1
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Mulder PPG, Hooijmans CR, Vlig M, Middelkoop E, Joosten I, Koenen HJPM, Boekema BKHL. Kinetics of Inflammatory Mediators in the Immune Response to Burn Injury: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Animal Studies. J Invest Dermatol 2024; 144:669-696.e10. [PMID: 37806443 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2023.09.269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
Burns are often accompanied by a dysfunctional immune response, which can lead to systemic inflammation, shock, and excessive scarring. The objective of this study was to provide insight into inflammatory pathways associated with burn-related complications. Because detailed information on the various inflammatory mediators is scattered over individual studies, we systematically reviewed animal experimental data for all reported inflammatory mediators. Meta-analyses of 352 studies revealed a strong increase in cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors, particularly 19 mediators in blood and 12 in burn tissue. Temporal kinetics showed long-lasting surges of proinflammatory cytokines in blood and burn tissue. Significant time-dependent effects were seen for IL-1β, IL-6, TGF-β1, and CCL2. The response of anti-inflammatory mediators was limited. Burn technique had a profound impact on systemic response levels. Large burn size and scalds further increased systemic, but not local inflammation. Animal characteristics greatly affected inflammation, for example, IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α levels were highest in young, male rats. Time-dependent effects and dissimilarities in response demonstrate the importance of appropriate study design. Collectively, this review presents a general overview of the burn-induced immune response exposing inflammatory pathways that could be targeted through immunotherapy for burn patients and provides guidance for experimental set-ups to advance burn research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick P G Mulder
- Preclinical Research, Association of Dutch Burn Centres (ADBC), Beverwijk, The Netherlands; Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Carlijn R Hooijmans
- Meta-Research Team, Department of Anesthesiology, Pain and Palliative Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Marcel Vlig
- Preclinical Research, Association of Dutch Burn Centres (ADBC), Beverwijk, The Netherlands
| | - Esther Middelkoop
- Preclinical Research, Association of Dutch Burn Centres (ADBC), Beverwijk, The Netherlands; Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Hand Surgery, Amsterdam UMC location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Tissue Function and Regeneration, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Irma Joosten
- Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Hans J P M Koenen
- Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Bouke K H L Boekema
- Preclinical Research, Association of Dutch Burn Centres (ADBC), Beverwijk, The Netherlands; Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Hand Surgery, Amsterdam UMC location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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2
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Noel JG, Ramser SW, Pitstick L, Goetzman HS, Dale EL, Potter A, Adam M, Potter SS, Gardner JC. IL-1/MyD88-Dependent G-CSF and IL-6 Secretion Mediates Postburn Anemia. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2023; 210:972-980. [PMID: 36779805 PMCID: PMC10038902 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2200785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/14/2023]
Abstract
The anemia of critical illness (ACI) is a nearly universal pathophysiological consequence of burn injury and a primary reason burn patients require massive quantities of transfused blood. Inflammatory processes are expected to drive postburn ACI and prevent meaningful erythropoietic stimulation through iron or erythropoietin supplementation, but to this day no specific inflammatory pathways have been identified as a critical mechanism. In this study, we examined whether secretion of G-CSF and IL-6 mediates distinct features of postburn ACI and interrogated inflammatory mechanisms that could be responsible for their secretion. Our analysis of mouse and human skin samples identified the burn wound as a primary source of G-CSF and IL-6 secretion. We show that G-CSF and IL-6 are secreted independently through an IL-1/MyD88-dependent mechanism, and we ruled out TLR2 and TLR4 as critical receptors. Our results indicate that IL-1/MyD88-dependent G-CSF secretion plays a key role in impairing medullary erythropoiesis and IL-6 secretion plays a key role in limiting the access of erythroid cells to iron. Importantly, we found that IL-1α/β neutralizing Abs broadly attenuated features of postburn ACI that could be attributed to G-CSF or IL-6 secretion and rescued deficits of circulating RBC counts, hemoglobin, and hematocrit caused by burn injury. We conclude that wound-based IL-1/MyD88 signaling mediates postburn ACI through induction of G-CSF and IL-6 secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- John G Noel
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Seth W Ramser
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Lori Pitstick
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Holly S Goetzman
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Elizabeth L Dale
- Department of Surgery, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Andrew Potter
- Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Mike Adam
- Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH
| | - S Steven Potter
- Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Jason C Gardner
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH
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3
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Seim RF, Mac M, Sjeklocha LM, Kwiatkowski AJ, Keselowsky BG, Wallet SM, Cairns BA, Maile R. NUCLEAR FACTOR-ERYTHROID-2-RELATED FACTOR REGULATES SYSTEMIC AND PULMONARY BARRIER FUNCTION AND IMMUNE PROGRAMMING AFTER BURN AND INHALATION INJURY. Shock 2023; 59:300-310. [PMID: 36730842 PMCID: PMC9957943 DOI: 10.1097/shk.0000000000002022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Major burn injury is associated with systemic hyperinflammatory and oxidative stresses that encompass the wound, vascular, and pulmonary systems that contribute to complications and poor outcomes. These stresses are exacerbated if there is a combined burn and inhalation (B+I) injury, which leads to increases in morbidity and mortality. Nuclear factor-erythroid-2-related factor (NRF2) is a transcription factor that functions to maintain homeostasis during stress, in part by modulating inflammation and oxidative injury. We hypothesized that the NRF2-mediated homeostasis after burn alone and combined B-I injury is insufficient, but that pharmacological activation of the NRF2 pathway has the potential to reduce/reverse acute hyper inflammatory responses. We found that, after burn and B+I injury, Nrf2 -/- mice have higher mortality and exhibit greater pulmonary edema, vascular permeability, and exacerbated pulmonary and systemic proinflammatory responses compared with injured wild-type (WT) controls. Transcriptome analysis of lung tissue revealed specific Nrf2 -dependent dysregulated immune pathways after injury. In WT mice, we observed that B+I injury induces cytosolic, but not nuclear, accumulation of NRF2 protein in the lung microenvironment compared with sham-injured controls. Bardoxolone methyl (CDDO-Me)-containing microparticles (CDDO-MPs) were developed that allow for dilution in saline and stable release of CDDO-Me. When delivered intraperitoneally into mice 1 hour after B+I injury, CDDO-MPs significantly reduced mortality and cytokine dysfunction compared with untreated B-I animals. These data implicate the role of NRF2 regulation of pulmonary and systemic immune dysfunction after burn and B+I injury, and also a deficiency in controlling immune dysregulation. Selectively activating the NRF2 pathway may improve clinical outcomes in burn and B+I patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michelle Mac
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Lucas M Sjeklocha
- Department of Surgery, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Alex J Kwiatkowski
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| | - Ben G Keselowsky
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
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4
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Characterization of the Basal and mTOR-Dependent Acute Pulmonary and Systemic Immune Response in a Murine Model of Combined Burn and Inhalation Injury. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23158779. [PMID: 35955914 PMCID: PMC9368856 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe burn injury leads to a cascade of local and systemic immune responses that trigger an extreme state of immune dysfunction, leaving the patient highly susceptible to acute and chronic infection. When combined with inhalation injury, burn patients have higher mortality and a greater chance of developing secondary respiratory complications including infection. No animal model of combined burn and inhalation injury (B+I) exists that accurately mirrors the human clinical picture, nor are there any effective immunotherapies or predictive models of the risk of immune dysfunction. Our earlier work showed that the mechanistic/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway is activated early after burn injury, and its chemical blockade at injury reduced subsequent chronic bacterial susceptibility. It is unclear if mTOR plays a role in the exacerbated immune dysfunction seen after B+I injury. We aimed to: (1) characterize a novel murine model of B+I injury, and (2) investigate the role of mTOR in the immune response after B+I injury. Pulmonary and systemic immune responses to B+I were characterized in the absence or presence of mTOR inhibition at the time of injury. Data describe a murine model of B+I with inhalation-specific immune phenotypes and implicate mTOR in the acute immune dysfunction observed.
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5
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Mulder PPG, Koenen HJPM, Vlig M, Joosten I, de Vries RBM, Boekema BKHL. Burn-Induced Local and Systemic Immune Response: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Animal Studies. J Invest Dermatol 2022; 142:3093-3109.e15. [PMID: 35623415 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2022.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
As burn injuries are often followed by a derailed immune response and excessive inflammation, a thorough understanding of the occurring reactions is key to prevent secondary complications. This systematic review, that includes 247 animal studies, shows the post-burn response of 14 different immune cell types involved in immediate and long-term effects, in both wound tissue and circulation. Peripheral blood neutrophil and monocyte numbers increased directly after burns, whereas thrombocyte numbers increased near the end of the first week. Lymphocyte numbers, however, were decreased for at least two weeks. In burn wound tissue, neutrophil and macrophage numbers accumulated during the first three weeks. Burns also altered cellular functions as we found increased migratory potential of leukocytes, impaired antibacterial activity of neutrophils and enhanced inflammatory mediator production by macrophages. Neutrophil surges were positively associated with burn size and were highest in rats. Altogether, this comprehensive overview of the temporal immune cell dynamics shows that unlike normal wound healing, burn injury induces a long-lasting inflammatory response. It provides a fundamental research basis to improve experimental set-ups, burn care and outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick P G Mulder
- Association of Dutch Burn Centres (ADBC), Preclinical Research, Beverwijk, the Netherlands; Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
| | - Hans J P M Koenen
- Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Marcel Vlig
- Association of Dutch Burn Centres (ADBC), Preclinical Research, Beverwijk, the Netherlands
| | - Irma Joosten
- Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Rob B M de Vries
- SYRCLE, Department for Health Evidence, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Bouke K H L Boekema
- Association of Dutch Burn Centres (ADBC), Preclinical Research, Beverwijk, the Netherlands
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6
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Noel JG, Ramser SW, Pitstick L, Bonamer JP, Mackenzie B, Seu KG, Kalfa TA, Cancelas JA, Gardner JC. M-CSF supports medullary erythropoiesis and erythroid iron demand following burn injury through its activity on homeostatic iron recycling. Sci Rep 2022; 12:1235. [PMID: 35075211 PMCID: PMC8786861 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-05360-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
M-CSF receptor signaling supports the development and survival of mononuclear phagocytes and is thought to play a role in post burn anemia by promoting myeloid lineage bias. We found M-CSF secretion was increased in burn patients and a murine model of post burn ACI, so we neutralized M-CSF in ACI mice to determine if erythropoiesis was improved. Instead, M-CSF blockade further impaired erythropoiesis and erythroid cells access to iron. M-CSF blockade enhanced inflammatory cytokine secretion, further increased systemic neutrophil counts, and led to tissue iron sequestration that was dependent, in part, on augmented IL-6 secretion which induced hepcidin. Deleterious effects of post burn M-CSF blockade were associated with arrest of an iron recycling gene expression signature in the liver and spleen that included Spi-C transcription factor and heme oxygenase-1, which promote heme metabolism and confer a non-inflammatory tone in macrophages. Hepatic induction of these factors in ACI mice was consistent with a recovery of ferroportin gene expression and reflected an M-CSF dependent expansion and differentiation of Spi-C+ monocytes into Kupffer cells. Together, this data indicates M-CSF secretion supports a homeostatic iron recycling program that plays a key role in the maintenance of erythroid cells access to iron following burn injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- John G Noel
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, 45267, USA
| | - Seth W Ramser
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, 45267, USA
| | - Lori Pitstick
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, 45267, USA
| | - John P Bonamer
- Department of Pharmacology and Systems Physiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, 45267, USA
| | - Bryan Mackenzie
- Department of Pharmacology and Systems Physiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, 45267, USA
| | - Katie G Seu
- Cancer and Blood Diseases Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, 45229, USA
| | - Theodosia A Kalfa
- Cancer and Blood Diseases Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, 45229, USA
| | - Jose A Cancelas
- Divisions of Pathology and Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, 45229, USA
| | - Jason C Gardner
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, 45267, USA.
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7
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Stanojcic M, Vinaik R, Abdullahi A, Chen P, Jeschke MG. NLRP3 knockout enhances immune infiltration and inflammatory responses and improves survival in a burn sepsis model. Immunology 2021; 165:195-205. [PMID: 34773253 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Although sepsis in burn patients is a major contributor to mortality, treatments are not always effective and underlying mechanisms have yet to be completely elucidated. NLRP3 inflammasome orchestrates burn-induced, inflammatory-driven pathophysiologic processes. Here, we determined the mechanism of NLRP3 inflammasome activation on bacterial clearance and mortality in burn sepsis. We obtained tissue and blood from 30 wild-type and 30 Nlrp3-/- mice. Mice were subjected to a two-hit model of 25-30% TBSA scald burn followed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa wound infection 72 hours after injury. We also obtained tissue from 34 adult burn patients (≥18 years of age) with early (0-11 days post-burn) and later (≥12 days post-burn) surgical time-points and ten healthy controls. Murine studies indicated that Nlrp3-/- had 30% improved survival and bacterial clearance at the site of injury and is systemically relative to burn sepsis wild type. Greater macrophage and neutrophil infiltration occurred acutely after infection (12 hours) to the site of injury and adipose tissue. This was followed by increased macrophage and neutrophil infiltration to lymphoid organs and liver beyond the acute phase (24 and 72 hours). Interestingly, Nlrp3 ablation increased acute systemic inflammation (IL-6, TNF-α, IL-1β). Septic burn patients had persistently increased adipose NLRP3 by-product expression beyond the acute phase that was more pronounced in late-onset sepsis. Our findings suggest that Nlrp3 genetic ablation enhanced acute tissue-specific inflammatory responsiveness. Likely, this occurs by paradoxically increasing acute immune infiltration and inflammation with a non-persistent response. Clinically, persistent NLRP3-mediated inflammation occurs in septic versus normal burn patients and potentially detrimentally impacts patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Roohi Vinaik
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Peter Chen
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Marc G Jeschke
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Ross Tilley Burn Centre, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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8
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AB569, a Novel, Topical Bactericidal Gel Formulation, Kills Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Promotes Wound Healing in a Murine Model of Burn Wound Infection. Infect Immun 2021; 89:e0033621. [PMID: 34424744 PMCID: PMC8519293 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00336-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous thermal injuries from burns/explosives are a major cause of morbidity and mortality and represent a monumental burden on our current health care system. Injury severity is predominantly due to potentially lethal sepsis caused by multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa (MDR-PA). Thus, there is a critical need to develop novel and effective antimicrobials for the (i) prevention, (ii) treatment, and (iii) healing of such wounds that are complicated by MDR-P. aeruginosa and other bacterial infections. AB569 is a novel bactericidal tandem consisting of acidified NaNO2 (A-NO2-) and Na2-EDTA. Here, we first show that AB569 acts synergistically to kill all human burn wound strains of P. aeruginosa in vitro. This was found to be due, in part, to the generation of A-NO2--mediated nitric oxide (NO) formation coupled with the metal chelating properties of Na2-EDTA. Using a murine scald burn wound model of P. aeruginosa infection, an AB569-Solosite gel formulation eradicated all bacteria. Futher, we also demonstrate enhanced AB569-mediated wound healing by not only accelerating wound contraction, but also by reducing levels of the proinflammatory cytokines interleukin-6 (IL-6) and IL-1β while increasing the levels of anti-inflammatory cytokine, IL-10, and granulocyte-colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF). We also observed better epidermal restoration in AB569-treated wounds. Taken together, we conclude that this study provides solid foundational evidence that AB569 can be used topically to treat highly problematic dermal insults, including wound, burn, blast, and likely, diabetic infections in civilian and military populations, and help relieve the economical burden that MDR organisms have on the global health care system.
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9
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Brook B, Harbeson DJ, Shannon CP, Cai B, He D, Ben-Othman R, Francis F, Huang J, Varankovich N, Liu A, Bao W, Bjerregaard-Andersen M, Schaltz-Buchholzer F, Sanca L, Golding CN, Larsen KL, Levy O, Kampmann B, Tan R, Charles A, Wynn JL, Shann F, Aaby P, Benn CS, Tebbutt SJ, Kollmann TR, Amenyogbe N. BCG vaccination-induced emergency granulopoiesis provides rapid protection from neonatal sepsis. Sci Transl Med 2021; 12:12/542/eaax4517. [PMID: 32376769 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aax4517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Revised: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Death from sepsis in the neonatal period remains a serious threat for millions. Within 3 days of administration, bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccination can reduce mortality from neonatal sepsis in human newborns, but the underlying mechanism for this rapid protection is unknown. We found that BCG was also protective in a mouse model of neonatal polymicrobial sepsis, where it induced granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) within hours of administration. This was necessary and sufficient to drive emergency granulopoiesis (EG), resulting in a marked increase in neutrophils. This increase in neutrophils was directly and quantitatively responsible for protection from sepsis. Rapid induction of EG after BCG administration also occurred in three independent cohorts of human neonates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byron Brook
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of British Columbia, 2775 Laurel Street, 10th Floor, Room 10117, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1M9, Canada
| | - Danny J Harbeson
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of British Columbia, 2775 Laurel Street, 10th Floor, Room 10117, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1M9, Canada
| | - Casey P Shannon
- PROOF Centre of Excellence, British Columbia, 10th floor, 1190 Hornby Street, Vancouver, BC V6Z 2K5, Canada.,UBC Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, St. Paul's Hospital, 1081 Burrard Street, Vancouver, BC V6Z 1Y6, Canada
| | - Bing Cai
- Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, and BC Children's Hospital, 4480 Oak Street, Vancouver, BC V6H 3V4, Canada
| | - Daniel He
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of British Columbia, 2775 Laurel Street, 10th Floor, Room 10117, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1M9, Canada.,PROOF Centre of Excellence, British Columbia, 10th floor, 1190 Hornby Street, Vancouver, BC V6Z 2K5, Canada.,UBC Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, St. Paul's Hospital, 1081 Burrard Street, Vancouver, BC V6Z 1Y6, Canada
| | - Rym Ben-Othman
- Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, and BC Children's Hospital, 4480 Oak Street, Vancouver, BC V6H 3V4, Canada
| | - Freddy Francis
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of British Columbia, 2775 Laurel Street, 10th Floor, Room 10117, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1M9, Canada
| | - Joe Huang
- Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, and BC Children's Hospital, 4480 Oak Street, Vancouver, BC V6H 3V4, Canada
| | - Natallia Varankovich
- Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, and BC Children's Hospital, 4480 Oak Street, Vancouver, BC V6H 3V4, Canada
| | - Aaron Liu
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of British Columbia, 2775 Laurel Street, 10th Floor, Room 10117, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1M9, Canada
| | - Winnie Bao
- Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, and BC Children's Hospital, 4480 Oak Street, Vancouver, BC V6H 3V4, Canada
| | - Morten Bjerregaard-Andersen
- Bandim Health Project, Indepth Network, Apartado 861, 1004 Bissau, Guinea-Bissau.,Research Center for Vitamins and Vaccines (CVIVA), Statens Serum Institut (SSI), Artillerivej 5, 2300 Copenhagen S, Denmark.,Department of Endocrinology, Odense University Hospital, Kløvervænget 6, 5000 Odense C, Denmark
| | - Frederik Schaltz-Buchholzer
- Bandim Health Project, Indepth Network, Apartado 861, 1004 Bissau, Guinea-Bissau.,Research Center for Vitamins and Vaccines (CVIVA), Statens Serum Institut (SSI), Artillerivej 5, 2300 Copenhagen S, Denmark.,OPEN, Institute of Clinical Research and Danish Institute for Advanced Science, University of Southern Denmark, and Odense University Hospital, J.B. Winsløws Vej, 5000 Odense C, Denmark
| | - Lilica Sanca
- Bandim Health Project, Indepth Network, Apartado 861, 1004 Bissau, Guinea-Bissau
| | - Christian N Golding
- Bandim Health Project, Indepth Network, Apartado 861, 1004 Bissau, Guinea-Bissau.,Research Center for Vitamins and Vaccines (CVIVA), Statens Serum Institut (SSI), Artillerivej 5, 2300 Copenhagen S, Denmark
| | - Kristina Lindberg Larsen
- Bandim Health Project, Indepth Network, Apartado 861, 1004 Bissau, Guinea-Bissau.,Research Center for Vitamins and Vaccines (CVIVA), Statens Serum Institut (SSI), Artillerivej 5, 2300 Copenhagen S, Denmark
| | - Ofer Levy
- Precision Vaccines Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Beate Kampmann
- Vaccines and Immunity Theme, Medical Research Council Unit, The Gambia at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Atlantic Boulevard, P.O. Box 273, Banjul, The Gambia.,Vaccine Centre, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, UK
| | | | - Rusung Tan
- Department of Pathology, Sidra Medicine and Weill Cornell Medicine, Doha, Qatar
| | - Adrian Charles
- Department of Pathology, Sidra Medicine and Weill Cornell Medicine, Doha, Qatar
| | - James L Wynn
- Department of Paediatrics and Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, P.O. Box 100296, Gainesville, FL 32610-0296, USA
| | - Frank Shann
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Peter Aaby
- Bandim Health Project, Indepth Network, Apartado 861, 1004 Bissau, Guinea-Bissau
| | - Christine S Benn
- Bandim Health Project, Indepth Network, Apartado 861, 1004 Bissau, Guinea-Bissau.,Research Center for Vitamins and Vaccines (CVIVA), Statens Serum Institut (SSI), Artillerivej 5, 2300 Copenhagen S, Denmark.,OPEN, Institute of Clinical Research and Danish Institute for Advanced Science, University of Southern Denmark, and Odense University Hospital, J.B. Winsløws Vej, 5000 Odense C, Denmark
| | - Scott J Tebbutt
- PROOF Centre of Excellence, British Columbia, 10th floor, 1190 Hornby Street, Vancouver, BC V6Z 2K5, Canada.,UBC Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, St. Paul's Hospital, 1081 Burrard Street, Vancouver, BC V6Z 1Y6, Canada.,Department of Medicine, Division of Respiratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1M9, Canada
| | - Tobias R Kollmann
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of British Columbia, 2775 Laurel Street, 10th Floor, Room 10117, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1M9, Canada. .,Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, and BC Children's Hospital, 4480 Oak Street, Vancouver, BC V6H 3V4, Canada.,Telethon Kids Institute, 100 Roberts Road, Subiaco, Western Australia 6008, Australia
| | - Nelly Amenyogbe
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of British Columbia, 2775 Laurel Street, 10th Floor, Room 10117, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1M9, Canada. .,Telethon Kids Institute, 100 Roberts Road, Subiaco, Western Australia 6008, Australia
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10
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Breder JSC, Pires ALR, Azevedo FF, Apolinário PP, Cantaruti T, Jiwani SI, Moraes ÂM, Consonni SR, Araújo EP, Adams GG, Saad MJA, Lima MHM. Enhancement of cellular activity in hyperglycemic mice dermal wounds dressed with chitosan-alginate membranes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 53:e8621. [PMID: 31859909 PMCID: PMC6915877 DOI: 10.1590/1414-431x20198621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The use of specially designed wound dressings could be an important alternative to facilitate the healing process of wounds in the hyperglycemic state. Biocompatible dressings combining chitosan and alginate can speed up wound healing by modulating the inflammatory phase, stimulating fibroblast proliferation, and aiding in remodeling phases. However, this biomaterial has not yet been explored in chronic and acute lesions of diabetic patients. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of topical treatment with a chitosan-alginate membrane on acute skin wounds of hyperglycemic mice. Diabetes mellitus was induced by streptozotocin (60 mg · kg-1 · day-1 for 5 days, intraperitoneally) and the cutaneous wound was performed by removing the epidermis using a surgical punch. The results showed that after 10 days of treatment the chitosan and alginate membrane (CAM) group exhibited better organization of collagen fibers. High concentrations of interleukin (IL)-1α, IL-1β, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) were detected in the first and second days of treatment. G-CSF and TNF-α level decreased after 5 days, as well as the concentrations of TNF-α and IL-10 compared with the control group (CG). In this study, the inflammatory phase of cutaneous lesions of hyperglycemic mice was modulated by the use of CAM, mostly regarding the cytokines IL-1α, IL-1β, TNF-α, G-CSF, and IL-10, resulting in better collagen III deposition. However, further studies are needed to better understand the healing stages associated with CAM use.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S C Breder
- Faculdade de Enfermagem, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brasil
| | - A L R Pires
- Departamento de Engenharia de Materiais e Bioprocessos, Faculdade de Engenharia Química, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brasil
| | - F F Azevedo
- Faculdade de Enfermagem, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brasil
| | - P P Apolinário
- Faculdade de Enfermagem, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brasil
| | - T Cantaruti
- Faculdade de Enfermagem, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brasil
| | - S I Jiwani
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Â M Moraes
- Departamento de Engenharia de Materiais e Bioprocessos, Faculdade de Engenharia Química, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brasil
| | - S R Consonni
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Tecidual, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brasil
| | - E P Araújo
- Faculdade de Enfermagem, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brasil
| | - G G Adams
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - M J A Saad
- Departamento de Clínica Médica, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brasil
| | - M H M Lima
- Faculdade de Enfermagem, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brasil
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11
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Fuchs A, Monlish DA, Ghosh S, Chang SW, Bochicchio GV, Schuettpelz LG, Turnbull IR. Trauma Induces Emergency Hematopoiesis through IL-1/MyD88-Dependent Production of G-CSF. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 202:3020-3032. [PMID: 30988118 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1801456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The inflammatory response to infection or injury dramatically increases the hematopoietic demand on the bone marrow to replace effector leukocytes consumed in the inflammatory response. In the setting of infection, pathogen-associated molecular patterns induce emergency hematopoiesis, activating hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells to proliferate and produce progeny for accelerated myelopoiesis. Sterile tissue injury due to trauma also increases leukocyte demand; however, the effect of sterile tissue injury on hematopoiesis is not well described. We find that tissue injury alone induces emergency hematopoiesis in mice subjected to polytrauma. This process is driven by IL-1/MyD88-dependent production of G-CSF. G-CSF induces the expansion of hematopoietic progenitors, including hematopoietic stem cells and multipotent progenitors, and increases the frequency of myeloid-skewed progenitors. To our knowledge, these data provide the first comprehensive description of injury-induced emergency hematopoiesis and identify an IL-1/MyD88/G-CSF-dependent pathway as the key regulator of emergency hematopoiesis after injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Fuchs
- Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110; and
| | - Darlene A Monlish
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Sarbani Ghosh
- Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110; and
| | - Shin-Wen Chang
- Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110; and
| | - Grant V Bochicchio
- Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110; and
| | - Laura G Schuettpelz
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Isaiah R Turnbull
- Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110; and
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12
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Kartchner LB, Gode CJ, Dunn JLM, Glenn LI, Duncan DN, Wolfgang MC, Cairns BA, Maile R. One-hit wonder: Late after burn injury, granulocytes can clear one bacterial infection but cannot control a subsequent infection. Burns 2019; 45:627-640. [PMID: 30833100 DOI: 10.1016/j.burns.2018.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2018] [Revised: 07/04/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Burn injury induces an acute hyperactive immune response followed by a chronic immune dysregulation that leaves those afflicted susceptible to multiple secondary infections. Many murine models are able to recapitulate the acute immune response to burn injury, yet few models are able to recapitulate long-term immune suppression and thus chronic susceptibility to bacterial infections seen in burn patients. This has hindered the field, making evaluation of the mechanisms responsible for these susceptibilities difficult to study. Herein we describe a novel mouse model of burn injury that promotes chronic immune suppression allowing for susceptibility to primary and secondary infections and thus allows for the evaluation of associated mechanisms. METHODS C57Bl/6 mice receiving a full-thickness contact burn were infected with Pseudomonas aeruginosa 14 days (primary infection) and/or 17 days (secondary infection) after burn or sham injury. The survival, pulmonary and systemic bacterial load as well as frequency and function of innate immune cells (neutrophils and macrophages) were evaluated. RESULTS Following secondary infection, burn mice were less effective in clearance of bacteria compared to sham injured or burn mice following a primary infection. Following secondary infection both neutrophils and macrophages recruited to the airways exhibited reduced production of anti-bacterial reactive oxygen and nitrogen species and the pro-inflammatory cytokineIL-12 while macrophages demonstrated increased expression of the anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-10 compared to those from sham burned mice and/or burn mice receiving a primary infection. In addition the BALF from these mice contained significantly higher level so of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-4 compared to those from sham burned mice and/or burn mice receiving a primary infection. CONCLUSIONS Burn-mediated protection from infection is transient, with a secondary infection inducing immune protection to collapse. Repeated infection leads to increased neutrophil and macrophage numbers in the lungs late after burn injury, with diminished innate immune cell function and an increased anti-inflammatory cytokine environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurel B Kartchner
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Cindy J Gode
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA; Marsico Lung Institute/Cystic Fibrosis Research Center, USA
| | - Julia L M Dunn
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Lindsey I Glenn
- Department of Surgery, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Danté N Duncan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA; Department of Surgery, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Matthew C Wolfgang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA; Marsico Lung Institute/Cystic Fibrosis Research Center, USA
| | - Bruce A Cairns
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA; Department of Surgery, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA; Jaycee Burn Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Robert Maile
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA; Department of Surgery, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA; Jaycee Burn Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.
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13
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Wright TA, Page RC, Konkolewicz D. Polymer conjugation of proteins as a synthetic post-translational modification to impact their stability and activity. Polym Chem 2019; 10:434-454. [PMID: 31249635 PMCID: PMC6596429 DOI: 10.1039/c8py01399c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
For more than 40 years, protein-polymer conjugates have been widely used for many applications, industrially and biomedically. These bioconjugates have been shown to modulate the activity and stability of various proteins while introducing reusability and new activities that can be used for drug delivery, improve pharmacokinetic ability, and stimuli-responsiveness. Techniques such as RDRP, ROMP and "click" have routinely been utilized for development of well-defined bioconjugate and polymeric materials. Synthesis of bioconjugate materials often take advantage of natural amino acids present within protein and peptide structures for a host of coupling chemistries. Polymer modification may elicit increased or decreased activity, activity retention under harsh conditions, prolonged activity in vivo and in vitro, and introduce stimuli responsiveness. Bioconjugation has resulted to modulated thermal stability, chemical stability, storage stability, half-life and reusability. In this review we aim to provide a brief state of the field, highlight a wide range of behaviors caused by polymer conjugation, and provide areas of future work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thaiesha A Wright
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University Oxford, Ohio 45056, United States
| | - Richard C Page
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University Oxford, Ohio 45056, United States
| | - Dominik Konkolewicz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University Oxford, Ohio 45056, United States
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14
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Time series analysis of gene changes and processes after burn with human gene expression profiles. Burns 2018; 45:387-397. [PMID: 30527648 DOI: 10.1016/j.burns.2018.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Revised: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Severe burns might be followed by severe infection associated with high mortality. In this study, we aimed to identify changes in genes and processes across time points after burn via analyzing time series gene expression profiles in burn patients and control from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO). Patients were classified into four groups according to time after burn and weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) obtained three gene modules including magenta, yellow and greenyellow modules that significantly correlated positively with time after burn. We also identified four groups of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in samples at 0-1d, 1-2d, 2-4d, and 4-7d after burn compared with controls. Functional enrichment analysis of those DEGs indicated significant enrichment of inflammatory/immune related processes throughout time points after burn, while, samples at later time points were also closely associated with cell activation regulation related processes. Short time series expression analysis of overlapping genes among the four lists of DEGs screened out two temporal gene expression profiles that exhibited decreasing and increasing expression trend across times after burn, and genes contained in those two profiles might be related to pathologic changes after severe burn.
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15
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Peng W. Neuroprotective effects of G-CSF administration in microglia-mediated reactive T cell activation in vitro. Immunol Res 2018. [PMID: 28646409 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-017-8928-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
G-CSF is a growth factor that has known neuroprotective effects in a variety of experimental brain injury models. As both antigen-presenting microglia and reactive T cells are key components in the development and progression of EAE, the aim of this study is to investigate the neuroprotective effects of recombinant human G-CSF, as administered in microglia-mediated reactive T cell assay in vitro. Our results indicate that G-CSF treatment has no apparent effect for the resting un-activated microglia. G-CSF pre-protection of microglia increased protective cytokine IL-4 production and effectively inhibited the productions of NO and other inflammatory mediators (IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-17, and chemokine MCP-1) after LPS stimulation. G-CSF suppressed the proliferative response of microglia-mediated MOG35-55 reactive T cells. G-CSF-microglia-T cells increased IL-4 and IL-10 secretions and decreased IFN-γ, TNF-α, and IL-17 productions. G-CSF significantly elevated CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cell subset in microglia-mediated reactive T cells. Moreover, G-CSF inhibited MHC-II expression of microglia after LPS activation or in the interactions of microglia and reactive T cells. G-CSF administration induced the apoptosis and enhanced the G0/G1 to S phase transition and elevated the gene expression of apoptosis markers in microglia-mediated reactive T cells after stimulated by specific antigen MOG35-55. These findings reveal that G-CSF administration potently neuroprotects the central nervous system (CNS) from immune-mediated damage in microglia-mediated reactive T cell activation. Apoptosis of reactive T cells in CNS is important in attenuating the development of autoimmune CNS diseases. G-CSF administration has neuroprotective effects in CNS and the potential to be a therapeutic agent in multiple sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Peng
- Institute of Rheumatology and Immunology, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan, 637000, People's Republic of China. .,Laboratory of Experimental Surgery, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Mount Scopus, Sderot Churchill, Jerusalem, 91240, Israel.
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16
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Dunn JLM, Kartchner LB, Gast K, Sessions M, Hunter RA, Thurlow L, Richardson A, Schoenfisch M, Cairns BA, Maile R. Mammalian target of rapamycin regulates a hyperresponsive state in pulmonary neutrophils late after burn injury. J Leukoc Biol 2018; 103:909-918. [PMID: 29393976 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.3ab0616-251rrr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Revised: 12/28/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial pneumonia is a leading cause of death late after burn injury due to the severe immune dysfunction that follows this traumatic injury. The Mechanistic/Mammalian Target of Rapamycin (mTOR) pathway drives many effector functions of innate immune cells required for bacterial clearance. Studies have demonstrated alterations in multiple cellular processes in patients and animal models following burn injury in which mTOR is a central component. Goals of this study were to (1) investigate the importance of mTOR signaling in antimicrobial activity by neutrophils and (2) therapeutically target mTOR to promote normalization of the immune response. We utilized a murine model of 20% total body surface area burn and the mTOR-specific inhibitor rapamycin. Burn injury led to innate immune hyperresponsiveness in the lung including recruitment of neutrophils with greater ex vivo oxidative activity compared with neutrophils from sham-injured mice. Elevated oxidative function correlated with improved clearance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, despite down-regulated expression of the bacterial-sensing TLR molecules. Rapamycin administration reversed the burn injury-induced lung innate immune hyperresponsiveness and inhibited enhanced bacterial clearance in burn mice compared with untreated burn mice, resulting in significantly higher mortality. Neutrophil ex vivo oxidative burst was decreased by rapamycin treatment. These data indicate that (1) neutrophil function within the lung is more important than recruitment for bacterial clearance following burn injury and (2) mTOR inhibition significantly impacts innate immune hyperresponsiveness, including neutrophil effector function, allowing normalization of the immune response late after burn injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia L M Dunn
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Laurel B Kartchner
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Karli Gast
- Department of Chemistry, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Marci Sessions
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Rebecca A Hunter
- Department of Chemistry, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Lance Thurlow
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Anthony Richardson
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Mark Schoenfisch
- Department of Chemistry, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Bruce A Cairns
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.,Department of Surgery, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Robert Maile
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.,Department of Surgery, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
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17
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Thermal injury of the skin induces G-CSF-dependent attenuation of EPO-mediated STAT signaling and erythroid differentiation arrest in mice. Exp Hematol 2017; 56:16-30. [PMID: 28867537 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2017.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Revised: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 08/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation-mediated impairment of erythropoiesis plays a central role in the development of the anemia of critical illness (ACI). ACI develops despite elevation of endogenous erythropoietin (EPO), does not respond to exogenous erythropoietin (EPO) supplementation, and contributes significantly to transfusion requirements in burned patients. We have reported previously that the reduction of red blood cell mass in the bone marrow of a burn-injured ACI mouse model is granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) dependent. Given that elevated G-CSF levels also have been associated with lower hemoglobin levels and increased transfusion requirements in trauma victims, we postulated that G-CSF mediates postburn EPO resistance. In ACI mice, we found that bone marrow erythroid differentiation, viability, and proliferation are impaired after thermal injury of the skin. These changes in the marrow were associated with attenuated phosphorylation of known EPO-responsive signaling nodes, signal transducer and activator of transcription 5 (STAT5) Y694 and STAT3 S727, in bone marrow erythroid cells and developed despite highly elevated levels of endogenous EPO. Severely blunted STAT5 Y694 phosphorylation in bone marrow erythroid cells after exogenous EPO supplementation confirmed that EPO signaling was impaired in ACI mice. Importantly, parenteral administration of anti-G-CSF largely rescued postburn bone marrow erythroid differentiation arrest and EPO signaling in erythroid cells. Together, these data provide strong evidence for a role for G-CSF in the development of ACI after burn injury through suppression of EPO signaling in bone marrow erythroid cells.
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18
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Peng W. G-CSF treatment promotes apoptosis of autoreactive T cells to restrict the inflammatory cascade and accelerate recovery in experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. Exp Neurol 2017; 289:73-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2016.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Revised: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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19
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Linz BML, Neely CJ, Kartchner LB, Mendoza AE, Khoury AL, Truax A, Sempowski G, Eitas T, Brickey J, Ting JPY, Cairns BA, Maile R. Innate Immune Cell Recovery Is Positively Regulated by NLRP12 during Emergency Hematopoiesis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 198:2426-2433. [PMID: 28159904 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1601048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
With enhanced concerns of terrorist attacks, dual exposure to radiation and thermal combined injury (RCI) has become a real threat with devastating immunosuppression. NLRP12, a member of the NOD-like receptor family, is expressed in myeloid and bone marrow cells and was implicated as a checkpoint regulator of inflammatory cytokines, as well as an inflammasome activator. We show that NLRP12 has a profound impact on hematopoietic recovery during RCI by serving as a checkpoint of TNF signaling and preventing hematopoietic apoptosis. Using a mouse model of RCI, increased NLRP12 expression was detected in target tissues. Nlrp12-/- mice exhibited significantly greater mortality, an inability to fight bacterial infection, heightened levels of proinflammatory cytokines, overt granulocyte/monocyte progenitor cell apoptosis, and failure to reconstitute peripheral myeloid populations. Anti-TNF Ab administration improved peripheral immune recovery. These data suggest that NLRP12 is essential for survival after RCI by regulating myelopoiesis and immune reconstitution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon M L Linz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Crystal J Neely
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Laurel B Kartchner
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - April E Mendoza
- Department of Surgery, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Amal L Khoury
- Department of Surgery, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Agnieszka Truax
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | | | - Timothy Eitas
- Department of Surgery, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599.,Host Defense Discovery Performance Unit, GlaxoSmithKline, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709
| | - June Brickey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Jenny P Y Ting
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Bruce A Cairns
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599.,Department of Surgery, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Robert Maile
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599; .,Department of Surgery, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
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20
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Hillmer EJ, Zhang H, Li HS, Watowich SS. STAT3 signaling in immunity. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2016; 31:1-15. [PMID: 27185365 PMCID: PMC5050093 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2016.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 418] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Accepted: 05/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The transcriptional regulator STAT3 has key roles in vertebrate development and mature tissue function including control of inflammation and immunity. Mutations in human STAT3 associate with diseases such as immunodeficiency, autoimmunity and cancer. Strikingly, however, either hyperactivation or inactivation of STAT3 results in human disease, indicating tightly regulated STAT3 function is central to health. Here, we attempt to summarize information on the numerous and distinct biological actions of STAT3, and highlight recent discoveries, with a specific focus on STAT3 function in the immune and hematopoietic systems. Our goal is to spur investigation on mechanisms by which aberrant STAT3 function drives human disease and novel approaches that might be used to modulate disease outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily J Hillmer
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Huiyuan Zhang
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Haiyan S Li
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Stephanie S Watowich
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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21
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Zhou H, Zhang W, Bi M, Wu J. The molecular mechanisms of action of PPAR-γ agonists in the treatment of corneal alkali burns (Review). Int J Mol Med 2016; 38:1003-11. [PMID: 27499172 PMCID: PMC5029963 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2016.2699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Corneal alkali burns (CAB) are characterized by injury-induced inflammation, fibrosis and neovascularization (NV), and may lead to blindness. This review evaluates the current knowledge of the molecular mechanisms responsible for CAB. The processes of cytokine production, chemotaxis, inflammatory responses, immune response, cell signal transduction, matrix metalloproteinase production and vascular factors in CAB are discussed. Previous evidence indicates that peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPAR-γ) agonists suppress immune responses, inflammation, corneal fibrosis and NV. This review also discusses the role of PPAR-γ as an anti-inflammatory, anti-fibrotic and anti-angiogenic agent in the treatment of CAB, as well as the potential role of PPAR-γ in the pathological process of CAB. There have been numerous studies evaluating the clinical profiles of CAB, and the aim of this systematic review was to summarize the evidence regarding the treatment of CAB with PPAR-γ agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyan Zhou
- Department of Ophthalmology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130033, P.R. China
| | - Wensong Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130000, P.R. China
| | - Miaomiao Bi
- Department of Ophthalmology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130033, P.R. China
| | - Jie Wu
- Department of Ophthalmology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130033, P.R. China
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22
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Nikou T, Ioannidis A, Zoga M, Tzavellas E, Paparrigopoulos T, Magana M, Pliatsika P, Nikolaou C, Chatzipanagiotou S. Alteration in the concentrations of Interleukin-7 (IL-7), Interleukin-10 (IL-10) and Granulocyte Colony Stimulating Factor (G-CSF) in alcohol-dependent individuals without liver disease, during detoxification therapy. Drug Alcohol Depend 2016; 163:77-83. [PMID: 27068251 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2016.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2015] [Revised: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The course of Interleukin-7 (IL-7), Interleukin-10 (IL-10) and Granulocyte Colony Stimulating Factor (G-CSF) was investigated in alcohol-dependent individuals without liver disease in order to ascertain the use of these cytokines as markers for the follow-up testing and the outcome of the detoxification treatment. METHODS Forty-eight alcohol-dependent individuals were admitted for alcohol detoxification. Blood was obtained upon admission, two weeks later and after the completion of the detoxification period (4-5 weeks). Serum IL-7, IL-10 and G-CSF were measured with a commercially available sandwich enzyme immunoassay. RESULTS IL-7 concentration was steadily high from admission up to two weeks later and then showed a fall, yet still remaining significantly higher than in the control group at the end of the detoxification treatment. IL-10 concentration was significantly low on admission, presenting a linear increase during therapy and remained insignificantly low at the end. G-CSF was significantly elevated on admission and presented a linear fall ending up in almost normal values at the end of the detoxification therapy. CONCLUSIONS The alterations in the concentration of IL-7, IL-10 and G-CSF and their trend to normalization during the detoxification therapy are indicative of the generalized immune system disorder, caused by alcohol abuse. Further studies will help in further elucidating the pathophysiology of the immune system function in alcohol abuse, while immunological parameters might serve as biological markers and diagnostic tools for the assessment of the course and the outcome of the detoxification therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Nikou
- Athens Medical School, Aeginition Hospital, Department of Psychiatry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece
| | - Anastasios Ioannidis
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Human Movement and Quality of Life Sciences, University of Peloponnese, Sparta, Greece; Athens Medical School, Aeginition Hospital, Department of Biopathology and Clinical Microbiology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece
| | - Margarita Zoga
- Athens Medical School, Aeginition Hospital, Department of Biopathology and Clinical Microbiology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece
| | - Elias Tzavellas
- Athens Medical School, Aeginition Hospital, Department of Psychiatry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece
| | - Thomas Paparrigopoulos
- Athens Medical School, Aeginition Hospital, Department of Psychiatry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece
| | - Maria Magana
- Athens Medical School, Aeginition Hospital, Department of Biopathology and Clinical Microbiology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece
| | - Paraskevi Pliatsika
- Athens Medical School, Aeginition Hospital, Department of Biopathology and Clinical Microbiology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece
| | - Chryssoula Nikolaou
- Athens Medical School, Aeginition Hospital, Department of Biopathology and Clinical Microbiology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece
| | - Stylianos Chatzipanagiotou
- Athens Medical School, Aeginition Hospital, Department of Biopathology and Clinical Microbiology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece.
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Parker D, Ahn D, Cohen T, Prince A. Innate Immune Signaling Activated by MDR Bacteria in the Airway. Physiol Rev 2016; 96:19-53. [PMID: 26582515 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00009.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Health care-associated bacterial pneumonias due to multiple-drug resistant (MDR) pathogens are an important public health problem and are major causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. In addition to antimicrobial resistance, these organisms have adapted to the milieu of the human airway and have acquired resistance to the innate immune clearance mechanisms that normally prevent pneumonia. Given the limited efficacy of antibiotics, bacterial clearance from the airway requires an effective immune response. Understanding how specific airway pathogens initiate and regulate innate immune signaling, and whether this response is excessive, leading to host-induced pathology may guide future immunomodulatory therapy. We will focus on three of the most important causes of health care-associated pneumonia, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Klebsiella pneumoniae, and review the mechanisms through which an inappropriate or damaging innate immune response is stimulated, as well as describe how airway pathogens cause persistent infection by evading immune activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dane Parker
- Departments of Pediatrics and Pharmacology, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Danielle Ahn
- Departments of Pediatrics and Pharmacology, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Taylor Cohen
- Departments of Pediatrics and Pharmacology, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Alice Prince
- Departments of Pediatrics and Pharmacology, Columbia University, New York, New York
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Gao Y, Nai W, Yang L, Lu Z, Shi P, Jin H, Wen H, Wang G. Construction of an immunorelated protein-protein interaction network for clarifying the mechanism of burn. Burns 2015; 42:405-13. [PMID: 26739088 DOI: 10.1016/j.burns.2015.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2015] [Revised: 06/20/2015] [Accepted: 06/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Severe burn is known to induce a series of pathological responses resulting in increased susceptibility to systemic inflammatory response and multiple organ failure, but the underlying molecular mechanism remains unclear at present. The main aim of this study was to expand our understanding of the events leading to circulating leukocyte response after burn by subjecting the gene expression profiles to a bioinformatic analysis. MATERIALS AND METHODS Comprehensive gene expression analysis was performed to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) using the expression profile GSE7404 (Mus musculus, circulating leukocyte, 25% of total body surface area (TBSA), full thickness) downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus, followed by the Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analyses. In addition, a postburn protein-protein interaction (PPI) network was constructed to identify potential biomarkers. RESULTS Maximum changes in the gene expression profile were detected 1 day post burn. Separate Gene Ontology (GO) functional enrichment analysis for upregulated and downregulated DEGs revealed significant alterations of genes related to biological process such as "response to stimuli," "metabolic," "cellular and immune system processes," "biological regulation," and "death" in the leukocyte transcriptome after the burn. The KEGG pathway enrichment analysis showed that the upregulated DEGs were significantly enriched in the nodes of immunorelated and signal transduction-related pathways, and the downregulated genes were significantly enriched for the immunorelated pathways. The PPI network and module analysis revealed that, 1 day after the burn, lymphocyte-specific protein tyrosine kinase (Lck) (downregulated), Jun (upregulated), Cd19 (downregulated), Stat1 (downregulated), and Cdk1 (upregulated) were located centrally in both the PPI network and modules. CONCLUSIONS Based on an integrated bioinformatic analysis, we concluded that Lck, Jun, Cd19, Stat1, and Cdk1 may be critical 1 day after the burn. These findings expand our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of this important pathological process. Further studies are needed to support our work, focused on identifying candidate biomarkers with sufficient predictive power to act as prognostic and therapeutic biomarkers for burn injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanbin Gao
- Department of Burns, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Wenqing Nai
- Department of Health Management, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Lei Yang
- Department of Burns, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China.
| | - Zhiyang Lu
- Department of Burns, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Pengwei Shi
- Department of Burns, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Hui Jin
- Department of Burns, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Huangding Wen
- Department of Burns, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Guifang Wang
- Department of Burns, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
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Yu J, Ordiz MI, Stauber J, Shaikh N, Trehan I, Barnell E, Head RD, Maleta K, Tarr PI, Manary MJ. Environmental Enteric Dysfunction Includes a Broad Spectrum of Inflammatory Responses and Epithelial Repair Processes. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2015; 2:158-174.e1. [PMID: 26973864 PMCID: PMC4769221 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2015.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Accepted: 12/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Environmental enteric dysfunction (EED), a chronic diffuse inflammation of the small intestine, is associated with stunting in children in the developing world. The pathobiology of EED is poorly understood because of the lack of a method to elucidate the host response. This study tested a novel microarray method to overcome limitation of RNA sequencing to interrogate the host transcriptome in feces in Malawian children with EED. METHODS In 259 children, EED was measured by lactulose permeability (%L). After isolating low copy numbers of host messenger RNA, the transcriptome was reliably and reproducibly profiled, validated by polymerase chain reaction. Messenger RNA copy number then was correlated with %L and differential expression in EED. The transcripts identified were mapped to biological pathways and processes. The children studied had a range of %L values, consistent with a spectrum of EED from none to severe. RESULTS We identified 12 transcripts associated with the severity of EED, including chemokines that stimulate T-cell proliferation, Fc fragments of multiple immunoglobulin families, interferon-induced proteins, activators of neutrophils and B cells, and mediators that dampen cellular responses to hormones. EED-associated transcripts mapped to pathways related to cell adhesion, and responses to a broad spectrum of viral, bacterial, and parasitic microbes. Several mucins, regulatory factors, and protein kinases associated with the maintenance of the mucous layer were expressed less in children with EED than in normal children. CONCLUSIONS EED represents the activation of diverse elements of the immune system and is associated with widespread intestinal barrier disruption. Differentially expressed transcripts, appropriately enumerated, should be explored as potential biomarkers.
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Key Words
- %L, lactulose permeability
- EED, environmental enteric dysfunction
- Environmental Enteropathy
- FARMS, factor analyses for robust microarray summarization
- Fecal Transcriptome
- G-CSF, granulocyte colony–stimulating factor
- HAZ, height-for-age z score
- IRON, iterative rank order normalization
- Intestinal Inflammation
- KEGG, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes
- RMA, robust multi-array average
- Stunting
- dHAZ, change in height-for-age z score
- mRNA, messenger RNA
- qPCR, quantitative polymerase chain reaction
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinsheng Yu
- Genome Technology Access Center, Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - M. Isabel Ordiz
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Jennifer Stauber
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Nurmohammad Shaikh
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Indi Trehan
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Erica Barnell
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Richard D. Head
- Genome Technology Access Center, Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Ken Maleta
- Department of Community Health, College of Medicine, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Phillip I. Tarr
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Mark J. Manary
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri,Department of Community Health, College of Medicine, Blantyre, Malawi,Children’s Nutrition Research Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas,Correspondence Address correspondence to: Mark J. Manary, MD, Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, One Children's Place, St. Louis Children's Hospital St. Louis, Missouri 63110. fax: (314) 454-4345.Department of PediatricsWashington University School of MedicineSt. LouisMissouri 63110
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Hazeldine J, Lord JM, Belli A. Traumatic Brain Injury and Peripheral Immune Suppression: Primer and Prospectus. Front Neurol 2015; 6:235. [PMID: 26594196 PMCID: PMC4633482 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2015.00235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2015] [Accepted: 10/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Nosocomial infections are a common occurrence in patients following traumatic brain injury (TBI) and are associated with an increased risk of mortality, longer length of hospital stay, and poor neurological outcome. Systemic immune suppression arising as a direct result of injury to the central nervous system (CNS) is considered to be primarily responsible for this increased incidence of infection, a view strengthened by recent studies that have reported novel changes in the composition and function of the innate and adaptive arms of the immune system post-TBI. However, our knowledge of the mechanisms that underlie TBI-induced immune suppression is equivocal at best. Here, after summarizing our current understanding of the impact of TBI on peripheral immunity and discussing CNS-mediated regulation of immune function, we propose roles for a series of novel mechanisms in driving the immune suppression that is observed post-TBI. These mechanisms, which have never been considered before in the context of TBI-induced immune paresis, include the CNS-driven emergence into the circulation of myeloid-derived suppressor cells and suppressive neutrophil subsets, and the release from injured tissue of nuclear and mitochondria-derived damage associated molecular patterns. Moreover, in an effort to further our understanding of the mechanisms that underlie TBI-induced changes in immunity, we pose throughout the review a series of questions, which if answered would address a number of key issues, such as establishing whether manipulating peripheral immune function has potential as a future therapeutic strategy by which to treat and/or prevent infections in the hospitalized TBI patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon Hazeldine
- NIHR Surgical Reconstruction and Microbiology Research Centre, Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham , Birmingham , UK ; Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham , Birmingham , UK
| | - Janet M Lord
- NIHR Surgical Reconstruction and Microbiology Research Centre, Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham , Birmingham , UK ; Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham , Birmingham , UK
| | - Antonio Belli
- NIHR Surgical Reconstruction and Microbiology Research Centre, Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham , Birmingham , UK ; Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham , Birmingham , UK
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Su Y, Richmond A. Chemokine Regulation of Neutrophil Infiltration of Skin Wounds. Adv Wound Care (New Rochelle) 2015; 4:631-640. [PMID: 26543677 DOI: 10.1089/wound.2014.0559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Significance: Efficient recruitment of neutrophils to an injured skin lesion is an important innate immune response for wound repair. Defects in neutrophil recruitment lead to impaired wound healing. Recent Advances: Chemokines and chemokine receptors are known to regulate neutrophil recruitment. Recent research advances reveal more mechanistic details about the regulation of chemokines and chemokine receptors on neutrophil egress from bone marrow, transmigration into the wound site, spatial navigation toward the necrotic skin tissue, and apoptosis-induced clearance by efferocytosis. Critical Issues: Skin injury triggers local and systemic alterations in the expression of multiple chemotactic molecules and the magnitude of chemokine receptor-mediated signaling. The responses of a number of CXC and CX3C chemokines and their receptors closely associate with the temporal and spatial recruitment of neutrophils to wound sites during the inflammatory phase and promote the clearance of necrotic neutrophils during the transition into the proliferative phase. Functional aberrancy in these chemokines and chemokine receptor systems is recognized as one of the important mechanisms underlying the pathology of impaired wound healing. Future Directions: Future research should aim to investigate the therapeutic modulation of neutrophil activity through the targeting of specific chemokines or chemokine receptors in the early inflammatory phase to improve clinical management of wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingjun Su
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Ann Richmond
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, Tennessee
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
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