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L’Estrange-Stranieri E, Gottschalk TA, Wright MD, Hibbs ML. The dualistic role of Lyn tyrosine kinase in immune cell signaling: implications for systemic lupus erythematosus. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1395427. [PMID: 39007135 PMCID: PMC11239442 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1395427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE, lupus) is a debilitating, multisystem autoimmune disease that can affect any organ in the body. The disease is characterized by circulating autoantibodies that accumulate in organs and tissues, which triggers an inflammatory response that can cause permanent damage leading to significant morbidity and mortality. Lyn, a member of the Src family of non-receptor protein tyrosine kinases, is highly implicated in SLE as remarkably both mice lacking Lyn or expressing a gain-of-function mutation in Lyn develop spontaneous lupus-like disease due to altered signaling in B lymphocytes and myeloid cells, suggesting its expression or activation state plays a critical role in maintaining tolerance. The past 30 years of research has begun to elucidate the role of Lyn in a duplicitous signaling network of activating and inhibitory immunoreceptors and related targets, including interactions with the interferon regulatory factor family in the toll-like receptor pathway. Gain-of-function mutations in Lyn have now been identified in human cases and like mouse models, cause severe systemic autoinflammation. Studies of Lyn in SLE patients have presented mixed findings, which may reflect the heterogeneity of disease processes in SLE, with impairment or enhancement in Lyn function affecting subsets of SLE patients that may be a means of stratification. In this review, we present an overview of the phosphorylation and protein-binding targets of Lyn in B lymphocytes and myeloid cells, highlighting the structural domains of the protein that are involved in its function, and provide an update on studies of Lyn in SLE patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elan L’Estrange-Stranieri
- Department of Immunology, School of Translational Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Timothy A. Gottschalk
- Department of Immunology, School of Translational Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC, Australia
- Department of Molecular and Translational Science, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Mark D. Wright
- Department of Immunology, School of Translational Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Margaret L. Hibbs
- Department of Immunology, School of Translational Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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2
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Bennion KB, Liu D, Dawood AS, Wyatt MM, Alexander KL, Abdel-Hakeem MS, Paulos CM, Ford ML. CD8 + T cell-derived Fgl2 regulates immunity in a cell-autonomous manner via ligation of FcγRIIB. Nat Commun 2024; 15:5280. [PMID: 38902261 PMCID: PMC11190225 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-49475-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024] Open
Abstract
The regulatory circuits dictating CD8+ T cell responsiveness versus exhaustion during anti-tumor immunity are incompletely understood. Here we report that tumor-infiltrating antigen-specific PD-1+ TCF-1- CD8+ T cells express the immunosuppressive cytokine Fgl2. Conditional deletion of Fgl2 specifically in mouse antigen-specific CD8+ T cells prolongs CD8+ T cell persistence, suppresses phenotypic and transcriptomic signatures of T cell exhaustion, and improves control of the tumor. In a mouse model of chronic viral infection, PD-1+ CD8+ T cell-derived Fgl2 also negatively regulates virus-specific T cell responses. In humans, CD8+ T cell-derived Fgl2 is associated with poorer survival in patients with melanoma. Mechanistically, the dampened responsiveness of WT Fgl2-expressing CD8+ T cells, when compared to Fgl2-deficient CD8+ T cells, is underpinned by the cell-intrinsic interaction of Fgl2 with CD8+ T cell-expressed FcγRIIB and concomitant caspase 3/7-mediated apoptosis. Our results thus illuminate a cell-autonomous regulatory axis by which PD-1+ CD8+ T cells both express the receptor and secrete its ligand in order to mediate suppression of anti-tumor and anti-viral immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey B Bennion
- Department of Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Emory Winship Cancer Institute, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Cancer Biology PhD Program, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Danya Liu
- Department of Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Abdelhameed S Dawood
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Pathology Advanced Translational Research Unit (PATRU), Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Megan M Wyatt
- Department of Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Emory Winship Cancer Institute, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Cancer Biology PhD Program, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Katie L Alexander
- Department of Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Immunology and Molecular Pathogenesis PhD Program, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Mohamed S Abdel-Hakeem
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Pathology Advanced Translational Research Unit (PATRU), Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Chrystal M Paulos
- Department of Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Emory Winship Cancer Institute, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Cancer Biology PhD Program, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Mandy L Ford
- Department of Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.
- Emory Winship Cancer Institute, Atlanta, GA, USA.
- Cancer Biology PhD Program, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
- Immunology and Molecular Pathogenesis PhD Program, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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Nammor T, Frizzell J, Lavoie RR, Lucien F. The anti-B7-H3 blocking antibody MJ18 does not recognize B7-H3 in murine tumor models. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.11.15.567261. [PMID: 38014341 PMCID: PMC10680724 DOI: 10.1101/2023.11.15.567261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
The immune checkpoint molecule B7-H3 is regarded as one of the most promising therapeutic targets for the treatment of human cancers. B7-H3 is highly expressed in many cancers and its expression has been associated to impaired antitumor immunity and poor patient prognosis. In immunocompetent mouse tumor models, genetic deletion of B7-H3 in tumor cells enhances antitumor immune response leading to tumor shrinkage. The underlying mechanisms of B7-H3 inhibitory function remain largely uncharacterized and the identity of potential cognate(s) receptor(s) of B7-H3 is still to be defined. To better understand B7-H3 function in vivo, several studies have employed MJ18, a monoclonal antibody reported to bind murine B7-H3 and blocks its immune-inhibitory function. In this brief research report, we show that 1) MJ18 does not bind B7-H3, 2) MJ18 binds the Fc receptor FcγRIIB on surface of murine splenocytes, and 3) MJ18 does not induce tumor regression in a mouse model responsive to B7-H3 knockout. Given the high profile of B7-H3 as therapeutic target for human cancers, our work emphasizes that murine B7-H3 studies using the MJ18 antibody should be interpreted with caution. Finally, we hope that our study will motivate the scientific community to establish much-needed validated research tools to study B7-H3 biology in mouse models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Talah Nammor
- Department of Urology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | | | | | - Fabrice Lucien
- Department of Urology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
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Jiang J, Peng Z, Wang J, Chen M, Wan Y, Huang H, Liu Z, Wang J, Hou J. C-reactive protein impairs immune response of CD8 + T cells via FcγRIIb-p38MAPK-ROS axis in multiple myeloma. J Immunother Cancer 2023; 11:e007593. [PMID: 37844994 PMCID: PMC10582887 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2023-007593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND C-reactive protein (CRP) is a prototypical acute phase protein in humans with the function of regulating immune cells. Serum CRP levels are elevated in multiple myeloma (MM), associated with MM cell proliferation and bone destruction. However, its direct effects on T lymphocytes in MM have not been elucidated. METHODS Public data sets were used to explore the correlation of CRP levels with immune cell infiltration and cytotoxicity score of CD8+ T cells in MM. In vitro, repeated freeze-thaw myeloma cell lines were taken as tumor antigens to load dendritic cells (DCs) derived from HLA-A*0201-positive healthy donors. MM-specific cytotoxic T cells (MM-CTL) were obtained from T lymphocytes of the corresponding donors pulsed with these DCs. B-cell maturation antigen (BCMA)-targeted chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cells were manipulated by transfecting with lentivirus encoding an anti-BCMA single-chain variable fragment. Then T cells from healthy controls, MM-CTLs and BCMA CAR-T cells were exposed to CRP and analyzed for cell proliferation, cytotoxicity, immunophenotypes. CRP binding capacity to T cells before and after Fc gamma receptors IIb (FcγRIIb) blockage, p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway and the downstream molecules were also detected. In vivo, both normal C57BL/6J mice and the Vk*MYC myeloma mouse models were applied to confirm the impact of CRP on T cells. RESULTS CRP levels were negatively correlated with cell-infiltration and cytotoxicity score of CD8+ T cells in MM. In vitro experiments showed that CRP inhibited T-cell proliferation in a dose-dependent manner, impaired the cytotoxic activity and upregulated expression of senescent markers in CD8+ T cells. In vivo results validated the suppressive role of CRP in CD8+ T cells. CRP could bind to CD8+ T cells, mainly to the naïve T subset, while the binding was dramatically decreased by FcγRIIb blockage. Furthermore, CRP resulted in increased phosphorylation of p38 MAPK, elevated levels of reactive oxygen species and oxidized glutathione in CD8+ T cells. CONCLUSIONS We found that CRP impaired immune response of CD8+ T cells via FcγRIIb-p38MAPK-ROS signaling pathway. The study casted new insights into the role of CRP in anti-myeloma immunity, providing implications for future immunotherapy in MM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinxing Jiang
- Department of Hematology, Renji Hospital,Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ziyi Peng
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Junying Wang
- Department of Hematology, Renji Hospital,Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Mengping Chen
- Department of Hematology, Renji Hospital,Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yike Wan
- Department of Hematology, Renji Hospital,Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Honghui Huang
- Department of Hematology, Renji Hospital,Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhiqiang Liu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Jingya Wang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Jian Hou
- Department of Hematology, Renji Hospital,Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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5
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Bennion KB, Tariq M, Wyatt MM, Duneton C, Baecher KM, Paulos CM, Kudchadkar RR, Lowe MC, Ford ML. FcγRIIB expressed on CD8 + T cells limits responsiveness to PD-1 checkpoint inhibition in cancer. Sci Transl Med 2023; 15:eadd1868. [PMID: 37611081 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.add1868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
Checkpoint inhibition using Fc-containing monoclonal antibodies has emerged as a powerful therapeutic approach to augment antitumor immunity. We recently showed that FcγRIIB, the only inhibitory IgG-Fc receptor, is expressed on a population of highly differentiated effector CD8+ T cells in the tumors of mice and humans, raising the possibility that CD8+ T cell responses may be directly modulated by checkpoint inhibitor binding to T cell-expressed FcγRIIB. Here, we show that despite exhibiting strong proliferative and cytokine responses at baseline, human FcγRIIBpos CD8+ T cells exhibited reduced responsiveness to both PD-1 and CTLA-4 checkpoint inhibition as compared with FcγRIIBneg CD8+ T cells in vitro. Moreover, frequencies of FcγRIIBpos CD8+ T cells were reduced after treatment of patients with melanoma with nivolumab in vivo. This reduced responsiveness was FcγRIIB dependent, because conditional genetic deletion of FcγRIIB on tumor-specific CD8+ T cells improved response to checkpoint blockade in B16 and LLC mouse models of cancer. The limited responsiveness of FcγRIIBpos CD8+ T cells was also dependent on an intact Fc region of the checkpoint inhibitor, in that treatment with Fc-devoid anti-PD-1 F(ab) fragments resulted in increased proliferation of FcγRIIBpos CD8+ T cells, without altering the response of FcγRIIBneg CD8+ T cells. Last, the addition of FcγRIIB blockade improved efficacy of PD-1 checkpoint inhibition in mouse models of melanoma, lung, and colon cancer. These results illuminate an FcγRIIB-mediated, cell-autonomous mechanism of CD8+ T cell suppression, which limits the efficacy of checkpoint inhibitors during antitumor immune responses in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey B Bennion
- Department of Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
- Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Marvi Tariq
- Department of Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
- Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Megan M Wyatt
- Department of Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
- Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Charlotte Duneton
- Paediatric Nephrology, Robert Debré Hospital, Paris 75019, France
- Emory Transplant Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Kirsten M Baecher
- Department of Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Chrystal M Paulos
- Department of Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
- Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Ragini R Kudchadkar
- Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Michael C Lowe
- Department of Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
- Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Mandy L Ford
- Department of Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
- Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
- Emory Transplant Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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6
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Typiak M, Rękawiecki B, Rębała K, Dubaniewicz A. Comparative Analysis of FCGR Gene Polymorphism in Pulmonary Sarcoidosis and Tuberculosis. Cells 2023; 12:cells12091221. [PMID: 37174624 PMCID: PMC10177102 DOI: 10.3390/cells12091221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The clinical outcome of sarcoidosis (SA) is very similar to tuberculosis (TB); however, they are treated differently and should not be confused. In search for their biomarkers, we have previously revealed changes in the phagocytic activity of monocytes in sarcoidosis and tuberculosis. On these monocytes we found a higher expression of receptors for the Fc fragment of immunoglobulin G (FcγR) in SA and TB patients vs. healthy controls. FcγRs are responsible for the binding of immune complexes (ICs) to initiate an (auto)immune response and for ICs clearance. Surprisingly, our SA patients had a high blood level of ICs, despite the abundant presence of FcγRs. It pointed to FcγR disfunction, presumably caused by the polymorphism of their (FCGR) genes. Therefore, we present here an analysis of the occurrence of FCGR2A, FCGR2B, FCGR2C, FCGR3A and FCGR3B variants in Caucasian SA and TB patients, and healthy individuals with the use of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and real-time PCR. The presented data point to a possibility of supporting the differential diagnosis of SA and TB by analyzing FCGR2C, FCGR3A and FCGR3B polymorphism, while for severe stages of SA also by studying FCGR2A variants. Additionally, the genotyping of FCGR2A and FCGR3B might serve as a marker of SA progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlena Typiak
- Department of General and Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdansk, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland
| | | | - Krzysztof Rębała
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-204 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Anna Dubaniewicz
- Department of Pulmonology, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-214 Gdansk, Poland
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7
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Duneton C, Winterberg PD, Ford ML. Activation and regulation of alloreactive T cell immunity in solid organ transplantation. Nat Rev Nephrol 2022; 18:663-676. [PMID: 35902775 PMCID: PMC9968399 DOI: 10.1038/s41581-022-00600-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Transplantation is the only curative treatment for patients with kidney failure but it poses unique immunological challenges that must be overcome to prevent allograft rejection and ensure long-term graft survival. Alloreactive T cells are important contributors to graft rejection, and a clearer understanding of the mechanisms by which these cells recognize donor antigens - through direct, indirect or semi-direct pathways - will facilitate their therapeutic targeting. Post-T cell priming rejection responses can also be modified by targeting pathways that regulate T cell trafficking, survival cytokines or innate immune activation. Moreover, the quantity and quality of donor-reactive memory T cells crucially shape alloimmune responses. Of note, many fundamental concepts in transplant immunology have been derived from models of infection. However, the programmed differentiation of allograft-specific T cell responses is probably distinct from that of pathogen-elicited responses, owing to the dearth of pathogen-derived innate immune activation in the transplantation setting. Understanding the fundamental (and potentially unique) immunological pathways that lead to allograft rejection is therefore a prerequisite for the rational development of therapeutics that promote transplantation tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Duneton
- Paediatric Nephrology, Robert Debré Hospital, Paris, France
- Emory Transplant Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Pamela D Winterberg
- Paediatric Nephrology, Emory University Department of Paediatrics and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Mandy L Ford
- Emory Transplant Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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8
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Typiak M, Audzeyenka I, Dubaniewicz A. Presence and possible impact of Fcγ receptors on resident kidney cells in health and disease. Immunol Cell Biol 2022; 100:591-604. [DOI: 10.1111/imcb.12570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marlena Typiak
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Nephrology, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute Polish Academy of Sciences Gdansk Poland
- Department of General and Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology University of Gdansk Gdansk Poland
| | - Irena Audzeyenka
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Nephrology, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute Polish Academy of Sciences Gdansk Poland
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry University of Gdansk Gdansk Poland
| | - Anna Dubaniewicz
- Department of Pulmonology Medical University of Gdansk Gdansk Poland
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9
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Osuna-Gómez R, Arqueros C, Galano C, Mulet M, Zamora C, Barnadas A, Vidal S. Effector Mechanisms of CD8+ HLA-DR+ T Cells in Breast Cancer Patients Who Respond to Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13246167. [PMID: 34944786 PMCID: PMC8699550 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13246167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary This study contributes to the characterization of CD8+ HLA-DR+ T cell mediated-mechanisms involved in the anti-tumor response in breast cancer patients who respond to neoadyuvant chemotherapy (NACT). Cultures with plasma from responder (R), but not from non-responder (NR), patients increased the intracellular production of cytotoxic molecules and pro-inflammatory cytokines in CD8+HLA-DR+ T cells. However, the addition of neutralizing anti-IFN-γ or anti-IL-12 antibodies to cultures with plasma from R patients decreased this effector function on CD8+HLA-DR+ T cells. These results suggest the presence of soluble factors in the plasma of R patients inducing the effector function of CD8+HLA-DR+ T cells. Abstract Cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTLs) activation is an independent predictor of response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT) in breast cancer (BC) patients. Here, we go deeper into the function of CD8+ HLA-DR+ T cells from NACT treated HER2 negative BC patients. Flow cytometry analysis revealed that CD8+ HLA-DR+ T cell percentage was increased in NACT responder (R) compared to non-responder (NR) patients. R patients with ER-/PR- hormone receptors had the highest CD8+ HLA-DR+ T cell frequencies, while no differences were found when patients were classified according to cancer stage or menopause status. Interestingly, the cytotoxicity and production of anti-tumor cytokines were enhanced when CD8+ HLA-DR+ T cells from healthy donors were cultured with plasma from R, but not from NR patients. The induced anti-tumor profile of CD8+ HLA-DR+ T cells was associated with plasmatic IL-12 and IFN-γ levels, increased cytokines in R patients. IL-12 or IFN-γ neutralization decreased cytotoxic activity and TNF-α production by cultured CD8+ HLA-DR+ T cells in R plasma presence. All these data suggest that an effective response to NACT in BC patients is associated with increased IL-12 or IFN-γ levels involved in the induction of cytotoxic and pro-inflammatory mechanisms in CD8+ HLA-DR+ T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubén Osuna-Gómez
- Inflammatory Diseases, Institut de Recerca de l’Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), 08041 Barcelona, Spain; (R.O.-G.); (C.G.); (M.M.); (C.Z.)
| | - Cristina Arqueros
- Department of Medical Oncology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, 08041 Barcelona, Spain; (C.A.); (A.B.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomedica en Red Cancer (CIBERONC), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Carla Galano
- Inflammatory Diseases, Institut de Recerca de l’Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), 08041 Barcelona, Spain; (R.O.-G.); (C.G.); (M.M.); (C.Z.)
| | - Maria Mulet
- Inflammatory Diseases, Institut de Recerca de l’Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), 08041 Barcelona, Spain; (R.O.-G.); (C.G.); (M.M.); (C.Z.)
| | - Carlos Zamora
- Inflammatory Diseases, Institut de Recerca de l’Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), 08041 Barcelona, Spain; (R.O.-G.); (C.G.); (M.M.); (C.Z.)
| | - Agustí Barnadas
- Department of Medical Oncology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, 08041 Barcelona, Spain; (C.A.); (A.B.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomedica en Red Cancer (CIBERONC), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- School of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Silvia Vidal
- Inflammatory Diseases, Institut de Recerca de l’Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), 08041 Barcelona, Spain; (R.O.-G.); (C.G.); (M.M.); (C.Z.)
- Correspondence:
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10
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Baecher KM, Ford ML. Intersection of FcγRIIB, the microbiome, and checkpoint inhibitors in antitumor immunity. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2021; 70:3397-3404. [PMID: 34241677 PMCID: PMC10992943 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-021-03004-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Fc receptors (FcRs) and the microbiome are both known to have an effect on the development and progression of cancers. Checkpoint inhibitors are a novel class of therapeutics which are used to combat cancer and are integrally linked to both FcRs and the microbiome. The use of checkpoint inhibitors has grown exponentially over the past decade, although many host factors affect both the efficacy and the safety of these therapeutics. Some of these host factors, including the microbiome and the expression of FcRs, are currently being investigated. Here we discuss the current understanding of FcRs (particularly the inhibitory FcγRIIB) and the microbiome in context of T cell immunity, inflammation, cancer, and checkpoint inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten M Baecher
- Division of Transplant, Department of Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Mandy L Ford
- Division of Transplant, Department of Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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11
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The Role of Fc Receptors on the Effectiveness of Therapeutic Monoclonal Antibodies. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22168947. [PMID: 34445651 PMCID: PMC8396266 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 08/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the approval of the first monoclonal antibody (mAb) in 1986, a huge effort has been made to guarantee safety and efficacy of therapeutic mAbs. As of July 2021, 118 mAbs are approved for the European market for a broad range of clinical indications. In order to ensure clinical efficacy and safety aspects, (pre-)clinical experimental approaches evaluate the respective modes of action (MoA). In addition to antigen-specificity including binding affinity and -avidity, MoA comprise Fc-mediated effector functions such as antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) and the closely related antibody dependent cellular phagocytosis (ADCP). For this reason, a variety of cell-based assays have been established investigating effector functions of therapeutic mAbs with different effector/target-cell combinations and several readouts including Fcγ receptor (FcγR)-mediated lysis, fluorescence, or luminescence. Optimized FcγR-mediated effector functions regarding clinical safety and efficacy are addressed with modification strategies such as point mutations, altered glycosylation patterns, combination of different Fc subclasses (cross isotypes), and Fc-truncation of the mAb. These strategies opened the field for a next generation of therapeutic mAbs. In conclusion, it is of major importance to consider FcγR-mediated effector functions for the efficacy of therapeutic mAbs.
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12
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Charab W, Rosenberger MG, Shivram H, Mirazee JM, Donkor M, Shekhar SR, Gjuka D, Khoo KH, Kim JE, Iyer VR, Georgiou G. IgG Immune Complexes Inhibit Naïve T Cell Proliferation and Suppress Effector Function in Cytotoxic T Cells. Front Immunol 2021; 12:713704. [PMID: 34447380 PMCID: PMC8383740 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.713704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Elevated levels of circulating immune complexes are associated with autoimmunity and with worse prognoses in cancer. Here, we examined the effects of well-defined, soluble immune complexes (ICs) on human peripheral T cells. We demonstrate that IgG-ICs inhibit the proliferation and differentiation of a subset of naïve T cells but stimulate the division of another naïve-like T cell subset. Phenotypic analysis by multi-parameter flow cytometry and RNA-Seq were used to characterize the inhibited and stimulated T cells revealing that the inhibited subset presented immature features resembling those of recent thymic emigrants and non-activated naïve T cells, whereas the stimulated subset exhibited transcriptional features indicative of a more differentiated, early memory progenitor with a naïve-like phenotype. Furthermore, we show that while IgG1-ICs do not profoundly inhibit the proliferation of memory T cells, IgG1-ICs suppress the production of granzyme-β and perforin in cytotoxic memory T cells. Our findings reveal how ICs can link humoral immunity and T cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wissam Charab
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States
| | - Matthew G. Rosenberger
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States
| | - Haridha Shivram
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States
| | - Justin M. Mirazee
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States
| | - Moses Donkor
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States
| | - Soumya R. Shekhar
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States
| | - Donjeta Gjuka
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States
| | - Kimberly H. Khoo
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States
| | - Jin Eyun Kim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States
| | - Vishwanath R. Iyer
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States
| | - George Georgiou
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States
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13
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Farley CR, Morris AB, Tariq M, Bennion KB, Potdar S, Kudchadkar R, Lowe MC, Ford ML. FcγRIIB is a T cell checkpoint in antitumor immunity. JCI Insight 2021; 6:135623. [PMID: 33616086 PMCID: PMC7934918 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.135623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
In the setting of cancer, T cells upregulate coinhibitory molecules that attenuate TCR signaling and lead to the loss of proliferative capacity and effector function. Checkpoint inhibitors currently in clinical use have dramatically improved mortality from melanoma yet are not effective in all patients, suggesting that additional pathways may contribute to suppression of tumor-specific CD8+ T cell responses in melanoma. Here, we show that FcγRIIB, an inhibitory Fc receptor previously thought to be exclusively expressed on B cells and innate immune cells, is upregulated on tumor-infiltrating effector CD8+ T cells in an experimental melanoma model and expressed on CD8+ T cells in patients with melanoma. Genetic deficiency of Fcgr2b resulted in enhanced tumor-infiltrating CD8+ T cell responses and significantly reduced tumor burden. Adoptive transfer experiments of Fcgr2b–/– tumor antigen-specific T cells into FcγRIIB-sufficient hosts resulted in an increased frequency of tumor-infiltrating CD8+ T cells with greater effector function. Finally, FcγRIIB was expressed on CD8+ memory T cells isolated from patients with melanoma. These data illuminate a cell-intrinsic role for the FcγRIIB checkpoint in suppressing tumor-infiltrating CD8+ T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Ragini Kudchadkar
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.,Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Michael C Lowe
- Department of Surgery and.,Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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14
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Costa AS, Agostini S, Guerini FR, Mancuso R, Clerici M, Pandey JP. Relation between FCGRIIB rs1050501 and HSV-1 specific IgG antibodies in Alzheimer's disease. J Transl Med 2020; 18:325. [PMID: 32859213 PMCID: PMC7455989 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-020-02495-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) is a chronic neurodegenerative disorder characterized by extracellular plaques, intracellular neurofibrillary tangles and neuronal loss in the central nervous system (CNS). Pathogens are suspected to have a role in the development of AD; herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1), in particular, is suggested to be a risk factor for the disease. The gamma receptor for the Fc portion of IgG molecules (FCGRs) plays a crucial role in regulating immune responses, and among FCGRs, FCGRIIB is endowed with an inhibitory function. Notably, the rs1050501 polymorphism of FCGRIIB gene associates with autoimmune diseases and with neuronal uptake and interneuronal accumulation of amyloid beta in animal AD models. Methods Genotype and allelic distribution of ApoE4 and FCGRIIB rs1050501 were evaluated in a case–control population of 225 AD patients, 93 MCI individuals and 201 sex and age matched healthy controls (HC). HSV-1 total IgG titers and IgG subclasses were detected and quantified in a subgroup of the main study population by ELISA. Results Genotype and allelic distribution of FCGRIIB was comparable in the study population. HSV-1-specific antibody titers were significantly higher in AD and MCI compared to HC (p < 0.01 for both); IgG3 titers, in particular, were increased in MCI compared to AD (p = 0.04). Analyses of possible correlations between the FCGRIIB rs1050501 genotype polymorphism and IgG subclasses showed that the presence of IgG3 was more frequent in MCI carrying the FCGRIIB TT (94.1%) compared to those carrying the CT genotype (63.6%) (p = 0.03). Conclusion Results herein show an association between humoral immune response against HSV-1 and FCGRIIB rs1050501 genetic variation in the first stage of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Mario Clerici
- IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, Milan, Italy.,Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Janardan P Pandey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
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15
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Morris AB, Pinelli DF, Liu D, Wagener M, Ford ML. Memory T cell-mediated rejection is mitigated by FcγRIIB expression on CD8 + T cells. Am J Transplant 2020; 20:2206-2215. [PMID: 32154641 PMCID: PMC7395896 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.15837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2019] [Revised: 01/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Donor-reactive memory T cells generated via heterologous immunity represent a potent barrier to long-term graft survival following transplantation because of their increased precursor frequency, rapid effector function, altered trafficking patterns, and reduced reliance on costimulation signals for activation. Thus, the identification of pathways that control memory T cell survival and secondary recall potential may provide new opportunities for therapeutic intervention. Here, we discovered that donor-specific effector/memory CD8+ T cell populations generated via exposure to acute vs latent vs chronic infections contain differential frequencies of CD8+ T cells expressing the inhibitory Fc receptor FcγRIIB. Results indicated that frequencies of FcγRIIB-expressing CD8+ donor-reactive memory T cells inversely correlated with allograft rejection. Furthermore, adoptive T cell transfer of Fcgr2b-/- CD8+ T cells resulted in an accumulation of donor-specific CD8+ memory T cells and enhanced recall responses, indicating that FcγRIIB functions intrinsically to limit T cell CD8+ survival in vivo. Lastly, we show that deletion of FcγRIIB on donor-specific CD8+ memory T cells precipitated costimulation blockade-resistant rejection. These data therefore identify a novel cell-intrinsic inhibitory pathway that functions to limit the risk of memory T cell-mediated rejection following transplantation and suggest that therapeutic manipulation of this pathway could improve outcomes in sensitized patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna B Morris
- Department of Surgery, Emory Transplant Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - David F Pinelli
- Department of Surgery, Emory Transplant Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Danya Liu
- Department of Surgery, Emory Transplant Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Maylene Wagener
- Department of Surgery, Emory Transplant Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Mandy L Ford
- Department of Surgery, Emory Transplant Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
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16
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When rubber meets the road: how innate features of adaptive immune cells play critical roles in transplant alloimmunity. Curr Opin Organ Transplant 2020; 24:659-663. [PMID: 31577597 DOI: 10.1097/mot.0000000000000706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Studies on adaptive cells have largely focused on features that are specific to adaptive immunity. However, adaptive cells utilize innate cell features to modulate their responses, and this area of T and B-cell biology is understudied. This review will highlight recent work done to understand how innate features of adaptive immune cells modulate alloimmunity. RECENT FINDINGS Over the past year, research has shown that T-cell-expressed danger-associated molecular patterns, Toll-like receptors, complement receptors, and Fc receptors regulate T-cell alloimmunity in a cell-intrinsic manner. Further, IL-17 and p40 of IL-12 have been implicated in the migration of T cells into allografts. Lastly, innate B cells, specifically B1 cells, have been shown to produce clinically relevant autoantibody associated with poor graft outcome. SUMMARY These data provide evidence that innate features are utilized by adaptive immune cells to control adaptive alloimmunity.
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17
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Jacquemont L, Tilly G, Yap M, Doan-Ngoc TM, Danger R, Guérif P, Delbos F, Martinet B, Giral M, Foucher Y, Brouard S, Degauque N. Terminally Differentiated Effector Memory CD8 + T Cells Identify Kidney Transplant Recipients at High Risk of Graft Failure. J Am Soc Nephrol 2020; 31:876-891. [PMID: 32165419 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2019080847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Identifying biomarkers to predict kidney transplant failure and to define new therapeutic targets requires more comprehensive understanding of the immune response to chronic allogeneic stimulation. METHODS We investigated the frequency and function of CD8+ T cell subsets-including effector memory (EM) and terminally differentiated EM (TEMRA) CD8+ T cells-in blood samples from 284 kidney transplant recipients recruited 1 year post-transplant and followed for a median of 8.3 years. We also analyzed CD8+ T cell reactivity to donor-specific PBMCs in 24 patients who had received living-donor kidney transplants. RESULTS Increased frequency of circulating TEMRA CD8+ T cells at 1 year post-transplant associated with increased risk of graft failure during follow-up. This association remained after adjustment for a previously reported composite of eight clinical variables, the Kidney Transplant Failure Score. In contrast, increased frequency of EM CD8+ T cells associated with reduced risk of graft failure. A distinct TEMRA CD8+ T cell subpopulation was identified that was characterized by expression of FcγRIIIA (CD16) and by high levels of proinflammatory cytokine secretion and cytotoxic activity. Although donor-specific stimulation induced a similar rapid, early response in EM and TEMRA CD8+ T cells, CD16 engagement resulted in selective activation of TEMRA CD8+ T cells, which mediated antibody-dependent cytotoxicity. CONCLUSIONS At 1 year post-transplant, the composition of memory CD8+ T cell subsets in blood improved prediction of 8-year kidney transplant failure compared with a clinical-variables score alone. A subpopulation of TEMRA CD8+ T cells displays a novel dual mechanism of activation mediated by engagement of the T-cell receptor or of CD16. These findings suggest that TEMRA CD8+ T cells play a pivotal role in humoral and cellular rejection and reveal the potential value of memory CD8+ T cell monitoring for predicting risk of kidney transplant failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lola Jacquemont
- Université de Nantes, Inserm, Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie (CRTI), UMR 1064, Nantes, France.,CHU Nantes, Université de Nantes, ITUN, Nantes, France
| | - Gaëlle Tilly
- Université de Nantes, Inserm, Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie (CRTI), UMR 1064, Nantes, France.,CHU Nantes, Université de Nantes, ITUN, Nantes, France
| | - Michelle Yap
- Université de Nantes, Inserm, Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie (CRTI), UMR 1064, Nantes, France.,CHU Nantes, Université de Nantes, ITUN, Nantes, France
| | - Tra-My Doan-Ngoc
- Université de Nantes, Inserm, Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie (CRTI), UMR 1064, Nantes, France.,CHU Nantes, Université de Nantes, ITUN, Nantes, France
| | - Richard Danger
- Université de Nantes, Inserm, Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie (CRTI), UMR 1064, Nantes, France.,CHU Nantes, Université de Nantes, ITUN, Nantes, France
| | | | | | - Bernard Martinet
- Université de Nantes, Inserm, Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie (CRTI), UMR 1064, Nantes, France.,CHU Nantes, Université de Nantes, ITUN, Nantes, France
| | - Magali Giral
- Université de Nantes, Inserm, Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie (CRTI), UMR 1064, Nantes, France.,CHU Nantes, Université de Nantes, ITUN, Nantes, France
| | - Yohann Foucher
- INSERM, Université de Nantes, methodS in Patient-centered outcomes and HEalth ResEarch (SPHERE), UMR1246, Nantes, France
| | - Sophie Brouard
- Université de Nantes, Inserm, Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie (CRTI), UMR 1064, Nantes, France.,CHU Nantes, Université de Nantes, ITUN, Nantes, France
| | - Nicolas Degauque
- Université de Nantes, Inserm, Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie (CRTI), UMR 1064, Nantes, France; .,CHU Nantes, Université de Nantes, ITUN, Nantes, France
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18
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Manoylov IK, Boneva GV, Doytchinova IA, Mihaylova NM, Tchorbanov AI. Suppression of Disease-Associated B Lymphocytes by GAD65 Epitope-Carrying Protein-Engineered Molecules in a Streptozotocin-Induced Mouse Model of Diabetes. Monoclon Antib Immunodiagn Immunother 2020; 38:201-208. [PMID: 31603741 DOI: 10.1089/mab.2019.0030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes mellitus is an autoimmune syndrome defined by the presence of autoreactive T and B cells, which results in destruction of insulin-producing beta cells. Autoantibodies against GAD65 (glutamic acid decarboxylase 65)-a membrane-bound enzyme on pancreatic beta cells, contribute to beta cells' destruction and the loss of pancreatic functions. Mouse FcγRIIb on B lymphocytes possesses an inhibitory effect on the activity of these cells. We hypothesized that it may be possible to suppress GAD65-specific B cells in mice with diabetes using chimeric molecules, containing an anti-FcγRIIb antibody, coupled to peptide B/T epitopes derived from the GAD65 protein. With these engineered chimeras, we expect to selectively co-cross-link the anti-GAD65-specific B cell receptor (BCR) and FcγRIIb, thus delivering a suppressive signal to the targeted B cells. An anti-FcγRIIb monoclonal antibody and two synthetic peptide epitopes derived from the GAD65 molecule were used for chimeras' construction. The suppressive activity of the engineered molecules was tested in vivo in mice with streptozotocin (STZ)-induced type 1 diabetes. These chimeric molecules exclusively bind disease-associated B cells by recognizing their GAD65-specific BCR and selectively deliver a strong inhibitory signal through their surface FcγRIIb receptors. A reduction in the number of anti-GAD65 IgG antibody-secreting plasmocytes and an increased percentage of apoptotic B lymphocytes were observed after treatment with protein-engineered antibodies of mice with STZ-induced type 1 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iliyan Konstantinov Manoylov
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Stefan Angelov Institute of Microbiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Gabriela Valentinova Boneva
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Stefan Angelov Institute of Microbiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | | | - Nikolina Mihaylova Mihaylova
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Stefan Angelov Institute of Microbiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Andrey Ivanov Tchorbanov
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Stefan Angelov Institute of Microbiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria.,National Institute of Immunology, Sofia, Bulgaria
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19
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Abstract
Understanding how cytotoxic T cells are regulated is key for enhancing or suppressing their activity in tumor or transplantation settings. A study by Morris et al. (2020) in this issue of Immunity shows that crosslinking of inhibitory Fc receptor FcγRIIb by the suppressive cytokine Fgl2 limits cytotoxic CD8+ T cell responses by inducing T cell apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Falk Nimmerjahn
- Institute of Genetics, Department of Biology, Erwin-Rommelstr. 3, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; Medical Immunology Campus Erlangen, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany.
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20
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Morris AB, Farley CR, Pinelli DF, Adams LE, Cragg MS, Boss JM, Scharer CD, Fribourg M, Cravedi P, Heeger PS, Ford ML. Signaling through the Inhibitory Fc Receptor FcγRIIB Induces CD8 + T Cell Apoptosis to Limit T Cell Immunity. Immunity 2020; 52:136-150.e6. [PMID: 31940267 PMCID: PMC7326381 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2019.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Revised: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Effector CD8+ T cells are important mediators of adaptive immunity, and receptor-ligand interactions that regulate their survival may have therapeutic potential. Here, we identified a subset of effector CD8+ T cells that expressed the inhibitory fragment crystallizable (Fc) receptor FcγRIIB following activation and multiple rounds of division. CD8+ T cell-intrinsic genetic deletion of Fcgr2b increased CD8+ effector T cell accumulation, resulting in accelerated graft rejection and decreased tumor volume in mouse models. Immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibody was not required for FcγRIIB-mediated control of CD8+ T cell immunity, and instead, the immunosuppressive cytokine fibrinogen-like 2 (Fgl2) was a functional ligand for FcγRIIB on CD8+ T cells. Fgl2 induced caspase-3/7-mediated apoptosis in Fcgr2b+, but not Fcgr2b-/-, CD8+ T cells. Increased expression of FcγRIIB correlated with freedom from rejection following withdrawal from immunosuppression in a clinical trial of kidney transplant recipients. Together, these findings demonstrate a cell-intrinsic coinhibitory function of FcγRIIB in regulating CD8+ T cell immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna B Morris
- Department of Surgery, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Clara R Farley
- Department of Surgery, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Layne E Adams
- Department of Surgery, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Mark S Cragg
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Jeremy M Boss
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Miguel Fribourg
- Translational Transplant Research Center and the Precision Institute of Immunology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Paolo Cravedi
- Translational Transplant Research Center and the Precision Institute of Immunology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Peter S Heeger
- Translational Transplant Research Center and the Precision Institute of Immunology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mandy L Ford
- Department of Surgery, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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21
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Hartigan CR, Sun H, Ford ML. Memory T‐cell exhaustion and tolerance in transplantation. Immunol Rev 2019; 292:225-242. [DOI: 10.1111/imr.12824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Revised: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - He Sun
- Emory Transplant Center and Department of Surgery Emory University Atlanta GA USA
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Transplantation The First Hospital of China Medical University Shenyang China
| | - Mandy L. Ford
- Emory Transplant Center and Department of Surgery Emory University Atlanta GA USA
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22
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Verbeek JS, Hirose S, Nishimura H. The Complex Association of FcγRIIb With Autoimmune Susceptibility. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2061. [PMID: 31681256 PMCID: PMC6803437 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
FcγRIIb is the only inhibitory Fc receptor and controls many aspects of immune and inflammatory responses. The observation 19 years ago that Fc γ RIIb -/- mice generated by gene targeting in 129 derived ES cells developed severe lupus like disease when backcrossed more than 7 generations into C57BL/6 background initiated extensive research on the functional understanding of this strong autoimmune phenotype. The genomic region in the distal part of Chr1 both in human and mice in which the Fc γ R gene cluster is located shows a high level of complexity in relation to the susceptibility to SLE. Specific haplotypes of closely linked genes including the Fc γ RIIb and Slamf genes are associated with increased susceptibility to SLE both in mice and human. Using forward and reverse genetic approaches including in human GWAS and in mice congenic strains, KO mice (germline and cell type specific, on different genetic background), knockin mice, overexpressing transgenic mice combined with immunological models such as adoptive transfer of B cells from Ig transgenic mice the involved genes and the causal mutations and their associated functional alterations were analyzed. In this review the results of this 19 years extensive research are discussed with a focus on (genetically modified) mouse models.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Sjef Verbeek
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Toin University of Yokohama, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Sachiko Hirose
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Toin University of Yokohama, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Nishimura
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Toin University of Yokohama, Yokohama, Japan
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23
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Hu W, Zhang Y, Sun X, Zhang T, Xu L, Xie H, Li Z, Liu W, Lou J, Chen W. FcγRIIB-I232T polymorphic change allosterically suppresses ligand binding. eLife 2019; 8:46689. [PMID: 31343409 PMCID: PMC6711707 DOI: 10.7554/elife.46689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
FcγRIIB binding to its ligand suppresses immune cell activation. A single-nucleotide polymorphic (SNP) change, I232T, in the transmembrane (TM) domain of FcγRIIB loses its suppressive function, which is clinically associated with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Previously, we reported that I232T tilts FcγRIIB’s TM domain. In this study, combining with molecular dynamics simulations and single-cell FRET assay, we further reveal that such tilting by I232T unexpectedly bends the FcγRIIB’s ectodomain toward plasma membrane to allosterically impede FcγRIIB’s ligand association. I232T substitution reduces in situ two-dimensional binding affinities and association rates of FcγRIIB to interact with its ligands, IgG1, IgG2 and IgG3 by three to four folds. This allosteric regulation by an SNP provides an intrinsic molecular mechanism for the functional loss of FcγRIIB-I232T in SLE patients. Left unchecked the immune system can cause devastating damage to healthy tissue. To prevent this from happening, immune cells have built-in off switches that dampen their activation. One such switch is a protein called FcγRIIB that sits on the outer surface of immune cells and binds to proteins known as antibodies, which are produced as part of the immune response. Its role is to act as a brake on the immune system, and stop it from getting out of control. Overactive immune cells can lead to autoimmune diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus, also known as SLE for short, which causes damage to the skin, joints and other organs. Previous work suggests that SLE is correlated with a specific mutation in the FcγRIIB gene, but it is unclear how the mutation and the disease are connected. Proteins are made out of building blocks called amino acids, which have different chemical properties. A swap of one amino acid for another can have big consequences for the structure of a protein. In the case of FcγRIIB, the mutation that correlates with SLE changes an amino acid called isoleucine for another called threonine. Isoleucine does not mix well with water and is commonly found buried in the middle of proteins or inside cell membranes. Threonine, on the other hand, can readily interact with the hydrogen atoms in water and other amino acids. Hu, Zhang, Sun et al. used computer simulations and imaged single human cells to find out how the isoleucine to threonine change causes immune cells to become over-activated. The experiments revealed that threonine interacts with a nearby amino acid, putting a kink in the FcγRIIB protein. This kink causes the outer part of the FcγRIIB protein to bend towards the immune cell membrane, stopping it from binding to antibodies, and putting a break on immune cells that have become hyper-activated. There is currently no cure for SLE, but understanding its causes could take us a step closer to better management of the disease. Small molecule drug treatments often target the three-dimensional shape of certain proteins, so understanding the effect of mutations at the molecular level could help with the design of new treatments in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Hu
- Department of Neurobiology and Department of Cardiology of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of RNA Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaolin Sun
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Rheumatism and Immune Diagnosis (BZ0135), Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Tongtong Zhang
- Department of Neurobiology and Department of Cardiology of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Liling Xu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, Center for Life Sciences, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences, Beijing Key Lab for Immunological Research on Chronic Diseases, Institute for Immunology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Hengyi Xie
- MOE Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, Center for Life Sciences, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences, Beijing Key Lab for Immunological Research on Chronic Diseases, Institute for Immunology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhanguo Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Rheumatism and Immune Diagnosis (BZ0135), Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Wanli Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, Center for Life Sciences, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences, Beijing Key Lab for Immunological Research on Chronic Diseases, Institute for Immunology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Jizhong Lou
- Key Laboratory of RNA Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Neurobiology and Department of Cardiology of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory for Modern Optical Instrumentation, College of Biomedical Engineering and Instrument Science, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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24
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Crowley AR, Ackerman ME. Mind the Gap: How Interspecies Variability in IgG and Its Receptors May Complicate Comparisons of Human and Non-human Primate Effector Function. Front Immunol 2019; 10:697. [PMID: 31024542 PMCID: PMC6463756 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The field of HIV research relies heavily on non-human primates, particularly the members of the macaque genus, as models for the evaluation of candidate vaccines and monoclonal antibodies. A growing body of research suggests that successful protection of humans will not solely rely on the neutralization activity of an antibody's antigen binding fragment. Rather, immunological effector functions prompted by the interaction of the immunoglobulin G constant region and its cognate Fc receptors help contribute to favorable outcomes. Inherent differences in the sequences, expression, and activities of human and non-human primate antibody receptors and immunoglobulins have the potential to produce disparate results in the observations made in studies conducted in differing species. Having a more complete understanding of these differences, however, should permit the more fluent translation of observations between model organisms and the clinic. Here we present a guide to such translations that encompasses not only what is presently known regarding the affinity of the receptor-ligand interactions but also the influence of expression patterns and allelic variation, with a focus on insights gained from use of this model in HIV vaccines and passive antibody therapy and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew R. Crowley
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, United States
| | - Margaret E. Ackerman
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, United States
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, United States
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25
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Shaw TN, Inkson CA, Villegas-Mendez A, Pattinson DJ, Strangward P, Else KJ, Draper SJ, Zeef LAH, Couper KN. Infection-Induced Resistance to Experimental Cerebral Malaria Is Dependent Upon Secreted Antibody-Mediated Inhibition of Pathogenic CD8 + T Cell Responses. Front Immunol 2019; 10:248. [PMID: 30846985 PMCID: PMC6394254 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebral malaria (CM) is one of the most severe complications of Plasmodium falciparum infection. There is evidence that repeated parasite exposure promotes resistance against CM. However, the immunological basis of this infection-induced resistance remains poorly understood. Here, utilizing the Plasmodium berghei ANKA (PbA) model of experimental cerebral malaria (ECM), we show that three rounds of infection and drug-cure protects against the development of ECM during a subsequent fourth (4X) infection. Exposure-induced resistance was associated with specific suppression of CD8+ T cell activation and CTL-related pathways, which corresponded with the development of heterogeneous atypical B cell populations as well as the gradual infection-induced generation and maintenance of high levels of anti-parasite IgG. Mechanistically, transfer of high-titer anti-parasite IgG did not protect 1X infected mice against ECM and depletion of atypical and regulatory B cells during 4X infection failed to abrogate infection-induced resistance to ECM. However, IgMi mice that were unable to produce secreted antibody, or undergo class switching, during the repeated rounds of infection failed to develop resistance against ECM. The failure of infection-induced protection in IgMi mice was associated with impaired development of atypical B cell populations and the inability to suppress pathogenic CD8+ T cell responses. Our results, therefore, suggest the importance of anti-parasite antibody responses, gradually acquired, and maintained through repeated Plasmodium infections, for modulating the B cell compartment and eventually suppressing memory CD8+ T cell reactivation to establish infection-induced resistance to ECM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tovah N. Shaw
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Manchester Collaborative Centre for Inflammation Research, The Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Colette A. Inkson
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Ana Villegas-Mendez
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | | | - Patrick Strangward
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Kathryn J. Else
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Simon J. Draper
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Leo A. H. Zeef
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Kevin N. Couper
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
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26
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Leipold D, Prabhu S. Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Considerations in the Design of Therapeutic Antibodies. Clin Transl Sci 2018; 12:130-139. [PMID: 30414357 PMCID: PMC6440574 DOI: 10.1111/cts.12597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The design and development of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) through optimizing their pharmacokinetic (PK) and pharmacodynamic (PD) properties is crucial to improve efficacy while minimizing adverse events. Many of these properties are interdependent, which highlights the inherent challenges in therapeutic antibody design, where improving one antibody property can sometimes lead to changes in others. Here, we discuss optimization approaches for PK/PD properties of therapeutic mAbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas Leipold
- Preclinical and Translational Pharmacokinetics/Pharmacodynamics, Genentech, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Saileta Prabhu
- Preclinical and Translational Pharmacokinetics/Pharmacodynamics, Genentech, South San Francisco, California, USA
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27
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Martin GE, Pace M, Thornhill JP, Phetsouphanh C, Meyerowitz J, Gossez M, Brown H, Olejniczak N, Lwanga J, Ramjee G, Kaleebu P, Porter K, Willberg CB, Klenerman P, Nwokolo N, Fox J, Fidler S, Frater J. CD32-Expressing CD4 T Cells Are Phenotypically Diverse and Can Contain Proviral HIV DNA. Front Immunol 2018; 9:928. [PMID: 29780387 PMCID: PMC5946760 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Efforts to both characterize and eradicate the HIV reservoir have been limited by the rarity of latently infected cells and the absence of a specific denoting biomarker. CD32a (FcγRIIa) has been proposed to be a marker for an enriched CD4 T cell HIV reservoir, but this finding remains controversial. Here, we explore the expression of CD32 on CD3+CD4+ cells in participants from two primary HIV infection studies and identify at least three distinct phenotypes (CD32low, CD32+CD14+, and CD32high). Of note, CD4 negative enrichment kits remove the majority of CD4+CD32+ T cells, potentially skewing subsequent analyses if used. CD32high CD4 T cells had higher levels of HLA-DR and HIV co-receptor expression than other subsets, compatible with their being more susceptible to infection. Surprisingly, they also expressed high levels of CD20, TCRαβ, IgD, and IgM (but not IgG), markers for both T cells and naïve B cells. Compared with other populations, CD32low cells had a more differentiated memory phenotype and high levels of immune checkpoint receptors, programmed death receptor-1 (PD-1), Tim-3, and TIGIT. Within all three CD3+CD4+CD32+ phenotypes, cells could be identified in infected participants, which contained HIV DNA. CD32 expression on CD4 T cells did not correlate with HIV DNA or cell-associated HIV RNA (both surrogate measures of overall reservoir size) or predict time to rebound viremia following treatment interruption, suggesting that it is not a dominant biomarker for HIV persistence. Our data suggest that while CD32+ T cells can be infected with HIV, CD32 is not a specific marker of the reservoir although it might identify a population of HIV enriched cells in certain situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genevieve E Martin
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew Pace
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - John P Thornhill
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.,Division of Medicine, Wright Fleming Institute, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Chansavath Phetsouphanh
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Jodi Meyerowitz
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Morgane Gossez
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Helen Brown
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Natalia Olejniczak
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Julianne Lwanga
- Department of Genitourinary Medicine and Infectious Disease, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Gita Ramjee
- HIV Prevention Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Durban, South Africa
| | | | - Kholoud Porter
- Research Department of Infection and Population Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Christian B Willberg
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.,NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Klenerman
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.,NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Nneka Nwokolo
- Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Julie Fox
- Department of Genitourinary Medicine and Infectious Disease, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah Fidler
- Division of Medicine, Wright Fleming Institute, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
| | - John Frater
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.,NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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28
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Abdel-Mohsen M, Kuri-Cervantes L, Grau-Exposito J, Spivak AM, Nell RA, Tomescu C, Vadrevu SK, Giron LB, Serra-Peinado C, Genescà M, Castellví J, Wu G, Del Rio Estrada PM, González-Navarro M, Lynn K, King CT, Vemula S, Cox K, Wan Y, Li Q, Mounzer K, Kostman J, Frank I, Paiardini M, Hazuda D, Reyes-Terán G, Richman D, Howell B, Tebas P, Martinez-Picado J, Planelles V, Buzon MJ, Betts MR, Montaner LJ. CD32 is expressed on cells with transcriptionally active HIV but does not enrich for HIV DNA in resting T cells. Sci Transl Med 2018; 10:eaar6759. [PMID: 29669853 PMCID: PMC6282755 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aar6759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2017] [Revised: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The persistence of HIV reservoirs, including latently infected, resting CD4+ T cells, is the major obstacle to cure HIV infection. CD32a expression was recently reported to mark CD4+ T cells harboring a replication-competent HIV reservoir during antiretroviral therapy (ART) suppression. We aimed to determine whether CD32 expression marks HIV latently or transcriptionally active infected CD4+ T cells. Using peripheral blood and lymphoid tissue of ART-treated HIV+ or SIV+ subjects, we found that most of the circulating memory CD32+ CD4+ T cells expressed markers of activation, including CD69, HLA-DR, CD25, CD38, and Ki67, and bore a TH2 phenotype as defined by CXCR3, CCR4, and CCR6. CD32 expression did not selectively enrich for HIV- or SIV-infected CD4+ T cells in peripheral blood or lymphoid tissue; isolated CD32+ resting CD4+ T cells accounted for less than 3% of the total HIV DNA in CD4+ T cells. Cell-associated HIV DNA and RNA loads in CD4+ T cells positively correlated with the frequency of CD32+ CD69+ CD4+ T cells but not with CD32 expression on resting CD4+ T cells. Using RNA fluorescence in situ hybridization, CD32 coexpression with HIV RNA or p24 was detected after in vitro HIV infection (peripheral blood mononuclear cell and tissue) and in vivo within lymph node tissue from HIV-infected individuals. Together, these results indicate that CD32 is not a marker of resting CD4+ T cells or of enriched HIV DNA-positive cells after ART; rather, CD32 is predominately expressed on a subset of activated CD4+ T cells enriched for transcriptionally active HIV after long-term ART.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Leticia Kuri-Cervantes
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Judith Grau-Exposito
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebrón, Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona 08035, Spain
| | - Adam M Spivak
- University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
| | - Racheal A Nell
- University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
| | | | | | | | - Carla Serra-Peinado
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebrón, Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona 08035, Spain
| | - Meritxell Genescà
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebrón, Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona 08035, Spain
| | - Josep Castellví
- Department of Pathology, Hospital Universitari Vall d´Hebrón, Barcelona 08035, Spain
| | - Guoxin Wu
- Merck & Co. Inc., Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
| | | | | | - Kenneth Lynn
- The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Jonathan Lax Center, Philadelphia FIGHT, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | | | - Sai Vemula
- Merck & Co. Inc., Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
| | - Kara Cox
- Merck & Co. Inc., Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
| | - Yanmin Wan
- University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA
| | - Qingsheng Li
- University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA
| | - Karam Mounzer
- Jonathan Lax Center, Philadelphia FIGHT, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Jay Kostman
- Jonathan Lax Center, Philadelphia FIGHT, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Ian Frank
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | | | | | - Gustavo Reyes-Terán
- Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Tlalpan 14080, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Douglas Richman
- Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System and University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | | | - Pablo Tebas
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Javier Martinez-Picado
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Badalona 08916, Barcelona, Spain
- University of Vic-Central University of Catalonia (UVic-UCC), Vic 08500, Barcelona, Spain
- Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Barcelona 08908, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Vicente Planelles
- University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
| | - Maria J Buzon
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebrón, Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona 08035, Spain.
| | - Michael R Betts
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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29
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Wang J, Li Z, Xu L, Yang H, Liu W. Transmembrane domain dependent inhibitory function of FcγRIIB. Protein Cell 2018; 9:1004-1012. [PMID: 29497990 PMCID: PMC6251803 DOI: 10.1007/s13238-018-0509-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
FcγRIIB, the only inhibitory IgG Fc receptor, functions to suppress the hyper-activation of immune cells. Numerous studies have illustrated its inhibitory function through the ITIM motif in the cytoplasmic tail of FcγRIIB. However, later studies revealed that in addition to the ITIM, the transmembrane (TM) domain of FcγRIIB is also indispensable for its inhibitory function. Indeed, recent epidemiological studies revealed that a non-synonymous single nucleotide polymorphism (rs1050501) within the TM domain of FcγRIIB, responsible for the I232T substitution, is associated with the susceptibility to systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). In this review, we will summarize these epidemiological and functional studies of FcγRIIB-I232T in the past few years, and will further discuss the mechanisms accounting for the functional loss of FcγRIIB-I232T. Our review will help the reader gain a deeper understanding of the importance of the TM domain in mediating the inhibitory function of FcγRIIB and may provide insights to a new therapeutic target for the associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junyi Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Zongyu Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Liling Xu
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Harvard University, 400 Technology Square, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.
| | - Hengwen Yang
- The First Affiliate Hospital, Biomedical Translational Research Institute, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Antibody Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China.
| | - Wanli Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
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30
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Luft O, Khattar R, Farrokhi K, Ferri D, Yavorska N, Zhang J, Sadozai H, Adeyi O, Chruscinski A, Levy GA, Selzner N. Inhibition of the Fibrinogen-Like Protein 2:FcγRIIB/RIII immunosuppressive pathway enhances antiviral T-cell and B-cell responses leading to clearance of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus clone 13. Immunology 2018; 154:476-489. [PMID: 29341118 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Revised: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Persistent viruses evade immune detection by interfering with virus-specific innate and adaptive antiviral immune responses. Fibrinogen-like protein-2 (FGL2) is a potent effector molecule of CD4+ CD25+ FoxP3+ regulatory T cells and exerts its immunosuppressive activity following ligation to its cognate receptor, FcγRIIB/RIII. The role of FGL2 in the pathogenesis of chronic viral infection caused by lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus clone-13 (LCMV cl-13) was assessed in this study. Chronically infected fgl2+/+ mice had increased plasma levels of FGL2, with reduced expression of the maturation markers, CD80, CD86 and MHC-II on macrophages and dendritic cells and impaired production of neutralizing antibody. In contrast, fgl2-/- mice or fgl2+/+ mice that had been pre-treated with antibodies to FGL2 and FcγRIIB/RIII and then infected with LCMV cl-13 developed a robust CD4+ and CD8+ antiviral T-cell response, produced high titred neutralizing antibody to LCMV and cleared LCMV. Treatment of mice with established chronic infection with antibodies to FGL2 and FcγRIIB/RIII was shown to rescue the number and functionality of virus-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cells with reduced total and virus-specific T-cell expression of programmed cell death protein 1 leading to viral clearance. These results demonstrate an important role for FGL2 in viral immune evasion and provide a rationale to target FGL2 to treat patients with chronic viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Luft
- Toronto General Hospital, Multi Organ Transplant Programme, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Ramzi Khattar
- Toronto General Hospital, Multi Organ Transplant Programme, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Kaveh Farrokhi
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Dario Ferri
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Nataliya Yavorska
- Toronto General Hospital, Multi Organ Transplant Programme, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jianhua Zhang
- Toronto General Hospital, Multi Organ Transplant Programme, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Hassan Sadozai
- Toronto General Hospital, Multi Organ Transplant Programme, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Oyedele Adeyi
- Toronto General Hospital, Multi Organ Transplant Programme, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Andrzej Chruscinski
- Toronto General Hospital, Multi Organ Transplant Programme, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Gary A Levy
- Toronto General Hospital, Multi Organ Transplant Programme, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Nazia Selzner
- Toronto General Hospital, Multi Organ Transplant Programme, Toronto, ON, Canada
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31
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Roghanian A, Stopforth RJ, Dahal LN, Cragg MS. New revelations from an old receptor: Immunoregulatory functions of the inhibitory Fc gamma receptor, FcγRIIB (CD32B). J Leukoc Biol 2018; 103:1077-1088. [PMID: 29406570 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.2mir0917-354r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Revised: 11/03/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The Fc gamma receptor IIB (FcγRIIB/CD32B) was generated million years ago during evolution. It is the sole inhibitory receptor for IgG, and has long been associated with the regulation of humoral immunity and innate immune homeostasis. However, new and surprising functions of FcγRIIB are emerging. In particular, FcγRIIB has been shown to perform unexpected activatory roles in both immune-signaling and monoclonal antibody (mAb) immunotherapy. Furthermore, although ITIM signaling is an integral part of FcγRIIB regulatory activity, it is now clear that inhibition/activation of immune responses can occur independently of the ITIM. In light of these new findings, we present an overview of the established and noncanonical functions of FcγRIIB and discuss how this knowledge might be exploited therapeutically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Roghanian
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, UK
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Richard J Stopforth
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, UK
| | - Lekh N Dahal
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, UK
| | - Mark S Cragg
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, UK
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32
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Condotta SA, Khan SH, Rai D, Griffith TS, Badovinac VP. Polymicrobial Sepsis Increases Susceptibility to Chronic Viral Infection and Exacerbates CD8+ T Cell Exhaustion. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 195:116-25. [PMID: 25980007 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1402473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2014] [Accepted: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Patients who survive sepsis display suppressed immune functions, often manifested as an increased susceptibility to secondary infections. Recently, using a cecal-ligation and puncture (CLP) model of sepsis, we showed that sepsis induces substantial and long-lasting changes in the available naive CD8(+) T cell repertoire affecting the capacity of the host to respond to newly encountered acute infections. However, the extent to which sepsis changes the host susceptibility to chronic infection and affects CD8(+) T cell responses is currently unknown. In this study, we demonstrate that inbred and outbred mice recovering from a septic event are more susceptible to lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) clone-13 infection exhibited by mortality and viral burden. Primary virus-specific CD8(+) T cells in LCMV clone-13-infected septic mice displayed exacerbated CD8(+) T cell exhaustion illustrated by increased inhibitory molecule expression (e.g., programmed cell death 1, lymphocyte-activation gene 3, and 2B4) and diminished Ag-driven cytokine production (e.g., IFN-γ, TNF-α) compared with similarly infected sham-treated mice. Importantly, therapeutic inhibitory molecule dual blockade (anti-PD-L1 and anti-lymphocyte-activation gene 3) increased the number of circulating LCMV-specific CD8(+) T cells, and improved CD8(+) T cell function and pathogen control in chronically infected septic mice. Together, these results illustrate that polymicrobial sepsis compromises the overall health of the host leading to increased vulnerability to chronic infection and exacerbated CD8(+) T cell exhaustion. Collectively, our findings suggest that septic survivors may be more susceptible and at greater risk for developing exhaustible CD8(+) T cells upon encountering a subsequent chronic infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie A Condotta
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242
| | - Shaniya H Khan
- Interdisciplinary Program in Immunology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242
| | - Deepa Rai
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242
| | - Thomas S Griffith
- Microbiology, Immunology and Cancer Biology Graduate Program, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455; Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455; Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455; Department of Urology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455; and Minneapolis VA Health Care System, Minneapolis, MN 55417
| | - Vladimir P Badovinac
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242; Interdisciplinary Program in Immunology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242;
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33
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Nimmerjahn F, Gordan S, Lux A. FcγR dependent mechanisms of cytotoxic, agonistic, and neutralizing antibody activities. Trends Immunol 2015; 36:325-36. [PMID: 25981969 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2015.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2015] [Revised: 04/16/2015] [Accepted: 04/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Given the widespread use of antibodies of the immunoglobulin G (IgG) class as cytotoxic, immunomodulatory, and neutralizing agents in the therapy of malignant, infectious, and autoimmune diseases, understanding the molecular and cellular mechanisms responsible for their therapeutic activity is of major importance. While Fcγ receptors (FcγR) have well-appreciated roles as effectors of cytotoxic IgG activity, it has only recently become clear that the functionality of immunomodulatory and neutralizing IgG preparations also depends on cellular FcγRs. Here, we review current models of IgG activity in infectious and inflammatory settings, and examine the importance of cell type-specific expression of FcγRs in determining functional outcome. We discuss how this knowledge may be used to improve the activity of therapeutic antibody preparations and outline important areas of focus for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Falk Nimmerjahn
- Institute of Genetics at the Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erwin-Rommelstrasse 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Sina Gordan
- Institute of Genetics at the Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erwin-Rommelstrasse 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Anja Lux
- Institute of Genetics at the Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erwin-Rommelstrasse 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
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Roederer M, Quaye L, Mangino M, Beddall MH, Mahnke Y, Chattopadhyay P, Tosi I, Napolitano L, Terranova Barberio M, Menni C, Villanova F, Di Meglio P, Spector TD, Nestle FO. The genetic architecture of the human immune system: a bioresource for autoimmunity and disease pathogenesis. Cell 2015; 161:387-403. [PMID: 25772697 PMCID: PMC4393780 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2015.02.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 217] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2014] [Revised: 12/22/2014] [Accepted: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Despite recent discoveries of genetic variants associated with autoimmunity and infection, genetic control of the human immune system during homeostasis is poorly understood. We undertook a comprehensive immunophenotyping approach, analyzing 78,000 immune traits in 669 female twins. From the top 151 heritable traits (up to 96% heritable), we used replicated GWAS to obtain 297 SNP associations at 11 genetic loci, explaining up to 36% of the variation of 19 traits. We found multiple associations with canonical traits of all major immune cell subsets and uncovered insights into genetic control for regulatory T cells. This data set also revealed traits associated with loci known to confer autoimmune susceptibility, providing mechanistic hypotheses linking immune traits with the etiology of disease. Our data establish a bioresource that links genetic control elements associated with normal immune traits to common autoimmune and infectious diseases, providing a shortcut to identifying potential mechanisms of immune-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Roederer
- ImmunoTechnology Section, Vaccine Research Center, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Lydia Quaye
- Department of Twin Research & Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Massimo Mangino
- Department of Twin Research & Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London SE1 7EH, UK; NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Margaret H Beddall
- ImmunoTechnology Section, Vaccine Research Center, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Yolanda Mahnke
- ImmunoTechnology Section, Vaccine Research Center, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Pratip Chattopadhyay
- ImmunoTechnology Section, Vaccine Research Center, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Isabella Tosi
- Cutaneous Medicine Unit, St. John's Institute of Dermatology, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK; NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Luca Napolitano
- Cutaneous Medicine Unit, St. John's Institute of Dermatology, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | | | - Cristina Menni
- Department of Twin Research & Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Federica Villanova
- Cutaneous Medicine Unit, St. John's Institute of Dermatology, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK; NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Paola Di Meglio
- Cutaneous Medicine Unit, St. John's Institute of Dermatology, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Tim D Spector
- Department of Twin Research & Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London SE1 7EH, UK.
| | - Frank O Nestle
- Cutaneous Medicine Unit, St. John's Institute of Dermatology, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK; NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London SE1 9RT, UK
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35
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Pinelli DF, Ford ML. Novel insights into anti-CD40/CD154 immunotherapy in transplant tolerance. Immunotherapy 2015; 7:399-410. [PMID: 25917630 PMCID: PMC5441999 DOI: 10.2217/imt.15.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the discovery of the CD40-CD154 costimulatory pathway and its critical role in the adaptive immune response, there has been considerable interest in therapeutically targeting this interaction with monoclonal antibodies in transplantation. Unfortunately, initial promise in animal models gave way to disappointment in clinical trials following a number of thromboembolic complications. However, recent mechanistic studies have identified the mechanism of these adverse events, as well as detailed a myriad of interactions between CD40 and CD154 on a wide variety of immune cell types and the critical role of this pathway in generating both humoral and cell-mediated alloreactive responses. This has led to resurgence in interest and the potential resurrection of anti-CD154 and anti-CD40 antibodies as clinically viable therapeutic options.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mandy L. Ford
- Emory Transplant Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
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Bhatnagar N, Ahmad F, Hong HS, Eberhard J, Lu IN, Ballmaier M, Schmidt RE, Jacobs R, Meyer-Olson D. FcγRIII (CD16)-mediated ADCC by NK cells is regulated by monocytes and FcγRII (CD32). Eur J Immunol 2014; 44:3368-79. [PMID: 25100508 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201444515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2014] [Revised: 07/07/2014] [Accepted: 08/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Monocytes are known to engage in reciprocal crosstalk with NK cells but their influence on NK-cell-associated antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) is not well understood. We demonstrate that in humans FcγRIII (CD16)-dependent ADCC by NK cells is considerably enhanced by monocytes, and that this effect is regulated by FcγRII (CD32) crosslinking in healthy individuals. It is known that during HIV-1 infection, NK cells are known to express low levels of CD16 and exhibit reduced ADCC. We show that immune regulation of CD16-mediated NK-cell cytotoxicity by monocytes through CD32 engagement is substantially disturbed in chronic progressive HIV-1 infection. Expression of activating isoform of CD32 represented a compensatory mechanism for reduced expression of CD16 on NK cells during HIV-1 infection. As a result, the regulation of NK-cell-associated ADCC by monocytes is skewed and eventually constitutes a novel factor that contributes to HIV-1-associated immune deficiency, dysregulation and pathogenesis. Our data therefore provide evidence, for the first time, that in humans monocytes act as a rheostat for FcγRIII-mediated NK-cell functions maintaining a well-balanced immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nupur Bhatnagar
- Klinik für Immunologie und Rheumatologie, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Hannover, Germany
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37
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Impact of tumour microenvironment and Fc receptors on the activity of immunomodulatory antibodies. Trends Immunol 2014; 35:290-8. [PMID: 24953012 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2014.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2014] [Revised: 05/06/2014] [Accepted: 05/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Immunomodulatory antibodies influence the direction and magnitude of immune responses against cancer. Significant efficacy has been demonstrated across multiple solid tumour types within clinical trials. Recent preclinical studies indicate that successful outcome relies upon mechanistic activity extending beyond simple receptor stimulation or blockade. In addition to blocking co-inhibitory signals in secondary lymphoid organs, cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen (CTLA)-4 antibodies mediate depletion of tumour-infiltrating regulatory T cells by antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC). This mechanism appears to be common to other immunomodulatory antibodies including those targeting OX40 and glucocorticoid-induced TNFR-related protein (GITR). If verified in the human setting, these findings have significant implications for antibody design, biomarker discovery, and the development of synergistic combinatorial therapies.
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Mehlhop-Williams ER, Bevan MJ. Memory CD8+ T cells exhibit increased antigen threshold requirements for recall proliferation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 211:345-56. [PMID: 24493801 PMCID: PMC3920562 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20131271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Memory CD8+ T cells require stronger TCR stimulation than naive cells to enter cell cycle due to reduced Zap70 activation and increased levels of protein tyrosine phosphatases. A hallmark of immunological memory is the ability of previously primed T cells to undergo rapid recall responses upon antigen reencounter. Classic work has suggested that memory T cells proliferate in response to lower doses of antigen than naive T cells and with reduced requirements for co-stimulation. In contrast to this premise, we observed that naive but not memory T cells proliferate in vivo in response to limited antigen presentation. To reconcile these observations, we tested the antigen threshold requirement for cell cycle entry in naive and central memory CD8+ T cells. Although both naive and memory T cells detect low dose antigen, only naive T cells activate cell cycle effectors. Direct comparison of TCR signaling on a single cell basis indicated that central memory T cells do not activate Zap70, induce cMyc expression, or degrade p27 in response to antigen levels that activate these functions in naive T cells. The reduced sensitivity of memory T cells may result from both decreased surface TCR expression and increased expression of protein tyrosine phosphatases as compared with naive T cells. Our data describe a novel aspect of memory T cell antigen threshold sensitivity that may critically regulate recall expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin R Mehlhop-Williams
- Department of Immunology and 2 the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109
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39
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The FcγR of humans and non-human primates and their interaction with IgG: implications for induction of inflammation, resistance to infection and the use of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2014; 382:321-52. [PMID: 25116107 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-07911-0_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Considerable effort has focused on the roles of the individual members of the FcγR receptor (FcγR) family in inflammatory diseases and humoral immunity. Recent work has revealed major roles in infection and in particular HIV pathogenesis and immunity. In addition, FcγR functions underpin the action of many of the successful therapeutic monoclonal antibodies. This emphasises the need for a greater understanding of FcγR function in humans and in the NHP which provides a key model for human immunity and preclinical testing of antibodies. We discuss recent key aspects of the human FcγR receptor biology and structure to define differences and similarities in activity between the human and macaque Fc receptors. These differences and similarities nuance the interpretation of infection and vaccine studies in the macaque. Indeed passive IgG antibody protection in lentivirus infection models in the macaque provided early evidence for the role of Fc receptors in anti-HIV immunity that have subsequently gained support from human vaccine trials. None-the-less the diverse functions and cellular contexts of FcγR receptor expression ensure there is much still to understand of the protective and deleterious effects of FcγRs in HIV infection. Careful comparative studies of human and non-human primate FcγRs will facilitate our appreciation of what attributes of HIV specific IgG antibodies, either acquired naturally or via vaccination, are most important for protection.
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