M Nolla
- Department of Rheumatology, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, 08907, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Antonio Zea
- Department of Rheumatology, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, 28034, Madrid, Spain
| | - José María Pego-Reigosa
- Department of Rheumatology, Hospital do Meixoeiro, Grupo IRIDIS, Instituto de Investigación sanitaria Galicia Sur (IISGS), 36312, Vigo, Spain
| | - Mercedes Freire
- Department of Rheumatology, Hospital Universitario A Coruña, 15006, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Elvira Díez
- Department of Rheumatology, Hospital Complejo Asistencial Universitario de León, 24071, León, Spain
| | | | - Patricia Carreira
- Department of Rheumatology, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, 28041, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ricardo Blanco
- Department of Rheumatology, Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla, 39008, Santander, Spain
| | - Víctor Martínez Taboada
- Department of Rheumatology, Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla, 39008, Santander, Spain
| | - María López-Lasanta
- Rheumatology Research Group, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, 08035, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mireia López Corbeto
- Rheumatology Research Group, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, 08035, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josep M Mercader
- Barcelona Supercomputing Center. Joint BSC-CRG-IRB Research Program in Computational Biology, 08034, Barcelona, Spain
| | - David Torrents
- Barcelona Supercomputing Center. Joint BSC-CRG-IRB Research Program in Computational Biology, 08034, Barcelona, Spain.,Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), 08010, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Devin Absher
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL, 35806, USA
| | - Sara Marsal
- Rheumatology Research Group, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, 08035, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Antonio Fernández-Nebro
- Department of Rheumatology, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga, 29011, Málaga, Spain
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